Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, AURANGABAD (M.S.) Seminar Report on “Hyperloop -New transportation system” Submitted by Aishwarya A, Karhade (Roll Number- 68) Under the guidance of Prof. Saurabh S, Kobli In partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad (Maharashtra) [2017-18]CERTIFICATE This system”, submitted by Aishwarya A, Karhade is the bonafied work eompleted under my to certify that the seminar report entitled “Hyperloop-New transportation supervision and guidance in partial fillfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M.S.). Place: Aurangabad Date: Prof. Saurabh S. Kohli Project Guide Department of Elect Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Engineering Dr. N. G, Patil Principal Marathwada Institute of Technology Aurangabad (M.S.) — 431 005 Name & Signature of External Examiners with Date: ))ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Itis my proud privilege and duty toacknowledge the kind of help and guidance received from several people in preparation of this report. It would not have been possible to- prepare this report in this form wi indebted to Prof, Saurabh S. Kabli, for his guidance and constant support. | can’t thank mut their valuable help, cooperation and guidance. | am highly enough for his tremendous support and help. | feel motivated and encouraged every time 1 attended his meeting, Without his encouragement and guidance this seminar would not have thaterialized. [take this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to Dr. S. M. Badave, Head of Electrical & Electronics Engincering Department, for providing guidance and whole hearted cooperation, 1 am thankful to Dr. N. G. Patil, Principal, Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad for his encouraging attiude. [ also extend! my genuine thanks to all the stafPor Electrical & Electronies Engincering Department for providing valuable guidance. Finally, yet importantly, 1 would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents for their blessings, and my all friends and all others for their help, backing and good wishes. Also thanks to everybody who was important to the successful realization of seminar report, as well as expressing my apology that | could not mention personally one by one. Aishwarya Karhade (Roll No, 68) ioABSTRACT Existing conventional modes of transportation of people consists of four unique types: rail, road, water, and air, These modes of transport tend to be cither relatively slow (e.g., road and water), expensive (¢.g., air), or a combination of relatively slow and expensive (i.e., rail), Hyperloop is a new mode of transport that seeks to change this paradigm by being both fast and inexpensive for people and goods, Hyperloop is also unique that it is an open design concept, similar to Linux, Feedback is desired from the community that can help advance the Hypetloop design and bring it from concept to reality. Hyperloop consists of'a tow pressure tube with capsules that are transported at both low and high speeds throughout the length of the tube. The capsules are supported on a cushion of air, featuring pressurized air and aerodynamic lift. The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic linear accelerator affixed at various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained in each capsule, Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length. In this study, the initial route, preliminary design, and logisties of the Hyperloop transportation system have been det ved. The system consists of capsules that travel between Los Angeles, California and San Francisco, California, The total one-way wip time is 35 minutes from county line to county line. The capsules leave on average every 2 minutes from cach terminal carrying 28 people each (as often as every 30 seconds during rush hour and less frequently at night). This gives a total of 7.4 million people per tube that can be transported each year on Hyperloop. The total cost of Hypetloop is under $6 billion USD for two one-way lubes and 40 capsules. Amortizing this capital cost over 20 years and adding daily operational costs gives a total of $20 USD plus operating costs per one-way ticket on the passenger Hyperloop. tia)4 ” CONTENTS Acknowledgement Abstract List of Figures List of Tables LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Literature Survey SYSTEM MODELING AND WORKING 3.1 Construction of Hyperloop 3.1.1 Tube 3 3.1.3 Compressor 1.2 Capsule 3.1.4 Suspension 3.1.5 Propulsion 3.2 Working principle of hyperloop ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC CONCERN 4.1 Energy, Environment and Economic Concern 4.2 Total cost 4.3 Advantages & Limitations of hyperloop CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Future Scope References iv aFigure Yawk List of Figures Mlustration ‘Construction of tube: “Arrangement in capsule ‘Compressor “Air bearing skis support the capsule