GEN MATH- REVIEWER for QE1

Jay Marcus G. Sacramento 11-Mendel

FUNCTIONS: INTRODUCTION

What are RELATIONS?

- a rule that relates values from a set of values
(called the domain) to a second set of
values (called the range).
- It is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) o This is not a function since there are ordered
What is a FUNCTION? pairs with the same x values.
- a relation where each element in the
domain is related to only one value in the
range by some rule.
- A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such
that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values.
- Using functional notation, we can write f(x) =
y, read as “f of x is equal to y.”
o In particular, if (1,2) is an ordered o This is a function, even though there are
pair associated with the function f, ordered pairs with the same y values (#s in
then we say that f (1) = 2 the green circle), each y value is still paired
Which of the following relations are functions? with a distinct x value.
f = {(1,2), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4,7)} VERTICAL LINE TEST
o It is a function because all of the ordered - This test is used to determine if a graph
pairs have different x values. represent a function.
- A graph represents a function if and only if
g = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,7) each vertical line intersects the graph at
o It is not a function because there are most once.
ordered pairs that have the same x values.
E.g. (1,3) and (1,4) both have 1 as their x-
value.
h = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3,9), (4,12), (5,15)}
o It is a function because all of the ordered
pairs have different x values.

Which of the following mapping diagrams represent

functions? a. Function
b. Function
c. Not a Function

o This is a function since each ordered pair

has different x values (#s in the yellow circle)

d. Function
e. Not a function
f. Function
 4.
FUNCTIONS: IDENTIFYING THE
DOMAIN

- The domain of a relation is the set of all -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

possible values that the variable x can take. Solution: {x:x ∈ R, x < -1 U x ≥ 2}
- Identify the domain for each relation using (-∞, -1) U [2, +∞)
set builder notation. INEQUALITY TEST
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 Solve for 𝑥:
3
≤ −1
𝑥−4
Step 1: Construct a table of values
A. [1, 4]
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
B. (1, 4]
y
C. [1, 4)
Step 2: Substitute the given x values
D. (1, 4)
𝑦 = 2 (−3) + 1 = -5
Step 1: Construct a table of values
𝑦 = 2 (−2) + 1 = -3
x -1 -0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦 = 2 (−1) + 1 = -1
y
𝑦 = 2 (0) + 1 = 1 *Since the value is ≤ −1 we will start our table in -1
𝑦 = 2 (1) + 1 = 3 Step 2: Substitute the given x values
𝑦 = 2 (2) + 1 = 5 *Hindi ko na isusulat yung solution since
𝑦 = 2 (3) + 1 = 7 substitution lang naman gagawin.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x -1 -0 1 2 3 4 5
y -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 Not a Not a
y solution solution Solution sol. Sol.
Not Not
a sol. a sol.
Conclusion: All are real numbers ▪ Now determine if 3.9 is a solution
{x:x ∈ R} or {x/x ∈ R} o
3
= -30
(If all are real numbers the set builder 3.9−4
o-30 < 1 therefore 3.9 is a
notation is this)
solution.
SOLUTION SETS
▪ Next is 0.9
1. >, ≥, ≤, < by inequality sign 3
2. [,], (,) by bracket and parenthesis o = −0.9677419355
0.9−4
▪ We use the >, <, (,) and o in the o −0.9 > −1 which makes 0.9
element which is not part of the not a solution.
solution. Step 3: Conclude
▪ We use the ≥, ≤, [,] and ● in the
element which is part of the solution. x -1 -0 1 2 3 4 5
Examples y
Not a
solution
Not a
solution ● sol. Sol. o
Not
a sol.
1. Answer: C. [1, 4)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
FUNCTIONS AS
REPRESENTATIONS OF REAL-LIFE
Solution: {x:x ∈ R, x > -1} (-1, ∞)
2.
SITUATIONS

