Pearson

Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 14 : Maths for Computing

W A Madhuranga Wijesooriya E141689 1

Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Higher Nationals – Summative Assignment Feedback Form

Student Name/ID W A Madhuranga Wijesooriya E141689

Unit Title Unit 14 : Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Assessor Feedback:

LO1 Use applied number theory in practical computing scenarios.

Pass, Merit & Distinction P1 P2 M1 D1

Descripts
LO2 Analyse events using probability theory and probability distributions.

Pass, Merit & Distinction P3 P4 M2 D2

Descripts

LO3 Determine solutions of graphical examples using geometry and vector methods.
Pass, Merit & Distinction P5 P6 M3 D3
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LO4 Evaluate problems concerning differential and integral calculus.

Pass, Merit & Distinction P7 P8 M4 D4

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Assignment Brief

W A Madhuranga Wijesooriya E141689 10

Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Student Name /ID Number W A Madhuranga Wijesooriya E141689

Unit Number and Title Unit 14 : Maths for Computing

Academic Year 2022/23

Unit Tutor

Assignment Title Importance of Maths in the Field of Computing

Issue Date

Submission Date 2023-05-28

IV Name & Date

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Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1 Use applied number theory in practical computing scenarios.

LO2 Analyse events using probability theory and probability distributions.

LO3 Determine solutions of graphical examples using geometry and vector methods.

LO4 Evaluate problems concerning differential and integral calculus.

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Activity 01

Part 1

1. A farmer wants to make square shaped vegetable beds. The required squared area of vegetable beds will
be prepared from a land which is 28 feet in length and 24 feet in width.
a) Find the minimum number of squared vegetable beds that can be prepared from the land without
wasting any area.
b) Briefly explain the technique you used to solve (a).

2. In a company, 5 employees are doing overtime work. First day of the month, all the 5 employees did
overtime work. Afterwards, those 5 employees do the overtime work once in 3,4,6, 8 and 12 days
respectively.
a) On which day of the month, will all the 5 employees do the overtime work together?
b) Briefly explain the technique you used to solve (a).
Part 2

3. In a warehouse, boxes are stored such that 30 boxes on the bottom row and 21 on the top row. There are
10 rows in all, with each row having one more box than the one above it.
a) How many boxes have been stored?
b) Briefly explain the technique you used to solve (a).

4. A businessman has done an investment of Rs.200,000.00 on a new business expecting a 5% interest

compounded yearly.
a) Find the total amount of money that the businessman would earn in 6 years.
b) Briefly explain the technique you used to solve (a).

Part 3

1. Define the multiplicative inverse in modular arithmetic and identify the multiplicative inverse of 7 mod
8 while explaining the algorithm used.

2. Prime numbers are important to many fields. In the computing field also prime numbers are applied.
Provide examples and in detail explain how prime numbers are important in the field of computing.

Activity 02

Part 1

1. Define ‘Conditional Probability’ with a suitable example.

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 2. An aesthetic club has 100 members. Out of them 40 do dancing, 45 do music and 24 do drama. 15 do
both dancing and music, 11 do both dancing and drama and 13 do both music and drama and 5 do
dancing, music and drama. Remaining members do arts. Let D represents the randomly selected
member does dancing, M represents the randomly selected member does music, R represents the
randomly selected member does drama. A represents the randomly selected member does arts.
Represent the given information in a Venn diagram. Use that Venn diagram to answer the following
questions.
a) Find the probability that a randomly selected member either does dancing or music.
b) Find whether the events “The randomly selected member does drama” and “The randomly
selected member does music” are independent or not.

3. Suppose a survey was done in three states on the Covid-19 pandemic situation. Of the total population
of the three states, 25% live in state X, 45% live in state Y, and 30% live in state Z. In state X, 20% of
the citizens have been infected with Covid-19, in state B, 10% of the citizens have been infected with
Covid-19, and in state C, 15% of the citizens have been infected with Covid-19.
Let X represents the event that the citizen is from state X, Y represents the event that the citizen is
from state Y and Z represents the event that the citizen is from state Z. Let C represents the event that
the citizen has been infected with Covid-19.
a) Find the probability that a randomly selected citizen has not been infected with Covid-19 and lives
in state X.
b) Find the probability that a randomly selected citizen has been infected with Covid-19.
c) Given that a randomly selected citizen has been infected with Covid-19, find the probability that
the selected citizen is from state Y.

4. In a game if the player wins, a random gift will be given. There are 3 types [Watch, Voucher, Pen
Drive] of gifts for the winners. There are 7 Vouchers, 6 Watches and 5 Pen Drives. The number tags of
the gifts are stored in a box. If two players win the game and the number tags of the gifts are selected
randomly without replacement.
a) Find the probability that the both winners get a Voucher.
b) Find the probability that one gift is a Watch and the other gift is a Pen Drive.
c) Find the probability that the two winners get different gifts.

Part 2

5. Differentiate between ‘Discrete Random Variable’ and ‘Continuous Random Variable”.

6. There are two boxes. In each box there are 4 cards with a different number printed on it. The four cards
have been numbered as 1,2,3,4 in each box. Two cards are drawn random from each box. The random
variable X represents the difference between the number on the card from box 1 minus the number on
the card from box 2.

a) Find the mean of this probability distribution. (i.e. Find E[X] )

b) Find the variance and standard deviation of this probability distribution.

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 (i.e. Find V[X] and SD[X])
The random variables M and W are defined as follows:
M = X+5 and W = (1/2)X+5
c) Find E[M] and E[W].
d) Find V[M] and V[W].
e) Mary and William play a game using the cards in the above boxes. Randomly two cards are drawn,
and Mary records his score using the random variable M and William uses the random variable W.
They repeat this for a large number of times and compare their scores. Comment on any likely
differences or similarities of their scores.

