A REFERENCE GUIDE TO MINING MACHINE APPLICATIONS

FIELD GUIDE 2009

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. CONTENTS 3

Scope Application Benchmarks

and Operating Techniques
This document is primarily intended for use by Caterpillar Cost-Per-Ton (CPT)...................................................... 5
Large Wheel Loaders.................................................. 7
and CAT® dealer project managers as a ready reference Hydraulic Front Shovels............................................ 17
for the assessment of machine application and haul road Hydraulic Backhoes................................................. 25
conditions on their project sites. It may also prove useful to Electric Rope Shovels.............................................. 35
other Caterpillar and Cat® dealer personnel and customers Electric Draglines...................................................... 51
in need of a concise reference tool. Large Mining Trucks................................................. 63
Motor Graders............................................................ 71
Track-type Tractors................................................... 77
It contains practical benchmarking data that is Wheel Dozers............................................................. 91
achievable with correct and well-managed machine Wheel Tractor Scrapers........................................... 99
application. It is also intended to provide guidance Haul Road Design and Maintenance
on assessing haul road design and maintenance that Design and Maintenance....................................... 113
supports sound industry practices.
Truck Dump Design and Maintenance
Truck Dump Operation............................................ 135
Cat® Underground Machines
Underground LHD Loaders.................................... 145
Underground Mining Trucks.................................. 151
Underground Applications..................................... 157
Management Review
Strategies.................................................................. 179
Reference Information
Performance Handbook 39 Specifications......... 189
Mine Site Illustrations............................................ 248
Notes........................................................................... 250
 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. COST-PER-TON (CPT) 5

Electric Rope Shovel Hydraulic Front Shovel

$0.05 – 0.07/ton* $0.10 – 0.15/ton*
Reliable, low cost-per-ton Breakout force
and selectivity
Requires:
• Long mine life Requires:
• Electric grid • Proper face height
• Hard loor • Limited tramming
• 50-foot face • Clean-up support
• Well shot material
• Clean-up support

Wheel Loader Mass Excavator

$0.11 – 0.16/ton* $0.10 – 0.15/ton*
Mobility Breakout force
and selectivity
Requires:
• Solid loor Requires:
• Well shot material • Proper bench height
• Dry loor • Limited tramming
• Clean-up support

*Estimates Only

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

LARGE WHEEL LOADERS

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. LARGE WHEEL LOADERS 9

LARGE WHEEL LOADERS

Optimal Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift
Bench Height

Cycle Times 28 – 42 seconds (avg. 35 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor 90 – 110%

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient 4 – 6 passes

Pass Match

Conditions • Level, dry, smooth, irm loors

Favorable to Large • Suficient crossfall and drainage
Wheel Loaders in high rainfall areas to minimize tire
damage Things to watch for:
• Well-fragmented materials that
• Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to loor
minimize crowding time, particularly
• Operate in irst gear, full throttle
in the toe-area of the cut
• Limit travel to 1 1/2 tire revolutions
• Lower face proile
• Keep spillage to a minimum
• Multiple faces and frequent tramming • Keep loor clean and smooth
• Keep time in face below 12 seconds
Conditions • Poor underfoot conditions • Maintain proper bucket and lift kickout adjustment
Unfavorable to Large – wet, soft, jagged • Keep tight “V” loading pattern
Wheel Loaders • Tight load areas • Adjust “Rim Pull Control” setting
• Poorly shot material • Work 1 1/2 bucket width dig pattern

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. LARGE WHEEL LOADERS 11

Things to watch for:

• Keep frame straight when digging Start of dig pattern:

• Lift bucket before crowding
• Fill bucket by the time lift arms are horizontal in face • Stage truck parallel to safety burm or bench
• Clean loor while approaching face when necessary with • Dig material from behind truck
minimum loor contact • Position truck in pocket as soon as possible
• Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge • Advance face in normal left to right pattern
• Advance face left to right when possible
• Minimize truck exchange time
• Clean loor if required between trucks

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. LARGE WHEEL LOADERS 13

Parallel dig pattern: Loading:

• Quick truck exchange • Operator controls dumping impact into bed (dump easy)
• Right to left set-up • Place material vs. dumping material in truck bodies
• Works well in narrow cuts • Different loading tools have different effects on truck bodies
• Trucks spotted 15-20° • Pad body loors with smaller material before placing in
oversize material
• DO NOT contact truck side rails
• DO NOT push material in bodies

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. LARGE WHEEL LOADERS 15

Things to watch for: GET

Things to watch for: GET
• Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to loor
• Operate in irst gear, full throttle • Clean loor while approaching face when necessary with minimum
• Smooth steady speed loor contact
• Keep loor clean and smooth with minimal bucket contact – Rear of the bucket kept clear of the loor
• Maintain proper bucket kickout adjustment – Minimize loor contact (GET will overheat and melt)
• Tips do not touch the loor more than 150 –400 mm (6” – 16”) – Minimize speed
before the toe • Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS 19

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS

Optimal Just above boom/stick pivot
Bench Height

Cycle Times 24 – 28 seconds (avg. 26 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor 90 – 100%

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient Pass 4 – 6 passes

Match

Conditions • Selective digging

Favorable to • Multiple targets
Hydraulic Front • Tight load area Things to watch for:
Shovels • Tough digging
• Can work in poor loor conditions • Keep work areas as tight as possible; keep swing
• Deine dig pattern, L to R or R to L, distances to a minimum
and maintain pattern • Avoid excessive prying or corner loading
• DO NOT swing into existing material
Conditions • Excessive tramming • Maximize GET tip contact, minimize bowl contact
Unfavorable to • Low benches (i.e., boom up and curl bowl through material)
Hydraulic Front • Use “boom up” to minimize bucket heel contact
Shovels • Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS 21

Things to watch for: Things to watch for:

1. First two passes: Single back-up

• Upper half of face
• Less loor clean-up
• Easier to maintain
• Square set-up & dig

2. Third/fourth passes:
• Load out the center
Double back-up

• Tight working envelope

• Highly productive
• Square set-up & dig

3. Final pass:
• Clean up loor
and advance

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS 23

Things to watch for:

Left to right dig pattern

• Single back-up loading
• Trucks positions on clean loor
• Shorter swing angles
Can Be Most Productive with
Shorter Reach Front Shovels

Things to watch for:

• Hauler pre-positions
• Hauler positions on swing radius of shovel
Right to left dig pattern • Truck spotted on clean loor
• Single back-up loading • Quicker truck exchange time
• Greater swing angles • Clean-up loor between shovel moves

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

HYDRAULIC BACKHOES

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HYDRAULIC BACKHOES 27

HYDRAULIC BACKHOES
Optimal Length of stick, or between truck side
Bench Height rail and tail

Cycle Times 24 – 28 seconds (avg. 26 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor 80 – 110%

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient Pass 4 – 6 passes

Match

Conditions • Low to moderate bench heights

Favorable • Truck spotted either on top of bench Things to watch for:
to Hydraulic or on the loor below the backhoe
Backhoes • Tight load area • Always maintain "key cut"
• Short swing - 60° • Start at "key cut" and work toward truck
• Well-shot material • Ideally dig no more than 45° either side of center line
• Remove farthest pass during truck • Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge
exchange "key cut" • Always work over idler and swing no more than 60°
to truck
Conditions • High benches • Prepare next cuts in advance
Unfavorable • Excessive tramming • Maintain proper bench height
to Hydraulic • Unstable benches
Backhoes • Low angle of repose material

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HYDRAULIC BACKHOES 29

Things to watch for: ME Set-up (Both "Over the rail" and "Through gate")

• "Over the rail" loading

• Trucks on bottom level
• Dig depth equals stick length
• Minimum swing angles
• Set-up provides ample dig
and reach
• Alternate loading positions

FULL REACH

FULL REACH

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HYDRAULIC BACKHOES 31

Things to watch for: ME Set-up (Box Cut Same Level)

Things to watch for:
• Use "through the gate" loading
to increase production
• "Through the gate" loading
• Truck on bottom level
• Trucks & backhoe on same level
• Clean loor between
• Single or double side loading
backhoe move
• Minimum or maximum dig depth
• Quicker truck exchange time
• 60° maximum swing angle
MOST PRODUCTIVE

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HYDRAULIC BACKHOES 33

Things to watch for: Things to watch for: GET

• Through the gate loading • Maintain proper bench height

• Trucks and backhoe on same • Load square to the face
level • Avoid excessive prying or
• Single or double side loading corner loading
• Minimum or maximum dig • Maximize GET tip contact,
depth (i.e., boom up and curl bowl
• 60° maximum swing angle through material)
– Minimizes bowl contact
– Keeps heel clear of the
material
– Keeps bucket throat open
• Use "boom up" to minimize
bucket heel contact
Three ways to increase
• Never operate with blunt GET
productivity: or bare bucket edge
• 10 – 15% higher productivity
when bench is correct height Incorrect
vs. too high
• 15 – 20% higher productivity
when trucks are spotted on
the loor below the excavator
vs. on top of bench
• 5% higher productivity when
excavator swings 60° vs. 90°

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

electrIc rope shovels

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS 37

ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS

Optimal Bench Between Parallel Dipper Arm and Boom
Height Sheave (4100 / BE495)

Cycle Times 28 – 44 seconds (avg. 37 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor 80 – 110%

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient Pass 3 – 5 passes

Match

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Conditions • Working a single face of the
Favorable to correct height Things to watch for:
Electric Rope • Solid, level loor
Shovels • Wide benches to facilitate truck • 70° – 90° maximum swing angle
maneuverability • Eficient support machine activity to keep loor clean
• Well-shot material • Power cable maintenance
• Never operate blunt GET or a bare edge
Conditions • Poor underfoot • DO NOT allow loor clean-up machine to interfere with
Unfavorable to • Low faces truck loading
Electric Rope • Poorly shot material • Target 2 side loading and "0" truck exchange time
Shovels • Multiple faces

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS 39

Tail Swing
Tolerance Truck Spotting
Tolerance range

Recommendations from Manufacturer Recommendations from Manufacturer

Things to watch for: Things to watch for:

• Position truck in target tolerance range • Advance dipper up face to get maximum bucket load
• Utilize marker on dipper handle or counterweight to assist truck • Maintain loor grade
operator with pre-spotting and spotting • DO NOT "jack boom"
• Keep mirrors on shovel and truck clean • DO NOT stall during hoisting cycle
• Operate machine as level as possible
• Place material easily into body
• Pad body for oversize material loading

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS 41

Recommendations from Manufacturer Recommendations from Manufacturer

• Adjusting the digging angle can also reduce the load on

Dig Angle Affect on Power Requirements wire ropes. Loading increases with the digging angle and
Dig Angle Power Requirement to Lift Load* crowd distance
0° 100% • At a digging angle of 15° it takes 1.035 times as much power, or
15° 103.5% 3.5% more to lift a given load as it does directly below the boom
point. At an angle of 60° it takes twice as much power
30° 115.4%
45° 141.4% • Digging as low under the boom point as possible helps to reduce
rope stress and extend the useful life of the wire rope
60° 200%
* As a Percent of Load

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS 43

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Swing Angle vs. Productivity
Recommendations from Manufacturer
Swing Arc Approximate Percentage of Optimum Output
45° 126% • Avoid swing angles that exceed 70°
• Take advantage of previous dig pocket to reduce swing angle
50° 116%
60° 107%
70° 100%
100° 88%
130° 77%
180° 70%

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS 45

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Suggested Starting Points for Adjusting the
Tooth Angle and Rake Angle
Recommendations from Manufacturer Hard Rock Digging Medium Digging
Tooth Angle 46º – 48º 48º – 50º
The rake angle has a direct inluence on tooth angle and the digging
force applied to the working face, as well as the amount of wear on Rake Angle 57º – 59º 59º – 61º
the dipper. The rake angle is optimized by adjusting the length of the
"Pitch Braces." Material Digability Approximate Dipper
Fill Factor
Easy Digging 1.05 – 1.20
Medium Digging 1.00 – 1.15
Hard Digging 0.90 – 1.00
Very Hard Digging 0.80 – 0.90

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS 47

Things to watch for:

Succeeding Cuts
• Double side load whenever possible
• Keep exit from shovel in direct line to cable bridge Excavated
Material
• Clean-up loor between trucks not during truck loading cycle Dig 3 Dig 2 Dig 1

• Have trucks pre-spot when possible

#1

Original
Position
#2

New Position

Most Productive
( Lowest Cost-Per-Ton )

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS 49

WHEEL DOZER CLEAN-UP

Evidence of previous
instances of forward
loading on the canopy

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Dig 5 Dig 4 Dig 6

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Dig 1
Load placement:
Dig 3 Dig 2
#1
• Correct load placement shown here
• Observe Caterpillar 10/10/20 Payload Policy
• Sideboards are designed to control material spillage not
Most Productive increase payload
#3 ( Lowest Cost -Per-Ton ) #2

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques
electrIc DrAGlINes

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC DRAGLINES 53

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Strip or cast strip mine:

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Excavation methods: • Soft rock mining – coal and limestone

• Usually rectangular in shape
• Simple side cast • Typically follow a lat ore seam
• Chop cut • Recovered directly by digging tool (excavator and dragline)
• Extended bench • Soft-to-medium-hard material
• Pull back • Flat or nearly lat, tabular deposits
• Terrace mining • Maximum depth of digging 90 m (300 ft)
• Multi-seam • Material destination is inal unless rehanding becomes necessary

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC DRAGLINES 55

Recommendations from Manufacturer

As the bucket is drawn closer to the dragline, the power required to

lift the same load increases.

