ME 231

MECHANICS
and
MATERIALS I

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim ÜNLÜSOY

 OUTLINE
We are

still here  Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Systems of Forces

 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
 Distributed Forces: Centroids and Centers of Gravity
 Analysis of Structures
 MECHANICS and MATERIALS
 Stress
 Strain
 Mechanical Properties of Materials
 Axial Loading
 Torsion
 Bending
 Deflection
 Transverse Shear
 Combined Loading
 Energy Methods
 EQUILIBRIUM
of a
PARTICLE

* CH 2.9-2.15 Beer & Johnston, Vector Mechanics for Engineers – Statics, 9th Edition.

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 3

 Equilibrium of a particle

 Newton’s first law of motion:

If the resultant force acting on a particle is zero, the
particle will remain at rest (if originally at rest) or will
move with constant speed in a straight line (if originally
in motion).
 Thus, when the resultant of all the forces
acting on a particle is zero, the particle is in
equilibrium.
 The conditions for the equilibrium of a particle
are expressed algebraically as:   
R = F = 0

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 4

  
R = F = 0
Equilibrium of a particle

 Resolving each force F into rectangular

components:
     
 
 Fx i +Fy j = 0  
  Fx  i +  Fy j = 0
 Therefore, the necessary and F sufficient
conditions for the equilibrium of a particle
are in terms of the rectangular components
are:
 Fx = 0  Fy = 0

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 5

 Free-Body Diagrams

 Up to this stage, the forces acting on a

particle have been clearly specified.
 In most cases, however, one needs to
choose a significant particle and draw a
separate diagram showing this particle
and all the external forces acting on it.
 Such a diagram is called a free-body
diagram.

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 6

 Free-Body Diagrams

 Consider the 75-kg

crate shown in the
figure.

 This crate was lying between two buildings, and it is now

being lifted onto a truck.
The crate is supported by a vertical cable, which is joined
at A to two ropes which pass over pulleys attached to the
buildings at B and C.
It is desired to determine the tension in each of the ropes
AB and AC.
Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 7
 Free-Body
Diagrams

 Point A is seen to be a good choice as the particle

for the free-body diagram for this problem.
 The free-body diagram of point A will show point A
and the forces exerted on A by the vertical cable and
the two ropes.

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 8

 Free-Body Diagrams
 The force exerted by the
cable is directed downward,
and its magnitude is equal
to the weight W of the crate.

 m 
W = mg =  75kg  9.81  = 736N
 s2 

 The forces exerted by the two ropes are not known.

Since they are respectively equal in magnitude to
 in rope
the tensions  AB and rope AC , we denote
them by TAB and TAC, and draw them away from A.

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 9

 Free-Body Diagrams
 Free-body diagram:

TAC
TAB
50o 30o
A
W = 736 N

 Since point A is in equilibrium,

the three forces acting on it TAB
40o
must form a closed triangle 80o
736 N
when drawn in tip-to-tail
fashion, i.e.,    60o

R = F = 0 TAC

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 10

 Free-Body Diagrams
 Free-body diagram:

TAC
TAB
50o 30o
A
W = 736 N

   TAB
R = F = 0 R TAB
40o
  
736 N 80o 736 N
R = F  0
60o 60o

TAC TAC

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 11

 Free-Body Diagrams
 Free-body diagram:  Add vectors by triangle rule

TAC
TAB
TAB
50o 30o 40o

736 N 80o

W = 736 N 60o

TAC
 Law of sines

TAB TAC 736 N TAB = 647 N

o
= o
= o
sin 60 sin 40 sin 80 TAC = 480 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 12

  Free-body diagram: Free-Body Diagrams
TAC
TAB  Note that it is possible to solve this
problem by setting the sum of the
50o 30o
components of the three forces in
A the x and y directions equal to zero.
W = 736 N
 Fx = 0  TAC cos 30 - TAB cos 50 = 0
o o

y
 Fy = 0  TAC sin 30 + TAB sin 50 - 736 = 0
o o

TAB sin 50o TAC sin 30o

x
TAB cos 50o TAC cos 30o
TAB = 647 N
TAC = 480 N
W = 736 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 13

