5.1 Substitution You will learn to: * Substitute values into expressions and formulae involving powers, roots and brackets. * Write expressions and formulae involving more than one variable. * Solve problems involving formulae and expressions. Fluency What is x? when x is +3 +24 Why lear this? Formulae can help describe situations that work in the same way for diferent numbers. The cost of hiring a vehicle depends on its type, how long you have it and how far you travel Explore How long does it take to walk up a ‘mountain? Exercise 5.1 1 Match each statement to the correct expression. A 2more than x 7 B twice x 2 C 2less than x eae D half x : -— E xless than 2 5 2t F 2more than double x coe 2 Modelling A plumber charges a call-out fee of $72, plus $40 per hour a How much does he charge for a 2-hour job? 'b Write 2 formula to work out the total charge, C, when the plumber is called out for h hours, 3 Modelling A horse-riding stables charges $65 for an adult and $50 for a child to go riding, a How much does it cost a family of 2 adults and 2 children to go riding? b Write a formula for the total cost, 7, for A adults and € children to g0 riding. ‘Subject links: Science (08-9) Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 92Worked example ‘You can work out a waiter's daily pay using the number of hours worked, h, the hourly rate of pay, r, the total amount of tips, ¢, and the number of staff who share the tips, s. @ Write an expression for the dally payinterms [5-55 atex number of hours worked of h,r, tand s, meni) b Write a formula for the daily pay, P, in terms, of hr, tand s. ‘The formula has ‘P =" In front of the eee _ ——__| erression. if 4 Modelling A worker's daily pay depends on the number of hours worked, A, the hourly rate of pay, r, and a travel allowance, ¢ The travel allowance is the same however many hours worked. a Work out how much a worker is paid for a 7-hour day at an hourly rate of $22.50 and a travel allowance of $18. b Write an expression for his daily pay in terms of h, r and ¢. ¢ Write a formula for his daily pay, P, in terms of h, rand t, Use your formula to work out P when f= 6.5, r= 19 and ¢= 14, 5 Real / Modelling Wooden flooring costs $66 per square metre. The floar is then edged with a narrow wooden strip which costs $8 per metre, a How much does it cost for a 6m by 4m roam, including the edging? b Write a formula for the cost, C, of a wooden floor in @ rectangular room of width w metres and length J metres (remember to include the edging). ¢ Use your formula to work out C when w = 3.5 and 1 = 5. Discussion What assumptions did you make when writing this formula? Worked example Work out the value of a + (2b + c)? when a = 4, b = 2andc=3. a + (2b + o} 4 + (2 x 2 + 3)? —| Substitute the values of a, b and c. 44443) 44 72 | Work out the brackets. 4 + 49 ————___| Werk out the index (power). ‘Add to get the final value. 6 Work out the value of these expressions when ¢ = 3 and d = 2. a 4d+c b 4c? © 3d° d 508 + 20% @ 10d°~6¢ f 28-9 g -Sc + 2d? h (dy? i c+? i Gd- cP +1 k cd + (2e~d)? 1 (4d 2c)? - ed Discussion Is (5d)? 5d? always, sometimes or never true? 93,[Investigation Problem-solving 1 Use the formula cards to work out the value of each letter Ee oe ee eZ Goma) =m) 2 Wite the letters in order of value from the smallest to the biggest. “ i What famous scientist's sumame do they spell? 7 Work out the value of these expressions. ee aa @ 30% when a = 3 and b=4 b 35 - (68 a) when a =2and=3 ahead © (a+6)2—cwhena=5,b=2ande (ab + ed) = (0+ 0). abcd =3,c= d abs ed whena=6,6=3,c=1andd 8 STEM/ Modelling You can use this formula to work out the height of a ball when itis thrown upwards: s=ut+ tat? where height (m) starting speed (im/s) acceleration (m/s?) ime (s). Work out the value of s when a u=30,=6anda=~10 b u=40,t=8anda=-98 9 STEM Use the formula v = u + at to work out the value of (iris a uwhen v = 34,a=5 and t=3 b twhen v = 50,u=20 anda Substitute the values into the formula © awhenv =22,u=8andt=7 and then solve the equation to find u. is the same as 10 Use the formula y = mx + ¢ to work out the value of a mwheny = 31,2=7ande=—4 b cwhen y= 0.02, x= 3.4 and m=~1.2 11 Find the value of each expression when x = 4, y = 2and z= a 3a?