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120 views02 Chapter 01 Basics
ge frame 9e training
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alaa fadhelCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 84
Onan seas Induction o Gas Turtines Fie | Pape
Training © Ges Turina Bases crBases | 7
GAS TURBINE BASICS
© Copyight, ptember 2003 D manssertane sens
Irroducton to Gas Trine Fie | Page
Training © Gas Tune Bases @rbasce | 2
‘contents eae
troduction 3
Tho history ofthe gs tine 3
Panope ot paraton 5
Gas aws for compression an expansion 8
The bast press m hoary n
‘he ete atieney sa
Ambient consion afloctng gs bine operation 2
‘Mathes to mpeove he ftlency a
Tho ropeneratve cycle a
combined ye (co-generation) 3
‘The steam and gas eyoe (STAG) 3
arable nt gui vanes. 2
ato to erase the ctpt power “1
Compressor int cooieg a
‘Turin e-heating 8
Steam jection po
Eveporae cooing 8
Help seam trina 2
Types of as turtinas 0
Hoa. auty and oro deiatve gos ties 0
‘Single and mul sha orgies 53
(Open and dosed eyes 58
“he GE gas turbines ©
ose omenciate ©
Ratings of he GE gas tines a
Examples ofealzed plans o
‘An olmertary ote lant ee
‘Reomained ej lan 8
‘A Stoam and gos cyl (STAG) ant 2
‘opens: Paine othe et engine ”
‘Repent 2 Canarian rom tuto power of jt engine 2 reaserinine ons Irrouctono Gas Tune Fie | Pope
Training © Gas Turtine Bass- creases | 2
nuducton
The histone the gas turtine
‘Te dovalopment oto gas turbine em te bagining ut nowadeys can be sen as 2
remarkable seheversen Lite aher machnes have simulated sense and vento for
Sieh aera time
en we sk the eres! examples of machines operating scoring the ga bin
pinapo tan in 701, he Engiahman ohn Barbar inreducedapatnt. The machine Ne
‘ucrtes in is patent intoducson ca be regard asthe fat design of a elabe got.
‘ries nt known however hs partie gastrin ha evr worked,
Conaustion cnasiser
igure 1, Baas gas bine (1791)
Ges tute maar wa ste futarn tennant ctr bu practic machine
‘rd be made. One of escent tat sted ga rtne tary wae 1. Jale whose
"ame wi fequeiy appear his nroducton,
Just beer the Second Worl War the fe gastrin, having a reasonabieefcioncy of
20% was patio soca. Te experimental gas turns wich were buon seer! isces
inte wort bare nat tine had sucha bad efcency Dat ey arly Codd fo by
‘homeotes
In 1840, General Elect bua he et jl egine after the design of te Enalshnan Wit,
‘Since 190, gas tune resoach wont vor fast. This ede wo tho contruous asearen on
‘oat eit mtr and cong toc.ques. ns tosucio, you wl al the
‘gest lemporafure nthe es lrtine eel of ret mpertance fr good ever
‘ficences el Introduction to Gas Turbines Fie | Page
Training © Gas Trine Bases cramice | 4
| song impulse for gas turbine development has come fom he apane uty. he ga
‘wie appeared to bo vr uel as roplacorent of tho corcated and vurerable
fslon egies, The gs turbine lenin ela hs ite mowing parts ard he power
Bor unit mass ish
‘Te development of saonry gus utines for generator an compressor dive went into
two doctors Some maruiartuers have designed gas turbines expel or eaonry
{he ony. Thaoe ar labvety heay machines, wich are ale bum 2 wo rgo of fl
‘uailes Other manulacurers have specazed nel engine esis and have lr deed
‘Satenary gas turns For thar mos success tenes. Boh ypes of gastbines are
woety use nowacays
‘Aosta planes are nowadays propled by gas bres The gas turbine my be used
‘a propelor eng (turboprop) 2a at eng. Tho, fe eat ones carved lan
‘rmare version, gain popularly. The hewy-oty ga ins recave more sn mre
‘Stanton, Aect al loctnal power producing compares inthe West tze STAG las,
‘Scombinaon of sloam and gas turonos. FutPermore alt of companies pode thei ow)
power and heal wih a combed ee plant her Ne gs bine plays an bdepencale|
Foto So, he gas tube cannot be nplstd on an or tea.
‘The stustion marine ulation of gas tines na 0 ood. On merchant racine sips
ingeneral etal engres ae being sno stead of gam trbines. This un oh
Posey of using heavy fal andthe higher ecency in ese rar sma stato.
Fowever, many gts tsbines are bing used on nay vena and ferybontsTrebeehips
‘so gas turbines bocaso they are realy smal, espciay re aeo-dervas They
‘vaop a nigh power ouput for igh cling spade) and can ro on Tl pone wit menses troduction to Gas Tunes Fie | Page
Training | Gas Tune Basis cree | “5
Pini of apraton
‘gue 2 shows the principle ofa gas tutine that operas according tothe base process. In
fringe gastrin isa machin wi eral combuton ha a ia engine or an
fxpenon engine. Th process he machine flaws he sage lel, compression, nesting,
fxpansen and exaust The gas turbre eye has sme smity wih he Gye an
‘mal conbuston engine However, hee are moj deena
INLET COMPRESSION HEATING EXPANSION EXIST
” conn gece
wee coqresseo
eno, eres
cea
Figure 2, schematic doing ola gas chine
Intra combusten engine los a¢ wel ae gas turbine cys canbe made vb in
‘resur-volume (p-V) orn emperahe-eiropy (Ts dagrams. np 3, we se a sto
‘Gagraa forthe gastrin ee Two slat, Bayona oul th the ty of os
‘jie and the cele wae therfore called ae thom the Brayton Joe cyl,
‘The Braylon/ foul te consis of he folowing processes:
1-52 Comprossion of abort by a mut-stage compressor.
Conon ate empress 1030 ba and 2500 50D.