7. A discrete random variable Y has the following probability distribution.

Y=y 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y=y) 1/8 1/4 1/3 k 1/8
where k is a constant.
a) Find the value of k.
b) Find P(Y≤4).
c) Find P(Y>3).

Part 3

8. The “Winkles” quiz team has a winning rate of 72%. The team is planning to participate in 8 quizzes in
the next month.
a) Let Y be the number of quizzes win by the team. What are the possible values of Y?
b) What is the probability that the team will win exactly 4 quizzes?
c) What is the probability that the team will lose 2 or less quizzes?
d) What is the mean number of quizzes that the team will win?
e) What are the variance and the standard deviation of the number of quizzes that the team will win?

9. In a boys’ school, there are 40 students in grade 9. The weight of the students was measured. The mean
weight of the students was 55 kg and the standard deviation was 2.5 kg. Peter’s weight was 64kg.
Would his weight be considered an outlier, if the weight of the students were normally distributed?
Explain your answer.

10. The working life of a certain electrical equipment is normally distributed with a mean of 180 days and a
standard deviation of 4 days.
For each of the following questions, construct a normal distribution curve and provide the answer.
a) About what percent of the products last between 176 and 184 days?
b) About what percent of the products last between 180 and 184 days?
For each of the following questions, use the standard normal table and provide the answer.
c) About what percent of the products last 172 or less days?
d) About what percent of the products last 184 or more days?

11. In the computing field, there are many applications of Probability theories. Hashing and Load

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Balancing are also included to those. Provide an example for an application of Probability in Hashing
and an example for an application of Probability in Load Balancing. Then, evaluate in detail how
Probability is used for each application while assessing the importance of using Probability to those
applications.

Activity 03

Part 1

1. Find the equation (formula) of a circle with radius r and center C(h,k) and if the Center of a circle is at
(7,-2) and a point on the circle is (-3,5) find the formula of the circle.

2. Find the equation (formula) of a sphere with radius r and center C(h, k, l) and show that
x2 + y2 + z2 - 14x + 6y - 2z - 3 = 0 is an equation of a sphere. Also, find its center and radius.

3. Following figure shows a Parallelogram.

If a=(2i-j+3k) , b=(3i+5j-k), find the area of the Parallelogram.

Part 2

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 4. If 5x - 2y = 10, 4y = 3x + 36 are two functions. Evaluate the x, y values using graphical method.

5. Evaluate the surfaces in R 3 that are represented by the following equations.

i. y = 2
ii. z = 6

6. Following figure shows a Tetrahedron.

Construct an equation to find the volume of the given Tetrahedron using vector methods and if the vectors of
the Tetrahedron are a=(2i+j-3k), b=(-i+2j+4k) and c=(5i-7j+k), evaluate the volume of the Tetrahedron.

Activity 04

Part 1
1. Determine the slope of the following functions.
i. f(x) = 4x3 + 5x4 - 9x + 2
ii. f(x) = sin(3x) - 5x3 – 7

2. Let the velocity function of a moving object is V(t) = 7t3 + 5t2 - 4t. What is the function for the
acceleration of the object at time t.
Part 2

3. Find the area between the two curves f(x) = 3x2 - 4 and g(x) = 2x+5 on the interval
(-1) ≤ x ≤ 1.

4. It is estimated that t years from now the bee population of a certain farm will be increasing at the rate of
9t 2 + 10t - 7 hundred bees per year. It has been found that the number of flowers in the nearby botanical
garden increases at the rate of approximately 400 flowers per 10 bees. By how much will the number of
flowers in the nearby botanical garden increase during the next 2 years?

Part 3

5. Sketch the graph of f(x) = x3 - x4 + 6x2 + 3 by applying differentiation methods for analyzing where the

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 graph is increasing/decreasing, local maximum/minimum points [Using the second derivative test],
concave up/down intervals with inflection points.

6. Identify the maximum and minimum points of the function f(x)= −4x 2 + 6x + 3 by further
differentiation. [i.e Justify your answer using both first derivative test and second derivative test.]

Grading Criteria Achieve Feedback

ment

(Yes/No)
LO1 : Use applied number theory in
practical computing scenarios.

P1 : Calculate the greatest common divisor and

least common multiple of a given pair of
numbers.
P2 : Use relevant theory to sum arithmetic and
geometric progressions.

M1 : Identify multiplicative inverses in

modular arithmetic.
D1 : Produce a detailed written explanation of
the importance of prime numbers within the
field of computing.
LO2 : Analyse events using probability
theory and

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 probability distributions.
P3 : Deduce the conditional probability of
different events occurring within independent
trials.
P4 : Identify the expectation of an event
occurring from a discrete, random variable.

M2 : Calculate probabilities within both

binomially distributed and normally distributed
random variables.

D2 : Evaluate probability theory to an example

involving hashing and load balancing.
LO3 : Determine solutions of graphical
examples using
geometry and vector methods.

P5 : Identify simple shapes using co-ordinate

geometry.
P6 : Determine shape parameters using
appropriate vector methods.

M3 : Evaluate the coordinate system used in

programming a simple output device.

D3 : Construct the scaling of simple shapes that

are described by vector coordinates.

LO4 : Evaluate problems concerning

differential and
integral calculus.
P7 : Determine the rate of change within an
algebraic function.
P8 : Use integral calculus to solve practical
problems involving area.
M4 : Analyse maxima and minima of
increasing and decreasing functions using
higher order derivatives.
D4 : Justify, by further differentiation, that a
value is a minimum.

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Acknowledgment

I would like to express a heart full of gratitude to ESOFT Metro Campus for giving me this
opportunity. The completion of this project was made possible by the support of our lecturer
Mr. Anjana who motivated us, and for those who supported us with everything they got, and
finally and my beloved family members who were behind me for everything. Thank you for
all your great support.