+y) b 3x(x +2) © yz +x) d ax(3-2)+y © Six? + y) + x(3x + 2) f 9 h i Sy(x + y® + z) + 3y°(x + 3z) Wr Vay + 2 Jaye + 76 12 Explore How long does it take to walk up a mountain? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 13 Reflect What is different and what is the same about formulae and equations? Reflect Expl5.2 Inequalities You will learn to: + Solve linear inequalities and represent the solution on a number line. + Multiply both sides of an inequality by a negative number Fluency (ele betwaen each ; or pave umber. BI) easinesses use mo EAE inecualis to won am 7 eae EI) nvm rote apt ee Explore 2 ee + 100-20 How are inequalities used in optimisation based on different 30-9 iy sales. problems’ Exercise 5.2 1 Work out a-4+9 b 10-17 © -8--3 d 5x-2 e-3 f -4x-8 2 Solve each of these equations. axt12=19 b x= 45 ¢ 2r-5=9 g 247-16 Keypoint You can show inequalities on 2 number fn Worked example ‘An empty citcle © shows that the 1 to show the values that satisfy these inequalities. | value isnot included. ‘filed circle @ shows that the js included. ‘Anarrow O— shows that the solution continues to plus or minus This includes all the numbers less tan 4 exctaing 4, Seer ae _ infinity. fel ay eeetaet enters eran This includes all 2 pcle Oped ote Cee the numbers less = than 5 (excluding ee is ——— _] Band greater o_o y | han or equal to Ont 23> 4-5 6 eee 3. Snow each of these inequalities on a number line ax>5 br<2 co -3y>1 e-4<2<-1 f6=2=-24 Write inequalities for each of these and show them on a number line. Minti AZ a a number less than or equal to 5 b a number greater than 4 Choose a letter to represent the © a number less than 6 and greater than or equal to ~2 mame d a number greater than or equal to -8 and less than or equal to -1 5 Write the inequalities shown by each of these number lines. a o> ipousu4neeRrmenelio 4 b <—___ “9-23-10 12945 © oe tes ‘ 45678901 6 Solve these inequalities. Show each solution on a number line. ‘The first one has been started for you. axti2>15 E215 -12 220 e—__— ++ tt 012345678 brto-15 x xe fie 95<3 7 STEM Ina science experiment, Gahar mixes vinegar and calcium carbonate to make a ‘volcano’. He uses 150mi of vinegar. In order to get the voleano to erupt Gohar must use x grams of calcium carbonate, where 3x < 150. a Solve the inequality. b Gohar has 35g of calcium carbonate. Does this satisfy the inequality? & ove these inequaltis, Show each soliton on a number ine. (EEN a-22 d2>Ee-1 parts ef a nat 0 the variable is on its own in the middle. jiscussion Is 3 > z>~1 the same as -11 x x . este d 5722-4 ‘Subject links: Science (C7) De Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 96ete a 11 Solve these inequalities. Show each solution on a number line. The first one has been started for you. a-1<2y+3<9 -3 <2y<9-3 ~4 = 2y<6 4 6 p25 2 O5n-1>4 d 29>4p+1>-7 12 Problem-solving Ling says, ‘I think of an integer, multiply it by 3 and then subtract 5. The answer is greater than 7 but smaller than 12’. a Write an inequality to represent this information, b Solve the inequality and show the solution on a number line, © Write down all of the numbers Ling could have chosen. (On a number line you can see that ~6 <~4, 1 Multiply both sides of the inequality -6 < ~4 by ~1 Is the statement you wrote as your answer to part 1 stil true? 2. Divide both sides of the inequality -6 <~4 by ~1. |s the statement you wrote as your answer to part 1 stil true? 3. a Forwhat values of x is x < 5? 'b For what values of xis =x <-5? 4 a For what values of x is 2x < 10 b For what values of x is -2x <~10? Discussion What happens to the inequality sign when you multiply or divide both sides by a negative number? 