2.43 Heating up the sw fl undo constant pressure,
{Ceaion ater heating” 8.51629 ba and 900 o 280°C.
3-44 Expansion ofthe hol gases ne tine secon fo atmosphere presse
Ee codon: amesphoneprossure and 460600"
441 Coating a the gavin he anospore to the ambient emperatr, Th takes place
‘use the gas tabi Ore renetmes Irrducton to Gas Trines rie | Page
Training ‘Gaz Turbine Bases orBascs | 6
In pont, the hot gases ace released to mosphere, where tay wi be cated >
“Sospnl concona, The oy a ealed an open cyte The means at sry emeun of
‘rat has pasued he procon wl na et oa 6.
pv oAcRA ‘rapKcRM
Fipwe 3, vend. agram ofthe SraonLinda cca
Character fhe gus tutine yee
“Te espatod ars compressed and only about one quarters used fr eambuston.
‘The romaine of be aes nereased in tnperatire by te combustion Whan the
Imire of ara combustion gates leaves the combustion chamber il eatans
Sporoxmaiy to 16% oxygen (0). (Camaro ths whe ese eos
fergie whore a theirs ned x combust)
= Theheating of he ae» Sin hep dag heretcaly happens wa constant
pressure. in proce, he presture nil decrease alt, due to Tow sas inthe
euston chamber. (Compars ths wh he explosion engine, where te pressure
(ener creanea dug combustion)
= Theexpanson ofthe ae» 4in the agra) gooson un the atmos
pressure hasbeen reached nan explosion ange, he expansion estos before
{hs amosghete presse has bon reached. Foxthedacarge a the combustion
‘esos trou gatos ore valves some pressure neded
~ _Animportan siferonce btwoon a gas tutine and a isa or explosion engines he
{oat at he gos une cy sa continuous one. Hor ho prose ft erupted
‘into oor stoke engines but wera continous ina compressor,
‘ombuston, expansion and exhaust This implies hata cost arq s ovale
‘one olptahat nat sa clas evantage ever to woven torque of Pn engines. reenter Inoducton to Gos Turines rie | Pape
Training © ‘Gas Turina Basics creme | 7
“The Brayton/Joul ee canbe realized in rlatvaly bg machines. The gest gas
{urine GE makes can develop an ofp power of 28 Mi,
‘As in oxlosin or asl engines the gas urine must be stated wih a taring
‘Seve, Thi can be asleom twtine a gas expansion ture, adel orgie oan
Sece mtor. The staring eves il acne the ga turtne to pees st whch
‘he urine bocoros salt sustarung The staring device wil en be anichod of
‘saomaticy.
‘Th Braylon oul yee as desea belre canbe reizedn sana gas tie of
which we se an example ngs # (SFA). Amosphone ai rewn by th compressa,
“dis compressed toa posaue of to 12 bar Busta th compression, the tengeratre
‘micros cone
‘Te al wl now fow tobe combusten chambers and is mised wih bung ul ta is
‘eed by tal ozses. he uring uel wi rae te gas ermeraure (opus combustion
‘92ee) wile the pressure remains corsan. Tha het gases expand feta tough
‘tach macrarical wor pared. The developed works pry use a ai th, 9 mas
‘Shue al compressor (60%) wheres he ost the works ured driv te ouput shat
Pure , example ot satonay gas bine Gene Irrdustion to Gas Turbines
Training “Gas Turbine Bases =
‘Gas aws for compression and expansion
‘The change of state a ane
as law o Boyo-Gay Lussac
51055, or with suficent accuracy fr as et by he general
AV, Whew pis the pressure in bar absolute, V the specie volume in mg,
T"® and the book temperature nk
Fora change of sat 1» 2 halts:
Foran adabate change sas (compression, expansion) also Plson’s law i sppcabl:
fg Where kis the adiabatic expaant ron-dmenstonl)
’ isthe average value forthe change ose
Fora change of sate» rads:
For various gasos and gas matures at various temperature the average kan canbe
found i ges manuals of can ba claustoa ho gas mbt snow. We wi presat
ome pact kato or the gas bine cele nth text.
by substtang Polson aw the genera as lw the relatone between presi,
‘eperature and youme fr compression and expanse processes canbe oblined
‘Neto tat his shoud not be done for tho combustion roca and foro exhat sce
Foca gas tutino, he most intresting reaton isthe rola botwoon ressurerato ad
temperate rato,
For adbate compression hls:
* ncn downto: 1-7 >(22)
le
aaing:
Inheso kinds of thomedyramic equates, tho tomportues arto be the absote
temperatures (Tn akan = "C+ 273.15)
"The temperate (nC shoad ot be ed for hemodynamic caluaons eles ina
sbeacton
‘The pcos ratio have lo be cleats wih tole presses (pnb oP (Pascal,
‘This means gauge pressure * ambient pressure, aproxmatey 12. maser sens Inoducton to Gas Twines Fie | Page
Training © (Gas Turine Bases crBecies | 9
‘Some gas turtinas uso te letr expression or turin inet amperate conte Since is
tecicnly vor tout measure ths tte Isat omporatire this tmpertr Ie
‘alslate wi he erodynam ration tat hae forthe expansion proves inthe
{ibie, Exhaust temperate Ts and comyressor discharge pressure pss neste,
“Thereby tis assumed thal p suey hose fo te turbine el pressure ps The contol
rolstion ib
Inara gas turbine procs, the vatues of panko ol ain constant rom
omprstor at urtneexhaus. lgu § shows how these parameors chsige wih
temperate. The dagram shows ines for ep and ko and fat with combustion pes at
‘rove roe
lh Rw | —-—-+—}-+ feo
SS
ol SS.
es
"Th cp and values for aga tute canbe caused wh he gas turbine
Derfomaneseseustion computer program,
‘This progam canbe abies rom the Tomassen Turine Sytens Custer
Traning Depart Op rmeetene trae Irroduton to Gas Trines Fie | Page
Training © Gee Turbine Bases Bases | 10
amples:
“The campusisroperte wih ay, 0 te p and k nos for 0% ul apy
00°C.