Table of Contents
Activity 01...............................................................................................................................23
Part 01.................................................................................................................................23
A farmer wants to make square shaped vegetable beds. The required squared area of
vegetable beds will be prepared from a land which is 28 feet in length and 24 feet in
width.................................................................................................................................23
In a company, 5 employees are doing overtime work. First day of the month, all the 5
employees did overtime work. Afterwards, those 5 employees do the overtime work
once in 3,4,6, 8 and 12 days respectively.........................................................................24
Part 2...................................................................................................................................25
In a warehouse, boxes are stored such that 30 boxes on the bottom row and 21 on the top
row. There are 10 rows in all, with each row having one more box than the one above it
..........................................................................................................................................25
A businessman has done an investment of Rs.200,000.00 on a new business expecting a
5% interest compounded yearly.......................................................................................25
Part 03.................................................................................................................................26
Define the multiplicative inverse in modular arithmetic and identify the multiplicative
inverse of 7 mod 8 while explaining the algorithm used.................................................26

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Prime numbers are important to many fields. In the computing field also, prime numbers
are applied. Provide examples and in detail explain how prime numbers are important in
the field of computing......................................................................................................27
Activity 02...............................................................................................................................28
Define ‘Conditional Probability’ with a suitable example..............................................28
An aesthetic club has 100 members. Out of them 40 do dancing, 45 do music and 24 do
drama. 15 do both dancing and music, 11 do both dancing and drama and 13 do both
music and drama and 5 do dancing, music and drama. Remaining members do arts......28
Suppose a survey was done in three states on the Covid-19 pandemic situation. Of the
total population of the three states, 25% live in state X, 45% live in state Y, and 30%
live in state Z. In state X, 20% of the citizens have been infected with Covid-19, in state
B, 10% of the citizens have been infected with Covid-19, and in state C, 15% of the
citizens have been infected with Covid-19......................................................................29
In a game if the player wins, a random gift will be given. There are 3 types [Watch,
Voucher, Pen Drive] of gifts for the winners. There are 7 Vouchers, 6 Watches and 5
Pen Drives. The number tags of the gifts are stored in a box. If two players win the
game and the number tags of the gifts are selected randomly without replacement........31
Part 2...................................................................................................................................32
Differentiate between ‘Discrete Random Variable’ and ‘Continuous Random Variable 32
There are two boxes. In each box there are 4 cards with a different number printed on it.
The four cards have been numbered as 1,2,3,4 in each box. Two cards are drawn random
from each box. The random variable X represents the difference between the number on
the card from box 1 minus the number on the card from box 2.......................................33
Part 3...................................................................................................................................37
The “Winkles” quiz team has a winning rate of 72%. The team is planning to participate
in 8 quizzes in the next month..........................................................................................37
In a boys’ school, there are 40 students in grade 9. The weight of the students was
measured. The mean weight of the students was 55 kg and the standard deviation was
2.5 kg. Peter’s weight was 64kg. Would his weight be considered an outlier, if the
weight of the students were normally distributed? Explain your answer........................38
The working life of a certain electrical equipment is normally distributed with a mean of
180 days and a standard deviation of 4 days....................................................................39
In the computing field, there are many applications of Probability theories. Hashing and
Load Balancing are also included to those. Provide an example for an application of
Probability in Hashing and an example for an application of Probability in Load
Balancing. Then, evaluate in detail how Probability is used for each application while
assessing the importance of using Probability to those applications...............................40
Activity 03...............................................................................................................................41
Part 1...................................................................................................................................41
Find the equation (formula) of a circle with radius r and center C (h, k) and if the Center
of a circle is at (7, -2) and a point on the circle is (-3,5) find the formula of the circle.. .42
Part 2...................................................................................................................................46

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 If 5x - 2y = 10, 4y = 3x + 36 are two functions. Evaluate the x, y values using graphical
method..............................................................................................................................46
Evaluate the surfaces in R 3 that are represented by the following equations...................48
Following figure shows a Tetrahedron.............................................................................48
Activity 04...............................................................................................................................50
Part 1...................................................................................................................................50
Determine the slope of the following functions...............................................................50
Let the velocity function of a moving object is V(t) = 7t3 + 5t2 - 4t. What is the function
for the acceleration of the object at time t........................................................................51
Part 2...................................................................................................................................52
Find the area between the two curves f(x) = 3x2 - 4 and g(x) = 2x+5 on the interval......52
It is estimated that t years from now the bee population of a certain farm will be
increasing at the rate of 9t 2 + 10t - 7 hundred bees per year. It has been found that the
number of flowers in the nearby botanical garden increases at the rate of approximately
400 flowers per 10 bees. By how much will the number of flowers in the nearby
botanical garden increase during the next 2 years?..........................................................54
Part 3...................................................................................................................................55
Sketch the graph of f(x) = x3 - x4 + 6x2 + 3 by applying differentiation methods for
analyzing where the graph is increasing/decreasing, local maximum/minimum points
[Using the second derivative test], concave up/down intervals with inflection points....55
Identify the maximum and minimum points of the function f(x)= −4x 2 + 6x + 3 by
further differentiation. [i.e Justify your answer using both first derivative test and second
derivative test.].................................................................................................................58

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Activity 01

Part 01

A farmer wants to make square shaped vegetable beds. The required squared area of
vegetable beds will be prepared from a land which is 28 feet in length and 24 feet in
width.
a) Find the minimum number of squared vegetable beds that can be prepared
from the land without wasting any area
G.C.F of 28, 24;

28= 2 x 2 x 7 x 1
24= 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 1

Greatest common factor = 2 x 2

=4
Length of 1 side in square piece = 4m
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 Area of the square piece = 4x4
= 16 m
No of square pieces = (28x24) / 16 = 42

b) Briefly explain the technique you used to solve (a).

The method I used above is known as the largest common factor. GCF stands for "greatest
common factor" among other things. When we need to simplify a fraction, it comes in
handy. The GCF in the provided case, for example, is 4. So, the common factor of 28 and
24 is 4, and we can divide both of these numbers by 4. Finding the biggest common factor is
a straightforward process.
We should first determine all of the components that both numbers have, then locate the one
that is most common to both, and then select the greatest. Using the previous example, we
can calculate the length of one side of the fabric ream using GCF. Last answer is 42 square
pieces.

