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Radar System

The document describes the key components of a basic radar system: - The trigger source provides pulses for the modulator. - The modulator provides rectangular voltage pulses to switch the output tube on and off. - The output tube, such as a magnetron, acts as the oscillator or amplifier. - The ATR automatically switches between the transmitter and receiver. - The mixer shows conversion loss and has a low noise figure. - The IF amplifier is a low noise stage that is broadband to allow narrow pulses. - The local oscillator is the source of noise in the receiver and filters are used to reduce it. - The detector's output is amplified by a video amplifier and fed to the

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25 views

Radar System

The document describes the key components of a basic radar system: - The trigger source provides pulses for the modulator. - The modulator provides rectangular voltage pulses to switch the output tube on and off. - The output tube, such as a magnetron, acts as the oscillator or amplifier. - The ATR automatically switches between the transmitter and receiver. - The mixer shows conversion loss and has a low noise figure. - The IF amplifier is a low noise stage that is broadband to allow narrow pulses. - The local oscillator is the source of noise in the receiver and filters are used to reduce it. - The detector's output is amplified by a video amplifier and fed to the

Uploaded by

AbdulRahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q:1

Answer

-The trigger source


Provide pulses for the modulator.
-Modulator
Provide rectangular voltage pulses used as the supply voltage for the o/p tube.
It switch the o/p tube on and off as required
-Output tube
Magnetron oscillator or amplifier.
-ATR
Automatic transmitter switch receiver
-TR
It’s duplexer connects transmitter to transmit the pulse , and disconnect after the pulse transmitted
-Mixer
It shows a conversion loss, it has low noise figure
-IF Amplifier
It is Low noise stage
It is broadband to permit the use of narrow pulses
-Local oscillator
It is the Source of noise in the receiver, and we reduce it by connecting narrow band filter between
Local oscillator and mixer or using a balanced mixer and cavity stabilized oscillator
-Detector
Is a shottky diode whose o/p is amplified by a video amplifier the o/p then fed to display unit.
Q:2

Answer
Change numbers
Draw the block diagram and explain the operation of cw Doppler radar using an
intermediate frequency in the receiver. How have the drawbacks of the basic cw radar been
overcome?

Solution:

A small portion of the transmitter output is mixed with the output at a local
oscillator, and the sum is fed to the receiver mixer. This also receives the
Doppler-shifted signal from its antenna and produces an output difference
frequency that is
typically, 30 MHz, plus or minus the Doppler frequency. The output of this
mixer is amplified and demodulated again, and the signal from the second
detector is just the Doppler frequency. Its sign is lost; so that it is not
possible to tell whether the target is approaching or receding. Due to that the
output of the diode mixer is the vicinity of 30MHz (at which FM noise has
disappeared). The arrangement of the separate receiving and transmitting
antennas (which are used to increase the isolation between the transmitter and
receiver sections of the radar) is not compulsory. A circulator could be used.

Drawbacks:
1- it is limited in the maximum power it transmits, and this naturally places a
limit on its maximum range.
Sol: for the highest powers, CW magnetrons are used as power oscillators in the
transmitter. They operate at much the same frequencies as in pulsed radar.

2- it is rather easily confused by the presence of many targets.


Sol: it can deal with more than one if special filters are included

3-Doppler radar is incapable of indicating the range of the target. It can only
show its velocity because the transmitted signal is unmodulated.

Sol: may be overcome if the transmitted carrier is frequency-modulated.


Q:With aid of a block diagram explain the operation of an
FM CW radar altimeter.

(Using FM requires an increase in the system band width [the more the needed
information the bigger the band width])

Sawtooth frequency modulation is used for simplicity. the target (in this case,
the Earth) is stationary with respect to the plane, a frequency difference
proportional to the height of the plane will exist between the received and the
transmitted
signals. If the rate of change of frequency with time due to the FM process is
known, the time difference between the sent and received signals may be
readily calculated, as can the height of the aircraft. The output of the mixer,
which produces the frequency difference, can be amplified, fed to a frequency
counter and then to an indicator whose output is calibrated in meters or feet. If
the relative velocity of the radar and the target is not zero, there is another
frequency difference which will be constant and due to the time difference
between the sending and return of a particular cycle of the signal. Thus, correct
height measurements can still be made on the basis of the average frequency
difference, The beat superimposed on this difference can now be used to
measure the velocity of (in this case) the aircraft, when due allowance has been
made for the slant range.

Note:
The altimeter is a major application of FM CW radar. It is us,d in preference to
pulsed radar because of the short ranges (i.e., heights) involved, since CW radar
has no limit on the minimum range.
The presence of a beacon on a target increases enormously the distance
over which a target may be tracked. Such active tracking gives much
greater range than the passive tracking so far described, because the power
transmitted by the beacon (modest though it normally 1s) is far in excess
of the power that this target would have reflected had _it did not carry a
beacon. This is best demonstrated quantitatively,

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