“The average compressor emperaure i (15+ 300)/2= 1575 °C.
Obtain fom te graph te op, and the Yass:
018 (hao
a0 Iron-tmansionl
‘he cmtuston chambec oparates with ai med with combustion gases, Sloe to graph
an be used to ful porcntage nbs a chou be kaw. Assure tis tobe 2%, the ch
Ine or 25 el apis.
‘Assume: = 800°C and t= 10007
“To average coméuston chamber temperature equa: (800+1000)/2 «650°C:
Obtain rm he graph te cp, vue
cow #1955 (uta
stars Ironcsmansenal)
“he tucins an he ahaus operate wih mitre of ae combustongase, as wo
‘Wit the known ful perestape nthe a ana te average terperatire, the ep end te k
‘ale ca be abana Wom Be gap
{Roer othe ealcuton example on page 22) Opunssertmaoesysees Induction to Gas Turbines Fle | Page
Training © Gea Trine Basis oriasce | 18
‘The basi process in thay
Into foregoing chapter. an irroducton was given tothe pele of operation nthe
Braylon ee, te towing a flows he sages el. compression, heaing, expansion
‘and exhaust, Each pat of he cy wil here bo dasistedin more ctl
salt
Inet oft to the comprossor thes pce ough anit estom thats ast toe
local stun In an sea haut sry patton, np screen ses fo that br ans
insets canot enor the compressor er an acibonal eral spare.
Inst aras such as dso, he Use of a more completed mt-stage ris essen
to Svod any ony of sand and dea hase elmer lp erage cameesor anes,
bades ana turbine compres. Depending cn th it layout he itr wl cause @ sight
pressure ap af tho ai This naa hal hoa has e pressure below stmoapr bore
tir the conpeensce The pressure los can vary fom 30001600 Pa (30 TS mea)
comseessca
Comerosson of the fitered ar ake lace in a mult-stage compressor. Normal an ai
‘cmpreso ls used. The nama otha type a empress comes rom the ow patho te
‘rm paral the compressor aus. Some gas rine designe uses cong
\Comeresson of the is rapid process. Each kg of renting th compresaris brought
to campresat charge possi na acon oa second Deo Be igh speed of
‘npresion the a can oly ose lle hee the surourdng area, Compression which
‘oheal Ses or removed to erm the erouncng are eal acaba
onpression Lins» nto pV and-s agra shown nbgre 6 are thelr called
‘dla tne compression sss, be process sell Isnt contant ontop).
Pu 6, comassonin pen Tagan
During compression not ony the pressure wil ce but so he temperate. Ts canbe
shown inte grams by owing Be ines of costanl emperat, he s0calos
‘Sihaams In gute 6, ths is doe for emeresor sun leprae T ana Tr be
‘ompresor dsc tomperatre Ts | presets Inroeton ta Gas Trtines re | Page
Training © Gas Trine Basie reese | 12
Forth compression ofeach kg fa work mut be perored. The mount of Wak fr
los-ee comoression hk s determined by the forma:
W, =," -T) ake
Where:
B= speeiicheat of (othe average of Tan T:) (hata
Te = compressor dscharge temperature Korey
Ty = compressorinlt emperatire kere,
neat, more wor per kg far mus be supped, because the compressor hes cet
loss, Tiss express nto compressor eon ny which is about 0.85 085%.
Compression takes place long ane nthe agra tal situated to tho ight of os
fre adibat, te datedine nig 6 Forte same presure ra he dachane
temperature sshigher afore achin compression tan athe lose ee corgcesin.
‘Tom acl compression work dona pe yo ale
We'= e579) feat
Compressor eiency canbe expressed asthe rat betwean th temperature ference of
thelons ee compresion (Ts) anh eal trgeratue dfarence (13-1).
‘Attn same tin, he eprsents he rato between thecal ee ee compressor work We
Sn te actual wok necessary for comoresion Wi
eT tome 10% (eorex 800 88%)
‘Te theoretical compressor charge emperatur can be calculated by using he forma
‘rom papes,
)
Inpractce, th compressor fciony cn be determined as flows
“ Datemine the kfactafr be average compression omperate
2-Calelate Ts he torial eoeressordscharge emperat)
5 alelate the comgrasso ficincy
eee nene()"
‘Tho actual compression wor cn lobe won as:
= BOT) dao reteset Iniroducton to Gas Turbines Fic | Page
Training © ‘Gas Turine Basics creases | 12
eatog
Heating up the aii done in combustion chambers A combustion chambers rma
‘mado up ofa casing, whch sbong enough to hand comoressordcharge proscue
{rede ts casing 2 metal ner ental, when equpged wh aarge nur
‘pect designed and stated neleso alow he aro fom novel. Ful nected nto
{ho nero heat up the arto he speci omporatr loved
‘The flowing int the liner expences some resistance, When we neglect th sma
pressure crop (210 5%), ono may state hat toa i hosted up under constant pressure
{fom compressa dicharge enperate etna ine temperate
> Frater
a> 3S
Pure 7, aon obs combustion tamer
‘The amount of energy ded or each Kg i ven by:
8-0 "Ts -TH') ea
Ware
ie soci of gases fat he average of T and Ts) okt
Ts = tutine net temperature Kore)
“Te = compressor echarge temperature Koro}
pansion
Expansion ofthe het gates ake place inthe tubine section. Turbines Gan be designed and
Impulse acto) or as eaton tutes, Aconbinaon of bah gener ae
Thin, arse = made yp o 9 numberof expancion stages Ipuoe
Ebinesnomaly hae two ores reacton tubing ve eight stapes Eachexparsion|
‘Sage ha a nzzie ign he casing flowed ty a wheel wih Blas or bucks ote
‘bine lor
Expansion nth bine a rap process, Three, one may assum
faba condone Inthe pV and Taga, th expenoad by te
"rom pert 3 0 pore OP rensierte sens Induction to Gas Trines| re | Page
Training © Gas Trine Basics Bess | ie
Fue 8, expansion in.Vn Tdagam
‘tng expansion the pressure wil rp fom combustion chamber pressure io whaust
‘reso. adon, fe lenperaure wa Sesreanedurng expansion The sown inthe
BV and dograms by denming the eaten or rin eel operate Ts ond ttn
‘havallomparatre ., Each kg ofa a pls combuston gases) perfor 3 ore
Soul of mechanical werk on he tine er aesorang
W,=60,°(Ts-Ta) Peak
p= specicheat of gases (a he average of Ts and Ts) (ita
Ty =futine inet temperate era)
Tes tuting exaust temperate ore,
Inreaty, te turn produces less work as inca bythe foregoing formula, because the
‘tine ike the cameressor, has loses. This expressed by th ine oiency ry which
'sabeut0 9 oF 90% Sorel expansion takes place along ae (te td Ine at te ight
Side of ho aes ree acaba. Fr tho samo prossure rato, he temperature a expanion
‘ibe ier thn Ts Now ine wrk par of flowing radu wil become
Wem" s—T') a)
“Turin tcleny can be exressec as ho ratio botwoon the actual operate aerence
‘Ths Ty nd th os te temperature ference TT. Th es also the ae belweon
ua trina work WY andthe al oss fee work Wi
Bos ME 100% aot 651508) (O mansertene ses Inroducton to Gas Turtines Fo | Page!