13 Solve these inequalities. a-2<8 b 31> 15 co -2r=-18 d8-x<3 @3<-r<5 f -12<~4x <20 14 Explore How are inequalities used in optimisation problems? |s it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 15 Reflect In what ways are inequalities similar to equations? In what ways are they different? =x is less than 8, so xis greater Reasoning5.3 Using index laws You will learn to: + Use index laws with zero and negative powers. Explore What expressions will simplify tort Why learn this? Negative indices are used in lots of mathematical functions. and terms, Exercise 5.3 1 Work out the value of these expressions when x = 1 a 120-15 b 11-8r ton +21 ox 2. Write each fraction in its simplest form, aoe 18 a * 24 2 ee 3 Write each of these as a single power a 52x 5¢ b axa 0484 der @ 108% 102 f 102+ 10° 4 Reasoning Write down the value of ary b2 03 44 ea? f° g 2? nS [itn ieee emegae 5 Write true (T) or false (F) for each of these statements, aS=s bh 2x9=2 c 3tx10=31 d ai=1 e 5c) f (28 9 (apyr=4 h (3y°)) = 27 6 Work out the value of each of these expressions. (O6hint A on eee Petandy=t b dm! x Bn? 45 ce iat g 6a 4a! 86° Topic links: Simplifying fractions Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 984. Copy and complete we TxTXT 1 TXTXTXTXTRT 70 wag Reasoning ner 4 PERE yo pea Banik rp 2. Write down what tt means when a number has @ negative power. pescoieton ecualge Gea! e« 7 Simplify these expressions. Write each one as @ negative power and as a fraction. The first one has been started for you. a 1 x ” z aa of om ag Worked example 5 simpy 222. ‘Write your answer as a negative power and as a fraction. 20x5 _ 20 ,, x® ——{ Wit the faction a he product of wo simpler actions 460 4 xe Simply he two racons nd 2052S xt x? —— a ait 1 5 ee 2 ‘Anegative power as a fraction is 1 over the positive power. x 8 Simplify these expressions. Write each one as i anegative power ii a fraction. ao, 2, Sey 1. a 9q 2x8 ay Tye 2pe 72r® 45q"" @ Simplify these expressions, The first one is started for you 26x? 12x3 5x7 a= b Ge o ae 15x" 10 Explore What expressions will simplify to x? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? ‘What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 41 Reflect What was familiar to you in this lesson and what surprised you? 995.4 Expressions, equations, identities and formulae You will learn to: * Distinguish between expressions, identities, equations and formulae. + Expand and factorise expressions involving powers. Fluency ‘Write down the highest common factor of a 12and8 b xands? Why learn this? © yandy ‘Scientists factorise expressions to solve equations. |) q 12xy? and &x°y? For example, they work out how long an object stays above a certain height when itis kicked. Explore In how many different ways can you write ‘12xy + 8x2y° using brackets? Exercise 5.4 1 Simplify 2 Expand and simplify ‘An expression doesn't have an Sera ae een aor aaa trie Bt O ME) BB Naps 2 ee lor more variables. 3 Write down whether each of these is an expression or a formula, a Sx + dy b 4t+5 © Br? — 7x + 24 f t=4m?—3n+mn ‘An equation has an equals (=) sign. 4 Reasoning The = and = signs are not printed with these statements, ste ot parole values. Decide whether each one is an equation or an identity. eee taney ne a 3m+60)21 batxt+x+xO4e ‘The identity eymbc © 5xrxrD sre d 6? O) 130+ 5 “that two expressions are always © Wy +9C]2y+ Ty +445 f Sxpxp+3xp-2015p+5p42 5 Decide whether each of these is an equation, an identity ora formula aressot baA=“3bh ¢ areaeOse od F=ma ear+5 (192 Ff axe + 1) O22 + 2x 6 Expand these brackets, a yly? + Sy) b x(a°+ 3x +7) © aa? 8a+1) Chia i 0(6° + 66? - 6) © 2p(4 + Sp + p?) F Sy(By ~ 2y9) 2p x 4+ 2px p+ 2p x pF g 6z(z° - 42? + 9) h a*(2a? + 3a - 4) i 3k(k° - 6k - 7) Unit § Inequalities, equations and formulae 100Expand ate SI y, entities: a a alee a) ati) Expand both sets of brackets 40(6? + 7b) — b(0" + 96) ‘separat 1en simpli tic Gy aon s parately, then simplify by collecting like terms, uly? + 4y + 5) + y(2y? - 7) b : d @ z(z9 + Bz? — 3) + 4z(z — 3z? - 1) ead gare Bem g h 7q(B + 4g ~ 3g?) ~ 2g(5 ~ 3q + 129?) Expand and simplify each side 6a(2a + 3a? ~ 1) + 4(a? ~ 3a° +a) ‘ofthe equation to show that both ‘expressions are the same. 8 Problem-solving / Reasoning Show that 3x? + x(4a? + 9x) = 7x2(x + 3) - 1222. 