- Functions can often be used to model

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 real situations.
Solution: {x:x ∈ R, x ≤ 2} (-∞, 2] - Identifying an appropriate functional
model will lead to a better
3. understanding of various phenomena.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Solution: {x:x ∈ R , -2 ≤ x ≤ 3} [-2, 3]
 2. A jeepney ride costs PhP 8 for the first 4
kilometers, and each additional
Example: kilometer adds PhP 1.50 to the fare. Use
1. Give a function C that can represent the a piecewise function to represent the
cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d)
40. in kilometers.
o 8 pesos for first 4 kilometers
Since each meal costs PhP 40, then o +1 kilometer = 1.50 pesos
the cost function is… 𝐶(𝑥) = 40
𝑓 (d) =
2. Squares of side x are cut from each 8, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
corner of an 8 in by 5 in rectangle, so (8 + 1.5 (𝑑 − 4), 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4
that its sides can be folded to make a 3. A certain chocolate bar costs PhP 35
box with no top. Define a function in per piece. However, if you buy more
terms of x that can represent the volume than 10 pieces, they will be marked
of this box. down to a price of PhP 32 per piece. Use
a piecewise function to represent the
cost in terms of the number of
chocolate bars bought.
o Chocolate Bar = 35 pesos
per piece
o If more than 10 pieces
Solution: bought, there will be a 3
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑊𝐻 pesos discount
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 8 − 2𝑥 • 35 pesos – 3 pesos =
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 5 − 2𝑥 32 pesos.
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑛) =
𝑉 = (8 − 2𝑥) (5 − 2𝑥) 35𝑛, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑛 ≤ 10
𝑉 (𝑥) = 40𝑥 − 26𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 32𝑛, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 > 10

PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS EVALUATING FUNCTIONS

Examples: - Means replacing the variable in the

1. A user is charged PhP 300 monthly for a function, in this case x, with a value from the
particular mobile plan, which includes function’s domain and computing for the
100 free text messages. Messages in result.
excess of 100 are charged PhP 1 each. - To denote that we are evaluating f at a for
Represent the monthly cost for text some a in the domain of f, we write f(a).
messaging using the function t(m), Example 1 :
where m is the number of messages sent Evaluate the following functions at
in a month. x = 1.5
*Write down all the given conditions first 1. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
o Plan 300: 100 free text 2. 𝑞 (𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 2
messages 3. g (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1
2𝑥+1
o 1 peso per message if 4. 𝑟 (𝑥) =
𝑥−1
exceeds 100 5. 𝐹 (𝑥) = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1
Substituting 1.5 for x in the functions above,
*Then, write as piecewise function we have
𝑡 (𝑚)= 1. 𝑓 (1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
300, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100 2. 𝑞 (1.5) = (1.5)2 – 2(1.5) + 2 = 1.25
300 + (𝑚 − 100), 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100 3. g (1.5) = √1.5 + 1 = √2.5
2(1.5)+1
4. 𝑟 (1.5) = =8
1.5−1
 5. 𝐹 (1.5) = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 = ? Example 4: Evaluate 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) where
*No. 5 is an example of a floor function 𝑓(x) = 4𝑥2 – 3x
FLOOR AND CEILING FUNCTIONS 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 4(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 3 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
- This function gives us the nearest integer up = 4 (𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )− 3𝑎 − 3𝑏
or down = 4𝑎2 − 3𝑎 + 8𝑎𝑏 − 3𝑏 + 4𝑏2
Example 5: Word Problem
The velocity V (in m/s) of a ball thrown upward t
seconds after the ball was thrown is given by V(t) =
20 – 9.8t. Calculate V (0) and V (1).
V (0) = 20-9.8(0) = 20 m/s
V (1) = 20-9.8(1) = 10.2 m/s
- What if we want the floor or ceiling of
number that is already an integer?
That’s easy: NO CHANGE
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Example: What is the floor and ceiling of 5
The floor of 5 is 5 Addition/Subtraction (Fraction):
The floor of 5 is 5 1 2
FIND THE SUM OF and
- Here are some example values 𝑥−3 𝑥−5
Step 1: Find the LCD
THE LCD OF THE TWO FRACTIONS IS (x – 3)(x − 5) OR
x2 − 8x + 15
Step 2: Divide the LCD to the denominator of each
addend and then multiply it to its numerator.
1 2 𝑥−5 2(𝑥−3)
+ = +
𝑥−3 𝑥−5 x2 − 8x + 15 x2 − 8x + 15

Step 3: Expand and add like terms.