As with shovels, the most efficient digging range is directly beneath

the boom point. Casting the bucket beyond this point increases the
stress and load on the rope. As the bucket is pulled closer to the
dragline, digging efficiency decreases and the load on the rope
increases, including the dump rope(s).

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC DRAGLINES 57

Recommendations from Manufacturer Recommendations from Manufacturer

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC DRAGLINES 59

Recommendations from Manufacturer Recommendations from Manufacturer

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. ELECTRIC DRAGLINES 61

Recommendations from Manufacturer

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

lArGe mINING trucks

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. LARGE MINING TRUCKS 65

MINE OPERATING COST TRUCK OPERATING COST

Effects on Mining Costs Effects on Hauling Costs

Admin & Other Wear, 2% Maintenance, 3%

Functions, 16% Loading, 15%
Owning, 22% Tires, 16%
Haulage
Drilling, 4%
Support, 14%
Blasting, 6% Operator, 14%

Fuel, 18%

Hauling, 45% Repair, 25%

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. LARGE MINING TRUCKS 67

LOAD PLACEMENT ON TRUCKS

Incorrect Loading

Correct Loading

Things to watch for:

Load placement:
• Proper truck positioning
• Report safety issues • Lateral
• Monitor body wear patterns – Centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow
• Report any tire wear and rock spillage • Longitudinal
• Manage proper spotting – Centered on centerline of body
• Control 2nd gear shift point for better TPMS ( Truck Payload • General
Management System) accuracy – No substantial amount of material on headboard. Enough
• Manage proper TPMS calibration and accuracy freeboard to minimize spillage from sides through corners and
for rear of body on grades
• Target 33% / 66% payload split on front / rear axles

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. LARGE MINING TRUCKS 69

Truck exchange time: Caterpillar 10/10/20 Payload Management Policy

Elapsed time from when loaded
• The mean (average) of the pay
truck receives last loading pass
load distribution shall not
until next truck receives first
exceed the target payload
loading pass
• No more than 10% of pay
loads may exceed 1.1 times
the truck target payload
• No single payload shall ever
exceed 1.2 times the target
payload
• No more than 10% of loads
above 1.10
• No loads above 1.20 90% of loads should fall into this range
• The average payload shall not No more than 10% of loads should
exceed the target exceed 110% of the target payload
Exchange time:
• Good – 42 seconds or less No loads should be above 120% of
the target payload
• Acceptable – 54 seconds
• Unacceptable – over 1 minute

Durability

SAFETY
Productivity
Number of Loads 90 % 10%
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
% of Target Payload

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

motor GrADers

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

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 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MOTOR GRADERS 73

Favorable applications: Things to watch for:

• Haul road construction / maintenance • Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear (6 – 11 km/h / 4 – 7 mph)
• Selected load area cleanup • Use wheel lean and articulation to reduce turning radius
• Selected dump area maintenance • Rip in irst gear; manually operate throttle
• Blasting cleanup • Excessive speed negatively affects cutting edge life
• Reclamation • Change cutting edges when down to 10 mm (0.5 in)
• Snow removal • Use ripper attachment to rip hard-packed top surface
• Utility ripping • Always use differential lock when blading and ripping

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MOTOR GRADERS 75

Proper blade tip angle: Things to watch for:

• Moldboard top should be 50 • Maintain full blade contact

– 100 mm (2 – 4 in) ahead of with loor to avoid high point
cutting edge on Cat 16M and loading
24M Motor Graders • Consider using track-type
• Constant tip angle minimizes tractors or wheel dozers
cutting edge wear rather than motor graders
when unable to maintain full
Proper blade angle:
blade loads in hard blading
material
• Use widest possible
• Use wheel lean to hold front of
pass width
machine in line, will reduce
• Reduce pass width (increas Cut side draft forces and help
angle) if material lows around
reduce turning radius
leading edge (toe)
• Always use differential lock
• Use maximum 10° blade angle
when blading and/or ripping
if using Graderbit system or
serrated edge
• Maintain contact with road Normal
surface across the full width
of the cutting edge Properly trained operators use:

• Differential lock
Carry • Proper coverage
• Wheel lean
• Articulated turns
• Proper gear selection
• Proper ripping practices

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

trAck-tYpe trActors

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

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 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS 79

Favorable applications:

• Production dozing (CarryDozer)

• Dedicated waste dump operations
• Stockpile operations / steep slopes
• Haul road construction Things to watch for:
• Reclamation
• Ripping • Excessive tramming between locations
• Tram less than 5% of tractor’s work time
• Loose or missing track hardware

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS 81

Optimal track-type tractor - truck match ups: DOZING APPLICATIONS

Things to watch for:

Track-type Tractor Truck
• Dozing in 1st gear
• Steering with blade tilt cylinders rather than steering clutches
D9 777
when blade is loaded
D10 777 / 785 / 789 • Minimized corner loading,
Track-Type Tractorprying and impact dozing
• Maintain a steady dozing pressure
D11 789 / 793 / 797 • Keep unloaded travel distance to a minimum

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS 83

DOZING APPLICATIONS
Back to front technique

(Less efficient technique)

• Operator progresses the cut

from back to front
• Push distance is reduced with
each pass
• Eficiency suffers from uphill
blade loading
• Doesn’t fully utilize the slot
throughout the cut
Back each pass technique

Front to back technique (Less efficient technique)

(Most efficient technique) • Operator starts each pass at

the back of the cut
• Most eficient method of dozing • Each pass uses the entire
• Works cut from front to back length of the cut at a
• Push distance increases with each pass uniform depth
• Uses more eficient downhill blade loading • Eficiency and productivity
• Slot is created and utilized throughout the cut suffer because the machine
travels the entire length of the
cut in both directions with
each pass

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS 85

DOZING APPLICATIONS
Berm management

• Berm height should not

exceed blade height
• Berm should only be high
enough to trap material for
optimum loading
• Center berm width should be
one-third the blade width
• The smaller the berm, the
easier the disposal for
improved productivity

Berm management: criss /

cross berm removal

• Most eficient method of

center berm removal
Blade positioning on dual tilt machines: • Works cut from back to front
• Push distance reduces with
• Begin cut with blade tilted forward each pass
• Begin to lay blade back when nearly full • Uses existing slots to hold
• Continue to ill blade while lying back in material and increase
• Tilt blade forward to unload material blade load

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS 87

RIPPING APPLICATIONS

Things to watch for: Ripper position

• Begin pass with tip rearward
• Rip downhill when possible • Pull tip forward after tip penetrates
• If loading scrapers rip material in same direction as loading
• 1.5 – 2.5 km/hr (1.0 – 1.5 mph) at two-thirds throttle is most Signs of incorrect positioning / operating
economical • Excessive track slippage
• Reduce speed in shock and impact conditions • Blunt tips (GET)
• Try cross ripping if material will not free up • Breaking shank protector or
• Do not carry ripper beam in material ripper tip pins

Ripper Ground Engaging Tools

• Penetration ripper tip reinforcing ribs must face upward
• Ensure ground engaging tool pins, retainers, and bolts
are installed correctly
• Never operate a bare shank or worn tip

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS 89

DOZING APPLICATIONS RIPPING APPLICATIONS

Things to watch for: GET

• Doze in 1st gear Incorrect

• Use slow steady speed (More speed = less production)
• Steer with blade tilt cylinders rather than steering clutches Things to watch for: GET
when blade is loaded
• Minimize corner loading, prying and impact • 1.5 – 2.5 km/hr (1.0 –1.5 mph) at two-thirds throttle is
• Maintain a steady dozing pressure most economical and recommended
• Never back blade • Reduce speed in shock and impact conditions
• Try cross ripping if material will not free up
• Rip in 1st gear
• Keep ripper beam parallel to the loor
• Do not turn or reverse with shank in the ground

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Wheel DoZers

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL DOZERS 93

DESIGN MATCH-UP SIZE COMPARISON

Wheel Loader Wheel Dozer Wheel Dozer Track Type Tractor

992K 854K 814H D7R

990H 844H 824H D8T
988H 834H 834H D9T
980H 824H 844H D10T
966F 814F 854K D11T

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL DOZERS 95

Things to watch for:

• Keeps loads small and material should "roll"

• Avoid excessive down pressure
• Push the load keeping machine as straight as possible
• Minimize heel-plate contact
WHEEL DOZER CLEAN-UP (ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS) • Maintain full blade contact with loor
• Keep heel plates parallel with loor and back of blade vertical

E x t ended
M at er i al

Pass 1

Pass 2

Incoming
3 Pass
Truck Wheel dozers are typically more cost-effective and offer
Loading greater speed than track-type tractors in light applications.
Departing
Truck Favorable Applications:

• Loading area cleanup

• Dump area maintenance
• Haul road construction/maintenance
• Blasting area cleanup
• Reclamation

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL DOZERS 97

SIZING WHEEL DOZERS FOR THE TRUCK DUMP Things to watch for: GET

• Keep loads small and material

should "roll"
• Minimize heel-plate contact
• Maintain full blade contact
with loor
• Avoid excessive down
pressure
• Minimize speed and contact
to prevent cutting edges from
overheating and softening
Optimal wheel dozer – truck match ups • Keep heel plate parallel
with loor and back of blade
vertical
too Far Back
Wheel Dozer Truck
834 773 / 777
844 777 / 785
854 785 / 789 / 793

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Wheel trActor scrApers

Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS 101

ECONOMIC PUSH / HAUL DISTANCES HAULING SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Dozers: 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)

TTT W/Towed Scraper: 61 to 335m (200 – 1,100ft)

Provides loading and spreading advantages

AgTowed-Scraper: 182 to 793m (600 to 2,600ft) • Quick loading
• High travel speeds
• Economic zone of application ranges from 400 meters to 1600 meters
(quarter of a mile to a mile)
• Economic advantage greatest on short hauls
• Tandem engine, push-pull and auger arrangements do not require
WTS: 183 to 1646m (600 to 5,400ft) loading tool
• Short load times < 1 minute
• Do not require spreading tool
– Dumps on the run
– Can achieve as much as 98% compaction in the ill

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS 103

HAULING SYSTEM OVERVIEW EARTHMOVING OVERVIEW: CYCLE

Load
(fixed time)
Haul
(variable time)

Return haul
(variable time)

Dump
(spread – fixed time)

The 631, 637, and 657 G-Series wheel tractor scrapers are
designed and built with components and systems that meet
rugged mining applications. Machine Type
Push type
• Most often used
Features & Benefits Favorable Applications
• Push tractor size important
• Structures • Pre-stripping
• Power train • Dump area maintenance
Push-pull
• Operator station • Haulroad construction/
• High production
• Electronic controls maintenance
• Increased HP of 2 machines
• Scraper bowl • Reclamation
on 1 cutting edge
• Push-pull arrangement • Ore hauling
• Odd number of machines
(637G & 657G)
• Auger arrangement

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS 105

PUSH LOADING COMBINATIONS PUSH LOADING SCRAPERS

Track-type tractor power Single and twin–engine scrapers are often push loaded by track-
aids loading type tractors for greater productivity

• Track-type tractor pushes

Favorable Applications:
scraper through the cut
• Clay-type overburden
• Added power and thrust
• Soft underfoot conditions
speeds loading and facilitates
• Conined areas
rated payload on every pass
• High speed / short hauls

Optimal scraper – tractor

Loading time for open bowl push-loaded wheel tractor
combinations are:
Shorter time for tandem, longer time for single-powered scrapers.
Consult publications for self-loading (elevating / auger) and
• Larger tractor loads quicker
push-pull machines.
and provides denser loads
• Can use two track-type
tractors

Wheel scraper track-type tractor

631G D9 / D10
637G D9 / D10
Good 24 – 30 seconds
657G D10 / D11 Average 36 – 43 seconds

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS 107

PUSH TRACTOR BLADE PITCH PUSH-PULL SCRAPERS

• Tipped too far back Can move material at
• Excessive wear on lower cost than most
stinger bottom earth-moving systems
• Causes bowl to ride
up on blade • Designed for large amounts
• Catch scraper low on blade of material in high production
then lower blade so stinge requirements
rides in upper of tractor blade • First scraper in the cut is
pushed by the second and, in
turn, pulls the second scraper
PUSH-PULL ARRANGEMENT through the cut
• Available for 637G and 657G
(637G & 657G) Combines the • Both machines can be loaded
horsepower of two machines in less than a minute
onto one cutting edge Loading time for open bowl
push-pulling wheel tractor scraper*
• Self-loading system
• Both machines loaded
< 1 minute
• Best for moving large amounts
of material quickly, and at the
lowest cost