In a company, 5 employees are doing overtime work. First day of the month, all the 5
employees did overtime work. Afterwards, those 5 employees do the overtime work
once in 3,4,6, 8 and 12 days respectively
a) On which day of the month, will all the 5 employees do the overtime work
together?
3=3x1
4=2x2
6=2x3
8=2x2x2
12 = 2 x 2 x 3
L.C.M = 2 x 2 x 2 x3
N = 24
First day of the month, all the employees did overtime work. Afterwards all
employees do the OT work in 25th day of month,
N+ 1 day
25th day all employees do the OT work

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 b) Briefly explain the technique you used to solve (a)
The Least Common Multiple approach is what I used above. The smallest of all
common multiples is the least common multiple, or L.C.M. Using the above
example, the supplied numbers are 3, 4, 6, and 8, 12 respectively. As a result, the
most common multiples are 2, 2, 2, 3. As a result, the multiple of these numbers
is 24, and the smallest number created by the aforementioned numbers is also
24. After subtracting the first day and adding 1 to the total of 24 days, all 5
employees do the OT work on the 25th day. The lowest number of two or more
numbers that is evenly divided by all of the numbers in the set is called the
LCM.

Part 2

In a warehouse, boxes are stored such that 30 boxes on the bottom row and 21 on the
top row. There are 10 rows in all, with each row having one more box than the one
above it
a) How many boxes have been stored?

21,22,23……….30

A1 = 21, N= 10, d = 1
S = n/2 [2a + (n-1) x d]
S= 10/2 [2 x 21 + (10-1) x1]
S = 10/2 [42+9]
S = 255
255 Boxes
b) Briefly explain the technique you used to solve (a)
A set of numbers can be defined as a number sequence. For example, in a
mathematical series, the difference between one term and the next term is
constant, and "a" is the first term, with "d" being the difference between the

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 terms. So, in the previous example, the first verse is 21, the difference is one,
and the words to be added are 10 'n'. We can acquire the logs by using the
arithmetic thread to discover the difference and then summarizing the arithmetic
sequence with the first term.

A businessman has done an investment of Rs.200,000.00 on a new business expecting a

5% interest compounded yearly
a. Find the total amount of money that the businessman would earn in 6 years

Given:
 a1 = Rs.200,000.00 (initial investment)
 r = 5% or 0.05 (annual interest rate)
 n = 6 (number of years)
Sn = a1(1 - rn) / (1 - r)
Substituting these values into the formula,
S6 = 200 000(1 - 0.056) / (1 - 0.05)
S6 = 200,000(1 - 0.000015625) / (1 - 0.05)
S6 = 200,000(0.999984375) / (0.95)
S6 = 199,996.875/ (0.95)
S6 = 210,526.32

b. Briefly explain the technique you used to solve (a)

Each term has a set ratio to its pre-terms, as defined by geometric progression.
To get the following term, multiply by the common ratio, which is a fixed term.
We must divide it by the same common ratio in order to discover the first word.
As a result, in the case above, the common ratio is 0.05. The letter 'a' is also
known as the first letter of the alphabet, whereas the letter 'r' is known as the
common ratio. For instance, the letter 'a' is 200000, which is the first term, and
the letter 'n' is the sixth term in the series. Therefore, the total amount of money
that the businessman would earn in 6 years on an investment of Rs.200,000.00 at
a 5% interest compounded yearly is approximately Rs. 210,526.32

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 Part 03

Define the multiplicative inverse in modular arithmetic and identify the multiplicative
inverse of 7 mod 8 while explaining the algorithm used
Inverse (A) = 7
Mod (C) = 8
7 x 0 = 0 = 0 (mod 8)
7 x 1 = 7 = 7 (mod 8)
7 x 2 = 14 = 0 (mod 8)
7 x 3 = 21 = 0 (mod 8)
7 x 4 = 28 = 0 (mod 8)
7 x 5 = 35 = 0 (mod 8)
7 x 6 = 42 = 0 (mod 8)
7 x 7 = 49 = 1 (mod 8) found invers
7 x 8 = 56 = 0 (mod 8)

7 will be the modular inverse for 7 mod 8 that can be represented as 6-1 = 7 mod 8.

Prime numbers are important to many fields. In the computing field also, prime
numbers are applied. Provide examples and in detail explain how prime numbers are
important in the field of computing
Prime numbers play a crucial role in various aspects of computing. Here are some
examples that highlight the significance of prime numbers in the field of computing:
 Primality Testing: Determining whether a number is prime or composite is a
fundamental problem in number theory. Efficient primality testing algorithms,
such as the Miller-Rabin primality test and the AKS primality test, are
employed in various computing applications. These tests help identify prime
numbers quickly, enabling algorithms to optimize computations or verify
prime factors in various mathematical operations.
 Hashing and Data Structures: Prime numbers are often utilized in hashing
functions and data structures like hash tables. The selection of a prime number
as the size of a hash table helps minimize collisions and distribute the stored
data evenly. This improves the efficiency of data retrieval and insertion
operations in hash-based data structures.
 Random Number Generation: Prime numbers are utilized in generating
random numbers within a specified range. For instance, the popular method of

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 generating random prime numbers involves choosing a random number and
performing primality tests until a prime number is found. Random prime
numbers are crucial in cryptographic key generation, Monte Carlo simulations,
and other applications that require randomness and unpredictability.
 Mathematical Algorithms and Computations: Prime numbers appear in various
mathematical algorithms and computations. They are utilized in algorithms
like the Sieve of Eratosthenes for generating prime numbers efficiently,
Euler's totient function for number theory calculations, and the Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) algorithm used in signal processing and data compression.
prime numbers have significant applications in cryptography, primality testing,
hashing, random number generation, error detection and correction, mathematical
algorithms, and other computing fields. Their unique properties and computational
characteristics make them essential for ensuring security, optimizing computations,
and enabling efficient data structures and algorithms in various computing
applications.