 Rectangular Components of a Force in Space

Fy = F cos θ y Fx = Fh cos 

Fh = F sin θ y Fz = Fh sin 

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 14

 Equilibrium of a particle in Space
  
R = F = 0
 Resolving each force F into rectangular
components:
       

 Fx i +Fy j + Fz k = 0    
  Fx  i +  Fy j +   Fz  k = 0
 Therefore, the necessary and sufficient
conditions for the equilibrium of a particle
are:

 Fx = 0  Fy = 0  Fz = 0

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 15

 EXAMPLES

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 16

 y Example 1
q
A welded connection is in
x equilibrium under the action
of the four forces shown.
5
q 3 Knowing that FA = 8 kN and
4 FB = 16 kN, determine the
magnitudes of the other two
forces.

 For equilibrium:  Fx = 0  Fy = 0
4
 Fx = 0  FB - FA  cos θ - FC = 16 - 8  5 - FC = 0  FC = 6.4 kN
3
yF = 0   B A
F - F sin θ - FD 
= 16 - 8  - FD = 0  FD = 4.8 kN
5

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 17

 Example 2a
As part of the design
of a new sailboat, it is
desired to determine
the drag force which
may be expected at a
given speed.

To do so, a model of the proposed hull is  Given

placed in a test channel and three cables are
TAB = 200 N
used to keep its bow on the centerline of the
channel. Dynamometer readings indicate that TAE = 300 N
for a given speed, the tension is 200 N in cable
 Find
AB and 300 N in cable AE.
FD
Determine the drag force exerted on the hull
and the tension in cable AC . TAC

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 18

 Example 2b
 First draw the free-
body diagram
treating the hull as
a point mass, i.e.,
a particle.

TAC
 Then find the angles  and .
TAB = 200 N
7
tan  =   = tan
-1
 1.75 = 60.3o
FD 4
1.5
tan  =   = tan
-1
 0.375  = 20.6o
4
TAE = 300 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 19

 For equilibrium, the sum of the forces Example 2c
acting on the hull, point A, must be zero.
    
 FA = 0 TAB + T AC +T AE +FD =0

TAC  Write all forces in terms of

their x and y components
TAB = 200 N   
T AB =- 200sin  60.3  i + 200cos  60.3 j
FD   
TAC =TACsin  20.6  i + TACcos  20.6 j
   
TAE = 300 N T AE =- 300 j FD =FD i

 Substitute the x and y components in the equilibrium equation

and factor the coefficients of the unit vectors i and j .
 
 -173.7 + 0.352TAC + FD  i +  99.1+ 0.936TAC - 300  j = 0
Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 20
 Example 2d
 For equilibrium, the sum of the forces
acting on the hull, point A, must be zero.
    
 FA = 0 TAB + T AC +T AE +FD =0
 
 -173.7 + 0.352TAC + FD  i +  99.1+ 0.936TAC - 300  j = 0
 This equation will be satisfied if the coefficients are
separately equal to zero.
 Fx = 0  - 173.7 + 0.352TAC + FD = 0  FC = 98.2 kN
 Fy = 0  99.1+ 0.936TAC - 300 = 0  TAC = 214.6 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 21

⃗j
⃗i Example 3a
k  Slider A is connected as shown
to a 200-N load and can slide
on a frictionless horizontal rod.
Determine the magnitude of the
force P required to maintain
the equilibrium of the collar.