Training © (Gas Tutine Bases crass | 18
‘The theratcal bine exhous tamper T.can be clculted by using oma om
page 8
a
eee ere
W = 00,1, ° (TT) (ta
‘The amount of work pefomad en the rine by each kg of srs much fgher an the work
{ralable onto out sha, The tine mt not ony dv the oad but 80 he
‘ompresor,wnsh oneumes a grat dele work,
eat
“Tne Hoving medium leaves the ga rine rough the exhaue sytem, This stom can
var foma spl sal oxhaust chanel, wih uation and slencors to an mauled
{oncteta chanel of 100 mors n haght Each exhaust channel couses sgh presse
‘Sop othe exraus gates. The reser drop (300 o 1800 Par to 15 mbar willbe taken
‘ro accunt whon th gas urine perfomance ct be caclted
“Th ames of wok hic i st in the exhaust haat ney inthe gases) canbe
{aited asthe aferenca Baten te heat ortent nthe exaust pases sna hast
{att inthe congress ear The ebrasprae wl col he hot gatas nh baie
Brayorvoule oe
"Te at ney pr Ry yobs wl be
809,08) ‘na
nee:
bab:
che T
aa 1 s1e00K = 127°e
gue 13, alsin nd specie work a neon of psu ata aT renner Introduction to Gas Turbines Fle | Page
Training © ‘Gas Turbine Bases raasce | 22
r lo. eases fo.
| => _ » be 1
we.Pe lw. WaPo
Mase ow m= 123 gs
teas: rol
a
Po =P 99.422 65 650
Wars
| We sept) = Lore 288 ‘rel
a tives ae0 :
Ge Fepei-t) = 4057505 :
eu 88065-2909 :
b2 208 31 53378 .
$8485 -29019 yqpp 20835-89972 409 «93 96%
ows.
Secs 200 19° 128 wo
Peis me Sots 123 :
ree 03-123 :
eos 55 79° 123 :
Be roi 6652-3506 : (maser sens Inroduction o Gas Tutines Fie | Page
Training (G25 Turbine Bases crease | “28
‘Antson conatons afecng gos tsi operation
‘An open cyl gas urine oporais wih ar as a working moun. npn, te
‘evgresor dana condi! volume ofa at const speed. This means at wen the
‘ena ofthe sir exanges, he mas fow trough the ga bine willchange awl Tne
has an mpact on lal peducoa werk and on icin)
{Gas turbine portrance i sated a standant conor, which ar iniemationaly agreed.
‘Toa most used standard
1013 mbar ands = 15°C (2884) (50-stendars)
ine the smbint emperahire, which als he compressa inl emperaeT,
‘creases, the compressor aaharge leperaur T wil iso docroac wih approximaoly
{he are amount (Tis uo fr constant coreresso” speed) When Ty an Ty docrease,
{he temperature aa ovr the compressor Ta; wil ease.
For an edabate compression apped i
_Wnen tho temperatura TT inereaee, for @ constant factor, alco ho pressure rato
sw ntease Wit py (compreseorsuckn pressure) constant the comproies
Sscharge pres pw hereaee
‘Thus: Fra decreasing T, with constant speed and constant ambien! pressure, the
cmressor charge posture ps wl nereas,
“Tn aso of ar wlinrease a wel fr a deeeasng nt temperate,
Into froging, itis proved hata gor pressure rats, the spciic work wil ntease ar
fscrease depending on Ue chosen dexign pont a standard condone. Dierest gas
turbines ave boon designs for diferent stand operating point.
“Two exams (lero fue 13)
wear | PARSON | eFriciencriny | Tam | StGwene | Actomeet, OP demsir rams Iodueton to Gas Trines Fle
Training © Gas Turbine Basis or Basce
‘Th tee affects montonad 29, nasing mast-fw,ncroasng ofconcy ant creasing
pecc work wl enue foe sxample an MSBOOTS gos bine avon neteas In gas
{Woe output power a docroasig abn eperares. This shown in he performance
(gaphs fos specie model of gas urine. Figure 19 shows the changes of efiemey, mas
{ow and power asa hncton of ambient temperature
Note, The peace graphs ot GE go tuntines are mace wih a temperate sale in“,
‘Sons of fency they show eal a ope hel cansurgton). Mere oration
‘onthe uso of perfomance graphs canbe found the chapter Peformance evasion’ of
‘is tang manual
SHAFTPOWER = = AS-FLOW
230 ;
ESN PONT
0} 18°
H
nvr
Pour 15, ston between arent emeeratur adpconmance QP reanseatanoe sees Introduction to Gas Tutines Fie | Page
Training © Gas Turbine Basis reese | “28
‘nen he ambit pressure p is decreasing ata constant nt temperature, he posse
‘ato pip: and be tomers ao Ty, wl ema unchanged (ee le We ora constant
‘Speed of na compressor rt).