9 Reasoning b Is x? + x? = 2° true for all values of x? Work out the value of both sides. Explain your answer. 10 Reasoning / Modelling The diagram shows Ab. a cuboid, ++) CSRS “Show that means ‘Show your Show that an expression for the volume of the working. cuboid is x3 + 7x2. 11 Facorse each expression completely Check your ia 5) answers by expanding, seashell Sangin, adr+8 bd4s?+Or @ 4a?+ 8x? d Gr — 2n8 SS eee etsy fF Sy 3y* —g 10y*— Sy? oh 12y? Hays a 12 Factorise each expression completely. Check your answers. a 3x + 6y+9z= 3x + Oly + Oz) b ayt+Sytyz 2+ Gry + Oxz d Sx? + 10xy + 1522 ex + 2xy + 5x f 12xy — ax2y? + yz What is the HOF of xy, Sy and y2? 13 Problem-solving / Reasoning ‘a Work out the missing terms from this factorised expression. Dry + Dy? + 90 = 3x + dy +O) b Is there only one answer to this problem? Explain your answer. 14 Explore In how many different ways can you write 12xy + 8x®y#* using brackets? Is iteasier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 15 Reflect Look back at Q11 Rakesh says, ‘I worked from left to right. | thought about what could go in the box before 22y first.” Rekha says, ‘I began with the 3xL] outside the bracket and the 4y inside the bracket. This meant | was only working with one box.” What did you do first? Which is the best first step, Rakesh’'s, Rekha’s or yours? Why? EEE or, Yor 3, unis5.5 Solving equations You will learn to: * Construct and solve complex equations Fluency ‘Workout the vai ofthese expressions when + 5e-3 + Tet) 45 Why learn this? Engineers designing rolir coaster rides ha solve equations to make sure the ride is safe. Exercise 5.5 1 Solve these equations. a 3y+5)=9 b 7(p-3) = 2(2p +6) wee) ona 2 Solve these equations. 4x +2 3 Sx+1 a 3r-1 b 2r+5= tat o MEE aya eae d 6 2n-5 3 Problem-solving Ahlam and Fiona are thinking of the same number. Ahlam multiplies it by 3, then adds 5, Fiona multiplies it by 12, subtracts 3, then divides the result by 3. They both get the same answer. What number did they start with? 4 Problem-solving The diagram shows an equilateral triangle. a Vie ae 3-19 — 3x) Work out the perimeter of the triangle. Discussion Does it matter which two sides of the triangle you used? How can you check that your answer is correct? Explore Do all equations have a solution? Start by multiplying both sides by 3. Ox - 11) = 4042 eS mad eo Use a letter to represent the number. Write expressions for Ahlam's and Fiona’s calculations. Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 102Worked example 3r46 x4 Solve the equation “5. 6(3x + 6) _ Gv ~ 4) 3 2 ‘To remove the fractions, multiply both sides of the equation by the LCM of 2 and 3, which is 6. *BiBx+ 6) _ *Blx—4) ZZ —| Cancel the denominators: 6 a 2(3x + 6) = 3x - 4) Expand the brackets Gx+12=3x-12-—_| Gx — 32 =-12-12 ‘Collec ike terms. 3x = -24 Po % Check: , e+ 6 _ 3x8) +E is: ee 3 pase =4 ‘Check that the solution is correct by substituting .£= -B into both sides ofthe equation. 5 Solve eooeae ee malas ees Check your solutions are correct by e substituting. 3at2 . 3 Ax +23 244 a ams 6 The diagram shows an isosceles triangle ABC. A é c ix-10 Tx +46 Intriangle ABC, ZABC =""qq and ZACB = ‘a Write an equation using the fact that ZABC = ZACB. b Solve your equation to find the value of x. ¢ Work out the sizes of ZABC and ZACB. d Work out the size of BAC. 7 Problem-solving The diagram shows a square. Work out the perimeter of the square. 