Propulsion Working of hyperloop system Energy cost comparison liv] Page eanw beeList of Tables Table Mlustration Page 1 Crew capsule weight and cost breakdown 9 2 Cargo and crew capsule weight and cost breakdown 10 ™1, INTRODUCTION 1a Introduction: Hyperloop is a completely new mode of fastest transportation. Hyperloop is firstly pmposed by Elon musk and a team of engineer from Tesla Motors and the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation in August 2013. The concept of hyperloop includes travelling people from one place to andther place in a capsule Which is propelling at a very high speed. We can also call hyperloop as a solar powered transportation system and it is an alternative of high speed train, Basically hyperloop is magnetically levitated train which runs inside a long tube or pipe. It consists of low pressure tube with capsule that is transported at both low and high speeds. It is driven by linear induction motor and compressor. It includes 28 passenger pods. For propulsion, magnetic accelerators will be planted along the length of the tube, propelling the pods forward. The ttibes would house a low pressure environment, surrounding the pod with s cushion of air that permits the pod to move safely at such high speeds, like a puck gliding over an air hockey table, Given the tight quarters in the tube, pressure buildup in front of the pod could be a problem, The tube needs a system to keep air from building up in this way. Musk’s design recommends an air compressor on the from of the pod that will move air from the front to the preventing pressure building up due (o-air displacement, A one way trip on the Hyperloop is projected to take about 35 minutes (For comp: keeping it aloft and traveling the same distance by car takes roughly six hours.) Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length, Hyperioop is based on a principle of magnetic levitation, The principle of ‘magnetic levitation is that a vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a guidance track made with magnets. The vehicle on top of the track may be propelled with the help of a linear induction motor,2, LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Literature Survey: i iii. iv. Jeffrey C, Chin, Justin 8. Gray, Scott M. Jones, Jeffrey J. Berton, they wurce Conceptual Sizing Models for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod in this paper. They concluded that the refined discussed about the Open-S analysis illuminates several interdiseiplinary couplings that alter two major aspects of the initial concept. First, the pod travel speed and the tube cross sectional area are linked, forcing the tube size to be to be roughily twice the diameter of the original specification, in order for the pod to reach Mach 0.8. Sccond, the steady-state tube temperature is dominated by ambient thermal interactions unrelated to the heat generated by the pod compression system, Mark Sakowski (2016) discussed the current maglev technology along with the theoretical evacuated tube technology and they concluded that the hyperloop is feasible andl if properly designed, has the potential to be much more efficient in terms of energy usage of pods traversing down the tube. N. Kayela, (2014) investigated that the hyperloop is a fifth mode of transporiation alongside trains, planes, aufomobiles and boats. He discussed about the railway track for the hyperloop, stations for the hyperloop. Also, discussed about the two version of capsule that is one is passenger only version and another is passenger plus vehicle version Mohammed Imran (2016) He focused his study element on the hyperloop t nology (the passenger trunsport system), He discussed about the two version of hyperloop in that one is passenger only version and another is passenger plus vehicle version. Musk, Elon (August 12, 2013), "Hyperloop Alpha"(PDF), SpaceX. Retrieved August 13, 2013. He highlighted the hyperloop project and requirements to develop the model.3, SYSTEM MODELING AND WORKING 3.1, Construction: 3.1.1 Tube: ‘The tube is made of steel, There are two tubes which are welded together side by side configuration to allow the capsules travel in both directions, The tube will be supported by pillars. ‘There is a solar array are provided on a top of the tubes for the purpose of power to the system. Fig-1: Construction of tube 3.1.2 Capsule: ‘The capsule can carry 28 passengers at a time and it send at a very high speed and it is levitated by a high pressure air cushion, The design of capsule is start with the aerodynamic shape. There are two version of capsule are being considered: a passenger only version and a passenger plus vehicle version. Assuming an average departure time of 2 minutes between capsules, # minimum of 28 passengers per capsule are required to meet £840 passengers per hour, It is possible to further increase the Hyperloop capacity by reducing the time between departures. ‘The current