‘The ofciency and the speci werk win thal cae not change. Since the densa the air
py end a
rete las rom conprestor to exchange and combustion system (pp). Sat
Pressure losses il causo alow presse rato over otro, esting mess.
Werk pote. Ths los af wor, bln ow prea tine Wark Ivars he
{bins ouput power. This however is realy compensated ty teeny rae
caused by to savings in jot el
‘Te savings can be made vile ina pV diagram and aT dagram ae showin gue 18
‘The savigsin fo cersurpten are becausa the hea supoed toto a tho combusion|
carter arty comes om exhaust gases. Forts hea upp, by he exhale,
‘he'me no le nossed,
“Tm gram shows the alloving changes of tt:
1-52 Compression consumes wort)
2. SHeatng up of te arin the rogorerator
5.5 8Meating up ofthe ar bythe ul
3-4 4 Expansion nthe turns grcicas work)
4-8 cocling of ho exhaust gasosin the regenerator
651 Cooling ofthe exhaust goss by he envionment
1 point 6, the gases ae relieved to aoshere, The ul savings ar nical byte are
Suroundedby nes 6-2 5-34-46. Ormeerere sees Iroducton to Gas Tunes Fie | Page
Training © Gas Trtne Basics creases | 20
Figue 18
‘Application ofa regenerator is ot sat whon the b's exaust omperative Ts is
‘uch figher han compressor charge temperature Ts, This ears hatin ura pas
{pera wih gh-pressure ats (Tigh) to uso of 2 eponartr wi ot orto
[heienaynrease
"Yet a regenerator cod aso be benef gastrin wih a high pressure a, ©.
torefioency merovement apart eade hse mporantformarne apples, ince hy
‘esels un on pat od Tora eat ong ped
Je.ficenoy one can active with epee depends on he pressure pa,
sg Mice Pn "Ta-Te) 684°C Ti)
m8, qT)
Be chr = Cho
rl generator. and that co = cy en k=, id fh a te
resi rato aver the compressor equ the presure rao overt ki, he
Fogeeratv cycle ficiency canbe witon as
From his folws hat ho ofcency wil neease with, and, 0 2 certan po wh the
fresaute rato pa. This eet can carly be seen in Ege 19, whee the regenerate
{fo efsency i ven aba uncon of th pressure atopy for varus lampertuesT preemtiaestomes Inrxeton to Gas Tecines
Training “Gas Turbine Bases
ze aT .
f | —
354 ee mt _
a IN A
: |
2 ; |
7 Tio
SI
Bs
ware
were
Fpwe 19, linn ofthe eganwraie gs bine ce
“The rgenertor causes a second energy lop ine gas bine cyte. Ener om the
‘ahavat gaos fetus in ho combustion chartors) and wil be acdod to te fal ene
‘Rass utane wih a'snola cy’ effcancy olor sxamee 27% can feac aepeneratne
{el ofciency of approxmatly 3%, Thence in eficency Ben reaches" sbecie,
for 26% rate, whch means 2 coneersle mprovemen.
Regorarators have nt been app inarge numbers, because they are onl aactve or
ats where the exhaust heat ofthe gas turbine jee cannot be used for proces eating OF
‘thor conbined cyte applicators n he next cuapler, wal see alco gonarton of Rat
{and powor can reduce much higher plant effioncies than the repent se. Qrmeereser sees Invoductiono Gas Tubines Fie | Page
Training © 62s Tutine Basis ~ creases | "38
Tho combind eo (o-gonration)
Inte combined jl, the exhaust heat fom he gastrin is used to generate use hes
‘orexamele as hofvprossir steam or as not water, Ths heat a en Used ne produc
ocess, or tie heating an or other aplication, The eomtined jl is let for
ompanis that nee a lo process heat adcion fe the woccal energy such as paper
mils renee, chemical works,
Figur 20 shows the princi ofa combined cy. The gas turbine suppl mechanics
Power, cua o 2 generator, which convert the power elec! power. Tha exhaust
Soler or hates seam gata (HRSG) ie Soignd ote reqires arnt,
‘restur and temperature of process stam or any other eat carer Inuneria
“arttons ae posi, sich as more en one slam pressure love! in he ol, the
{mination of steam production an hat weer positon fo Sa Reaing
‘The combined eyes often called co generation, since wo forms of eraray ar generated
smaltsnecusy: power andes
ltl
remy
!
4
(GENERATOR)
Fue 20, since nta cena cla o> genet)
Ina combina cyl, he oa plan efeieny i important, nthe gas trie etlsency
‘dono, The plat has boon doaigned a raduce te pro, requred by the cote
power and heat Opmeaserie rye, oduct to Gas Tutine Fie | Page
Training “Ges Tutine Basis orBasee | 32
‘The Sankey dagram for a combined eee, gue 21, shows as an examo, ta 31% of he
‘ppd fu! oneray wa be converted o macharic! work an 50 wll crwatog ito
Useful Reatin tho stam Indng sare mechancal and radatin lost, the wack ous wil
be 6% Toal efficacy oft cjla wba 31% + SOK = 61%. Elsen ove 85% have
ben realized combined cys
eaygr 10%
RADIATION
aaron
[_——_p> rset
tosses
gure 2, Sankey dagram ot combined cyl iho actiona ng
ester production by te naa recovery steam generator at sufcentferpant
rqurements,adonl fing oe bos ta post
"Inn exnaut gases om the gas ture are used as po-netedcombuaton ao the
“This posible due othe ow oxygen consumption of te gas tine: Ont 5 » 6% of
rypen in ho supped ais usea nto gas ture combuston syst. The remaling 15
"of oxigen can be used ine bal urace.