103 Caos a ‘Write an equation using the fact that the sides of a square are the same length. Solve It to find the value of = Then work out the side length of the square,8 Problem-solving / Reasoning The diagram shows a square, a rectangle and two triangles. a+b 2a+b 4a-2 The total area of the square and the rectangle is the same as the total area of the two triangles. a Write an expression for the length and the height of the small triangle in terms of a and 6. b Is your answer to part a the only answer? Explain why. 9 Explore Do all equations have a solution? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 10 Reflect (8 is tagged as a Problem-solving and Reasoning question. What is the difference between Problem-solving and Reasoning? Which part of the question is which, or do both parts need both skills? CREED oreo. veors.unts cS Fa Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 1045.6 Changing the subject You will learn to: + Change the subject of a formula. Fluency Match each blue expression with us its equivalent red expression. 5 6r+3 x(e+2) S = 4y-6 3@r +1) Explore FAB) Why learn this? 420 2ylax~8) How can you work out the radius of a Regmgy fyouKnow the formula for convert *Ct0 HF gry —toy ——2(2y-3) ‘sphere from the volume?” “F, you can also converting *F to °C by changing the subject. Exercise 5.6 1 Solve these equations. a Sx=20 aix+14 b Yy-6 variable on its own on one side oft ¢ 4ab + 8ac d 3x? - Oxy “equals sign. — ‘Ais the subject of A= 1x b. 3 Make x the subject of each formula. ay=x+5 bz=x-12 Rearrange the formula soit stats © h=5e a ae fs 4 STEM The formula to work out the force (F) acting on an abject is P= ma, where mis the mass and a is the acceleration of the object. a i Make a the subject of the formula. Work out the value of a when F = 24 and m = 3. bi. Make m the subject of the formula. li, Work out the value of m when F = 36 and a = 10, 5 Make x the subject of each formula ay=2r+3 1056 The equation of a straight line can be written in the form y = mx +c. Make y the subject of each of these by writing them in the form y = mx +. a y-Sx=12 b y+4x-11=0 © 2y-6r=18 Discussion In what order did you rearrange the terms in part ¢? 7 Make r the subject of each formula. Sorb.hint) wails A a C=2ar b A=ar r © Az4qr? r d V=ar'h Discussion What are each of these formulae for? 8 Problem-solving The diagram shows a trapezium with area 72cm?. —Ttem— ‘a Write down the formula for the area of a trapezium. b Rearrange the formula to make a the subject. © Work out the value of a, 4 Problemaolving A company wants to make a cynical tn tie a with radius 8cm and capacity 1 litre. 1 litre = 1000.0m? Work out the smallest integer height of the tin. 10 Reasoning Jacinda rearranges the formula for the surface area of a cylinder to make h the subject. This is what she writes. A= nr + 2th pea aore Dr h=A-r ‘Explain the mistake that Jacinda has made. b Work out the value of ft when A = 205cm? and r = 340m. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. Worked example zz Make x the subject of this formula. ax+7=br+0 ax+7=br+e Get al the terms in x onto one side. ax — bx =c-7 x(a - b) =c— 7>f :t is a common factor of both terms, so factorise. eC =i. * = @—b | Divide both sides by (a ~ 6) to make x the subject. Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 106107 Make x the subject of each formula, a Sx=kxe+p b mx+t=x+10 © xy -5=1244x d Px = mex + mr 12 STEM In an experiment, Ghasan works out the speed of two balls after they collide, This is one of the formulae that he writes Geu-ev=2v+u a Make u the subject of this formula. b Work out the value of w when v = 4 and e = 0.5. 13 Make y the subject in each of these formulae. a a=2b+y b T=2x+\y vey © La dest 14 STEM Two formulae used in physics are w=|E anab= alt= ‘a Make & the subject of the first formula, b Make e the subject of the second formula, B 15 This formula is used to work out the distance, d, travelled by an object that starts from rest. at? day where a is the acceleration and t is the time taken. a Rearrange the formula to make a the subject. b Work out the acceleration when d = 100 and t = 8, ¢ Work out the time taken when a = 25 and d = 50. 