Good 24 – 30 seconds
Average 36 – 43 seconds

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS 109

PUSH-PULL CONSIDERATIONS HAUL ROAD MAINTENANCE

Maximum production when • Can maintain haul road if a
both operators work as a team motor grader is not available
or busy
• Proper technique can • Can trim high spots and ill
pay dividends low ones
• Second scraper pulls to left • With ejector forward, acts
after disconnecting as a dozer
• Second scraper then leads • Provides haul road
to the fill compaction
• Allows machines to swap • Can deliver and self spread
lead and follow positions road material
on each cycle
Scraper can substitute for a
motor grader
Three push-pull scrapers can
work together (cannot hook
RULE OF THUMB
together at same time)
• Engage/Disengage
SCRAPER HAUL ROADS cushion hitch
• Load time in 20 - 50 seconds
• Setting up haul • Walk out of cut "unassisted"
• Haul short – return long • Carry bowl low to the ground
• Grades vs. length of haul • Haul short / return long
• Condition • Control loping on travel roads
• Water • Don't move dirt twice
• Curve • Load down hill
• Curve speeds and center • Straddle cut
of gravity • Best compaction:
High speed / thin lifts

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS 111

STRADDLE CUT FILL AREA

Things to watch for:

• Design
• Material type
• Lift size
• Spreading / dumping load
• Speed
• Using scrapers to mix materials
• How to maximize compaction
• Water

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

hAul roAD DesIGN AND mAINteNANce

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 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 115

HAUL ROAD CONSIDERATIONS

Truck & shovel; Crusher in-pit

Loader; Feed into in-pit crusher

Three key factors in haul road design:

Truck & shovel; Crusher at surface • Material quality
• Design
• Maintenance

Loader; Tram to in-pit crusher

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 117

HORIZONTAL AND GENERAL VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

Things to watch for:

• Design corners and crests

with clear visibility at
operating speeds
• Design for worst case
scenarios

Rules of thumb:

• If you can comfortably travel your haul roads at 60 km/h (35 mph)
in a light vehicle, this is an indicator of good haul road conditions
• Haul roads begin at the loading face and end at the dump
• Maintain good loor conditions approaching and at the dump
• Maintain good loor conditions approaching and at the face
• Travel at reasonable speeds in the load and dump zones

10 / 1

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 119

CROSS FALL SIGHT DISTANCE FOR HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVES

"The extent of peripheral area visible to the vehicle operator"
Line of Sight
Sight Distance
Hazard
On flats Vertical Curve
Case A
Required Stopping Distance
• Maintain minimum slope Sight Distance Line of Sight
for drainage Hazard
• Using 2% constant cross fall Vertical Curve
with extreme caution and Case B

travel loaded truck on the

"uphill" side Required Stopping Distance
• If constant cross fall is not Sight Distance Line of Sight
selected, crown haul roads
with minimum slope angle
Case C Vertical Face or Obstruction
Required Stopping Distance
U SE EXTREME CAUTION
Sight Distance
Line of Sight

On grades 2% constant cross fall

Trees Removed and Slopes Laid Back
Case D

• Minimal cross fall is required

unless rainfall is heavy • Must be suficient for a machine to stop before reaching a hazard
or obstacle
• Distance from the operator’s eye must equal or exceed required
stopping distances

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 121

KEEP GRADE SMOOTH AND CONSTANT COMPUTING HAUL ROAD WIDTH ON HORIZONTAL CURVES

Single unit

Z
FA

U
FB

C
FA

U
FB

Z
1 Articulated unit W=2(U+F A+FB+Z) C=Z=(U+F A+FB)/2
10
U = Track width of machine (center-to-center tires)
FA = Width of front overhang
FB = Width of rear overhang
C = Total lateral clearance
Z = Extra width allowance due to difficulty of driving on curves

Incorrect Correct
Minimum haul road width for curved road segments must
Smooth, constant grades: account for vehicle tracking at front and rear

Grades less than 10% are recommended for maximum tire life • A wider road is required on curves to account for the overhang
• Consistent grades should be maintained
a Minimizes transmission shifts
occurring at the front and rear of machine

a Maintains higher average speed • Road width on curve is determined by:

a Allow more constant braking effort on returns a Lateral clearance between passing haul trucks
a Extra width allowance to accommodate difficult driving
conditions

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 123

ROAD WIDTH CORNERS

One-way straights and corners Radius of Turn Speed in mph
• A minimum of 2 – 2.5 widths is recommended
Feet 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Two-way traffic 50 13.0% 30.0%

• In straights, a minimum of 3 – 3.5 truck widths

100 7.0% 15.0% 27.0%
• In corners, a minimum of 3.5 – 4 truck widths
150 4.0% 10.0% 18.0% 28.0%

200 3.0% 8.0% 13.0% 21.0% 30.0%

300 2.0% 5.0% 9.0% 14.0% 20.0% 27.0%

One-way (straights/corners) 500 1.0% 3.0% 5.0% 8.0% 12.0% 16.0% 21.0% 27.0%

Two-way (In straights)

700 1.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 9.0% 12.0% 15.0% 19.0%
Two-way (In corners)

1000 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 11.0% 14.0%

BENCH WIDTH
Things to watch for:
Radius
• Truck should be able to clear loading tool under full acceleration
• Minimum bench width is the truck turning radius plus the safety • Use maximum practical radius
berm plus loading tool swing radius (shovels) • Keep constant and smooth transitions

Superelevation

• Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h (10 mph) as per

Performance Handbook
• Greater than 10% superelevation should be used with caution

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 125

DRAINAGE SAFETY BERMS (WINDROWS)

½ wheel height

Things to watch for:

Things to watch for:
• Recommended berm height is a minimum of half the wheel height
• Slope must adequately carry away maximum expected rainfall, – Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump
with minimum puddling, pot-holing or water entry into road – Safety berm along all haul road edges
sub-base • Check your local mining regulations

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 127

HAUL ROAD MODELING ROLLING RESISTANCE

More severe

Tire load
Permanent plastic strain
due to shear failure

inch
94
Tire Penetration

For off-highway trucks running radial-ply tires, assume a

minimum rolling resistance of:

• 1.2% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent haul road

• 2.5% for a well-maintained road with little lexing
• 4% for a road with 25 mm (1 in) tire penetration
These are examples of a poorly constructed haul road (top) • 5% for a road with 50 mm (2 in) tire penetration
and a well constructed haul road (bottom): • 8% for a road with 100 mm (4 in) tire penetration
• 14% for a road with 200 mm (8 in) tire penetration
Top : Bottom :
• Poor drainage • Good drainage In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in
• Poor compaction • Good compaction up to a 10% decrease in production and a 35% increase in
• Poor road base material • Good road base material production costs.

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 129

COMPACTION HAUL ROAD ECONOMICS

An example of high rolling resistance:

• 610 mm (24 in) deep tire penetration

• 30% rolling resistance
• Reduced production
• Excessive fuel burn Performance vs Rolling Resistance
• Reduced tire life 10,000 ft. Flat Haul
• Reduced component life
Fuel Cost Production

180% 10%
SOFT AND WET AREAS 160% 0%
140%
Things to watch for: 120%
-10%

Production
Fuel Cost
100% -20%

• Remove soft and wet spots 80% -30%

60%
completely refill and compact 40%
-40%

with good dry material 20% -50%

• Without a good repair, these 0% -60%

1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
spots will continually
deteriorate Rolling Resistance

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 131

DUST CONTROL POINTS TO REMEMBER

• Watering removes dust hazard and maintains compaction Things to watch for:
• Use "checkerboard" or "spot" intermittent pattern on grades to
reduce slippage risk during retarding on grades • The haul road begins at the loading face and ends at the
• "Spot" watering works well for areas with limited water supply dump point
• Once a road deteriorates, it takes ive times as long to repair it to
good condition again. “Fix it once, ix it right!”
• If one can travel comfortably in a light truck at 60 km/h (35 mph),
then road surfaces are good
• Good roads improve production, extend tire life and reduce overall
operating costs

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE 133

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Factors effecting tire life:

Approximately 80% of all large tires fail before wear out

Other
Wear 8%
7%

Separation
(heat) 11%
Cut
45%

Impact
29%

Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine

Haul Road Design and Maintenance

truck Dump DesIGN AND mAINteNANce

Truck Dump Operation

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 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRUCK DUMP OPERATION 137

TRUCK DUMPS TRUCK DUMPS

The following procedures should be followed on each cycle. After you have reversed in and in a stationary position:

Approaching the dump area: • Place hoist lever in RAISE position

• Increase engine RPM to accelerate hoist speed
• Always enter the dump area in a clockwise direction • Watch for material to low from truck bed and ensure material is
• Approach the dump from the left lowing over dump edge
• Keep the dump edge on the operators side of the truck • Keep alert for dump edge movement
• Drive parallel to the dump edge • Reduce engine RPM as hoist cylinders reach full extension
• Observe the dump edge for cracks
• Work dump from cab side to the right with support
tractor following

Truck Dump Operation

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRUCK DUMP OPERATION 139

TRUCK DUMPS TRUCK DUMPS

After you have made the dump: Things to watch for:

• Clear material from tailgate by moving forward slowly • Maintain eye contact with dump maintenance tool
• Do not move over one truck length with body raised whenever possible
• Never jerk the steering wheel from side to side to free • Watch dump edge for stability
stuck material • Dump away from safety berm if edge is unstable (dump short)
• Move gear selector into the desired gear after the body is • Maintain proper safety berm height
on the frame • Lower body before moving from dump
• Exit on established haulroad • Advance haulroad with dump
• Maintain slight slope for water drainage

Truck Dump Operation

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. TRUCK DUMP OPERATION 141

POOR DUMP PRACTICES DUMP CONSIDERATIONS

Things to watch for:

• Body bulldozing
• Pulling through berm after
dumping is hard on underside
of the body
• Dumping into existing pile
• Not lowering body prior to
moving forward

Damage indicates:

• Pulling through pile

• "Pinching" material under tail
• Pushing with a dozer
• Poor dumping practice can result in rear rib and tail area damage

Truck Dump Operation

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. 143

POOR DUMP PRACTICES

Factors effecting tire life:

Approximately 80% of all large tires fail before wear out

Other
Wear 8%
7%

Separation
(heat) 11%
Cut
45%

Impact
29%

Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine

Truck Dump Operation

uNDerGrouND lhD loADers

Cat® Underground Machines

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 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. uNDerGrouND lhD loADers 147

LHD LOADERS
Optimal Bench Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift
Height

Cycle Times 28 – 42 seconds (avg. 35 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor 90 – 110%

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient Pass 4 – 6 passes

Match Things to watch for:

Conditions • Level, dry, smooth, irm loors • Lift bucket before curling when irst entering pile
Favorable to LHD • Suficient crossfall and drainage in high • Keep frame straight when digging
Loaders rainfall areas to minimize tire damage • Keep lift arms as low as possible when tramming
• Well-fragmented materials that minimize • Keep time in face below 12 seconds
crowding time, particularly in the toe- • Never operate worn GET or bare bucket edge
area of the cut • Maintain proper bucket kick-out settings
• Lower face proile • Control tire slippage
• Multiple faces and frequent tramming • Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to loor
• Operate in irst gear, full throttle
• Keep spillage to a minimum
Conditions • Poor underfoot conditions – wet,
• Keep loor clean and smooth
Unfavorable to LHD soft, jagged
• Keep tight "V" loading pattern
Loaders • Tight load areas
• Clean loor while approaching face when necessary with
• Poorly shot material
minimum loor contact
• Minimize truck exchange time

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. uNDerGrouND lhD loADers 149

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR LHDS

Loading: Better bucket fill factors through:

• Operator controls dumping impact into body (dump easy) • Improved material fragmentation
• Place material vs. dumping material in body • Correct bucket selection, GET selection and maintenance
• Different loading tools have different affects on truck body • Correct bench heights
• Pad body loor with smaller material before placing in • Correct loader orientation to face
oversize material
• DO NOT contact truck side rails Faster loader cycle times through:
• DO NOT push material in body
• Correct orientation to face
• Correct truck placement
• Improved material condition
• Improved loor condition

Cat® Underground Machines

uNDerGrouND mINING trucks

Cat® Underground Machines

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 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS 153

Caterpillar 10/10/20 Load Management Policy

• The mean (average) of the pay
load distribution shall not
exceed the target payload
• No more than 10% of payloads
may exceed 1.1 times the
truck target payload
• No single payload shall
ever exceed 1.2 times the
target payload
90% of loads should fall into this range
• No more than 10% of loads
No more than 10% of loads should
above 1.10 exceed 110% of the target payload
• No loads above 1.20
No loads should be above 120% of
• The average payload shall not the target payload
exceed the target

Things to watch for:

Durability

SAFETY
Productivity

• Proper truck positioning

Number of Loads

• Safety issues
• Body wear patterns
• Tire wear / rock spillage
• Proper spotting
90 % 10%
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
% of Target Payload