‘The maximum amour of tars ganerated when al he oxygen ine as consumed
‘however, na steam bolo i posible Usual seme 2 of oxygen wl ean ne
onnaust gases.
‘ith aoa eng the combines cyte can pose the requted mount of heat a
ower fr al ractcal procss conten. Tho rabo heaton for a cxtain prooest nat
onan usual aed soason, more Mets equa than Inthe warmer foason, reereee eee tose Introduction to Gas Turbines Flo
Training oe Gas Tutine Bas creases
Page
‘Acombined cle saves consserble aunt of energy, compared to a conventions
(enaraton planter host and power Fgurs 22 and 23 show on erage otha energy
freumpton oa smal chem! plot. nus plant, cel energy was gated om he
pubegrana heat was produce in 9 steam Boer Heatpower rao was 3 Sand ol
‘tency 85%
‘Aer reonsrcing te planta a combined cy plant, incusing a gas bre and a boler
‘wth edna! ng, be stuaon changed dremataly For he sume energy posuclon
1nd the same healomer rat, th lal ln feioncy want up 6 90%. The fo sang
‘wore 26.5% when compared tthe prvous station nemsertenn ens |
Iron o Ga ries rie | Poe
Training 8 ees cortmce | "30
proRT Toca pRODUgTION coysuron
REAR a mee En EARL
s Dy GRID 1387 enero
ws TY
was
15 Total ioncy n=
Sh Jeane
compen — Pog I ton |
‘lg 24, penclacta stam and gas ce (STAG)
In som cambinos oye plats a bypass exhaust duct hasbeen insaed on he exhaust
{ato ta stoam blr hc enatas qucer satu of be ga nen fe pant and
posible int opratan simple cele mode, Because oft extra cot anna ae othe
bypacecuting tn some case, not be neue ne design othe pan Tie nears
Ma rmeaay ate star of he gas turbine sles wl be produced. An asim Slow
bi sytem hen requ 1 blow othe tea emgorary wn he seam pete
‘yaduaty sarod up. al Irrdeton to Gas Turines Fie | Page
Training | Ges Turbine Bases craases | 38
In exting seam power pane an increase n both power and eficlency, canbe achieves
wen to ans converted fo 3 STAG plan y naling a gas turn Wi the STAG
‘jl, igh afienaos for macanical power goeraton canbe coat, The Sankey
‘ogra gure 25) tustae the energy Nows n'a STAG plant wh ato econcy of
“088.
Tossa
ST STEAM TURBINE 179%
ourPurPoweR:
Tora Power
Fire 25, Sankey agra ola STAG cyl und hal)
[ASTAG pan as sescrbed her preducos only mechanical wor, no ust het. Thus, 3
‘STAC plants not a o-generaton pant Its, however, ery wal posse fo contin
STAG pnt wid co,gneraton In that eas, te wate seam ef to star tino wil be
‘ned ether as LP proces saa oo waler eating ina ate heating lat. These
"amtinatone of STAG and co-geneatin can achive very high tl pln eon, or
‘ide vaaton bet end power ded
ust as wth combined cyl plant for co ganeraton, a STAG pant canbe designed wih 3
‘rede an uted ote. Wi an unre ol, ony low-pressure saa can bs produced,
‘Sn the highest temperature nthe tori the pa tine exhaut lerperle
(@ppronmatety 5406) Qe Introduction Gas Tutinos Fie | Page
Training © “Gat Turbine Basis races | a7
‘Shee the bol umace temperature fs much higher han 540°C a red ball, nore
‘Stam and a higher posture can be gonaratd, ho maximum aroun fsa hat can be
rosie wih fred bles whan practical al te xygon nthe is wes ir
‘imson. Fr compile smekatess combustion, some oxygen wil anys Rav 10 eran
inte exhaust tack of to alr some 2).
igre 26 shoms th ficiency ofa 390 MW STAG plant wh fre bor. The gas urine
‘opertes on contnuous bate oad wha the seam bor i addonaly fred to net ht
‘Gad demand. The etlcency ote pant omaina igh ovr 3 wise power range
‘An aoa odvartage of rod bole ihe th gs turbine andthe steam plant can operate
‘depesdenty, for example ding major maintenance work one part te plant Thi
four regres a bypass channa fore gas tno exhaust ang a a fan olor
‘ombuston a supp
ts | J
‘cas TURBINE 901
FIRED BOLER
oH
> ourur power paw
igure 26, fie oa S30 STAG plat wi fred pale
“Ta highest achieved ecency of STAG pln now approxinly 4%. The goal or
(he next decade ibe he rlestons 60%
For beter understanding of pan eancis of STAG plats wih wie owt fred
‘oles wo compare four lant, each Fangs mechanical power cuba of 2208, Omaserne een, Inoaucion a Gas Tunas Fie | Pago
Training ‘Gas Turin Bases crBaies | 38
‘Comparson osama pause ants
In figure 27, STAG las ae compared to power pas hat are more convent. The
‘sovartoge a STAG pnts cous. The cup powe fo al hse lan, oq or
Sich eontguation, = 330 0.
TAOS | F
“el
wmw—4>_ ||
AS TURBINE PLANT. 3 # 30%
t
arn yeaa
SINGLE SHAFT STAG PLANT, NFRED BOWLER.
Figur 27, compatson of 40 MW sans Qpreemteanetemee Introduction Gas Turbines Fie | Page
Training Gas Turtine Banc craasce | 30
Vara int guido vanes
as tein plans wih haat recovery steam gonaratr, which velo un on pt oa for
textendod pore, wal reach higher prt lad efor, when vale et gud anos
Sse used one compressor. Verabe le ude vanes alow step less cont lhe mass
fow ofa
saree
ae Posmon exer cases
‘coMPRessoR runs. 110
Figur 28, coun and sa aston of th nit quia vans
‘Win th rine operating tated peed, bt at prt lod and with fly opened guide
‘aes, the amount oa daw note aeressor would be approx oq ho
‘mount ofa fort loa, Tle would result ow ting emparares, ow exh
tepertiesandiew fences pat oa. te a guse vanes ae lb, catng
loss tow, the fang porate can be kot on te optim (hig) ovel Ths rests na
igh efiéeney bo ern gas urine and for tha heat recovery stam genera.