16 Explore How can you work out the radius of a sphere from the volume? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? ‘What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 47 Reflect Choose one of the formulae in Q13 to write out as @ Worked Example for another student. Do you think this is a useful way to strengthen your learning? IEEE nr, Yor, units Q13 Strategy hint & Rearrange each formula to make {7 or \Sy the subject first, Then square both sides of the equation. ‘Square both sides of the equation first.Check up Substitution and formulae 4 Find the value of each expression when x = 2, a 5(v?+y) b y(4 + 22°) © 52(6-x)-y d y(x + yz) 2 Acar hire company charges $x per day to hire a car for d days. They also charge a one-off fuel cost of Sf: ‘a Work out the total cost of hiring a car for 7 days if it costs $15 per day with a one-off fuel cost of $55, Write an expression for the total amount a customer pays in terms of x, dandf. © Write a formula for the total amount a customer pays, 7, in terms of x,dand/. Use your formula to work out when x = 18, d = 10 and = 65. 3 Use the formula L = 5 to work out the value of Z when x = 4 and v= 10, 4 Use the formula P = mv + t to work out the value of a twhen P= 50,m=6and »=5 b vwhen P = 28, m= 10 and t= 12 5 Make x the subject of each formula. au=xto b y=4x-9 co A=7x? 6 Make x the subject of each formula. = axy-a=x+b b pix = qx + pq oe r-y5 Inequalities 7 Write the inequalities shown by each of these number lines. a <0 b —— GETS TTS Saas ® 8 Represent each of these inequalities on a number line. ax>4 b -a5>-1 40 Solve these inequalities. a4n+1<9 b5-3>-1 c22n-2>-6 Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 108cs Reflec 411. Solve these inequalities. a-x>2 b -5x<-30 6 5>-4>8 d -4<-2<7 Expanding, factorising and indices 12 Work out the value of 4y/°. x 13 Write masa single power of x. 14 Expand a yy? +7y) b x%(2x? + 5-7) 15 Expand and simplify x(x? + 5x) + 3x(x? + 9x). 16 Factorise each expression completely. Check your answers. a 9x - 3x? b 20° + 15y* © Ox + 12y + 182 d x2 + Bry + 2xz 17 This is how Alisha factorises the expression 8xy? ~ 4zy2z completely. 6x°y? — 4xy2z = 2xy(4zy — 2yz) a Explain the mistake that she has made. b Factorise the expression correctly and completely. Equations and identities 48 Solve these equations. Boseie e W5ee 2 4 19 The diagram shows an isosceles triangle. ag LSS -14) a Work out the value of x. b What is the length of the equal sides in this isosceles triangle? 2-4 _z+2 3 4 21 The = and = signs are not printed in these statements. Decide whether each one is an equation or an identity. ayty+3yD5y b m+7013m-7 Challenge 22 Here are two inequalities. ‘The solution to both of the inequalities is -3 -5 Solve each inequality and represent x is a whole number. What is the value of x? oth solutions on the same number 2 Becky says, ‘I think of a number, add 2 then divide the result by 5. =e This gives me the same answer as when | start with the same number, subtract 4 and divide the result by 3° a Write an equation using 2 to represent the number Becky thinks of b Solve the equation to work out the value of 2. 3 Reflect How would you explain index notation to someone who has never used it? Unit § Inequalities, equations and formulae 1145 Extend 1 Problem-solving a Match each lettered exoression with the correct numbered answer. Use the value of the letters given in the table. alb|elalelslglalil 3 [=2[-s [16 | 25 [-27 [= 4 [22 | 4a le A Wd + Vai) VF -8e Bs 2y%c erg h F Vdi- 20 a b One answer card has not been used. Write an expression for this answer card. Use at least three of the letters from the table, and include a power or a root in your expression. 2 Problem-solving The area of the grey rectangle 4om is twice the area of the yellow rectangle. a Work out the value of x. b Work out the areas of the two rectangles. @—Tem Area (06 —axjem? 