10106

PENGANTAR TEKNOLOGI DAN BISNIS ENERGI

FOSSIL ENERGY
SEMESTER GANJIL TA 2022/2023
OUTLINE

 Early history of oil

 Definition of petroleum

 How petroleum and gas were formed?

 Oil and gas industry

OIL AND GAS: BLACK GOLD

NASA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moscow_traffic_congestion.JPG
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg
EARLY HISTORY

Abraham Gesner
(1797-1864)
 The modern era of oil usage began in 1846
when Gesner perfected the art of paraffin
distillation.
 This triggered a massive worldwide boom in oil
production.
 California was centre of activity in the early
1900s, famous for its gushers.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oilfields_California.jpg

Californian oil gusher

DEFINITION
 The word “petroleum” comes from the Latin words petra, (or rock), and oleum, (oil).

 Oil is found in reservoirs in sedimentary rocks.

 Tiny pores in the rock allowed the petroleum to seep in.

 These “reservoir rocks” hold the oil like a sponge, confined by other non-porous layers that form a “trap.”
HOW PETROLEUM AND GAS WERE FORMED?

 According to the most widely accepted theory, oil is

composed mainly of hydrocarbons, and was formed
millions of years ago in a process that began when
aquatic plant and animal remains were covered by
layers of sediment – particles of rock and mineral.
Over millions of years of extreme pressure and high
temperatures, these particles became the mix of
liquid hydrocarbons that we know as oil.
 Different mixes of plant and animal remains, as
well as pressure, heat, and time, have caused
hydrocarbons to appear today in a variety of forms:
crude oil, a liquid; natural gas, a gas; and coal, a
solid.
HOW PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS WERE FORMED?
ORIGIN: PLANKTON cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93510

would fit on a pinhead! Plant plankton Animal plankton

10,000 of these bugs

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Copepod.

• Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals
that live in the ocean.
ORIGIN: ON THE SEA BED
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg

When the plankton dies it rains

down on sea bed to form an
organic mush
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nerr0328.jpg

If there are any animals on the

Sea bed sea bed these will feed on the
organic particles
ORIGIN: BLACK SHALE
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg
• However, if there is little or no
oxygen in the water then animals
can’t survive and the organic
mush accumulates

• Where sediment contains

more than 5% organic matter,
it eventually forms a rock
known as a Black Shale

© Earth Science World Image Bank

ORIGIN: MIGRATION
www.diveco.co.nz/img/gallery/2006/diver_bubbles.jpg
• Hot oil and gas is less dense than
the source rock in which it occurs

• Oil and gas migrate upwards up

through the rock in much the same
way that the air bubbles of an
underwater diver rise to the surface

Rising oil

• The rising oil and gas eventually gets

trapped in pockets in the rock called
reservoirs
WHEN DOES ORGANIC MATTERS BECOME OIL OR GAS?
As Black Shale is buried, it is heated.
Organic matter is first changed by the
increase in temperature into kerogen,
Kerogen
which is a solid form of hydrocarbon

Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid

Oil
state, which we call oil

Gas Around 150°C, it is changed into a gas

A rock that has produced oil and gas in
www.oilandgasgeology.com/oil_gas_window.jpg
this way is known as a Source Rock
MEASUREMENT UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

16
 The upstream sector includes searching for potential underground or
underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling exploratory wells, and
subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the
crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface.
THE FIELD LIFE CYCLE AND TYPICAL CUMULATIVE CASH FLOW
GAINING ACCESS

Oil company will consider and evaluate:

1. Technical aspect; potential size of hydrocarbon to be found and produced in the region, which will involve scouting
studies using publicly available information or commissioning regional review, and technical challenges facing
exploration and production, for example in very deep offshore waters.
2. Political & Economic: regime and government stability, potential for nationalization of the oil and gas industry,
current embargoes, fiscal stability and levels of taxation, constraints on repatriation of profits, personnel security,
local coss, inflation and exchange rate forecasts.
3. Social; any threat of civil disorder, the availability of local skilled workforce, local training required, degree of effort

4. Environmental aspect; the company will also consider the precautions needed to protect the environment from
harm during operations, and any specific local legislation
EXPLORATION

The search for oil and gas

involved exploration both in
land and off-shore, followed
by drilling of exploratory wells
EXPLORATION

 The exploration stage of the project begins when

resources are allocated to identify and assess a
prospect for possible development.
 This stage may require the acquisition and analysis Offshore platform in dry dock, Galveston, Texas.
Source: energy.fanchi.com (2003).
of more data before an exploration well is drilled.
Exploratory wells are also referred to as wildcats.
 They can be used to test a trap that has never
produced, test a new reservoir in a known field, and
extend the known limits of a producing reservoir.
 Discovery occurs when an exploration well is drilled
and hydrocarbons are encountered
EXPLORATION: FINDING OIL TRAPS
Impermeable

 Some rocks are permeable and allow oil and gas

to freely pass through them
 Other rocks are impermeable and block the
upward passage of oil and gas
 Where oil and gas rises up into a dome (or
anticline) capped by impermeable rocks it can’t
escape. This is one type of an Oil Trap.

Dome Trap
Permeable
EXPLORATION: RESERVOIR ROCKS

 The permeable strata in an oil trap is known as

the Reservoir Rock

 Reservoir rocks have lots of interconnected

holes called pores. These absorb the oil and gas
like a sponge

This
As oilis migrates
a highly magnified picture
it fills up the poresof
a(oil-filled
sandy reservoir rock (water-filled
pores shown in black)
Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5innl pores are shown in blue)
EXPLORATION: SEISMIC SURVEYS

Drill here!

Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inor

Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inpj

Seismic surveys are used to locate likely rock structures underground in which oil and gas might be found
Shock waves are fired into the ground.
These bounce off layers of rock and reveal any structural domes that might contain oil
APPRAISAL AND DEVELOPMENT

 Production can begin immediately after the discovery well is drilled or several years later after appraisal and
delineation wells have been drilled.
 Appraisal wells are used to provide more information about reservoir properties and fluid flow. Delineation
wells better define reservoir boundaries.
 In some cases, delineation wells are converted to development wells.

 Development wells are drilled in the known extent of the field and are used to optimize resource recovery.

 A buildup period ensues after first oil until a production plateau is reached.

 The production plateau is usually a consequence of facility limitations such as pipeline capacity.

 Production continues until an economic limit is reached and the field is abandoned.
PRODUCTION PROFIL
PRODUCTION STAGES
PRODUCTION STAGES

 Primary production is the first stage of production and relies entirely on natural energy sources to drive
reservoir fluids to the production well. The reduction of pressure during primary production is often referred to
as primary depletion.
 Oil recovery can be increased in many cases by slowing the decline in pressure. This can be achieved by
supplementing natural reservoir energy. The supplemental energy is provided using an external energy
source, such as water injection or gas injection. The injection of water or natural gas may be referred to as
pressure maintenance or secondary production.
 EOR (enhanced oil recovery) processes include miscible, chemical, thermal, and microbial processes were
implemented as a third, tertiary production stages that followed secondary production. EOR processes are
designed to improve displacement efficiency by injecting fluids or heat.
 ENHANCED RECOVERY
• Although oil and gas are less dense than water and
naturally rise up a well to the surface, in reality only
40-50% of the total will do so.

• To enhance recovery, a hole is drilled adjacent to

the well and steam is pumped down. The hot water
helps to push the oil out of the rock and up into the
well.

© California Department of Conservation

OILFIELD PRODUCTION EQUIPMENTS
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT WE ARE RUNNING OUT OF OIL?

 Discussion
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT WE ARE RUNNING OUT OF OIL?

 Many experts believe we are running out of oil because it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover new
reservoirs that contain large volumes of conventional oil and gas.
 Much of the exploration effort is focusing on less hospitable climates, such as arctic conditions in Siberia and
deepwater offshore regions near West Africa.
 Yet we already know where large volumes of oil remain: in the reservoirs that have already been discovered
and developed.
 Current development techniques have recovered approximately one third of the oil in known fields. That
means roughly two thirds remains in the ground where it was originally found.
OIL RESOURCES

 A resource deposit at the top of the triangle has a relatively large

concentration of resource that is relatively inexpensive to extract.
 A resource deposit at the lower part of the triangle has a lower
concentration of resource, so the extraction is more difficult or
expensive.
 The amount of resource that is both easy to extract and has a high
concentration is expected to be small, while the amount of resource in
a low concentration deposit is difficult or expensive to extract and is
expected to be large.
OIL RESERVE
 Proved reserves: Those quantities of petroleum, which by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated
with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable, from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under
defined economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations
 There should be at least a 90% probability (P90) that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the low
estimate
 Probable reserves: Those additional reserves which analysis of geoscience and engineering data indicate are less likely to
be recovered than proved reserves but more certain to be recovered than possible reserves
 There should be at least a 50% probability (P50) that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the best
estimate
 Possible reserves: Those additional reserves which analysis of geoscience and engineering data suggests are less likely to
be recoverable than probable reserves
 There should be at least a 10% probability (P10) that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the high
estimate
RESOURCES TRIANGLE (SYNDER AND SEALE, 2011 & HOLDITCH,
2007)
DIFFERENCE APPROACH TO PRODUCE UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVES
Schematic of Barnett shale cross section
 The Midstream segment of the oil and gas business concentrates on the
processing, transportation, and storage of crude oil and natural gas.
Midstream activities are considered a low-risk, highly-regulated segment of
the oil and gas industry.
FLOW OF CRUDE OIL AND GASOLINE TO THE LOCAL GAS STATION
 The key characteristics of the Downstream sector are the refining,
marketing &/or selling refined crude oil or natural gas. It also includes
the selling of the many consumer products that are made from crude
oil. The downstream provides thousands of products to end-user
customers around the globe.
REFINERY

 Refining changes crude oil into finished products using

three major processes: separation, conversion, and
purification processes.
 The first step in refining is separation with one or more
distillation towers. A distillation tower, which is also known
as an atmospheric crude fractionator, separates crude oil
into mixtures of components based on the boiling points
of the mixtures.
 A furnace is used as a heat source to heat and vaporize
liquid crude oil.
 The liquid phase that remains in the lowermost section of
the tower after heating is a mixture of components with
the highest boiling points, while the vapor phase that rises
in the tower is a mixture of components with lower boiling
points.
REFINERY

 The separation process separates the crude oil into product streams that need to be changed into mixtures
that are suitable for the consumer.
 The process of converting low‐value, high molecular weight hydrocarbon mixtures into high‐value, lower
molecular weight hydrocarbon products is known as the conversion process.
 Conversion is achieved by breaking the hydrocarbon chains of higher molecular weight molecules to produce
hydrocarbon molecules with lower molecular weights.
 Purification is the last step in the refining process following separation and conversion. The primary purpose
of purification is to remove sulfur in a process called hydrotreating. Unfinished products are fed into a
hydrotreater that contains a catalyst and hydrogen in a high‐temperature, high‐pressure chamber. The
catalyst increases the chemical reaction rate for a reaction that removes sulfur from molecules in the input
stream.
THANK YOU
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