"he higher efcency othe steam generar can be explines. observing ext
tomportires Wit ower mass Alw of exhaust gees, bt at her tomporatre ave,
moe staan canbe generat then nthe casei arg tows a wer tepartre,
“The fotoning graph (gue 29) ihstrats te oference betwee fed or option) nt
ude venga end vari nt ude vanes,
From he graph can be concludes hata pat load, de oho use of varie rit guide
Tho xhaustomperature is hghor.
The sirowis eater
“ue ent nergy i her,
‘The vac exhaust nergy canbe dened as ho prodct of mass-fow temperature drop
nd spect haat othe gases ("A This energy rcovered om fe ast pares
inthe boter Qrmeaecteees Inrosucton to Gas Trines Fe
Training Gas Turbine Bases rBasks
ag
“honk qui vanes arin the minima posi when the bin is ning beow 70%
loa A ioads varying btwoon 7% and TOD, a ret guid vans poston sean in
Sich away, el oxhaust lompaatre Ts kept a fs manu value.
‘The ntunce fom viable GV on efconcy and uot exhaust oat can alsobe
schiovedin some wo shal ges rbines, wid te use of variate seco sage Fezos.
Retort the chapter england mise sna goers
VARIABLE avs -------rveo.evs
“xy
set tt
——> rane Lon) |
TTeveowrno:evsmac
Fue 29,
Ins gure, th dashes cures show the fed ine uid vanes. The continues ures.
‘how te lomportire iow, and he exhaust energy, when he variate is puis vanes
{Gometios refered to as VIGV) are use. {© mse seas
Inoducton to Gas Turines Fie | Page
Training © (Gas Turine Bases cress | At
‘Mats in nena ul poe
Compressorintercoaing
‘As explained belore, he compresor aborts cansderabie amount of turbine work. When
[is pessibto reduce ts arcunt ion eoratcaly Be effezncy andthe spec work wil
"nse, This can ay penton athe wen me oomacy a
np My
a
“Te compressor works gen by:
Weer, -T) aa}
We, nstead of singe stage compression th ais comprecsdin two stags wth a
{out betwoon, the compression work wil ocroase, However, us the loner
‘omprensr dshrge temperature whch resus em cooing thea, more al rogues
Inthe combustion sytem to rach in requres fing lomporaure. A simpliod Byes
‘awn fue 3.
Ccooune WATER
2 KH fee 4
lL
pw 20, o-slagecomecessoc ah oes-coning
‘Sevings in compression wok inosine pV and Ts eagrame in gue 31. The
safe Suro by nas "> 3» 4» 7-2 ropresanta te savings Whon ari
{rrorsod i two stages, tho compression preceesapproasrasncBarnal ampressio,
‘Thavesut would aven be beter more han wo sages were apps. This ot Sone
however because the stalaton wossd Bacome fo cmp and to expanse, (D menor ee noiton
Fie | Page
Training © “Ges Turtne Basics GrBmies | 42
Pogue,
“nen tw sage compressions sped, we may wile fo eampreson werk (fart the
‘dogma for he indo)
W, =e, ° (Ts Ti) 6P6*(Te—T) ta
“rican be writen as
[Compression werk wi bo misma whon th omperatre aos Ty; and TTsare equa.
“Th wile acived whan the a, ater compressions coved Gown ot terperature
he) and tmongaty ae nbtncoreor pas nals = Te
compress wor when Be:
We = 2°." -T) etka
‘hen th temperature ratio ar the same for bot slags, han to prssura ats Wl bo
tho same a wal bs = Pubs
“The savings by mul stoge compression ace tenella he spec war: These savings
however wl paral be ruled by to extra fl needod to heat up arom pon to
poi’ (tert the dlagrars).Tertoa, ticioncy wl otimgrove most cases, Using
‘ri stage campresion.
‘Due tothe lw compressor empeature he appcaton of 2 repeneretr together with an
Inter colr eld berate Ir coing sued wil normaly Be combed wh
‘generation recente Inrosuctonto Ga Trtines Fie
Training © Gas Tune Bases crass
Page
s
Turing reheating
‘Aconsiderabe crease of space work ano ot utp can be cane by Sing
turbine expansion no stages, ih rsheatng between the sages.
Fue. To comaustion
+
tome freomsr
a
compressor ve. we. Loo
Figure 3, gastuhine ith hating
‘Tha machine is dhidedin a HP turbine and LP ine. tween hese tne, @ LP
comtuston chamber fed in whch te gs, fr pats expenslon, wa be rested, No
‘xa provisions have fo be made because the open contents sion
“The two-stage expansion can ely be ahiavad in ga ines wih avr highest
‘atic. This ane ofthe reasons why reheating has ot been wie used nce ret
Sppicalen mare han 40 years ago. Recor daveopmens gas urine deans use the
‘heat prin, or gos turbines wth igh gresure aos (pt 20),
gu 33 shows @-V and Ts dlagram ofthe reheat ye. The turbine work has neoased
(uo fo reteang, Tesi shown nthe ore sounded by ngs 4->->8- 7-04 fac
tho cjce approaches the isathomal xpanion. tesserae
Training
Inrodcton to Gas Turbines Fie | Pago
"Gas Turbine Bases ~ erases | at
Figure 9, gas chine wih mesg a the and Tags
i wostoge expansion the line work willbe fr indees rte tothe dagrams):
W, 60)" (Ty Ta) 60 *
tes
“Tis can be itn a:
mconere[ soo
ema
‘urine work wil be maxes when the trpertue rato TT. an Tar ou. This will
bo acoved wren tho gasos flor oxpancon, are reheated oe tune net gers
(eT) and he temperature crops n both tine pars ae equal (T= Te).