3 Simplify 18x? 22x 12m 3 agi » © ams 2x ye ep? a Pxe + oP er P eae pee Simply the denominator fist. 4 Solve these inequalities. Write each answer as a mixed number. Represent each solution on a number line. axtilest b r- shea! > Rett © 3x>13 d¥<85 Real Arjay makes a fertiliser from nettle juice. He mixes $ litre of nettle plant juice with some water. So that the fertiliser is not too strong, he must mix the nettle juice with w litres of water, where 4w = 10. a Solve the inequality. bi Whatis the smallest whole number of litres of water that he can use? ji How much fertiliser will this make? ¢ i Whatis the smallest whole number of lites of fertiliser that he can make? How much water will he use for this amount of fertiliser? 6 Solve these inequalities. Write your answers as decimals. Represent each solution on a number line. a 2<10r<8 b -6<4x<10 7 Problem-solving Ella solves the inequality 1] < 8x = 01. re ms &,. The number line shows her solution. Siar TB ane an o-_______e \wiite the solution as an inequality. 1 2 3 4 What is the inequality that Ella solved? 8 Solve these inequalities. Write your answers as mixed numbers or decimals. Represent each solution on a number line. a 4n+3<16 x 1.1 gz 1.4 >a 72%8 © 2<3x-5<6 d9>5n+3>-1 9 STEM/ Modelling You can use this formula to calculate the energy, E joules, in a moving object mv? where m is the mass of object (kg) and v is the speed (metres per second, mis) RQsanints co. es Work out the speed, », of the object when When you know 2, take the square a E=96andm=12 root to find e. b £=625andm ¢ E= 1470 and m= 15 10 Reasoning Carlos is substituting values into the expression CPT} TEE &. 3xty + 2, Substitute different negative number values for x, y and 2 into the expression, The values he uses for x, y and z are always negative. Carlos says, ‘The value of my expression will never be a positive number’ Is he correct? Explain your answer. 14 Substitute a = -2 and b =4 into each expression and simplify the answer, aat-b bb vab c dab? a% ~ (ab)? 52 ay Yab + ab e(y # (5) SE ar Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and form 116 iain117 12 STEM/Problem-solving You can use this formula to calculate the elastic potential energy, E joules, stored in a stretched string: poke 2 where k is the stretch factor, x is the distance stretched (m) and / is the normal length (m). a Work out the value of F when i k=40,x=3and/=15 ii k= 32,x=5and 20 You can use this formula to calculate the tension, T newtons, in a stretched string rake where kf the stretch factor, isthe distance stretched (m) end I's the normal length (m). b Work out the value of k when i T=6,x=2and1=5 ii T= 15, 25and1=8 ¢ Use both of these formulae to work out the value of E when T= 12, x= 1.5 and 1=4. 13 Make m the subject of each formula. ax=2hm “b P=mgh oo r= 2 e yam f x=mt+2n 4x 14 Make x the subject of these formulae. Some of them have been started for you. afsy-3 pists? ol aSrgay 1.0+0 -02 yz=x(0+D) z=0 15 STEM You can use this formula to calculate the distance, s, travelled by a body that starts from rest: where a is the acceleration (m/s?) and t is the time (s). a i Make a the subject of the formula, ji, Make ¢ the subject of the formula, b Work out the value of s when a = 10 and t= 3. © Use your answer to part b and the values given for a and t to check that your rearranged formulae in part a are correct. Elastic potential energy is the ener stored in a string as a result of stretching it. Cite mans ‘Substitute 7, x and Zinto the se formula and then solve the equat tofind the value of k. ‘Then use the first formula to find value of #, Rearrange o get onthe orm thelethand sg ofthe ediato~16 The diagram shows a regular pentagon and a regular octagon. The perimeter of the pentagon is given by 3x — 4 and the perimeter of the octagon 4 + 8. a Write an expression for the side length of the i pentagon Wi octagon. — b The side length of the pentagon is the same as the side length of the octagon. Write an equation to show this. © Solve your equation to find the value of x. d Work out i the side length of each shape the perimeter of each shape. 