𝟑

 The slider is a suitable
𝟒
selection for the free-body 𝟓 TAB
diagram. The tension in the 
wire due to the weight, the
applied force P , and the
normal reaction force due to P ⃗j
the rod all act on the collar. ⃗i

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 22

⃗j
⃗i Example 3b
k 𝟑

𝟒 𝟓 TAB


P A
⃗j
N ⃗i

 Free-body of the pulley at B is r r

necessary to determine the TAB
B
tension TAB in the rope. 200 N
MB = 0
 For a frictionless pulley, the
moments of the two forces
around B must be equal. rTAB = r  200N
Otherwise, the pulley will rotate. TAB = 200 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 23

 Example 3c
𝟑

𝟒 𝟓 TAB 200 N


P A ⃗j
N ⃗i

3
 For the equilibrium of the  Fx = - P + 200  =0
forces at A, the resultant 5
force must be equal to zero. 4
 Fy = 200   - N = 0
 Fx = 0  Fx = - P + TAB cos  = 0 5
 Fy = 0  Fy = TAB sin  - N = 0
P = 120 N N = 1 60 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 24

⃗j
⃗i Example 3a-Modified
k  Slider A is connected as shown
to a 200-N load and can slide on
a rod with a friction coefficient
of ms = 0.5.
Determine the magnitude of the
force P required to maintain the
equilibrium of the collar.

 The slider is a suitable 𝟑

selection for the free-body 
𝟒 TAB
diagram. The tension in the 𝟓
wire due to the weight, the F 
applied force P , friction force
F, and the normal reaction
P ⃗j
force N due to the rod all act
on the collar. N ⃗i

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 25

⃗j
⃗i Example 3b-Modified
𝟑
k

𝟒 𝟓 TAB
F 

P ⃗j
⃗i

 Free-body of the pulley at B is 

necessary to determine the TAB
B
tension TAB in the rope. MB = 0
W
 For a frictionless pulley, the
moments of the two forces rTAB = r  200N
around B must be equal.
Otherwise, the pulley will rotate. TAB = 200 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 26

 Example 3c
𝟑

𝟒 𝟓 TAB=200 N
F 

P A ⃗j
N ⃗i

 For the equilibrium of the

3
 Fx = - P - 0.5N + 200   = 0
forces at A, the resultant 5
force must be equal to zero. 4
 Fy = 200  -N = 0
5
 Fx = 0  Fx = - P - mN + TAB cos  = 0
P = 40 N N = 1 60 N
 Fy = 0  Fy = TAB sin  - N = 0
 Without friction P = 120 N N = 1 60 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 27

 Example 4a

 A 200-kg cylinder is hung by

means of two cables AB and
AC , which are attached to
the top of a vertical wall. A
horizontal force P
perpendicular to the wall
holds the cylinder in the
position shown.
Determine the magnitude of
P and the tension in each
cable.

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 28

 Example 4b
⃗j
⃗i

k  Point A is chosen as a
free body. It is
subjected to
- four forces TAB, TAC,
W, and P,
- three of them of
unknown magnitude
(only W is known).

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 29

 Example 4c
 
P = Pi Unknown magnitude
   m 
W = - mg j =  200 kg   9.81 
 s 
2

= - 1962 jN

 Resolve each force vector into

rectangular components using
the unit vectors in the x, y and
z directions.
 In the case of tensions in the cables, the unit vectors in the
directions of the cables, i.e., along AB and AC should be
obtained.
 Therefore, the components and magnitudes of the vectors AB
and AC are needed.

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 30

 Example 4d

 Each force vector is resolved

into rectangular components
using the unit vectors in the x,
y and z directions.