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS 155

LOAD PLACEMENT ON TRUCKS

Incorrect Loading
Correct Loading

Correct Loading Incorrect Loading

Things to watch for: Load placement:

• Loader operator spots truck • Lateral (centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow)
• Insure truck doesn’t have to turn around once loaded • Longitudinal (centered on center line of body)
• Position truck away from overhead services • Enough freeboard to minimize spillage from sides through corners
• Position for fastest cycle times and from rear of body on grades
• Wheel loaders tight "V pattern" • Target 33% / 66% payload split on front / rear axles
• Keep rear tires away from rocks and toe • Establish a load placement pattern, irst bucket back, then front,
• Minimize wait time then center

Cat® Underground Machines

uNDerGrouND ApplIcAtIoNs

Cat® Underground Machines

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 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 159

MODERN TRACKLESS UNDERGROUND MINE CUT AND FILL STOPE MINING

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 161

LONG HOLE STOPING BLOCK CAVING

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 163

ROOM AND PILLAR MINING TRUCK EXCHANGE

Things to watch for:

Truck exchange time:

• Elapsed time from when loaded truck receives last loading pass
until next truck receives first loading pass

Exchange time:
• Good – 42 seconds or less
• Acceptable – 54 seconds
• Unacceptable – over 1 minute

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 165

MOTOR GRADERS MOTOR GRADERS

Things to watch for: Blade angle:

• Grade in 1st gear • Use widest pass width possible

• Determine drainage pattern prior to grading • Increase blade angle if material lows around leading edge
• Obtain road bed material suficient to slope road • Use 10° blade angle for Grader Bit System or serrated edge
• Always keep edges sharp for better penetration
• Change edges prior to moldboard damage
• Always lock differential when grading or ripping
• Always perform articulated turns with wheel lean to reduce
turning radius

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 167

MOTOR GRADERS
Things to watch for:

Proper blade tip angle:

• Moldboard top should be
50mm (2 in.) ahead of cutting HAUL ROAD CONSIDERATIONS
edge on 120M-14M Motor
Graders
• Constant tip angle minimizes
cutting edge wear

Proper blade angle:

• Use widest possible pass
width
• Reduce pass width (increase
Cut
angle) if material lows around
leading edge (toe)
• Use maximum 10° blade angle
if using Graderbit system or
serrated edge Three key factors in haul road design:
• Maintain contact with road Normal
surface across the full width • Material quality
of the cutting edge • Design
• Maintenance

Carry

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 169

KEEP GRADE SMOOTH AND CONSTANT SAFETY BERMS (WINDROWS)

Horizontal and General Vertical Alignment

Things to watch for: Things to watch for:

• Design corners and crests for • Recommended berm height is a minimum of half the wheel height
clear visibility at operating speeds – Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump
• Design for worst case scenarios – Safety berm along all haul road edges
• Check your local mining regulation
Smooth, constant grades:
• Grades less than 10% are
recommended for maximum
tire life
• Consistent grades should be
maintained
• Minimizes transmission shifts
• Maintains higher average speed
• Allow more constant braking
effort on returns

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 171

ROLLING RESISTANCE HAUL ROAD ECONOMICS

Performance vs Rolling Resistance

10,000 ft. Flat Haul
Fuel Cost Production

180% 10%
Tire Penetration 160% 0%
140%
-10%
For off-highway trucks running radial-ply tires, assume a 120%

Production
Fuel Cost
100% -20%
minimum rolling resistance of: 80% -30%
60%
• 1.2% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent haul road 40%
-40%

• 2.5% for a well-maintained road with little lexing 20% -50%

• 4% for a road with 25 mm (1 in) tire penetration 0% -60%

1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
• 5% for a road with 50 mm (2 in) tire penetration
Rolling Resistance
• 8% for a road with 100 mm (4 in) tire penetration
• 14% for a road with 200 mm (8 in) tire penetration

In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in

up to a 10% decrease in production and a 35% increase in
production costs.

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 173

SOFT AND WET AREAS HAUL ROAD MAINTENANCE

Things to watch for: Things to watch for:

• Begin at face; end at dump • Remove soft and wet spots completely and reill and compact
• Truck travels at a reasonable and constant speed with good dry material
• Where trucks slow down evaluate the cause and repair • Without a good repair, these spots will continually deteriorate
• Remove and repair wet / soft spots
• Ride in jump seat, if it is rough the road is too rough

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 175

VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD
Loading Zone –
Things to watch for:

• Smooth loors
• Adequate water drainage
• No debris spillage from trucks Dump Zone –
• Proper truck positioning Things to watch for:
• No tight, high-speed turns as
trucks return to loading area • Smooth loor to maintain speed
• Loading zones that are too • Braking in straight line before
tight, rough or congested turning and stopping to reverse
• Trucks leave under full, and dump
continuous acceleration • Stable dumping capability
• Back height is adequate for
Haul Roads –
body
Things to watch for:
• Trucks brake in straight line,
then turn and stop to reverse
• Well maintained, smooth road to dump
• Suficient drainage • Safety berms and ore pass stop
• Smooth, constant grades blocks are regulation height
• Adequate passing room • Trucks dump the load
• Adequate corner radius without delays
• Expected haul road speeds are achieved
• No debris on roads
• No potholes, ruts, gullies
• No rubber on tight or rocky turns
• No high braking forces required on curves
• Use reference signs where necessary

Cat® Underground Machines

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS 177

GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES:

GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: LHDS UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS

Model the effects on total productivity through changes to: Model the effects on total productivity through changes to:

• Higher ill factors improve productivity and reduce cost per ton • Higher truck road speeds improve productivity and reduce
• Achieve higher ill factors through: cost per ton
– Better fragmentation • Achieve faster speeds through:
– Correct bucket selection – Smooth roads - load to dump
– Correct GET selection and maintenance – Reduced rolling resistance
– Correct bench heights – Better road design
– Correct loader orientation to face – Better payload control
– Correct operating techniques for maximum production
• Faster cycle times improve productivity and reduce cost per ton
• Achieve faster cycle times through:
– Correct orientation to face
– Improved loor conditions
– Correct truck placement
– Improved material condition
– Proper tram distance to and from truck

Cat® Underground Machines

mANAGemeNt revIeW

Strategies

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 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MANAGEMENT REVIEW 181

VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD

Haul Roads –
Things to watch for:

• Well maintained, smooth road

• Suficient drainage
• Smooth, constant grades
• Adequate passing room
• Adequate corner radius
• Expected haul road speeds
are achieved
• No debris on roads
• No potholes, ruts, gullies
• No rubber on tight or
rocky turns
Loading Zone – • No high braking forces
Things to watch for: required on curves

• Smooth loors Dump Zone –

• Adequate water drainage Things to watch for:
• No debris spillage from trucks
• Proper truck positioning • Smooth loor to maintain speed
• No tight, high-speed turns as trucks return to loading area • Entering parallel to edge
• Loading zones that are too tight, rough or congested • Braking in straight line before turning and stopping to
• Location of 2nd gear reweigh reverse and dump
• Trucks leave under full, continuous acceleration • Safety berms at regulated height along entire edge
• Stable dumping capability
• No debris in area

Strategies
 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MANAGEMENT REVIEW 183

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE COSTS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WHEEL LOADERS

Reducing your cost through proper operating procedures: Better bucket fill factors through:

• To minimize cost, irst look at the big picture, then use a common • Improved material fragmentation
sense approach • Correct bucket selection, GET selection and maintenance
• Select proper type of equipment • Correct face heights
• Properly equip for the speciic job • Correct loader orientation to face
• Properly match buckets and bodies
• Stress teamwork and communication Faster loader cycle times through:
• Properly set-up load area
• Correct orientation to face
• Correct truck placement
• Improved material condition
• Improved loor condition

Strategies
 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MANAGEMENT REVIEW 185

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR TRUCKS

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR TRUCKS

Higher average mining truck haul speeds through: Higher average mining truck haul speeds through:

• Smoother roads (including loading and dump zones) • Better payload control to ensure highest possible gear on grade
– VIMS™ System – Use VIMS™ System and VIMS™ Supervisor
– Truck Payload Measurement (TPM) – Truck Payload Management System (TPMS)
– Application Severity Analysis (ASA)
– Road Analysis Control (RAC)
• Minimize rolling resistance
• Better haul road designs
– Reduce switchbacks
– Remove cross-overs that require stop signs
– Constant grades that minimize transmission gear shifting

Strategies
 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MANAGEMENT REVIEW 187

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE COST

Model the effects on total productivity through changes to: Things to watch for: GET

• Average road speeds • Replace components when they reach 100% wear
– Higher on-grade speeds – Helps penetration thereby increasing bucket fill factor
– Reduced rolling resistance – Better penetration reduces fuel consumption and tire slip
– Reduced corner severity – Use worn GET wear patterns as a condition monitoring tool to
– Removal of speed limits manage operating techniques
• Improved bucket ill factors and truck/loader match
• Reduced truck exchange and waiting times • Use the best option for the application to maximize production
• Reduced fuel consumption • Protect, but don’t over protect
• Improved component life and machine/leet availability – Increases bucket / implement weight
• Improved tire life/reduced tire costs – Decreases payload
– Affects GET component life
– Reduces penetration and productivity
– Better penetration reduces fuel consumption
– Adversely affect operating techniques

Strategies
reFereNce INFormAtIoN

Performance Handbook 39
Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 191

TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
MODEL D9T D10T D11T D11T CD

Operating Weight
105,600 lb 146,500 lb 230,100 lb 248,600 lb
47900 kg 66 451 kg 104 600 kg 113 000 kg
Flywheel Power
410 hp 580 hp 850 hp 850 hp
306 kW 433 kW 634 kW 634 kW
Engine Model
C18 ACERT C27 ACERT C32 ACERT C32 ACERT
Blade Capacity
– SU 17.7 yd3 (13.5 m3) 24.2 yd3 (18.5 m3) 35.5 yd3 (27.2 m3) —
–U 21.4 yd3 (16.4 m3) 28.7 yd3 (22 m3) 45.0 yd3 (34.4 m3) —
– CD 57 yd3 (43.6 m3)

Blade Width
– SU 14'2" ft/in (4.31 m) 15'11" ft/in (4.86 m) 18'4" ft/in (5.60 m) —
–U 15'3" ft/in (4.65 m) 17'3" ft/in (5.26 m) 20'10" ft/in (6.36 m) —
– CD 22'0" ft/in (6.71 m)
(included end bits)
Track On Ground
11'5" ft/in 12'9" ft/in 14'7" ft/in 14'7" ft/in
3.47 m 3.89 m 4.44 m 4.44 m
Height To Top
of Canopy (ROPS) 13'1" ft/in 14'0" ft/in 15'1" ft/in 15'1" ft/in
4.00 m 4.26 m 4.60 m 4.60 m
Overall Length
SU-Blade & Single 16’11" ft/in 30'1" ft/in 34'9" ft/in 35'1" ft/in
Shank Ripper 4.91 m 9.16 m 10.59 m 10.70 m

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 193

WHEEL LOADERS
MODEL 992K 993K 993K HL 994F 994F HL 994F SHL

Operating Weight
214,000 lb 294,800 lb 296,800 lb 427,300 lb 430,900 lb 467,100 lb
97 069 kg 133 637 kg 134 603 kg 193 820 kg 193 782 kg 207068 kg
Engine
C32 ACERT C32 ACERT C32 ACERT 3516B 3516B 3516B
Flywheel Power
801 hp 945 hp 950 hp 1463 hp 1463 hp 1463 hp
597 kW 705 kW 708 kW 1092 kW 1092 kW 1092 kW
Rated Payload
— 25 T 25 T 38 T 35 T 35 T
22.7 t 22.7 t 35 t 32 t 32 t
Dump Height
15.1 ft/in 15'3" ft/in 17'11" ft/in 18'3" ft/in 19'0" ft/in 24'0" ft/in
4623 mm 4654 mm 5465 mm 5563 mm 5931 mm 7315 mm
Dump Reach
7’6” ft/in 8'2" ft/in 8'4" ft/in 7'4" ft/in 8'11" ft/in 9'6" ft/in
2311 mm 2503 mm 2616 mm 2261 mm 2643 mm 2926 mm
Bucket Size
14.0 - 16.0 yd3 16.0 - 19.0 yd3 17 yd3 19.5 - 24.5 yd3 19.5 - 41 yd3 41- 47 yd3
10.7 - 12.2 m3 12.2 - 14.5 m3 13 m3 15.0 - 18.7 m3 15 - 31 m3 31- 36 m3
Breakout Force
130,390 lb 159,562 lb 159,416 lb 222,553 lb 203,968 lb 156,562 lb
580 kN 709 kN 708.5 kN 990 kN 1015 kN 696 kN
Full Turn Tip Load
113,159 lb 158,026 lb 131,417 lb 243,760 lb 203,968 lb 152,014 lb
51 328 kg 71 667 kg 59 599 kg 110 568 kg 92 518 kg 68 952 kg