- The symbols for floor and ceiling are like the
𝑥 − 5 + 2𝑥 − 6 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏
square brackets [ ] with the top or bottom = 𝟐
x 2 − 8x + 15 𝐱 − 𝟖𝐱 + 𝟏𝟓
part missing
o Floor (x): ⌊x⌋
Multiplication (Fraction):
o Ceil (x): ⌈x⌉ 𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
- Therefore FIND THE PRODUCT OF and
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10
5. 𝐹 (1.5) = ⌊1.5⌋ + 1 = 1+1 = 2 Step 1: Factor
𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+5 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−5) (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
x = x
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−1) (𝑥−5)(𝑥+2)
Example 2: Find g(-4) and r(1) where g and r are as
Step 2: Cancel the like terms
defined in the previous example. (𝑥+1)(𝑥−5) (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) (𝑥+1)(𝑥−3)
x =
g (-4) = √−4 + 1 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−1) (𝑥−5)(𝑥+2) (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)

𝑟 (1) =
2(1)+1 Step 3: Simplify
1−1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
*This is not possible because -4 is not in the domain = 2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 +𝑥−3
of g(x) and 1 is not in the domain of r(x).
Division (Fraction)
Step 1: TO DIVIDE, MULTIPLY THE DIVIDEND WITH THE
Example 3: Evaluate the following functions
RECIPROCAL OF THE DIVISOR.
a) 𝑓 (3𝑥 – 1)
b) 𝑞 (2𝑥 + 3)
If…
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 Step 2: Cancel the like terms
𝑞 (𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 2
Evaluate and substitute the x values
a) 𝑓 (3𝑥 – 1) = 2(3𝑥 – 1) + 1 = 6𝑥 − 2 + 1 = 𝟔𝒙 – 1

b) 𝑞 (2𝑥 + 3 = (2𝑥 + 3) 2−2(2𝑥 + 3) + 2 = 4𝑥2 + 12𝑥

+ 9 − 4𝑥 − 6 + 2 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 5
 COMPOSITE FUNCTION

- A composite function is a function that

depends on another function. It is created
when one function is substituted into
another function.
- Let f and g be functions.
o The composite function denoted by
(f ° g) is defined by
OTHER EXAMPLES
(f ° g)(x) = f (g(x))
USE THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS BELOW:
Example:
1. f (x) = x + 3
1. A NEWSPAPER COMPANY CREATES ROUTES
2. p(x) = 2x − 7
WITH 50 SUBSCRIBERS (N) FOR EACH
3. v(x) = x2 + 5x + 4
DELIVERY PERSON (D). THERE IS A
4. g (x) = x2 + 2x − 8
𝑥+7 SUPERVISOR (S) FOR EVERY 10 DELIVERY
5. h (x) =
2−𝑥 PERSONS.
𝑥−2
6. t (x) = a) WRITE D AS A FUNCTION OF N.
𝑥+3
𝒏
d=
𝟓𝟎
b) WRITE S AS A FUNCTION OF D.
𝒅
s=
𝟏𝟎
c) SUBSTITUTE TO WRITE S AS A FUNCTION OF
N.

2. FIND AND SIMPLIFY (g ° f)(x)

g (x) = √x + 1
f (x) = √2x + 1
a) Denote the composite function
(𝑔 ° 𝑓) (𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑓 (𝑥))
b) Write g as function of f
𝑔 (𝑓 (𝑥))=√f(x) + 1
= √(2x + 1) + 1
c) Add like terms
= √𝟐𝐱 + 𝟐
OTHER EXAMPLES
 REPRESENTATIONS OF
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Example:
SOLVING RATIONAL
Represent the speed (s) of a runner as a function of EQUATIONS
the time (x) it takes to run 100 meters in the track. 2 3 1
Step 1: Represent the given function. Solve for x: − =
𝑥 2𝑥 5𝑥