“Ta ubine work wt hen be
W, = 2 cHTe Te)
‘nen the tamparatue rats re the sam for bth stapes then te ross at wt be
tesa ae wel pba = pb
‘Te savings by mult stage expansion ar bnefie othe spocfe work These savings
omever wl partly be ruled byte ext ul needes a Meat pth a fom pat 4
Pont (ele to tbe dagrar). Torte, ficancy wi generaynotnprove, using mt
age expansion
‘Ta best psstity © apo e-hoating in combination ita regenerator. Du
igher exist emperaures, he regenerator can hap to acvovesczopabl cyl
fences Qraseertaae sens Irwoductiono Gas Tutines Fie | Page
Training © “Ges Tune Basis creasce | 4
‘Steam jection
‘Stoam norton or nausc augmentation
‘A metodo increase the power output of ga luring plant steam injection. Superhestog
$Steam is ijcted inthe compressor charge ofthe gas tube, Med nthe ar, the seam
‘si ow ob combustion chambers) where wl be head upto une ist
temperate. The sea inthe wlexpand inthe rine proving echnical work
‘Than th steam wlbo exhausts ogee wh to arin,
‘Steam jection wilnzease the mass flow throug he combustion chamber ar tbe
anditwil change te thrmosynamicpropertos oth ui. Tis wl esuna argor power
‘put The pnsgle of staan injec lor pows’augmentaon shown fae 3
‘coms. cue
(cenencrony
gue 3, posible steam igjactinn
In gnarl for every eno porcont of sear fow based on int ar mass Sow teas tines
‘suput wil prea wt touts The beesueeeoch Koran otneced ar Mes
‘Seam contains more ull enray tans logram of. The neeaten power pa can
‘teourse ol be goneratos fee o charge: ox uel sul ls request heat ho nected
‘oamto te urtine at tempest,
‘Tha maximum cutpt power roma gas tno varios wih asient conten. Ona ot dy.
less power canbe generated tan ona cd ey. Steam injecton can hap constant power
'Soqured fort ana eat days Figur 35 shows as an example the pow: ouput of
‘ornaly 24,700 kW gas urone asa function of ambient omporaturs. Wat steam
‘horton the power vases between 28.300 end 20400 Kat birt peratures
‘etwoen 5 and 134 Cth a maxersn of 3% team iyoton i outst power can Be
‘manned at 24,700 KW.
‘The jected steam passes trough an open cycle an he stam cannot be recovered buts
Stehargd te atmosphere wth te gas tures exhaust gas, Qreienerae tere Introduction to Gas Turbines Fie | Page
Training "Gas Trine Basics Bases | 40
| ‘STEAM sen
= lecTION sntecrion
SSSsy
Figwo 5,
‘toa ection requenty used in checal proses pants whare duet charges inthe
oes satonal power orequrod to ave ie oa. here are simu iso the
"mownt of steam tobe njcted mo he eye. These nt ar asco wh he increase
In pressure requced ole ho toa volume of gan and seam pase rough te esticton of
1 hat stage neze, and wih eanuston stat. The rarmal mairum of acted steam
Is approx 8% by mas fe arfow
‘The ejects steam must be eof saps which could cause rosin othe tubing
‘ades. Furhormos, he sear pressure shou be appronmatoy 3 bare abore compressor
decharge press, to enable proper stem necion conto,
‘Stoam nection ie singe sytem andi can be combined wih eat recovery ote. A
Ssaavartgo to argo arurt of weatod watr ats etIn he example gon above
‘th 5% of tar ryan an arpunt o 8 klograms of wate Wi be al per sand
“Te ceo offconc wl arma docroaso asa result of toa ijcton. This becaus the
Steam aboot mote enegy be combustion chamber en he incoase n ture werk.
the steamin gneated a heat recovery stoan goeraor (ISG), however, he oe
‘ficency wil rerease when compare 0 he Sele eye.
‘Aa etoresing development ihe so aled STIG cyl, where lage quanto f steam are
ict nthe compressor dchargo (cated CDP-stear), tn combuston chance (cod
razl loam) andi the ybine sect (cated L stam). An examp
“Tho LN6OOO gos tutine has try power of 3.5 MW. With 2 maximum of 0 on of soar
por hoe goraated 8 HRSG, njecod he power neeateso 48 NAY ans enc
Inerasaes rom 35.8% 081 5%. QO renesrertanae sens Irvoducton to Gas Tutinas ric | Page
Training © Gas Turbine Basis - creas | “a7
‘Steamoocion nsaduca tbe NO, emissions
In any combuston process, hus ato ina gastrin eye, pong Nitrous Oxdos NO and
NOs, rarmaly cates as NO, can be create. Pure 36 shows the NO amsuon of 221
uw gas urine The NO ann ne exaust gases canbe expressed in vasous its
{or etaele PPM (ume pat pr milion orm BIG (ams pr Gipavoue oTbumod hal)
The approxi relations (GU = 1.79% PPM,
No. No.
rien Loop PM
mse | Fo
——> mn
Foue 96, NO-emissionoa21 MW gas cine
‘one of the maths to decrease the NO-omission of 2 gas urine a steam nection ne
ombusten umber Syprhesod stam jected in the combuston chamber, st |
‘head ofthe uel nazi (on some gas tries, stam i promod wh gos fal beter
[ho al nozoa). The hgper epee het of to astoantoa mst ereacton
Zone lhe combuston chambr ads ona average ame tmpertire. Snes NOs
{an ony be created at vr igh trperatres, hs an afecev mated to roaice No
‘mation oF NO, Tha amount f sear can be cortotod in elton he ul fw, 88 an
‘rari rao lesnigas = 0.75 Figure 37 shows Be effet of sear econ on he
wean
a”
+ wo ee)
o T T T - 0 Opreeeatestres Inoducton to Gas Trtines Fe | Page
Training © Gas Turbine Basie oBases | ae
Evaporative cooing
‘Te power capably of the gas ine depends onthe mass ow trough he in.
Bocauco th volume ow nthe aval fow sompressor, ata gven speed, cons, the