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 195

WHEEL DOZERS

MODEL 834H 844H 854K

Operating Weight
103,849 lb 156,120 lb 216,273 lb
47 106 kg 70 815 kg 99 100 kg
Engine
C18 ACERT C27 C32 ACERT
Flywheel Power
498 hp 627 hp 801 hp
372 kW 468 kW 597 kW
Blade Capacity
– SU 3.30 yd3 (25.0m3)
–C 58.0 yd3 (45.0m3)
–S —
Blade Width
– SU 20"7’ ft/in (6.32 m)
–C 23"6’ ft/in (7.2 m)
–S —
Transmission Gears
4F/3R 3F/3R 3F/3R
Top Speed
– Forward 23.9 mph (38.5 km/h) 13.0 mph (21.5 km/h) 21.2 km/h (13.2 mph)

Height To Top
of (ROPS) 13'5" ft/in 16'6" ft/in 18'3" ft/in
4.09 m 5.023 m 5590 mm
Overall Length
(with Dozer) 34'2" ft/in 35'9" ft/in 44'0" ft/in
10.42 m 10.94 m 13405 mm
Over Width
11'5" ft/in 14'4" ft/in 11'8" ft/in
3.47 m 4.37 m 3556 mm

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 197

LARGE MINING TRUCKS

MODEL 777F 785D 789C 793D 793D Additional
Standard (MA1) Retarding (MA2)
Body Type
Dual Slope Lined Dual Slope Dual Slope MSD II MSD II
Gross Machine
Operating Weight* 360,000 lb 550,000 lb 700,000 lb 846,000 lb 846,000 lb
163 293 kg 249 433 kg 317 460 kg 383 673 kg 383 673 kg
Target Payload*
199,115 lb 146.6 tons 198 tons 252 tons 250 tons
90 316 kg 133 m tons 180 m tons 228 m tons 227 m tons
Maximum Capacity 78.8 yd3 102 yd3 137 yd3 195 yd3 195 yd3
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) 60.2 m3 78 m3 105 m3 140 m3 140 m3
Engine C32 ACERT 3512C HD-EUI 3516B EUI 3516B HD EUI 3516B HD EUI
No. Cylinders 12 12 16 16 16
Gross Power 1,016 hp 1,450 hp 1,900 hp 2,415 hp 2,415 hp
758 kW 1 082 kW 1 417 kW 1 801 kW 1 801 kW
Tires 27.00R49 (E4) 33.00R51 37.00R57 40.00R57 40.00R57
Top Speed (Loaded) 40.1 mph 33.6 mph 32.7 mph 33.7 mph 33.7 mph
64.5 km/h 54.1 km/h 52.6 km/h 54.2 km/h 54.2 km/h
Loading Height 14'7" ft/in (empty) 16'4" ft/in 17'1" ft/in 19'4" ft/in 19'4" ft/in
4.43 m (empty) 4.97 m 5.21 m 5.87 m 5.87 m
Overall Length 34'6" ft/in (operating) 37'10" ft/in (base body) 38'2" ft/in (base body) 42'9" ft/in (base body) 42'9" ft/in (base body)
10.53 m (operating) 11.31 m (base body) 11.63 m (base body) 13.05 m (base body) 13.01 m (base body)
Overall Width 21'4" ft/in 21'10" ft/in 25'2" ft/in 27'2" ft/in 27'2" ft/in
6.49 m 6.64 m 7.67 m 8.28 m 8.28 m
*Reference Caterpillar’s 10/10/20 Payload Policy Revision #4 for .
information on gross machine operating weight and target payload.

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 199

LARGE MINING TRUCKS

MODEL 793D Extra 793D Extra Life 793D 797B
Top Speed (MA3) Wheel Stations (MA4) High Altitude (MA5)
Body Type
MSD II MSD II MSD II MSD II
Gross Machine
Operating Weight* 846,000 lb 846,000 lb 846,000 lb 1,375,000 lb
383 673 kg 383 673 kg 383 673 kg 623 583 kg
Target Payload*
250 tons 250 tons 250 tons 394 tons
227 m tons 227 m tons 226 m tons 354 m tons
Maximum Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) 195 yd3 195 yd3 195 yd3 290 yd3
140 m3 140 m3 140 m3 220 m3
Engine
3516B HD EUI 3516B HD EUI 3516B HD EUI 3524B EUI
No. Cylinders
16 16 16 24
Gross Power
2,415 hp 2,415 hp 2,415 hp 3,550 hp
1801 kW 1801 kW 1801 kW 2648 kW
Tires
40.00R57 40.00R57 40.00R57 59/80R63
Top Speed (Loaded)
37.3 mph 33.7 mph 33.7 mph 42 mph
60 km/h 54.2 km/h 54.2 km/h 67.6 km/h
Loading Height
19'4" ft/in 19'4" ft/in 19'4" ft/in 23'6" ft/in
5.87 m 5.87 m 5.87 m 7.15 m
Overall Length
(Base Body) 42'9" ft/in 42'9" ft/in 42'9" ft/in 47'3" ft/in
13.01 m 13.01 m 13.01 m 14.4 m
Overall Width
(Operating) 27'2" ft/in 27'2" ft/in 27'2" ft/in 31'9" ft/in
8.28 m 8.28 m 8.28 m 9.66 m

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 201

ARTICULATED DUMP TRUCKS

MODEL 735 740 740 Ejector
Operating Weight (Empty)*
69,206 lb (31 391 kg) 72,973 lb (33 100 kg) 78,507 lb (35 610 kg)
Gross Machine Weight
141,297 lb (64 091 kg) 160,055 lb (72 600 kg) 162,282 lb (73 610 kg)
Target Payload
36 Tons (32.7 tonnes) 42 Tons (38 tonnes) 42 Tons (38 tonnes)
Maximum Capacity**
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) 25.8 yd (19.7 m )
3 3
31.4 yd (24 m )
3 3
30.2 yd3 (23.1 m3)
Engine
ACERT C15 ACERT C15 ACERT C15
No. Cylinders
6 6 6
Gross Power – SAE J1995
435 hp (324 kW) 469 hp (350 kW) 469 hp (350 kW)
Tires
26.5R25 Radials 29.5R25 Radials 29.5R25 Radials
Circular Clearance Dia.
56'5" ft/in (17.2 m) 56'5" ft/in (17.2 m) 59'6" ft/in (18.2 m)
Top Speed (Loaded)
31.9 mph (51.3 km/h) 34 mph (54.7 km/h) 34 mph (54.7 km/h)
Height To Top of Cab
12'1" ft/in (3.7 m) 12'3" ft/in (3.75 m) 12'3" ft/in (3.75 m)
Wheelbase
(Front-Center of Bogie) 17'2" ft/in (5.23 m) 17'2" ft/in (5.23 m) 18'3" ft/in (5.58 m)
Overall Length
35'7" ft/in (10.89 m) 35'7" ft/in (10.89 m) 38'0" ft/in (11.59 m)
Loading Height (Empty)
9'10" ft/in (2.98 m) 10'6" ft/in (3.2 m) 10'1" ft/in (3.07 m)
Height @ Full Dump
22'4" ft/in (6.81 m) 23'4" ft/in (7.1 m) —
Width (Operating)
12'6" ft/in (3.82 m) 12'6" ft/in (3.82 m) 12'6" ft/in (3.82 m)
Front Tire Tread
8'8" ft/in (2.69 m) 8'8" ft/in (2.69 m) 8'8" ft/in (2.69 m)
* Includes coolant, lubricant and a full fuel tank. ** Rating dependent on optional equipment. Maximum gross weight
(empty weight plus payload) should not be exceeded.
Performance Handbook 39 Specifications
 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 203

MOTOR GRADERS
MODEL 14M 16M 24M

Operating Weight (Empty)*

47,133 lb 57,452 lb 137,692 lb
21 379 kg 26 060 kg 62 456 kg
Flywheel Power
Base: Gears 1 - 8 259 hp (193 kW) 297 hp (221 kW) 533 hp (397 kW)
VHP: Gears 4 - 8 274 hp (204 kW) 312 hp (233 kW) —
Engine Model
C11 C13 ACERT VHP C18 ACERT
No. Cylinders
6 6 6
Blade Length
14'0" ft/in 16'0" ft/in 24'0" ft/in
4287 mm 4877 mm 7315 mm
Minimum Turn Radius**
Full Articulation & 25'11" ft/in 29'3" ft/in 40'9" ft/in
Front Wheel Steer 7.9 m 8.9 m 12.4 m
Top Speed
Forward 31.0 mph (49.8 km/h) 33.5 mph (53.9 km/h) 26.7 mph (43.0 km/h)
Reverse 24.5 mph (39.4 km/h) 26.5 mph (42.6 km/h) 25.6 mph (41.2 km/h)

Height To Top of ROPS

139.2" 145.8" 171.3"
3535 mm 3703 mm 4352 m
Overall Length
370.6" 392.2" 558.8"
9412 mm 9963 mm 14 194 mm
Overall Width
At Top of Front Tires 109.9" 121.9" 168.5"
2791 mm 3096 mm 4280 mm
* Operating weight based on standard machine configuration with ** Minimum turning radius – Combining the use of articulated frame steering,
full fuel tank, coolant, lubricants and operator. 24H includes ripper. front wheel steer and unlocked differential.

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 205

WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS

MODEL 627G 631G 637G 657G

Approx. Operating
Weight Empty 86,957 lb 105,002 lb 114,559 lb 150,760 lb
37 922 kg 47 628 kg 51 963 kg 68 384 kg
Flywheel Power
Tractor 330/365 hp 462/500 hp 462/500 hp 564/600 hp
(246kW/272kW) (345kW/373kW) (345kW/373kW) (421kW/447 kW)
Scraper 239/266 hp 266/283 hp 410/451 hp
(178 kW/198 kW) (198 kW/211 kW) (306kW/337 kW)
Engine Model
Tractor C15 ACERT C18 ACERT C18 ACERT C18 ACERT
Scraper C9 ACERT C9 ACERT C15 ACERT
Capacity
Struck 15.7 yd3 (12 m3) 24 yd3 (18.3 m3) 24 yd3 (18.3 m3) 32 yd3 (24.5 m3)
Heaped 22 yd3 (17 m3) 34 yd3 (26 m3) 34 yd3 (26 m3) 44 yd3 (33.6 m3)
Rated Load
52,800 lb 81,600 kg 81,600 lb 104,000 lb
23 950 kg 37 013 kg 37 013 kg 47 174 kg
Top Speed (Loaded)
32 mph 33 mph 33 mph 33 mph
51 km/h 53 km/h 53 km/h 53 km/h
Width of Cut
9'11" ft/in 11'6" ft/in 11'6" ft/in 12'8" ft/in
3.02 m 3.51 m 3.51 m 3.85 m
Height To Top
of Scraper 12'6" ft/in 13’9” ft/in 13'9" ft/in 15'2" ft/in
3.81 m 4.18 m 4.18 m 4.62 m
Overall Length
42'3" ft/in 48'3" ft/in 48'3" ft/in 53'1" ft/in
12.88 m 14.71m 14.71 m 16.2 m
Overall Width
11'9” ft/in 12'11” ft/in 12'11" ft/in 14'4" ft/in
3.58 m 3.94 m 3.94 m 4.35 m

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 207

UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS

MODEL AD30 AD45B AD55B
Engine Power
408 hp 587 hp 776/805 hp
304 kW 438 kW 597/600 kw
Engine
C15 ACERT ATAAC C18 D1 ATAAC C27 ACERT
Empty Weight
66,140 lb 89,303 lb 110,231 lb
30 000 kg 40 500 kg 50 000 kg
Loaded Weight
132,280 lb 188,528 lb 231,485 lb
60 000 kg 85 500 kg 105 000 kg
Capacity M3
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) 18.8 yd3 27.9 yd3 35.2 yd3
14.4 m3 21.3 m3 26.9 m3
SAE Body Capacity
Dump (D)
14.8 yd3 (11.3 m3) (D) 27.9 yd3 (21.3 m3) (D) 35.2 yd3 (26.9 m3) (D)
18.8 yd3 (14.4 m3) (D) 32.8 yd3 (25.1 m3) (D)
22.9 yd3 (17.5 m3) (D)
Ejector (E)
19.9 yd3 (15.2 m3) (E) 30.0 yd3 (22.9 m3) (E) 35.2 yd3 (26.9 m3) (E)
Loading Height
7'10" ft/in 9'7" ft/in 10'0" ft/in
2 385 mm 2 925 mm 3 045 mm
Overall Length
33'4" ft/in 36'6" ft/in 39'8" ft/in
10 153 mm 11 194 mm 12 064 mm
Overall Width
8'10" ft/in 9'10" ft/in 11'0" ft/in
2 690 mm 3 000 mm 3 346 mm
* 1400kg (308701b) tramming only, 12, 500kg,
NOTE: R1700G and R2900G XTRA: For Load, Haul, Carry Only
@rated load. Not truck loading @ rated load.