S(x)=
𝟏𝟎𝟎 To solve a rational equation:
𝒙
a) Eliminate denominators by multiplying
Step 2: Construct a table of values
each term of the equation by the least
The current world record (as of October 2015) for
common denominator (LCD).
the 100-meter dash is 9.58 seconds set by the
LCD: 10x
Jamaican Usain Bolt in 2009. We start our table of
values at 10 seconds.
x 10 12 14 16 18 20
s(x) 10 8.33 7.14 6.25 5.56 5 b) Combine like terms and divide the
* The example is based on a real-world scenario
coefficient both sides to get the value of x.
and has limitations on the values of the x
variable. Neglect 𝑥 < 9.58 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 since the
fastest time ever recorded by a human being is
9.58 seconds.
Step 3: Plot and connect the points on a cartesian
*Note that eliminating denominators may introduce
plane extraneous solutions. Check the solutions of the
transformed equations with the original equation. Like this
example:

Step 4: Tell something about the graph.

∴ As the time increases, speed decreases.

RATIONAL FUNCTION

RATIONAL EXPRESSION
- is an expression that can be written as a
ratio of two polynomials.
- Some examples of rational expressions are
2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 5
, ,
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−3
MORE EXAMPLES:
In an inter-barangay basketball league, the team RATIONAL INEQUALITY
from Barangay Culiat has won 12 out of 25 games,
a winning percentage of 48%. How many games To solve rational inequalities:
should they win in a row to improve their win a) Rewrite the inequality as a single rational
percentage to 60%? expression on one side of the inequality symbol
and 0 (zero) on the other side.
b) Determine over what intervals the rational
expression takes on positive and negative values.
Example:
2𝑥
Solve the inequality ≥1
𝑥+1
Step 1. Rewrite the inequality with zero on one side
2𝑥
≥1
𝑥+1
2𝑥
-1≥0
𝑥+1
Jens walks 5 kilometers from his house to Quiapo to *To subtract find the LCD (LCD: x+1)
buy a new bike which he uses to return home. He 2𝑥−(𝑥+1)
≥0
averaged 10 kilometers faster on his bike than on 𝑥+1
2𝑥−𝑥−1
foot. If his total trip took 1 hour and 20 minutes, what ≥0
𝑥+1
is his walking speed in kph?
𝒙−𝟏
Use the formula 𝑣 =
𝒅 ≥0
𝒕 𝒙+𝟏
𝒅 Step 2. Get the critical numbers
We derive the formula for the time, 𝑡 =
𝒗 x-1=0 x+1
Let 𝑣 be Jens’ walking speed. Then, 𝑣 + 10 is
x=1 x=-1
his speed on his new bike.
𝟓
Step 3. Construct a table of signs to determine the
Therefore, Jens’ walking time is and his sign of the function in each interval determined by
𝒗
biking time
𝟓
the values above.
𝒗+𝟏𝟎
Interval x < -1 -1 < x < 1 x>1
Test point X=-2 X=0 X=2
-
Solve for v: 𝒙−𝟏 *The sign is - +
negative (-) since
-2-1=-3.
𝒙+𝟏 - + +
𝒙−𝟏 +
*The sign is
positive (+) since
- +
𝒙+𝟏 −⁄−= +
𝒙−𝟏
*Since ≥ 0 are 0 and all positive integers, all
𝒙+𝟏
intervals that has an outcome of a positive (+) sign
in the table are included in the notation.
Step 4. Check if the critical numbers are solutions
X=-1 x=1
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
≥0 ≥0
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
(−1)−1 1−1
≥0 ≥0
(−1)+1 1+1
=UND *not a solution 0 ≥ 0 *a solution