A(1.2, 2, 0) B(0, 12, 8)

   
 
AB = - 1.2 m i +  10 m  j +  8 m  k

2 2 2
AB = 1.2 + 10 + 8 = 12.86 m
   
 AB  
- 1.2 m i +  10 m  j +  8 m  k   
 AB = = = - 0.09 i + 0.78 j + 0.62 k
AB 12.86
 
T AB = TAB  AB

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 31

  
P = Pi
   m  
Example 4e W = - mg j =  200 kg   9.81  = - 1962 j
 s
2

   

T AB = TAB - 0.09 i + 0.78 j + 0.62 k 
   
T AC = TAC  - 0.085 i + 0.70 j - 0.70 k 

 Equilibrium
condition.  Fx = 0  - 0.09TAB - 0.085TAC + P = 0
   Fy = 0  0.78TAB + 0.70TAC - 1962 = 0
F = 0
 Fz = 0  0.62TAB - 0.70TAC = 0

 To solve the three equations for the unknown

P = 235 N
magnitudes, note that summing the second TAB = 1402 N
and third equations will give the value for TAB.
TAC = 160 N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 32

 Example 5a

 A rectangular plate is
supported by three cables
as shown. Knowing that the
tension in cable AC is 60 N,
determine the weight of the
plate.

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 33

 Example 5b

⃗j  Free-body diagram.
⃗i
 There are four forces

k TAB, T AC, T AD, and W.

T𝐀D
T𝐀B  The directions of all
forces and in addition the
T𝐀C magnitude of T AC are
known.
W  So, the three unknowns
are the magnitudes of
T AB, T AD, and W.

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 34

⃗j
Example 5c
⃗i

k

T𝐀B T𝐀D  Equilibrium condition.  F = 0
   
T𝐀C TAB +TAC +T AD +W=0

W  Point A(0, 480, 0) B(- 320, 0, 360)

locations C(450, 0, 360) D(250,0, - 360)

 Vectors and magnitudes

   
AB = - 0.32i - 0.48 j+0.36k  AB = 0.322 + 0.482 + 0.362 = 0.68m
   
AC = 0.45i - 0.48 j+0.36k  AC = 0.452 + 0.482 + 0.362 = 0.75m
   
AD = 0.25i - 0.48 j- 0.36k  AD = 0.252 + 0.482 + 0.362 = 0.65m

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 35

⃗j
Example 5d
⃗i

k
T𝐀B T𝐀D 
 Equilibrium condition.
F = 0
T𝐀C    
TAB +TAC +T AD +W=0
W
 Now write the vector expressions
for the tensions in the ropes.
   
   AB   - 0.32i - 0.48 j+0.36k 
T AB = TAB  AB = TAB 
 AB  =  0.68
 TAB
   
   
T AB =  - 0.47 i - 0.71 j + 0.53k  TAB
   

T AC = 0.60i - 0.64 j+0.48k TAC
   
T AD =  0.38i - 0.74 j- 0.55k  TAD

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 36

⃗j
⃗i
Example 5e

k
T𝐀B T𝐀D  Equilibrium condition.
F = 0
T𝐀C    
TAB +TAC +T AD +W=0
W
 Now insert the vector expressions
in the equation above.

 Collect the components of the

same direction together.
    
T AB =  - 0.47 i - 0.71 j + 0.53k  TAB  - 0.47TAB +0.60 TAC + 0.38 TAD  i
    

T AC = 0.60i - 0.64 j+0.48k TAC  - 0.71TAB - 0.64 TAC - 0.74 TAD  j
    
T AD =  0.38i - 0.74 j- 0.55k  TAD  0.53TAB +0.48 TAC - 0.55 TAD - W  k =0

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 37

 ⃗j
⃗i
Example 5f
k
T𝐀B T𝐀D  Set TAC = 60 N and the coefficients
of the unit vectors equal to zero.
T𝐀C - 0.47 TAB +36+ 0.38 TAD = 0
W - 0.71TAB - 38.4 - 0.74 TAD = 0
0.53 TAB +28.8- 0.55 TAD - W =0
  Solve for the three unknowns,
 - 0.47TAB +0.60 TAC + 0.38 TAD  i i.e., the two tensions and the

 - 0.71TAB - 0.64 TAC - 0.74 TAD  j weight of the plate.

 0.53 TAB +0.48 TAC - 0.55 TAD - W  k =0 TAB = 544 N
TAD = 572N
W =845N

Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy ME 231 Mechanics and Materials 38