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 209

UNDERGROUND MINING LOADERS

MODEL R1300G R1600G R1700G R2900G R2900G Xtra
Operating Weight
46,021 lb 65,698 lb 84,880 lb 110,692 lb 122,522 lb
20 875 kg 29 800 kg 38 500 kg 50 209 kg 55 757 kg
Engine Power
165 hp 270 hp 323/353 hp 430/447 hp 430/447 hp
123 kW 201 kW 241/263 kW 321/333 kW 321/333 kW
Engine
3306 DITA 3176C EUI ATAAC C11 ACERT ATAAC C15 ACERT ATAAC C15 ACERT ATAAC
Rated Payload
14,991 lb 22,487 lb 30,865 lb* 37,920 lb 44,092 lb
6800 kg 10 200 kg 14 000 kg* 17 200 kg 20 000 kg
Overall Length
28'7" ft/in 31'10" ft/in 34'9" ft/in 35'11" ft/in 37'10" ft/in
8714 mm 9710 mm 10 600 mm 10 949 mm 11 083 mm
Width Bucket Standard
7'6" ft/in 8'11" ft/in 9'6" ft/in 10'5" ft/in 11'5" ft/in
2318 mm 2723 mm 2894 mm 3176 mm 3472 mm
Bucket Size
3.1 - 4.4 yd3 5.5 - 7.7 yd3 6.0 - 11.4 yd3 9.4 - 11.6 yd3 11.6 - 15.2 yd3
2.4 - 3.4 m3 4.2 - 5.9 m3 4.6 - 8.8 m3 7.2 - 8.9 m3 8.9 - 11.6 m3
Breakout Force SAE
27,518 lb 42,505 lb 44,321 lb 60,298 lb 60,298 lb
12 480 kg 19 280 kg 20 100 kg 27 346 kg 27 346 kg
Static Tipping Load
44,866 lb 61,950 lb 78,119 lb 39,923 lb 123,911 lb
20 351 kg 28 100 kg 35 434 kg 88 015 kg 56 205 kg

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 211

MOTOR GRADERS — Bias Ply* GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE

Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure
Model Tire Size Ply Rating Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
120M 13.00-24 12 — — — — 241 35 345 50
14.00-24 12, 16 172 25 248 36 207 30 276 40
17.5-25 12, 16 172 25 228 33 207 30 241 35
12M 14.00-24 12, 16 172 25 276 40 207 30 276 40
17.5-25 12, 16 172 25 248 36 207 30 241 35
140M 14.00-24 12, 16 172 25 303 44 207 30 276 40
17.5-25 12, 16 172 25 276 40 207 30 276 40
160M 14.00-24 12, 16 200 29 303 44 207 30 276 40
17.5-25 16 200 29 352 51 207 30 276 40
14M 16.00-24 16 172 25 324 47 172 25 310 45
20.5-25 16, 20 172 25 303 44 241 35 379 55
16M 23.5-25 16, 20 172 25 276 40 207 30 241 35
24M 29.5-29 28 — — — — 241 35 310 45

MOTOR GRADERS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE

Strength Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure
Model Tire Size Rating Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
120M 13.00R24 248 36 345 50 — — — — — — — —
14.00R24 241 35 345 50 248 36 303 44 241 35 310 45
17.5R25 207 30 276 40 200 29 248 36 207 30 241 35
12M 13.00R24 207 30 310 45 303 44 400 58 — — — —
14.00R24 207 30 310 45 228 33 324 47 241 35 310 45
17.5R25 207 30 241 35 200 29 276 40 207 30 276 40
140M 14.00R24 241 35 345 50 248 36 352 51 241 35 345 50
17.5R25 207 30 207 30 200 29 276 40 207 30 276 40
160M 14.00R24 241 35 345 50 248 36 372 54 241 35 345 50
17.5R25 207 30 276 40 228 33 303 44 207 30 310 45
14M 16.00R24 207 30 345 50 248 36 372 54 241 35 379 55
20.5R25 207 30 276 40 200 29 303 44 207 30 310 45
16M 23.5R25 , 207 30 241 35 172 25 303 44 207 30 310 45
24M 29.5R29 , 345 50 379 55 324 47 372 54 310 45 379 55

*Standard tire and ply rating. Refer to Tire Load Worksheet to determine proper ply rating.
Performance Handbook 39 Specifications
Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 213

WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS — Bias Ply GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE

Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure
Model Tire Size Ply Rating Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
611 29.5-25 28 303 44 248 36 — — — —
613G 23.5-25 16, 20 324 47 324 47 345 50 345 50
621G 29.5-29 34 427 62 427 62 — — — —
33.25-29 26, 32 400 58 276 40 379 55 379 55
623G 33.25-29 26, 32 400 58 372 54 379 55 379 55
627G 33.25-29 26, 32 400 58 400 58 379 55 379 55
631G 37.25-35 36, 42 427 62 372 54 448 65 448 65
637G 37.25-35 36, 42 448 65 427 62 448 65 448 65

WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE

Strength Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure
Model Tire Size Rating Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear

�,��
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi

�,��
611 26.5R25 414 60 414 60 503 73 503 73 — — — —

�,��
29.5R25 348 50 348 50 372 54 324 47 379 55 379 55

��
613G 23.5R25 310 45 310 45 372 54 372 54 379 55 379 55

��
621G 29.5R29 448 65 379 55 572 83 572 83 517 75 517 75

��
33.25R29 379 55 310 45 448 65 351 51 448 65 448 65

��
623G 29.5R29 — — — — — — — — 517 75 517 75

��
33.25R29 379 55 379 55 448 65 427 62 448 65 448 65

��
627G 29.5R29 — — — — — — — — 517 75 517 75

��
33.25R29 379 55 379 55 448 65 448 65 448 65 448 65

��
631G 37.25R35 517 75 414 60 476 69 427 62 552 80 552 80

��
637G 37.25R35 517 75 517 75 524 76 476 69 552 80 552 80
657G 40.5/75RR39 586 85 517 75 600 87 600 87 620 90 620 90

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 215

ARTICULATED TRUCKS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR

Strength Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure

kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
725 23.5R25 345 50 379 55 379 55 372` 54 372 54 372 54
750/65R25 276 40 310 45 310 45 — — — — — —
730 23.5R25 414 60 448 65 448 65 372 54 448 65 448 65
750/65R25 310 45 345 50 345 50 303 44 352 51 352 51
730 EJ 750/65R25 — — — — — — 276 40 400 58 400 58
735 26.5R25 414 60 414 60 414 60 448 65 400 58 400 58
850/65R25 345 50 345 50 345 50 — — — — — —
740 29.5R25 414 60 414 60 414 60 372 54 372 54 372 54
850/65R25 414 60 414 60 414 60 — — — — — —
740EJ 29.5R25 345 50 414 60 414 60 324 47 448 65 427 62

ARTICULATED TRUCKS — Radial Ply BRIDGESTONE

Strength Inflation Pressure
Model Tire Size Rating Front Center Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
725 23.5R25 379 55 379 55 379 55
750/65R25 310 45 310 45 310 45
730 23.5R25 414 60 483 70 483 70
750/65R25 345 50 379 55 379 55
730 EJ 750/65R25 310 45 414 60 414 60
735 26.5R25 483 70 448 65 448 65
850/65R25 — — — — — —
740 29.5R25 448 65 414 60 414 60
850/65R25 — — — — — —
740EJ 29.5R25 379 55 483 70 483 70

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 217

MINING TRUCKS & TRACTORS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE

Strength Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure
Model Tire Size Rating Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
770 18.00R33 , 752 109 752 109 800 116 800 116 800 116 800 116
772 21.00R33 703 102 703 102 703 102 703 102 689 100 689 100
773F 24.00R35 703 102 703 102 676 98 600 87 689 100 689 100
775F 24.00R35 703 102 703 102 703 102 703 102 689 100 689 100
777F 27.00R49 703 102 703 102 724 105 724 105 689 100 689 100
784C Consult Michelin Consult Michelin Consult Goodyear Consult Goodyear Consult Bridgestone Consult Bridgestone
785C 33.00R51 703 102 703 102 800 116 800 116 724 105 724 105
789C 37.00R57 655 95 655 95 752 109 752 109 724 105 724 105
793F 40.00R57 724 105 724 105 — — — — 724 105 724 105
46/90R57 — — — — 772 112 724 105 689 100 689 100
797F 59/80R63 703 102 703 102 — — — — — — — —

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 219

WHEEL LOADERS — Bias and Bias Belted GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE

Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure
Model Tire Size Ply Rating Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
904B 12.5-18 10 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25
906 12.5-20 10 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25
908 14.5-20 10 276 40 241 35 276 40 241 35
914G 15.5-25 12 276 40 172 25 276 40 172 25
17.5-25 12 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25
924H 17.5-25 12 310 45 228 33 310 45 241 35
924Hz 20.5-25 12 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25
928Hz 17.5-25 12 345 50 241 35 345 50 241 35
20.5-25 12 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25
23.1-26 14 — — — — 241 35 172 25
930H 17.5-25 12 345 50 241 35 345 50 241 35
20.5-25 12 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25
23.1-26 14 — — — — 241 35 172 25
938H 20.5-25 16, 20 400 58 276 40 310 45 207 30
950H 23.5-25 16, 20 372 54 276 40 345 50 207 30
962H 23.5-25 16, 20 427 62 276 40 379 55 241 35
966H 26.5-25 20, 26 448 65 276 40 414 60 276 40
972H 26.5-25 20, 26 476 69 303 44 448 65 276 40
980H 29.5-25 22, 28 427 62 276 40 586 85 379 55
988H 35/65-33 42 627 91 427 62 655 95 414 60
990H 41.25/70-39 42 552 80 352 51 586 85 414 60
992K 45/65-45 58 655 95 503 73 724 105 483 70
993K 50/65-51 62 — — — — 724 105 483 70
994F 49.5/85-87 76 — — — — 724 105 483 70
50/80-57 68 — — — — 724 105 483 70
52/80-57 68 600 87 400 58 — — — —
53.5/85-57 76 — — — — 724 105 483 70
58/85-57 84 — — — — 724 105 483 70

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 221

WHEEL LOADERS — Radial Ply MICHELIN DUNLAP GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE

Model Strength Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure
Size Tire Size Index Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
904B 335/80R18 XM27 303 44 221 32 — — — — — — — — — — — —
335/80R18 SPT9 — — — — 276 40 172 25 — — — — — — — —
906 365/80R20 SPT9 — — — — 276 40 172 25 — — — — — — — —
375/75R20 MX27 276 40 193 28 — — — — — — — — — — — —
405/70R20 SPT9 — — — — 241 35 172 25 — — — — — — — —
908 425/75R20 XM27 276 40 193 28 — — — — — — — — — — — —
405/70R20 SPT9 — — — — 276 40 207 30 — — — — — — — —
914G 15.5R25 310 45 172 25 — — — — — — — — 414 60 276 40
17.5R25 276 40 172 25 — — — — 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40
924H 17.5R25 276 40 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 414 60 310 45
924Hz 20.5R25 241 35 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40
550/65R25 276 40 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 — — — —
928Hz 17.5R25 379 55 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 414 60 310 45
20.5R25 310 45 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 414 60 310 45
600/65R25 310 45 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 — — — —
930H 17.5R25 379 55 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 414 60 310 45
20.5R25 310 45 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 414 60 310 45
600/65R25 310 45 207 30 — — — — 414 60 310 45 — — — —
938H 20.5R25 345 50 207 30 — — — — 448 65 303 44 310 45 207 30
550/65R25 345 50 241 35 — — — — — — — — — — — —
650/65R25 310 45 207 30 — — — — — — — — 276 40 172 25
950H 23.5R25 , 276 40 207 30 — — — — 476 69 303 44 345 50 207 30
650/65R25 276 40 207 30 — — — — — — — — — — — —
750/65R25 276 40 207 30 — — — — — — — — 310 45 172 25
962H 23.5R25 , 276 40 207 30 — — — — 476 69 303 44 379 55 241 35
650/65R25 276 40 207 30 — — — — — — — — — — — —
966H 26.5R25 , 345 50 241 35 — — — — 448 65 303 44 414 60 276 40
750/65R25 345 50 241 35 — — — — — — — — — — — —
972H 26.5R25 , 379 55 241 35 — — — — 476 69 303 44 448 65 276 40
750/65R25 379 55 241 35 — — — — — — — — — — — —
980H 29.5R25 , 483 70 276 40 — — — — 503 73 303 44 586 85 379 55
988H 35/65R33 , 586 85 414 60 — — — — 627 91 427 62 655 95 414 60
990H 45/65R39 586 85 414 60 — — — — 552 80 352 51 620 90 483 70
992K 45/65R45 552 80 276 40 — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — 655 95 503 73 724 105 483 70
993K 50/65R51 552 80 455 66 — — — — — — — — 724 105 483 70
994F 55/80R57 703 102 600 87 — — — — — — — — — — — —
55.5/80R57 — — — — — — — — — — — — 724 105 483 70
60/80R57 703 102 600 87 — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 223

UNDERGROUND MINING — Bias & Bias Belted BRIDGESTONE

Wheel Tire Inflation Pressure
Model Size Size Ply Rating Front* Rear*
kPa psi kPa psi
LOAD - HAUL R1300 14.0 x 25 17.5 x 25 20 680 100 580 85
DUMP R1600 13.0 x 25 18.0 x 25 28 680 100 414 60
R1700G & 22.0 x 25 26.5 x 25 32 580 85 414 60
R1700G SUPA14
R2900 & 25.0 x 25 29.5 x 29 34 640 94 414 60
R2900 SUPA 20
ARTICULATED AD45 25.0 x 29 29.5 x 29 40 640 94 640 94
TRUCKS AD55 28.0 x 33 35/65R33 — — — — —
AE40 Series II 29.5 x 29 29.5 x R29 40 620 90 620 90
RIGID 69D Dump 13.0 x 33 18.0 x R33 36 640 94 640 94
TRUCKS 69D Ejector 13.0 x 33 18.0 x R33 40 620 91 620 91
73D 15.0 x 35 21.0 x R35 42 700 102 700 102
*For standard loading applications. NOTE: The operating inflation pressure is based on the weight of the ready-to-work machine without
NOTE: When tramming cycles exceed 150 m (500 ft) contact tire supplier. attachments, at rated payload and in average operating conditions. The tire pressure for each
application may vary. The tire pressure should always be obtained from your tire dealer.

