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APRIL 2023 REVIEW PROGRAM

CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSURE EXAM

APPLIED MATH, SURVEYING, TRANSPORTATION & HIGHWAY ENG’G, CONST. MGT.

Friday, December 02, 2022 Module 05

LIMITS

Theorems on Limits:
1. If f(x) = c, a constant, then lim f(x) = c
x→a

Let lim f(x) = A and lim g(x) = B, then

x→a x→a

2. lim kf(x) = kA, k being constant

x→a

3. lim[f(x) ± g(x)] = lim f(x) ± lim g(x) = A ± B

x→a x→a x→a

4. lim[f(x)g(x)] = lim f(x) lim g(x) = AB

x→a x→a x→a

f(x) lim f(x) A

5. lim = x→a = , provide B ≠ 0
x→a g(x) lim g(x)
x→a
B

n n n
6. lim √f(x) = n√lim f(x) = √A, provided √A is a real number
x→a x→a

L’ Hospital’s Rule (Indeterminate type 0/0):

If a is a number, if f(x) and g(x) are differentiable and g(x) ≠ 0 for all x on some interval
f′(x)
0 < |x – a| < δ, and if lim f(x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0, then, when lim exists or is infinite.
x→a x→a x→a g′(x)

f(x) f′(x)
lim = lim
x→a g(x) x→a g′(x)

Gillesania’s Principle on Limits:

To evaluate the lim f(x), substitute x for a value that is very close to a and use your calculator.
x→a

For x → 2, substitute x = 1.99999 or x = 2.00001

For x → 0, substitute x = 0.00001
For x → ∞, substitute x = 999999

THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL

Differential means change and derivative is the rate of change of one variable with respect to the other.

DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

*** u, v, and w are differentiable functions of x and a

*** n are constants

Algebraic Functions Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

𝑑
1. (𝑐) = 0 𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
1. (log 𝑎 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎
2. (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑣) 𝑑
3. (𝑢 + 𝑣) = + 2. (log10 𝑢) = log10 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
= 0.43429 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢
𝑑 𝑑(𝑣) 𝑑(𝑢)
4. (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣 𝑑
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. (𝑙𝑛 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
;𝑢 ≠ 0
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
5. (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑(𝑢) 4. (𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. (√𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
;𝑢 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑢
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑣) 5. (𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7. 𝑑 ( ) = 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
;𝑣 ≠ 0
𝑣 𝑣
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑣)
−𝑐
𝑑(𝑣) 6. (𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝑣𝑢𝑣−1 + 𝑢𝑣 ln 𝑢
𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8. 𝑑 ( ) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑣2

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Trigonometric Functions Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑢)
1. (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1. (arcsin 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑢)
2. (tan 𝑢) = sec 2 𝑢 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. (arccos 𝑢) = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢)
3. (cot 𝑢) = −csc 2 𝑢 𝑑
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3. (arctan 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑢)
4. (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. (arccot 𝑢) = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢)
5. (csc 𝑢) = −csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. (arcsec 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√ 𝑢2 −1
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢)
6. (cos 𝑢) = −sin 𝑢 𝑑
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. (arccsc 𝑢) = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√ 𝑢2 −1

Hyperbolic Functions

𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
1. (sinh 𝑢) = cosh 𝑢 where: sinh 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2. (cosh 𝑢) = sinh 𝑢 cosh 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) sinh 𝑥
3. (tanh 𝑢) = sech2 𝑢 tanh 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑(𝑢) 1
4. (coth 𝑢) = −csch 𝑢 coth 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 tanh 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 1
5. (sech 𝑢) = sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 sech 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑(𝑢) 1
6. (csch 𝑢) = −csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 csch 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑
1. (arcsinh 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
where: arcsinh 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 √𝑢2 + 1
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑
2. (arccosh 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
arccosh 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 √𝑢2 − 1
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑 1 1+𝑥
3. (arctanh 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
arctanh 𝑥 = ln
𝑑𝑥 1− 𝑢2 2 1−𝑥
𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑 1 𝑥+1
4. (arccoth 𝑢) = − 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
arccoth 𝑥 = ln
𝑑𝑥 𝑢2 − 1 1 − 𝑢2 2 𝑥−1
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑 1 + √1 − 𝑥 2
5. (arcsech 𝑢) = − 𝑑𝑥
arcsech 𝑥 = ln
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√ 1− 𝑢2 𝑥
𝑑(𝑢)
𝑑 1 + √1 + 𝑥 2
6. (arccsch 𝑢) = − 𝑑𝑥
arccsch 𝑥 = ln ;𝑥 > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√ 1 + 𝑢2 𝑥

SLOPE OF THE CURVE

Slope at any point = y’ = dy/dx

RATE OF CHANGE

The derivative of a function is identical to its rate of change.

CURVATURE AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE

Curvature, K, refers to the rate of change of the direction of the curve.

𝑦′′
𝐾= 3
[1 + (𝑦′)2 ]2

Radius of Curvature, ρ, is the reciprocal of the curvature, K.