baseline requires up to 40 capsules in activity during rush hour, 6 of which are at the terminals for loading and unloading of the passengers in approximately $ \inutes.Fig-2: Arrangement in capsule 3.1.3 Compressor: ‘The compressor is fitted at the front side of the capsule. It supplies the air to the air bearings which supports the weight of the capsule, The compressor allows the capsule to traverse to the low pressure tube without choking the air flow that travels between tube walls and. apsule. Fig-3: Compressor 3.1.4 Suspension: Air bearing suspension offers stability and extremely low drag at a feasible cost. A stiff air bearing suspension is superb for reliability and safety. When there is gap between ski and tube walls is high then it shows the nonlinear reaction and which results in large restoring pressure.Fig-4: Air bearing skies that support the capsule 3.1.5 Propulsions: To accelerate and decelerate the capsule the linear induction motor is used in hyperloop system. Itprovides some advantages over a permanent magnet motor. To accelerate the capsules there is linear secelerators are constructed on a length of the tube. St ons are placed on the capsules to transfer momentum to the capsules via the linear accelerators, Rotor (mounted te capsule) Stator (mounted to tube) 2 Propulsion3.2 Working of hyperloop system Working of hyperloop system is based on magnetic levitation principle. As we know that the passenger pad travel through low pressure tube which is pylon-supported t . In hyperloop system an air compressor fan is fitted on front side of pod which sucks the air. tt transfers high pressure air front side to the rear side of capsule (pod) and it propel the pod. It creates the air cushion around the pod, so that the pod is suspended in air within the tube. On the basis of magnetic levitation principle, the pod will be propelled by the Jinear induction motor. By the linear induction motor the capsule send from one place to another place to a subsonic velocity that is stower than the speed of sound. The pod will be self-powered. There is solar pane! fitted on top of the tbe. By this solar panel the enough energy is stored in battery packs to operate at night and in cloudy weather for some periods. The energy is also is stored in the form of compressed air. The air between the capsule acts as a cushions to prevent two capsules from colliding within the tube. In above figure it shown that the air through the compressor is send to a bypass nozzle at the rear end of the capsuile, Ifeapsule cover too much area of the tube then, the ait is not Now around the capsule and ultimately the entire column of air in the tube is being pushed ahead of the capsule and because of this there is friction between the air and tube walls is. increases tremendously, Therefore, to avoid this problem the compressor is fitted at the from of the capsule through which the air is flow which ‘will not flow around the capsule and send it to bypass nozzle, Fig-6:Working of hyperloop system 64, ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT & ECONOMIC CONCERN 4.1 Energy, Environment and Economie Concern: Hyerloop itself runs on renewable energies like Solar, Wind and Thertial power. So here we are not using any energy out of burning fossils. Eventually there will be no air pollution. Hyerloap runs in a nearly vacuum environment creating a frictionless journey which produces less noise. Hyperloop either runs on pylons or through underground tunnels, so there will be no disturbance to fertile lands and avoids traffic in cities. Also in hyeprloop we don’t need to power yp entire track to move the pod. An awiomated software will just power up the track where the pod is hovering, hence less power consumption. Very low energy constimption per mass per distance travelled. Very low: noise pollution to environment, Long service life and low maintenance, Not possible to pollute (even throwing cigarette out of the window) Musk ‘claims Hyperloop pods will be faster than trains, safer than cars and much Jess damaging to the environment than aircraft, With his focus on changing the world’s energy systems, Hyperloop fits in with Musk’s aim to shift transport away fromrearbon to rehewables, A feasibility study by the US Deparment of Transportation (DOT) estimates Hyperlodp routes could be up to six times more energy efficiont than air travel on short routes while delivering speeds three times faster than the world's fastest high-speed rail system. Examining the potential for Hyperloop pods to be eco-ittendlier than traditional {transport researchers at the Helmut Schmidt University in Haniburg estiniated the effects of building 2 300km freight-dedieated Hyperloop in northern Germany. Quantifying the impact of removing thousands of trucks from roads, reduced air pollu in and greenhouse ‘ga emissions, they found Hypetloop could avoid emitting up to 140,000 tons of carton dioxide each year (along with up to 0.2% of Germany’s production of air pollutants like mathane and nitrous oxide) while delivering up to $1.07bn of value - equal to a third of its estimated $3,2bn investment.Aree aay a t- am Ee od ed | ies Cate ee Pe ea ost comparison4.2 Total Cost The overall cost of the Hyperleop passenger capsule version (Table 1) is expected to be under $1.35 million USD including manufacturing and assembly cost. With 40 capsules required for the expected demand, the total cost of capsules for the Hyperloop system should be no more than $34 million USD or approximately 1% of the total budget. Although the overall cost of the project would be higher, we have also detailed the expected cost of a larger capsule (Table 2) which could carry not only passengers but cargo and ears/SU' to 4 nm’ and the tube diameter would be increased to 3.3 m. is Well, The frontal area of the capsule would have to be inereased Vehicle Component Capsule Structure & Doors: Interior & Seats: Propulsion System: Suspension & Air Bearings: Batteries, Motor & Coolant: Air Compressor: Emergency Braking: General Assembly: Passengers & Luggage: Total/Capsule: Total for Hyperloop: Table 1. Crew capsule weight and cost breakdown Cost (5) 245,000 255,000 75,000 200,000 150,000 275,000 50,000 100,000 N/A $ 1,350,000 ‘$ 54,000,000 Weight (kg) 3100 2500 700 1000 2500 1800 600 N/A 2800 15000Vehicle Component Capsule Structure & Doors: Propulsion System: S 80,000 800 Batteries, Motor & Coolant: Ss 200,000 5500 Emergency Braking: S 70,000 800 Passengers & Luggage: N/A 1400 Total for Hyperloop: $ 61,000,000 Table 2. Cargo and crew capsule weight and cost breakdown4.3Advantages and Limitation of Hyperloop * Advantages 1) Itsaves the travelling time. 2) There is no problem of traffic. 3) 4) tt s powered by the solar panel. an travel in-any kind of weather. 5) Operating cost of hyperlaop is low. 6) Not disruptive to those along the route 7) More convenient. 8) Re © Limitations tance to earthquake. 1) Tuming will be eritieal, 2) Less movable space for passenger. 3) High speed might cause dizziness in some passenger, 4) Punctured tunnel could cause shockwaves.5, CONCLUSION $.1 Conclusions: A high speed transportation system known as Hyperloop has been developed in this report. The work has detailed two versions of the Hyperloop: a passenger only version and a passenger plus vehicle version, Hyperloop could transport people, vehicles, and fivight between Los Angeles and San Francisco in 35 minutes, Transporting 7.4 million people each way every year and amortizing the cost of $6 bi ticket price of $20 for a one-way trip for the passenger version of Hyperloap. The passenger only version of the Hyperloop is less than 9% of the cost of the proposed n over 20 years gives a passenger only high speed rail system between Los Angeles and San Francisco. ‘An additional passenger plus transport version of the Hyperloop has been created that is only 25% higher in cost than the passenger only version, This version would be capable of transporting passengers, vehicles, freight, ete. ‘The passenger plus vehicle version of the Hyperloop is less than 1 1% of the cost of the proposed passenger only high speed rail system between Los Angeles and San Francisco, Additional technological developments and further optimization could likely reduce this price. R6, FUTURE SCOPE Hyperloop is considered an open source transportation concept. The authors ehcouirage all meitibers of the community to contribute to the Hyperloop design process. Iteration of the design by various indi duals and groups can help bring Hyperloop from an idea to a reality. ‘The inventors recognize the need for additional work, including but not limited to: |, More expansion on the coniral mechanism for Hypetloop capsules, including attitude thruster or control moment gyros. 2. Detailed station designs with loading and unloading of both passenger and passenger plus vehicle versions of the Hyperloop capsules, 3. Trades comparing the costs and benefits of Hyperloop with more conventional magnetic levitation systems. 4, Sub-scale testing based on a further optimized design to demonstrate the physics of Hyperloop. BREFERENCES [1] Ahmed Hodaib, Samar, et al, International Journal of mechanical, aerospace, industrial, mechatronics and manufacturing engineering Vol:10 No:5, (May 2016) [2] Chin, Jeffrey C.; Gray, Justin S.; Jones, Scott M.; Breton, Jefirey J., Open-Source Conceptual Sizing Models. for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod, Séth AIAA/ASCEJAHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. January 5-9, 2015, Kissimmee, Florida. doi: 10.25 14/6.2015-1587. [3]Mark Sakowski, “The Next Contender in High Speed Transport Elon Musks Hyperloop”, 2016 [4] N. Kayela,“Hypertoop: A Fifth Mode of Transportation”, 2014 [5] Mohammed Imran, Intemational Journal of engineering research, 2016 [6] Musk Elon, "Hyperloop Alpha", SpaceX., August 13, 2013. 4