Step 5. Write the solution set

{x R I x < -1 U x ≥ 1}
(−∞, −1 ∪ [1, +∞)
Another Example: Word Problem
A box with a square base has a volume of 8 cubic GRAPHING RATIONAL
meters. Let x be the length of the side of the square FUNCTIONS
base and h be the height of the box. What are the
possible measurements of a side of the square base RECALL
if the height should be longer than a side of the - The domain of a function is the set of all
square base? values that the variable x can take.
- The range of the function is the set of all
- V=a2h values that f(x) will take.
- The variable x is the length of a side of the - The zeroes of a function are the values of x
box, while h is its height. The equation which make the function zero. The real
relating h and x is 𝑥2ℎ = 8. numbered zeroes are also x-intercepts of the
- Expressing h in terms of x, we obtain ℎ = 2
8 graph of the function.
𝑥
- The y-intercept is the function value when
- Since the height is greater than the width,
x=0
ℎ > 𝑥 and our inequality is
8 Example
2 > 𝑥 𝑥−2
𝑥 Consider the function 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝑥+2
(a) Find its domain,
Step 1. Rewrite the inequality with zero on one side
*To find its domain, create a table of values.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 5 UND -3 -1 -1/3 0 1/5
Therefore, the domain of f(x) is {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 | 𝑥 ≠ −2}
(b) intercepts
x-intercept:
• Recall that the x-intercepts of a rational
function are the values of x that will make
the function zero.
• A rational function will be zero if its
Step 2. Get the critical numbers numerator is zero. Therefore, the zeroes of a
8-x3 = 0 x2=0 rational function are the zeroes of its
3
√8 = √𝑥 3
3
√𝑥 2 = √0 numerator.
X= 2 x= 0 The numerator is x-2
Step 3. Construct a table of signs to determine the x-2=0
sign of the function in each interval determined by x=2
the values above. • Since it is a real zero, it is also an x-intercept.
• x-intercept is 2
y-intercept
• The y-intercept of a function is equal to f(0).
0−2
In this case, 𝑓(0) = = −1
0+2
• y-intercept is -1
Step 4 Identify the solution set (c) sketch its graph
- Since the rational expression is positive in • In sketching the graph of f(x), let us look at what
the interval 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟐, this is the solution set of happens to the graph near the values of x which
make the denominator undefined.
the inequality. We reject the interval 𝒙 < 𝟎
• Let us see what happens when x takes on values
even if the expression is positive here since
that brings the denominator closer to zero.
we only consider values of x for this problem.
Step 5. Conclude
- Therefore, the height of the box should be
less than 2 meters.
 - Vertical Asymptote (d) determine its range
o From the graph of rational function, we
observe that the function does not cross the
horizontal asymptote.
o We also observe that the function increases
and decreases without bound, and is
asymptotic to the line y = 1.
o Therefore, only the value 1 is not included in
the range of f(x).
The range of f(x) is {𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 | 𝑦 ≠ 1}
Summary
We call this line a vertical asymptote.
• The vertical line x = a is a vertical asymptote
of a function f if the graph of f either
increases or decreases without bound as
the x-values approach a from the right or
left.
• HOW TO FIND THE VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES OF
A RATIONAL FUNCTION?
o 1Find the values of a where the
denominator is zero.
o If this value of a does not make the Another Example
numerator zero, then the line x = a is
a vertical asymptote.
Therefore, in this case:
0
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝑥+2
x+2=0
x=-2
- The vertical asymptote is -2

ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION

- The function f is one-to-one if for any x1, x2 in

the domain of f, then f(x1) ≠ f(x2). That is, the
- Horizontal Asymptote same y-value is never paired with two
different x-values.
EXAMPLE 1: THE RELATION PAIRING AN SSS
MEMBER TO HIS OR HER SSS NUMBER
o Each SSS member is assigned to a
unique SSS number. Thus, the relation
is a function. Further, two different
members cannot be assigned the
same SSS number. Thus, the function
is one to-one.
We call this line a horizontal asymptote.
EXAMPLE 2: THE RELATION PAIRING A
The horizontal line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of
REAL NUMBER TO ITS SQUARE
the function f if f(x) gets closer to b as x increases or
o Each real number has a unique
decreases without bound (𝑥 → +∞ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 → −∞)
perfect square. Thus, the relation is a
o Since the degree of the numerator is equal
function. However, two different real
to the degree of the denominator (n=m),
𝑎 𝑥 numbers such as 2 and -2 may have
o Therefore, y= = = 1
𝑏 𝑥
o The horizontal asymptote is 1.
 the same square. Thus, the function is
not one-to- one. INVERSE OF ONE-TO-ONE
EXAMPLE 3: THE RELATION PAIRING AN FUNCTIONS
AIRPORT TO ITS AIRPORT CODE
o Airport codes are three letter codes - The importance of one-to-one functions is
used to uniquely identify airports due to the fact that these are the only
around the world and prominently functions that have an inverse.
displayed on checked-in bags to - Let f be a one-to-one function with domain
denote the destination of these A and range B. Then the inverse of f
bags. Here are some examples of denoted by f-1 is a function with domain B
airport codes: and range A defined by f−1 (y) = x if and
1. MNL – Ninoy Aquino International only if f (x) = y for any y in B.
Airport (All terminals) A FUNCTION HAS AN INVERSE IF AND ONLY IF IT IS
2. CEB – Mactan-Cebu ONE-TO-ONE.
International Airport - If a function f is not one-to-one, properly
3. DVO – Francisco Bangoy defining an inverse function f-1 will be
International Airport (Davao) problematic.
4. JFK – John F. Kennedy - For example,
International Airport (New York o f (1) = 5 and f (3) = 5
City) o If f-1 exists, then f-1(5) has to be both
5. CDG – Charles de Gaulle 1 and 3, and this prevents f-1 from
International Airport (Paris, being a valid function.
*This is the reason why the inverse is only
France) defined for one-to-one functions.
o Since each airport has a unique TO FIND THE INVERSE OF A ONE-TO-ONE
airport code, then the relation is a FUNCTION:
function. Also, since no two airports 1. Write the function in the form y = f(x);
share the same airport code, then 2. Interchange the x and y variables;
the function is one-to-one. 3. Solve for y in terms of x
EXAMPLE 4: THE RELATION PAIRING A Examples
PERSON TO HIS OR HER CITIZENSHIP.
o The relation is not a function
because a person can have dual
citizenship (i.e., citizenship is not
unique).

A simple way to determine if a given

graph is that of a one-to-one function
is by using the Horizontal Line Test.
Horizontal Line Test
- A function is one-to-one if each horizontal
line does not intersect the graph at more
than one point.
- A graph showing the plot of y = x2 – 4 fails
the horizontal line test because some lines
intersect the graph at more than one point.
The Vertical and Horizontal Line Tests. All functions
satisfy the vertical line test. All one-to-one functions
satisfy both the vertical and horizontal line tests.
 - The range of the original function can be
determined by the inspection of the graph.
The range is {f (x) ∈ R | − 3 ≤ f(x) ≤ 4}
- Verify using techniques in an earlier lesson
that the inverse function is given by
𝑥−1
f-1(x)=
2

Example: Word Problem

To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to Kelvin, the
5
function is k (t) = (t – 32) + 273.15, where t is the
9
temperature in Fahrenheit (Kelvin is the SI unit of
temperature). Find the inverse function converting
the temperature in Kelvin to degrees Fahrenheit.

Another Example

GRAPHS OF INVERSE
a) Find its domain and range.
FUNCTIONS
Domain: {x ∈ R | x ≠ 2}
- First, we need to ascertain that the given Range: {y ∈ R | y ≠ −5}
graph corresponds to a one-to-one function b) Find the equation of its asymptotes.
by applying the horizontal line test. If it Vertical asymptote: x = 2
passes the test, the corresponding function Horizontal asymptote: y = −5
2𝑥+1
is one-to-one C) Find the graph of its inverse. F-1(x) =
𝑥+5
- Given the graph of a one-to-one function, D) Find the domain and range of its inverse.
the graph of its inverse can be obtained by
reflecting the graph about the line y = x

Examples
Sample Problem
You asked a friend to think of a nonnegative
number, add two to the number, square the
number, multiply the result by 3 and divide the result
by 2. If the result is 54, what is the original number?