Activity 02

Define ‘Conditional Probability’ with a suitable example

Conditional probability is a statistical concept that measures the probability of an
event occurring given that another event has already occurred. It represents the
likelihood of one event happening based on the occurrence or non-occurrence of
another event.
Mathematically, the conditional probability of event A given event B is denoted as
P(A|B), read as "the probability of A given B," and is calculated as:

P(A|B) = P (A B) / P(B)
Here's an example to illustrate conditional probability:
Let's consider a deck of cards. We want to find the probability of drawing a King
from the deck, given that the card drawn is a face card (a card with a picture on it).
We know that a standard deck of cards contains 52 cards, out of which 12 are face
cards (4 Kings, 4 Queens, and 4 Jacks). The probability of drawing a King from the
deck is P(King) = 4/52 (since there are 4 Kings in a deck of 52 cards). Now, given

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 that we have already drawn a face card, we know that the event B has occurred. So,
the sample space is reduced to 12 cards. Out of these 12 face cards, 4 are Kings.
Therefore, the probability of drawing a King from the face cards is P(King) = 4/12. In
this example, P(King) represents the conditional probability of drawing a King given
that a face card has already been drawn. It indicates the updated probability based on
the information of the previous event.
Conditional probability allows us to analyze and update probabilities based on new
information or the occurrence of specific events, providing insights into the
relationship between different events and their likelihood of happening together

An aesthetic club has 100 members. Out of them 40 do dancing, 45 do music and 24 do
drama. 15 do both dancing and music, 11 do both dancing and drama and 13 do both
music and drama and 5 do dancing, music and drama. Remaining members do arts
Let D represents the randomly selected member does dancing, M represents the randomly
selected member does music, R represents the randomly selected member does drama. A
represents the randomly selected member does arts.

100

R24
5 6 D40
19
5
8 10

22
8 A=2
M45

a) Find the probability that a randomly selected member either does dancing or music

70/100
0.7

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 b) Find whether the events “The randomly selected member does drama” and “The
randomly selected member does music” are independent or not
P(R) x P(M) = P (R ∩ M)
P(R) = 24/100
P(M) = 45/100
P (R∩M) = 13/100
These events are not independent.

Suppose a survey was done in three states on the Covid-19 pandemic situation. Of the
total population of the three states, 25% live in state X, 45% live in state Y, and 30%
live in state Z. In state X, 20% of the citizens have been infected with Covid-19, in state
B, 10% of the citizens have been infected with Covid-19, and in state C, 15% of the
citizens have been infected with Covid-19.
Let X represents the event that the citizen is from state X, Y represents the event that the
citizen is from state Y and Z represents the event that the citizen is from state Z. Let C
represents the event that the citizen has been infected with Covid-19
a. Find the probability that a randomly selected citizen has not been infected with
Covid-19 and lives in state X
To find the probability that a randomly selected citizen has not been infected with
Covid-19 and lives in state X, we need to calculate the probability of the event "not
infected with Covid-19" intersecting with the event "from state X" (P (X C))
Total population: Three states (X, Y, Z)
Proportions of population:
State X: 25%
State Y: 45%
State Z: 30%
Infection rates:
State X: 20%
State Y: 10%
State Z: 15%
To find the probability, we can use the following formula:
P(X C) = P(X) x P (C/X)

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 P(X) = Proportion of population in state X = 25% = 0.25
Next, let's calculate P(C | X):
P(C|X) = 1 - P(C|X) = 1 - 0.20 = 0.80
P(C ∩ X) = P(~C|X) x P(X) = 0.80 x 0.25 = 0.20
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected citizen has not been infected with
Covid-19 and lives in state X is 0.20 or 20%.

b. Find the probability that a randomly selected citizen has been infected with
Covid-19.
P(C) = P(X) x P(C|X) + P(Y) x P(C|Y) + P(Z) x P(C|Z)
Given:
P(X) = 25% = 0.25 (proportion of the population in state X)
P(C|X) = 20% = 0.20 (proportion of infected citizens in state X)
P(Y) = 45% = 0.45 (proportion of the population in state Y)
P(C|Y) = 10% = 0.10 (proportion of infected citizens in state Y)
P(Z) = 30% = 0.30 (proportion of the population in state Z)
P(C|Z) = 15% = 0.15 (proportion of infected citizens in state Z)
P(C) = 0.25 x 0.20 + 0.45 x 0.10 + 0.30 x 0.15
= 0.05 + 0.045 + 0.045
= 0.14
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected citizen has been infected with
Covid-19 is 14%.

c. Given that a randomly selected citizen has been infected with Covid-19, find the
probability that the selected citizen is from state Y
P(Y|C) = (P(Y) x P(C|Y)) / P(C)
Given:
P(Y) = 45% = 0.45
P(C|Y) = 10% = 0.10
P(C) = 14% = 0.14
 P(Y|C) = (0.45 x 0.10) / 0.14
= 0.045 / 0.14
= 0.3214 or 32.14%

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 Therefore, given that a randomly selected citizen has been infected with Covid-19, the
probability that the selected citizen is from state Y is approximately 32.14%

In a game if the player wins, a random gift will be given. There are 3 types [Watch,
Voucher, Pen Drive] of gifts for the winners. There are 7 Vouchers, 6 Watches and 5
Pen Drives. The number tags of the gifts are stored in a box. If two players win the
game and the number tags of the gifts are selected randomly without replacement
a. Find the probability that the both winners get a Voucher
Total number of gifts = Number of Vouchers + Number of Watches +
Number of Pen Drives
=7+6+5
= 18
For the first winner = 7/18
for the second winner = 6/17
both winners get a Voucher = (7/18) x (6/17)
= 7/51
b. Find the probability that one gift is a Watch and the other gift is a Pen
Drive
one gift is a Watch and the other gift is a Pen Drive,
= (6/18 x 5/17) + (5/18 x 6/17)
= (30/306) + (30/306)
= 60/306
= 10/51

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 c. Find the probability that the
two winners get different
gifts

Part 2

Differentiate between ‘Discrete

Random Variable’ and ‘Continuous
Random Variable

A discrete random variable and a

continuous random variable are two
types of random variables used in
probability theory and statistics. Here
are the differences between them:
Discrete Random Variable:
 Definition: A discrete
random variable is a variable that
can take on a countable number of distinct values. These values are usually
represented by integers or a finite set of values.
 Examples: The number of children in a family, the outcome of rolling a fair
die, the number of heads in three-coin flips.