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 225

UNDERGROUND MINING — Bias & Radial Ply

Wheel Tire Inflation Pressure
Model Size Size Ply Rating Front* Rear*
kPa psi kPa psi
LOAD - HAUL BRIDGESTONE— Bias
DUMP R1300G 14.0 x 25 17.5 x 25 20 689 100 586 85
R1600G 13.0 x 25 18.0 x 25 28 676 98 414 60
R1700G 20.0 x 25 26.5 x 25 36 621 90 414 60
R2900G 25.0 x 29 29.5 x 29 34 586 85 414 60
R2900G Xtra
ARTICULATED AD30 22.0 x 25 26.5R25 MS
TRUCKS AD45B 25.0 x 29 29.5R29 MS
AD55 28.0 x 33 35/65R33 MS
LOAD - HAUL BRIDGESTONE— Radial
DUMP R1300G 14.0 x 25 17.5 x 25 20 689 100 586 85
R1600G 13.0 x 25 18.0 x 25 28 689 100 407 59
R1700G 20.0 x 25 26.5 x 25 36 621 90 414 60
R2900G 25.0 x 29 29.5 x 29 34 621 90 414 60
R2900G Xtra 648 94 414 60
ARTICULATED AD30 22.0 x 25 26.5R25 MS 586 85 621 90
TRUCKS AD45B 25.0 x 29 29.5R29 MS 655 95 655 95
AD55 28.0 x 33 35/65R33 MS 648 94 648 94
*For standard loading applications. NOTE: The operating inflation pressure is based on the weight of the ready-to-work machine without
NOTE: When tramming cycles exceed 150 m (500 ft) contact tire supplier. machine attachments, at rated payload and in average operation conditions.

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 227

LIQUID BALLASTING* TABLE — 75% Fillage*** BIAS PLY TIRES RADIAL PLY TIRES
Weight Mixing Proportions Weight Mixing Proportions
Increase Increase
Per Tire CaCl** Water Per Tire CaCl** Water
kg lb kg lb liter gal kg lb kg lb liter gal
13.00-24TG 188 414 55 122 132 35 185 407 57 125 128 34
14.00-24TG 215 475 63 140 151 40 256 565 79 173 179 47
15.5-25 192 423 56 125 136 36 224 493 69 151 155 41
16.00-24TG 333 735 98 217 234 62 355 783 109 240 246 65
17.5-25 262 577 77 170 185 49 311 686 95 210 216 57
18.00-25 454 1002 134 296 322 85 502 1107 154 340 348 92
18.4-34 417 919 123 272 295 78 — — — — — —
20.5-25 405 892 119 263 284 75 448 987 137 303 310 82
23.1-26 522 1151 154 340 367 97 — — — — — —
23.5-25 585 1291 173 382 412 109 633 1396 194 428 439 116
24.5-32 703 1549 207 458 496 131 — — — — — —
26.5-25 758 1671 224 494 533 141 841 1853 258 568 583 154
26.5-29 752 1658 222 490 530 140 928 2045 284 627 644 170
28L-26 709 1563 209 462 500 132 — — — — — —
29.5-25 970 2139 286 632 685 181 1073 2368 328 723 745 197
29.5-29 1050 2315 310 684 738 195 1190 2623 365 804 825 218
29.5-35 1159 2556 344 758 821 217 1286 2835 394 869 892 236
30.5L-32 874 1928 258 570 617 163 — — — — — —
33.25-35 1485 3275 439 968 1048 277 1592 3508 487 1074 1105 292
37.25-35 1712 3775 505 1115 1211 320 2128 4692 653 1439 1476 390
38-39 1870 4123 552 1218 1317 348 — — — — — —
35/65-33 1339 2953 396 873 942 249 1430 3152 438 967 992 262
40/65-39 2077 4580 614 1353 1465 387 2194 4836 673 1483 1522 402
41.25/70-39 1897 4183 561 1236 1336 353 — — — — — —
45/65-45 2548 5617 753 1659 1794 474 — — — — — —
*Ballast weight for bias ply tires from Goodyear data, radial ply weights from Michelin data. ***Fillage beyond 75% of tire enclosed volume is not recommended.
Contact your tire supplier for additional information. Under abnormal tire wear conditions, With liquid ballasting, inflation pressure must be checked at least once per day.
ballasting of rear tires may be desirable. Ballasting of front tires also should only be done
where extremely rapid tire wear rates are encountered. Excessive weight will reduce NOTE: When liquid ballasting telehandler tires, consult Telehandler’s Operation and
machine performance. Maintenance Manual for requirements.Total machine mass including all
attachments in operating condition, all reservoirs at full capacity and ballasted
**1.6 kg (3 1⁄2 lb) Calcium Chloride per gallon water. Solution weighs 4.6 kg (10.15 lb) per gallon. tires must not exceed certification mass listed on the ROPS certification label.
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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 229

CONVERSION FACTORS CONVERSION FACTORS

MULTIPLY METRIC UNIT BY TO OBTAIN ENGLISH UNIT MULTIPLY METRIC UNIT BY TO OBTAIN ENGLISH UNIT
kilometer (km) .6214 mile kilograms/sq cm (kg/cm2) 14.225 pounds/sq in
meter (m) 1.0936 yard kilocalorie (kcal) 3.968 Btu
meter (m) 3.28 foot kilogram-meter (kg•m) 7.233 foot-pound
centimeter (cm) .0328 foot meter-kilogram (m•kg) 7.233 pound-foot
millimeter (mm) .03937 inch metric horsepower (CV) .9863 hp
sq kilometer (km2) .3861 square mile kilowatt (kW) 1.341 hp
hectare (ha) 2.471 acre kilopascal (kPa) .145 psi
sq meter (m2) 10.764 square foot bar 14.5 psi
sq meter (m2) 1550 square inch tons/m3 1692 pounds/cu yd
sq centimeter (cm2) .1550 square inch decaliter .283 bushel
cu centimeter (cm3) .061 cubic inch mile, statute (m) 1.609 kilometer
cu meter (m3) 1.308 cubic yard yard (yd) .9144 meter
liter (L) 61.02 cubic inch foot (ft) .3048 meter
liter (L) .001308 cubic yard inch (in) 25.4 millimeter
km/h .621 mph sq mile (mile2) 2.590 sq kilometer
liter (L) .2642 U.S. gallon acre .4047 hectare
liter (L) .22 Imperial gallon sq foot (ft2) .0929 sq meter
metric ton (t) .984 long ton sq inch (in2) .000645 sq meter
metric ton (t) 1.102 short ton cu yard (yd3) .7645 cu meter
kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound, avdp. cu inch (in3) 16.387 cu centimeter
gram (g or gr) .0353 ounce, avdp. cu foot (ft3) .0283 cu meter
kilonewton (kN) 225 pound (force) cu inch (in3) .0164 liter
newton (N) .225 pound (force) cubic yard (yd3) 764.55 liter
cu centimeter (cm3) .0338 fluid ounce mph 1.61 km/h
kilograms/cu meter 1.686 pounds/cu yd Ton — mph 1.459 tkm/h
kilograms/cu meter .062 pounds/cu ft U.S. gallon (US Gal) 3.785 liter

NOTE: Some of the above factors have been rounded for convenience. For exact
conversion factors please consult International System of Units (SI) table.
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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 231

CONVERSION FACTORS (CONTINUED) TEMPERATURE FACTORS

MULTIPLY METRIC UNIT BY TO OBTAIN ENGLISH UNIT CELSIUS 320 FAHRENHEIT
600
U.S. gallon .833 Imperial gallon
°C = (°F – 32) ÷ 1.8 300 °F = (C 1.8) + 32
long ton (lg ton) 1.016 metric ton 580
280
short ton (sh ton) .907 metric ton 520
pound (lb) .4536 kilogram 260
ounce (oz) 28.35 gram 480
240
pound (lb) (force) .00445 kilonewton
440
pound (lb) (force) 4.45 newton 220

fluid oz (fl oz) 29.57 cu centimeter 200

400

lb/cu ft (lb/ft3) 16.018 kg/cu meter

180 360
lb/cu yd (lb/yd3) .5933 kg/cu meter
pounds/sq. in. .0703 kilogram/sq cm 160 320
psi .0689 bar
140 280
psi 6.89 kilopascal
Btu .2520 kilogram-calorie 120
240
foot-pound (ft-lb) .1383 kilogram-meter 100 212
200
horsepower (hp) 1.014 metric horsepower
80
horsepower (hp) .7457 kilowatt 160
pounds/cu yd .0005928 tons/m3 60
pounds (No. 2 diesel fuel) .1413 U.S. gallon 120
37 98.6
bushel 3.524 decaliter 80
20
NOTE: Some of the above factors have been rounded for convenience. For exact
conversion factors please consult International System of Units (SI) table. 0 32

-20 0

-40 -40

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 233

EQUIVALENTS APPROXIMATE COEFFICIENT OF TRACTION FACTORS

METRIC UNIT EQUIVALENTS ENGLISH UNIT EQUIVALENTS MATERIALS RUBBER TIRES TRACKS
1 km 1000 m 1 mile 1760 yd Concrete .90 .45
1m 100 cm 1 yd 3 ft Clay Loam
1 cm 10 mm 1 ft 12 in Dry .55 .90
1 km2 100 ha 1 sq mile 640 acres
Wet .45 .70
1 ha 10,000 m2 1 acre 43,560 sq ft
Rutted .40 .70
1 m2 10,000 cm2 1 sq ft 144 sq in
1 cm2 100 mm2 1 cu ft 7.48 gal liq Sand
1 m3 1000 liters 1 gal 231 cu in Dry .20 .30
1 liter 1000 cm3 1 gal 4 quarts liq Wet .40 .50
1 metric ton 1000 kg 1 quart 32 fl oz Quarry Pit .65 .55
1 quintal 100 kg 1 fl oz 1.80 cu in Gravel Road (Loose not hard) .36 .50
1N 0.10197 kg•m/s2 1 sh ton 2000 lb Packed Snow .20 .27
1 kg 1000 g 1 lg ton 2240 lb Ice .12 .12*
1g 1000 mg 1 lb 16 oz, avdp
Earth
1 bar 14.504 psi 1 Btu 778 ft lb
Firm .55 .90
1 cal 427 kg•m 1 Btu 0.000393 hph
1 cal 0.0016 cv•h 1 Btu 0.000293 kwh Loose .45 .60
1 cal 0.00116 kw•h 1 mechanical hp 550 ft-lb/sec Coal, Stockpiled .45 .60
1 CV 75 kg•m/s 1 atmosph. 14.7 lb/in2 *Semi-Skeleton shoes = .27
1 kg/cm2 0.97 atmosph.
POWER UNIT EQUIVALENTS
kW Kilowatt 1 PS 1 CV
hp Mechanical Horsepower 1 PS 0.986 hp
CV Cheval Vapeur* 1 PS 0.7355 kW
PS Pferdestärke** 1 kW 1.341 hp
1 hp 1.014 CV 1 kW 1.36 CV
1 hp 1.014 PS 1 kW 1.36 PS
1 hp 0.7457 kW