3
1 [1 + (𝑦′)2 ]2
𝜌= =
𝐾 𝑦′′

Circle of Curvature

At any point on a curve y = f(x), where y’ and y” exist and y” ≠ 0, there is associated with the curve a
circle, which is called the circle of curvature with the following equation:

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝜌 2

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The center (h, k) and radius 𝜌 of the curve is:

𝑦′[1 + (𝑦′)2 ]
ℎ=𝑥−
𝑦′′

𝑦′[1 + (𝑦′)2 ]
𝑘=𝑦+
𝑦′′
3
[1 + (𝑦′)2 ]2
𝜌=
|𝑦 ′′ |

GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

As x increases, the curve rises if the slope is positive, as of arc AB;

it falls if the slope is negative, as of arc BC

At a point such as B, where the function is algebraically greater than

that of any neighboring point, the point is said to have a maximum
value, and the point is called a maximum point (relative to adjacent
points). Similarly, at D the function has a minimum value (relative to
adjacent points). At a maximum or minimum points, the tangent is
horizontal or the slope is zero.

This does not necessarily mean that at these points the function is maximum or minimum. It does only mean that
the tangent is parallel to the x-axis, or the curve is either concave up or concave down. The points at which
dy/dx = 0 are called critical points, and the corresponding values of x are critical values.

The second derivative of a function is the rate of change of the first derivative or slope. It follows that as x
increases and y” is positive, y’ is increasing and the tangent turns in a counterclockwise direction and the
curve is concave upward. When y” is negative, y’ decreases and the tangent turns in a clockwise direction and
the curve is concave downward.

If y’ = 0 and y” is negative, the point is a maximum point (concave downward)

If y’ = 0 and y” is positive, the point is a minimum point (concave upward)

POINTS OF INFLECTION

A point of inflection is a point at which the curve changes from concave upward to concave downward, or vice
versa. At these points, the tangent changes its location from clockwise to counterclockwise or vice versa.

At points of inflection, the second derivative of y is zero (y” = 0).

APPLICATIONS OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 Minimum length of ladder leaning against a building with one end on the ground outside the wall
𝐿2/3 = ℎ2/3 + 𝑥 2/3

 For maximum area (to admit the most light) of a Norman window of given perimeter
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦= 𝑟= ℎ=𝑥
2 2

 For maximum area of a rectangular window surmounted by a right isosceles triangle of known perimeter
ℎ=𝑦

 For maximum viewing angle θ of an object

𝑥 = √𝑎𝑏

 Minimum length L of a line tangent to an ellipse

𝐿=𝑎+𝑏

 For minimum perimeter of a rectangular lot of known area to be fenced on three sides only
𝑥 = 2𝑦

 For minimum perimeter of a rectangle of known area or for maximum area for known perimeter
𝑥=𝑦

 For a given area of rectangle, the square has the least perimeter, or for a given perimeter of rectangle, the
square has the largest area.

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 Maximum volume of a closed (both ends) cylindrical tank of given surface area, or minimum
surface area for given volume
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

 Maximum volume of an open (one end) cylindrical tank of given surface area, or minimum surface area for given
volume
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

 For maximum volume of a closed rectangular box with given sum of all edges or given total area
𝑥=𝑦=𝑧

 Maximum volume of open (one end) rectangular box of square base and given surface area, or
minimum surface area for given volume
𝑥 = 2ℎ

 For a rectangle of maximum area or perimeter that can be cut from a circle of radius r
𝑥=𝑦

 For the strongest rectangular beam that can be cut from log of radius r
2𝑟 = 𝑏√3

 For maximum capacity of a trapezoidal gutter or canal of known perimeter, or minimum

perimeter of known capacity
𝑥 = 2𝑦 (𝐴 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛)

 For maximum volume of a right circular cone with known lateral area, or minimum lateral area
for known volume
ℎ = 𝑟√2

 For the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse

𝑥 = 𝑎/√2 𝑦 = 𝑏/√2

 Strongest beam that can be cut from an elliptical section

𝑥 = 2𝑏/√3 𝑦 = 2√2𝑎/√3

 Weight of heaviest cylinder that can be cut from a sphere of weight W, or

largest cylinder that can be cut from a sphere of volume V
𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 𝑊/√3 𝑉𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 𝑉/√3

 Largest rectangle that can be cut from a given triangle

𝑥 = 𝑏/2 𝑦 = ℎ/2

 Longest beam that can pass through a corridor

𝐿2/3 = 𝑥 2/3 + 𝑦 2/3

 Smallest cone that can inscribe a sphere of radius r

sin 𝜃 = 1/3

 Largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a given cone

𝑦 = ℎ/3

 For minimum cost of closed cylindrical tank of known volume or maximum volume for known cost.
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

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 Largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a semi-circle

𝑏 = 2ℎ

 For minimum length of wire running from the top of one post to the stake on the ground and
to the top of another post
𝑥 𝑑
=
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏

 For maximum product of n numbers whose sum is A, each number is A/n and the maximum product is (A/n)n.

 For maximum product of 𝑥 𝑛 x 𝑦 𝑚 where x + y = K

𝐾 𝐾
𝑥= 𝑛 𝑦= 𝑚
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛

TIME RATES

If a quantity x is a function of time t, the time rate of change of x is given by dx/dt.

When two or more quantities, all functions of t, are related by an equation, the relation between their rates of
change may be obtained by differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to t.

Basic Time Rates

Velocity, v = dS/dt , where S is the distance

Acceleration, a = dv/dt

Discharge, Q = dV/dt , where V is the volume at any time

Angular Speed, ω = dθ/dt , where θ is the angle at any time

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