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  Probability Distribution: A discrete random variable has a probability mass
function (PMF) that assigns probabilities to each possible value of the
variable. The PMF gives the probabilities of specific outcomes.
 Probability Calculation: The probability of a particular outcome is obtained by
summing the probabilities of all the possible outcomes.
 Graphical Representation: Discrete random variables are often represented
using bar graphs or probability histograms

Continuous Random Variable:

 Definition: A continuous random variable is a variable that can take on an
infinite number of possible values within a given range or interval. These
values are usually represented by real numbers.
 Examples: Height, weight, time, temperature, the length of a telephone call.
 Probability Distribution: A continuous random variable has a probability
density function (PDF) that describes the likelihood of the variable taking on a
particular value or falling within a certain range. The PDF gives the
probability density at each point, but not the probability of specific outcomes.
 Probability Calculation: The probability of a particular outcome for a
continuous random variable is defined as the area under the probability density
curve within a specific range or interval.
 Graphical Representation: Continuous random variables are often represented
using smooth curves, such as probability density curves or cumulative
distribution functions.

There are two boxes. In each box there are 4 cards with a different number printed on
it. The four cards have been numbered as 1,2,3,4 in each box. Two cards are drawn
random from each box. The random variable X represents the difference between the
number on the card from box 1 minus the number on the card from box 2
Possible outcomes for X and their probabilities:
 X = 1: (1, 2) or (2, 1) from the two boxes. The probability of each is (1/4) x (1/4)
= 1/16.
 X = 2: (3, 1) or (4, 2) from the two boxes. The probability of each is (1/4) x (1/4)
= 1/16.
 X = 3: (4, 1) from the two boxes. The probability is (1/4) x (1/4) = 1/16.

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  X = -1: (1, 2) or (2, 1) from the two boxes. The probability of each is (1/4) x (1/4)
= 1/16.
 X = -2: (1, 3) or (2, 4) from the two boxes. The probability of each is (1/4) x (1/4)
= 1/16.
 X = -3: (1, 4) from the two boxes. The probability is (1/4) x (1/4) = 1/16.
 X = 0: (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), or (4, 4) from the two boxes. The probability of each is
(1/4) x (1/4) = 1/16.

a. Find the mean of this probability distribution

E[X] = Σ (X x P(X))
= (1 x 3/16) + (2 x 2/16) + (1 x 1/16) + (-1 x 3/16) + (-2 x 2/16) + (-3 x 1/16) +
(0 x 1/16)
= 0 / 16
=0
Therefore, the mean of the probability distribution is 0
b. Find the variance and standard deviation of this probability distribution.
(i.e., Find V[X] and SD[X])

= ((1 - 0)2 x 1/16) + ((2 - 0)2 x 1/16) + ((3 - 0)2 x 1/16) + ((-1 - 0)2 x 1/16) + ((-2 -
0)2 x 1/16) + ((-3 - 0)2 x 1/16) + ((0 - 0)2 x 1/16)
= (12 x 3/16) + (22 x 2/16) + (32 x 1/16) + (-12 x 3/16) + (-22 x 2/16) + (-32 x
1/16) + (02 x 1/16)
= (1/16) + (4/16) + (9/16) + (1/16) + (4/16) + (9/16) + 0
= 28/16
= 7/4
The random variables M and W are defined as follows:
M = X+5 and W = (1/2) X+5

c) Find E[M] and E[W].

M=X+5
W = (1/2) X + 5

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 Expected value of M:
E[M] = E [X + 5]
= E[X] + 5
=0+5
=5
Expected value of W:
E[W] = E [(1/2) X + 5]
= (1/2) E[X] + 5
= (1/2) x 0 + 5
=0+5
=5
Therefore, E[M] = E[W] = 5

d) Find V[M] and V[W].

V[M] = Variance (X + 5)
= Variance(X)
= 7/4
Variance of W:
V[W] = Variance ((1/2) X + 5)
= (1/4) Variance(X)
= (1/4) x (7/4)
= 7/16
e) Mary and William play a game using the cards in the above boxes.
Randomly two cards are drawn, and Mary records his score using the
random variable M and William uses the random variable W. They repeat
this for a large number of times and compare their scores. Comment on any
likely differences or similarities of their scores

When comparing their scores, Mary's score (M) has a higher variance (7/4)
compared to William's score (W) with a lower variance (7/16). This means that
Mary's scores will vary more from game to game compared to William's scores.

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 Mary's scores are more spread out, while William's scores are more concentrated
around the mean.
However, since both M and W have the same mean (5), their expected scores are
the same. Over a large number of games, Mary and William are likely to have
similar average scores. The main difference is in the variability of their scores,
with Mary experiencing more fluctuations.