17 Problem-solving This rectangle is made of two-squares joined together, 2r+5 ‘Work out the value of x. Write your answer as a mixed number in its simplest form. B 18 Problem-solving The diagram shows a semicircle. a Write a formula for the perimeter (P) of the semicircle, b Work out the radius of the semicirele when P = 33cm, = Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place, Q17 Strategy hint & ‘Set up an equation using length = 2 « height, 19 Problem-solving / Reasoning The diagram shows Kye Gina the ages of two people in terms of x and y. ] e Gina is three times the age of Kyle. ‘a Write an equation using the information given yt 4 ay + 60 Eom &, and make y the subject of the formula. ‘Stat y Wit en eoteon wich b When a = 1, work out the value of y and the ages of Kyle and includes brackets. Gina, © When a = 2, work out the value of y and the ages of Kyle and Gina. d Explain why a cannot be equal to 6. 20 Problem-solving / Reasoning The diagram shows a (woht == a small circle cut out from a larger circle. Shaded area = area of lage circle Show that the formula for the shaded area (A) can pieaek = area of small circle be written as A = Ta(2R — x} Radius of small circle =) =) 2 Reflect Look back at the questions in this unit. Were there any questions that you could not answer straight away? How did you deal with this? Write down some strategies that will help you with difficult questions in the future. ied Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 118119 5 unit test 4 Acube has a mass of 3(-5x ~ 7)kg. 7 Work out the value of 72° x Sy?. 8 Write & as a single power of g. 9 Write down true (T) or false (F) for each of these statements 1. Work out the value of each of these expressions. a 2a +b? when a=5andb=2 b 40 - (a + b*) when a = 8 and b=3 © (a + bP - 4ewhen a =3,b=5ande=5 6 20 when a=6,b=4 and e=3 be 2 Awedding venue company charges an amount per person for food plus an amount per hour for the room hire. a Work out the total cost of food for 80 people at $30 per person plus room hire at $60 per hour for 6 hours. b Write an expression for the cost of food for p people at $x per person plus room hire for h hours at $y per hour. € Write a formula for the total cost, 7, in terms of x, p, y and h. d Use your formula to work out T when x = 36, p = 100, h = 8 and y=30, 3 Solve the equation Tx-19 2 ae+1= A cuboid has a mass of ~2(7x + 9)kg The mass of the cube is the same as the mass of the cuboid. a Work out the value of x. b What is the mass of the cube and the cuboid? 5 Represent each of these inequalities on a number line. axe-2 b-1 “eg-2-10 1254 —a-a-21d01e4 a 3e=3 b Oa?=1 © (= ht d (3c? jiFind the value of each expression when x = a x°(3-y)—4z b (8x - 23) + 2(3x + 2y) 11. Factorise each expression completely. Check your answers. a 2dr +8 b 12x? axe © yh + 15xy + 10yz 4x2 - tay ~ 2xyz 12 Use the formula R = mg ~ T'to work out the value of m when R= 40, g= 12andT=8, 13 Solve these inequalities. ax+3<7 b 3y<-3 c5>5>3 d -5<224+3<7 e -1>-6 f 2-4<-3 14 Solve the equation Te+1_ 9143 6 8 15 Make x the subject of each formula. am=xtt b F=ax e g=32-5 @ Tare? 16 Make ¢ the subject of the formula w =r + 20 47 Make x the subject of each formula. a 12x=xy +p b mx-4=nx+9 © ax = bx + 5d Challenge 48 The diagram shows a rectangle and a triangle. ? as oy eo ao Carrie makes this pattern using the triangle and the rectangle. a Write two equations using the information given and solve them to work out the values of x and y. b Work out the area of the rectangle and the triangle. ¢ What can you say about the areas of the rectangle and the triangle? 19 Reflect This unit covered equations, formulae, inequalities and indices. Which topics did you like most and which did you like least? Can you explain why? Unit 5 Inequalities, equations and formulae 120