* (Steam Horsepower) French Designation For Metric Horsepower

** (Horsepower) German Designation For Metric Horsepower

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 235

MATERIALS LOAD FACTORS SWELL % WEIGHT* OF MATERIALS

LOOSE BANK
kg/m3 lb/yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3
Basalt .67 51 1960 3300 2970 5000
Bauxite, Kaolin .75 33 1420 2400 1900 3200
Caliche .55 80 1250 2100 2260 3800
Carnotite, uranium ore .74 35 1630 2750 2200 3700
Cinders .66 50 560 950 860 1450
Clay —
Natural bed .82 22 1660 2800 2020 3400
Dry .81 23 1480 2500 1840 3100
Wet .80 25 1660 2800 2080 3500
Clay & gravel —
Dry .85 18 1420 2400 1660 2800
Wet .85 18 1540 2600 1840 3100
Coal
Anthracite, Raw .74 35 1190 2000 1600 2700
Anthracite, Washed .74 35 1100 1850 — —
Ash, Bituminous Coal .93 8 530-650 900-1100 590-890 1000-1500
Bituminous, Raw .74 35 950 1600 1280 2150
Bituminous, Washed .74 35 830 1400 — —
Decomposed rock —
75% Rock, 25% Earth .70 43 1960 3300 2790 4700
50% Rock, 50% Earth .75 33 1720 2900 2280 3850
25% Rock, 75% Earth .80 25 1570 2650 1960 3300
Earth —
Dry packed .80 25 1510 2550 1900 3200
Wet excavated .79 24 1600 2700 2020 3400
Loam .81 23 1250 2100 1540 2600
Granite — Broken .61 65 1660 2800 2730 4600
Gravel —
Pitrun .89 12 1930 3250 2170 3650
Dry .89 12 1510 2550 1690 2850
Dry 6-50 mm (1/4"-2") .89 12 1690 2850 1900 3200
Wet 6-50 mm (1/4"-2") .89 12 2020 3400 2260 3800
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.
Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.
Performance Handbook 39 Specifications
Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 237

MATERIALS LOAD FACTORS SWELL % WEIGHT* OF MATERIALS

LOOSE BANK
kg/m3 lb/yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3
Gypsum —
Broken .57 75 1810 3050 3170 5350
Crushed .57 75 1600 2700 2790 4700
Hematite, iron ore, high grade .85 18 1810-2450 4000-5400 2130-2900 4700-6400
Limestone —
Broken .59 69 1540 2600 2610 4400
Crushed — — 1540 2600 — —
Magnetite, iron ore .85 18 2790 4700 3260 5500
Pyrite, iron ore .85 18 2580 4350 3030 5100
Sand —
Dry, loose .89 12 1420 2400 1600 2700
Damp .89 12 1690 2850 1900 3200
Wet .89 12 1840 3100 2080 3500
Sand & clay —
Loose .79 24 1600 2700 2020 3400
Compacted — — 2400 4050 — —
Sand & gravel —
Dry .89 12 1720 2900 1930 3250
Wet .91 9 2020 3400 2230 3750
Sandstone .60 65 1510 2550 2520 4250
Shale .75 33 1250 2100 1660 2800
Slag — Broken .60 65 1750 2950 2940 4950
Snow —
Dry — — 130 220 — —
Wet — — 520 860 — —
Stone — Crushed .60 65 1600 2700 2670 4500
Taconite .58 70 1630-1900 3600-4200 2360-2700 5200-6100
Top Soil .70 43 950 1600 1370 2300
Taprock — Broken .67 51 1750 2950 2610 4400
Wood Chips** — — — — — —
**Weights of commercially important wood species can be found in the last pages of the *Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.
Logging & Forest Products section. To obtain wood weights use the following equations: Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.
lb/yd3 = (lb/ft3) x .4 x 27 kg/m3 = (kg/m3) x .4

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 239

TYPICAL ROLLING RESISTANCE FACTORS FORMULAS AND RULES OF THUMB

UNDERFOOTING TIRES TRACK** TRACK
Production (yds./hr.) = Load (cu.yds.) X Trips per hour
BIAS RADIAL +TIRES
A very hard, smooth roadway, 1.5%* 1.2% 0% 1.0%
Load (b.c.y.) = Weight of Load (lbs.)
concrete, cold asphalt, or dirt Lbs. Per Bank Yard
surface, no penetration or flexing
A hard, smooth, stabilized surfaced 2.0% 1.7% 0% 1.2%
Bank Yards = Loose yds. X load factor
roadway without penetration under
load, watered, maintained
A firm, smooth, rolling roadway with 3.0% 2.5% 0% 1.8% Bank Yards = Loose yds. X 100
dirt or light surfacing, flexing slightly 100 + % Swell
under load or undulating, maintained
fairly regularly, watered Bank Yards = Compacted Yards
Shrinkage Factor
A dirt roadway, rutted or flexing 4.0% 4.0% 0% 2.4%
under load, little maintenance,
no water, 25 mm (1") tire Trips per Hour = 60 min. Or Working Min. per Hr.
penetration or flexing Cycle Time (min.) Cycle Time (min.)
A dirt roadway, rutted or flexing 5.0% 5.0% 0% 3.0%
under load, little maintenance, Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time
no water, 50 mm (2") tire
penetration or flexing
Fixed Time = (see respective machine production tables)
Rutted dirt roadway, soft under 8.0% 8.0% 0% 4.8%
travel, no maintenance,
no stabilization, 100 mm (4") Variable Time = Total Haul Time + Total Return Time
tire penetration or flexing
Loose sand or gravel 10.0% 10.0% 2% 7.0% Travel Time (min.) = Distance (ft.) Or Distance (ft.)
Rutted dirt roadway, soft under Speed (ft. per min.) Mph X 88
14.0% 14.0% 5% 10.0%
travel, no maintenance, Rolling Resistance (lbs.) =
no stabilization, 200 mm (8") RR Factor (lbs./ton) X Weight on Wheels (tons)
tire penetration and flexing
Or
Very soft, muddy, rutted roadway, 20.0% 20.0% 8% 15.0% 40lbs./ton + 30 lbs./ton (for each 1” tire penetration)
300 mm (12") tire penetration, no X Weight on Wheels (lbs.)
flexing
Or
*Percent of combined machine weight.
**Assumes drag load has been subtracted to give Drawbar Pull for good to moderate conditions.
2% + 1 1/2% (for each 1” tire penetration)
Some resistance added for very soft conditions. X Weight on Wheels (lbs.)
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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 241

FORMULAS AND RULES OF THUMB (CONTINUED)

Grade Resistance (lbs.) = Typical dragline calculating factors:
20 lbs./ton X % grade (units) X Total Weight (tons) Using 110˚ swing, average swing cycle
Or For 1/2 yd. = 24 seconds
% grade (decimal) X Total Weight (lbs.) For 11/2 yd = 30 seconds
For 2 yd. = 33 seconds

Total Road Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %) =

Bucket Factors:
Rolling Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %)
Easy digging = approx. 95-100% of rated capacity
+ Grade Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %)
Med. digging = approx. 80-90% of rated capacity
Medium hard digging = approx. 65-75% of rated capacity
Total Pull Required = Rolling Resistance (lbs.) + Grade Resistance (lbs.) Hard digging = approx. 40-65% of rated capacity

Usable Lbs. Pull (Traction limitation) =

Coeff. of Traction X Weight on Drivers Typical shovel calculating factors:
Using 90˚ swing average swing cycle
Alt. Derating: 3% lb. Pull loss for each 1000 feet above 3000 feet For 1/2 yd. = 20 sec.
For 1 yd. = 21 sec.
Hourly Prod. Required = Quan. (b.c.y.) For 1 1/2 yd. = 22 sec.
Working Time (hr.) For 2 yd. = 23 sec.
For 2 1/2 yd. = 24 sec.
No. Units Required = Hourly Prod. Required
Unit Prod.
Dipper Factors:
Easy digging = approx. 95-100% or rated capacity
No. of Scrapers a Pusher will load = Scraper cycle time Medium digging = approx. 85-90% of rated capacity
Pusher cycle time
Medium hard digging = approx. 70-80% of rated capacity
Drawbar Horsepower = lbs. Pull X ft./min. Hard digging = approx. 50-70% of rated capacity
33000

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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 243

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT DRY MEASURE
20 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 scruple 2 pints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt
8 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce 4 pecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bushel
3 scruples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 8 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 peck
12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound 36 bushels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 caldron
NOTE: Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT LIQUID MEASURE

27.344 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 4 gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pt
25 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter 4 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gallon
16 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce 2 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt
4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cwt 31-1/2 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 barrel
16 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound 2 barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hogshead
2,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 short ton
2,240 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 long ton LONG MEASURE
12 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 foot
TROY WEIGHT 40 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 furlong
24 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pwt 3 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yd
20 pwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce 8 furlongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. Mile
12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound 5 1/2 yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod
NOTE: used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels
3 miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 league
CLOTH MEASURE MARINERS’ MEASURE
2 1/4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nail 6 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fathom
4 nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter 120 fathoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cable length
4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yard 7 1/2 cable lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 mile
5280 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. mile
CUBIC MEASURE 6076.1 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nautical mile
1,728 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic yard PAPER MEASURE
128 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cord (wood) 24 sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quire
40 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ton (shipping) 20 quires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ream ( 480 sheets)
2,150.42 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 standard bushel 2 reams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bundle
231 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 U.S. standard gallon 5 bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bale
1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .about 4/2 of a bushel

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 245

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (CONTINUED) WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (CONTINUED)

SQUARE MEASURE METRIC EQUIVALENTS – LINEAR MEASURE
144 sq. inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. foot 1 centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3937 inches
40 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rood 1 inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.54 centimeters
9 sq. feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. yard 1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.937 inches
4 roods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre 1decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.328 foot
30 1/4 sq. yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. rod 1 foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.048 decimeters
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile 1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39.37 inches
1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0936 yards
SURVEYOR’S MEASURE 1 yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9144 meter
7.92 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 link 1 dekameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9884 rods
25 links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod 1 rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.5029 dekameter
4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 chain 1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.62137 mile
10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre 1 mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6093 kilometers
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile 1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/5 lbs
36 sq. miles ( 6 miles sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 township 1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds
TIME MEASURE 1 sq. centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1550 sq. inch
60 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 min. 1 sq. inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.452 sq. centimeters
60 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hr. 1 sq. decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1076 sq. foot
24 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 day 1 sq. foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2903 sq. decimeters
7 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 week 1 sq. meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.196 sq. yds
28, 29, 30,or 31 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 calendar month 1 sq. yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.8361
30 days . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 month . . . . . . . . . . . .in computing interest 1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 sq. rods
365 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yr 1 sq. rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.00625 acre
366 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 leap yr. 1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.47 acres
1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4047 hectare
APPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS 1 sq. kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.386 sq. mile
1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inches 1 sq. mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.59 sq kilometers
1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 06 quarts liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9 quart dry
1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 yds METRIC EQUIVALENTS – WEIGHTS
1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5/8 of a mile 1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527 ounce
1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5/8 bushels 1 ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.35 grams
1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/2 acres 1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2046 pounds
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/5 lbs 1 pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4536 kilogram
1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord 1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.98421 English ton
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds 1 English ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.016 metric tons

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 247

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (CONTINUED) MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL DATA

METRIC EQUIVALENTS – MEASURE OF VOLUME • To find diameter of a circle, multiply circumference by .31831
1 cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.061 cubic inch • To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416
1 cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.39 cubic centimeters • To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854
1 cubic decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0353 cubic foot
1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.317 cubic decimeters • To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416
1 cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.308 cubic yards • To find side of an equal square, multiply diagonal by .7072
1 cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.7646 cubic meter • To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236
1 stere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2759 cord • Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times
1 cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.624 steres
1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.908 quart dry . . . . . . . . . .1.0567 quarts liquid • Double riveting is from 16 to 20 percent stronger than single
1 quart dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.101 liters • One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds
1 quart liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9463 liter • One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds
1 dekaliter . . . . . . . . . .2.6417 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.135 pecks • One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes
1 gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3785 dekaliter
• A gallon of water (US standard) weighs 8 1/3 lbs. and contains
1 peck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.881 dekaliter
1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8375 bushels 231 cubic inches
1 bushel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3524 hectoliter • There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square
foot of grate surface
TEMPERATURES (in Fahrenheit)
• A cubic foot of water contains 7 1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches,
Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 30 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 32 above zero and weighs 62 1/2 pounds
Olive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 36 above zero • Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour
Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 20 above zero • To sharpen dull files, lay them in diluted sulfuric acid until they
Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 28 above zero are eaten deep enough
Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 173 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 212 above zero • A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000 lbs. one foot per minute,
Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 306 above zero or 550 lbs. on foot per second
Blood heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.4 above zero • To find the pressure in pound per square inch of column of water,
Eggs hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 above zero multiply the height of the column in feet by .434
MISCELLANEOUS • Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees) has
3 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 palm a pressure equal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch)
4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hand
6 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 span CAT®, CATERPILLAR®, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow” and the
18 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubit POWER EDGE trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity used
21.8 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Bible cubit herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.
2 1/2 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 military pace

Performance Handbook 39 Specifications

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. REFERENCE INFORMATION 249

TYPICAL OPEN PIT MINE TYPICAL CAST OR CAST STRIP MINE

Mine Site Illustrations

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. 251

NOTES
Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. 253

NOTES
Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. 255

NOTES

This document is available: @ www.cat.com/mining

Reference #AEXQ0030-02
 Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

www.cat.com/mining

© 2009 Caterpillar All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A.

CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, "Caterpillar Yellow," and the POWER EDGE trade dress as well as corporate and product iden-
tity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission. Cat and Caterpillar are registered trademarks of
Caterpillar Inc., 100 N.E. Adams, Peoria IL 61629.

AEXQ0030-02