7. A discrete random variable Y has the following probability distribution.

Y=y 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y=y) 1/8 1/4 1/3 k 1/8
where k is a constant.
a) Find the value of k.
1/8 + 1/4 + 1/3 + k + 1/8 = 1

To solve for k, we can rearrange the equation and solve for k:

1/8 + 1/4 + 1/3 + k + 1/8 = 1
k = 1 - (1/8 + 1/4 + 1/3 + 1/8)
k = 1 - (3/24 + 6/24 + 8/24+ 3/24)
k = 1 - 20/24
k = 4/24
Therefore, the value of k is 1/6.

b) Find P(Y≤4)
Finding P (Y ≤ 4):
P (Y ≤ 4) means finding the probability that the random variable Y takes on a
value less than or equal to 4. We sum the probabilities for Y = 1, 2, 3, and 4.

P (Y ≤ 4) = P (Y = 1) + P (Y = 2) + P (Y = 3) + P (Y = 4)
= 1/8 + 1/4 + 1/3 + 4/24
= 3/24 + 6/24 + 8/24 + 4/24
= 7/8
Therefore, P (Y ≤ 4) is 7/8.
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 c) Find P(Y>3)
Finding P (Y > 3):
P (Y > 3) means finding the probability that the random variable Y takes on a
value greater than 3. We sum the probabilities for Y = 4 and Y = 5.

P (Y > 3) = P (Y = 4) + P (Y = 5)
= 1/24 + 1/8
= 4/24 + 3/24
= 7/24
Therefore, P (Y > 3) is 7/24.

Part 3

The “Winkles” quiz team has a winning rate of 72%. The team is planning to
participate in 8 quizzes in the next month.

a) Let Y be the number of quizzes win by the team. What are the possible
values of Y?
The number of quizzes won by the team, Y, can take on values from 0 to 8, as
they are participating in 8 quizzes in the next month
b) What is the probability that the team will win exactly 4 quizzes?
P (y = 4) = 70 x 0.724 x (0.28)4
= 70 x 0.268738 x 0.006146
= 0.1156

c) What is the probability that the team will lose 2 or less quizzes?
Prob = P (x = 6) + P (x = 7) + P (x = 8)
= 8C6 x (0.72)6 x (0.28)2 + 8C7 x (0.72)7(0.28) + 8C8 x (0.72)8(0.28)0
= 0.6027

d) What is the mean number of quizzes that the team will win?
μ=nxp
where n is the number of trials (quizzes) and p is the probability of success
(winning rate).

μ = 8 x 0.72
= 5.76

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 The team is expected to win approximately 5.76 quizzes.

e) What are the variance and the standard deviation of the number of quizzes
that the team will win?

σ2 = n x p x (1 - p)

σ2 = 8 x 0.72 x (1 - 0.72)
= 1.6128

The standard deviation, denoted by σ, is the square root of the variance:

σ = √1.6128
= 1.27

The standard deviation is approximately 1.27 quizzes

In a boys’ school, there are 40 students in grade 9. The weight of the students was
measured. The mean weight of the students was 55 kg and the standard deviation was
2.5 kg. Peter’s weight was 64kg. Would his weight be considered an outlier, if the
weight of the students were normally distributed? Explain your answer
z = (x - μ) / σ
x is the value we want to calculate the z-score for (in this case, Peter's weight of 64 kg).
μ is the mean weight of the students (55 kg).
σ is the standard deviation of the weights (2.5 kg).
Plugging in the values, we get:
z = (64 - 55) / 2.5
z = 9 / 2.5
z = 3.6
 A z-score of 3.6 indicates that Peter's weight is 3.6 standard deviations above the
mean. In a normally distributed dataset, most of the values lie within 3 standard
deviations of the mean, with approximately 99.7% of the data falling within that
range. Since Peter's weight is more than 3 standard deviations above the mean, it
would be considered an outlier.

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 The working life of a certain electrical equipment is normally distributed with a mean
of 180 days and a standard deviation of 4 days.
For each of the following questions, construct a normal distribution curve and
provide the answer.
a) About what percent of the products last between 176 and 184 days?
z = (x - μ) / σ
For 176 days:
z₁ = (176 - 180) / 4 = -1
For 184 days:
z₂ = (184 - 180) / 4 = 1
We can then use the standard normal table to find the area to the left of z ₁ and
subtract it from the area to the left of z₂:
P (176 ≤ X ≤ 184) = P (Z ≤ 1) - P (Z ≤ -1)
we find that P (Z ≤ 1) is approximately 0.8413 and P (Z ≤ -1) is approximately
0.1587
P (176 ≤ X ≤ 184) = 0.8413 - 0.1587 = 0.6826
Therefore, about 68.26% of the products last between 176 and 184 days.

b) About what percent of the products last between 180 and 184 days?
For each of the following questions, use the standard normal table and provide
the answer
For 180 days:
z₁ = (180 - 180) / 4 = 0
For 184 days:
z₂ = (184 - 180) / 4 = 1
P (180 ≤ X ≤ 184) = P (Z ≤ 1) - P (Z ≤ 0)
we find that P (Z ≤ 1) is approximately 0.8413 and P (Z ≤ 0) is 0.5.
P (180 ≤ X ≤ 184) = 0.8413 - 0.5 = 0.3413
Therefore, about 34.13% of the products last between 180 and 184 days.

c) About what percent of the products last 172 or less days?

z = (172 - 180) / 4 = -2
We want to find the area to the left of z:

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 P (X ≤ 172) = P (Z ≤ -2)
From the standard normal table, we find that P (Z ≤ -2) is approximately 0.0228.
Therefore, about 2.28% of the products last 172 or less days.

d) About what percent of the products last 184 or more days?

z = (184 - 180) / 4 = 1
We want to find the area to the right of z:
P (X ≥ 184) = P (Z ≥ 1)
From the standard normal table, we find that P (Z ≥ 1) is approximately 0.1587.
Therefore, about 15.87% of the products last 184 or more days.

In the computing field, there are many applications of Probability theories. Hashing
and Load Balancing are also included to those. Provide an example for an application
of Probability in Hashing and an example for an application of Probability in Load
Balancing. Then, evaluate in detail how Probability is used for each application while
assessing the importance of using Probability to those applications
Example of Probability in Hashing:
One application of probability in hashing is in designing hash functions for efficient
data retrieval. Hashing is a technique used to map data elements to a fixed-size array
called a hash table. A good hash function aims to evenly distribute the data elements
across the hash table to minimize collisions and ensure efficient retrieval.
To achieve this, probability is utilized in the form of randomization. A common
approach is to use a family of hash functions and select one randomly during the
hashing process. By randomly selecting a hash function, the distribution of data
elements becomes less predictable, reducing the likelihood of collisions.
The importance of using probability in hashing lies in achieving a balanced distribution
of data across the hash table. If a hash function were deterministic and predictable,
certain patterns in the data could lead to an uneven distribution, resulting in more
collisions and degraded performance. By incorporating probability through
randomization, the likelihood of such patterns causing imbalanced hash table usage is
reduced. This improves the overall efficiency and performance of the hash table in terms
of retrieval and storage operations.
Example of Probability in Load Balancing:

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 Load balancing refers to the distribution of workload across multiple computing
resources, such as servers, to optimize resource utilization, enhance performance, and
ensure high availability. Probability plays a crucial role in load balancing algorithms to
make informed decisions regarding resource allocation.
One application of probability in load balancing is the use of probabilistic load
balancing algorithms, such as the Weighted Round Robin (WRR) or Randomized Load
Balancing (RLB). These algorithms assign weights or probabilities to different
resources based on their capabilities or current workloads.
For instance, in the Weighted Round Robin algorithm, each resource is assigned a
weight that corresponds to its processing capacity. When a request arrives, the load
balancer selects a resource based on the probability proportional to its weight. This
probability-based selection ensures that resources with higher capacities are more likely
to be chosen, resulting in a balanced distribution of workload.
Probability is essential in load balancing as it allows for efficient and adaptive resource
allocation. By considering the probabilities or weights of resources, load balancing
algorithms can distribute incoming requests in a manner that optimizes resource
utilization and prevents overloading of individual resources. This, in turn, improves
performance, scalability, and availability of the system.

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 Activity 03

Part 1

Find the equation (formula) of a circle with radius r and center C (h, k) and if the
Center of a circle is at (7, -2) and a point on the circle is (-3,5) find the formula of the

circle.
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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 1. Find the equation (formula) of a sphere with radius r and center C(h, k, l) and
show that
x2 + y2 + z2 - 14x + 6y - 2z - 3 = 0 is an equation of a sphere. Also, find its center

and radius.

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 2. Following figure shows a Parallelogram.

If a=(2i-j+3k), b=(3i+5j-k), find the area of the Parallelogram.

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 Part 2

If 5x - 2y = 10, 4y = 3x + 36 are two functions. Evaluate the x, y values using graphical

method.

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Evaluate the surfaces in R 3 that are represented by the following equations.
i. y = 2
The equation y=2 represents a plane parallel to the x-z plane at y = 2.
All points on this plane have a y-coordinate of 2, while the x and z
coordinates can take any value. The equation describes a horizontal
plane that extends infinitely in the x and z directions, located at y = 2.
ii. z = 6

The equation z = 6 represents a vertical plane parallel to the x-y plane

at z = 6. All points on this plane have a z-coordinate of 6, while the x
and y coordinates can take any value. The equation describes a vertical
plane that extends infinitely in the x and y directions, located at z = 6.

Following figure shows a Tetrahedron

Construct an equation to find the volume of the given Tetrahedron using vector
methods and if the vectors of the Tetrahedron are a=(2i+j-3k), b=(-i+2j+4k) and c=(5i-
7j+k), evaluate the volume of the Tetrahedron

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Activity 04

Part 1

Determine the slope of the following functions.

i. f(x) = 4x3 + 5x4 - 9x + 2

ii. f(x) = sin(3x) - 5x3 – 7

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Let the velocity function of a moving object is V(t) = 7t3 + 5t2 - 4t. What is the function
for the acceleration of the object at time t.

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 Part 2

Find the area between the two curves f(x) = 3x2 - 4 and g(x) = 2x+5 on the interval
(-1) ≤ x ≤ 1.

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 It is estimated that t years from now the bee population of a certain farm will be
increasing at the rate of 9t 2 + 10t - 7 hundred bees per year. It has been found that the
number of flowers in the nearby botanical garden increases at the rate of
approximately 400 flowers per 10 bees. By how much will the number of flowers in the
nearby botanical garden increase during the next 2 years?
To find the total number of bees during the next 2 years, we can calculate the definite
integral of the bee population function over the interval [0, 2]:
∫[0, 2] (9t2 + 10t - 7) dt
Integrating each term separately, we get:
∫(9t2) dt = 3t3
∫(10t) dt = 5t2
∫(-7) dt = -7t
∫[0, 2] (9t2 + 10t - 7) dt = [3t3 + 5t2 - 7t] evaluated from 0 to 2

= [3(2)3 + 5(2)2 - 7(2)] - [3(0)3 + 5(0)2 - 7(0)]

= [24 + 20 - 14] - [0 + 0 - 0]
= 30
Now, we can calculate the increase in the number of flowers based on the given rate
of approximately 400 flowers per 10 bees
Increase in flowers = (30 hundred bees) x (400 flowers / 10 bees)
= 30 x100 x (400 / 10)
= 30 x 100 x 40
= 120000
Therefore, the number of flowers in the nearby botanical garden will increase by
120000 during the next 2 years.

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Part 3

Sketch the graph of f(x) = x3 - x4 + 6x2 + 3 by applying differentiation methods for

analyzing where the graph is increasing/decreasing, local maximum/minimum points
[Using the second derivative test], concave up/down intervals with inflection points.

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing

 Identify the maximum and minimum points of the function f(x)= −4x 2 + 6x + 3 by
further differentiation. [i.e Justify your answer using both first derivative test and
second derivative test.]

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Unit 14: Maths for Computing