FARMER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR BETTER

YIELD PRODUCTION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor

of Engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering

By

SATHISH V ( Reg.No. - 39111077 )

VAMSI KRISHNA Y ( Reg.No. - 39111123)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC | 12B Status by UGC | Approved by AICTE
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI,
CHENNAI - 600119

APRIL - 2023

i
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of Sathish V(Reg.No - 39111077)
and Vamsi Krishna Y(Reg.No - 39111123) who carried out the Project Phase-2 entitled
“FARMER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR BETTER YIELD PRODUCTION” under my
supervision from January 2023 to April 2023.

Internal Guide

Dr. G. M. KARPURA DHEEPAN

Head of the Department

Dr. L. LAKSHMANAN, M.E., Ph.D.

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 DECLARATION

I, Sathish V(Reg.No- 39111077), hereby declare that the Project Phase-2 Report entitled
“FARMER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR BETTER YIELD PRODUCTION” done by me
under the guidance of Dr. G.M. Karpura Dheepan, is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Science and
Engineering.

DATE:

PLACE: Chennai SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to the Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing it
successfully. I am grateful to them.

I convey my thanks to Dr. T. Sasikala M.E., Ph.D., Dean, School of Computing,

Dr.S.Vigneshwari, M.E., Ph.D. and Dr. L. Lakshmanan, M.E., Ph.D., Heads of the
Department of Computer Science and Engineering for providing me necessary support
and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Project Guide Dr.G.M.
Karpura Dheepan, for his valuable guidance, suggestions and constant encouragement that
paved the way for the successful completion of my phase-2 project work.

I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the
Department of Computer Science and Engineering who were helpful in many ways for
the completion of the project.

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 ABSTRACT

Agriculture plays a vital role in developing countries. In India, most of the population depends
on agricultural farming. Many issues hinder the development of agriculture in developing
countries. Hence the project aims at making agriculture smart using automation and IoT
technology. Nowadays water scarcity is a big concern for farming. This project helps farmers to
irrigate the farmland in an efficient manner with an automated irrigation system based on soil
humidity. Automation of farm activities can transform the agricultural domain from being
manual and static to intelligent and dynamic leading to higher production with lesser human
supervision.The main aim of the project is to create awareness among the farmers about new
technologies. And adopt those technologies for the better yield of the crops.The Internet of
things(IoT) technology has revolutionized in various industries and farming is no exception.IoT
has immense potential to transform agriculture by enabling farmers to make more informed
decisions, increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve the quality of their crops. In this
project we are using Cisco packet tracer. Cisco packet tracer is a computer network simulation
tool that was commonly used by students, professionals to design, configure, and troubleshoot
computer networks. It is not directly related to farming, but it could have some potential
applications in this field.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapte
TITLE Page No.
r No
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
INTRODUCTION
1 1

1.1 Home Gateway 2

1.2 Temperature Monitor 4
1.3 Humidity Monitor 6
1.4 Wind Detector 8
1.5 Siren 9
1.6 Water Sprinkler 10
LITERATURE SURVEY

2 14
2.1 IoT- Based Smart Plant Irrigation System with Enhanced
Learning
2.2 Mobile Integrated Smart Irrigation Management and
15
System Using IoT
2.3 Automated Irrigation System-IoT Based Approach 16
2.4 Smart Irrigation system Using Machine Learning & IoT 16
3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 17

3.1 Internet Of Things(IoT) 17

3.2 Motivation 18
3.3 IoT Definition 18
3.4 Challenges 19
3.5 IoT_based Middleware 22
3.6 Interface protocols 23
3.7 Device Abstraction(DA) 24
3.8 Application Abstraction 25

vi
4 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
39

4.1 Feasibility Studies/Risk Analysis of the project 39

4.2 Software Requirements Specification Document 40

System Use Case
4.3 40

5 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 41

5.1 Selected Methodology or process model 41

5.2 Architecture/Overall Design of Proposed System 42

5.3 Description of Software for Implementation and Testing

plan of the Proposed model/System 42

5.4 Project Management Plan 44

5.5 Financial report on estimated costing 45

5.6 Transition/Software to Operations Plan 45

6 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS 46

6.1 About Cisco Packet Tracer 46

6.2 Temperature Monitor 46

6.3 Working Process 47

7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 48

8 CONCLUSION 49

8.1 Conclusion 49

8.2 Future work 49

8.3 Research Issues 50

8.4 Implementation Issues 50

REFERENCES 51

APPENDIX
A. SCREENSHOTS 52

B. RESEARCH PAPER 55

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FIGURE LIST OF FIGURES Page No
NO
1.1 Home Gateway 3

1.2 Temperature Sensor 5

1.3 Automatic sprinkler and Humidity Monitoring System 7

1.4 Other Monitoring Devices 9

1.5 Resident 11

1.6 Water Sprinkler 13

2.1 Layered architecture of the Internet of Things(IoT) 21

2.2 Functional components of a middleware for IoT-based systems 22

2.3 NodeMCU 27

2.4 NodeMCU Development Board 28

2.5 Thermocouple 30

2.6 DHT11 sensor comes in a single row 4-pin package 33

2.7 Start and Response Signals 34

2.8 Timing Difference For Transmitting “1s” and “0s” 35

2.9 The FC-28 soil moisture sensor includes 4-pins 36

3.1 System Architecture 42

A.1 Cisco Packet Tracer 52

A.2 Cisco Portal 53

A.3 Desktop Site 53

A.4 Web Browser 54

A.5 Login Page 55

v
FIGURE LIST OF TABLES Page No
NO

5.4 Project Management Plan 44

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATION FULL FORM

IoT Internet Of Things

IC Integrated Circuit

CISCO Computer Information System Company

LAN Local Area Network

I/O Input/Output

MCU Microcontroller Unit

x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

Agriculture is the major source of income for the largest population in India and is a major
contributor to the Indian economy. However, technological involvement and its usability have to
be grown and cultivated for the agro sector in India. Although the Indian Government has also
taken a few initiatives for providing online and mobile messaging services to farmers related to
agricultural queries and agro vendor information to farmers. Based on the survey it is observed
that agriculture contributes 27% to GDP, and Provides employment to 70% of the Indian
population.

IoT is changing the agriculture domain and empowering farmers to fight the huge difficulties
they face. Agriculture must overcome expanding water deficiencies, and restricted availability of
lands while meeting the expanding consumption needs of the world population. New innovative
IoT applications are addressing these issues and increasing the quality, quantity, sustainability,
and cost-effectiveness of agricultural production.

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian Economy. In today’s world, as we see rapid growth in
the global population, agriculture becomes more important to meet the needs of the human race.
However, agriculture requires irrigation and with every year we have more water consumption
than rainfall, it becomes critical for growers to find ways to conserve water while still achieving
the highest yield. But in the present era, the farmers have been using irrigation techniques
through manual control in which they irrigate the land at regular intervals. It can also be used to
modify the status of the device. The central processing unit will also include a communication
device to receive data from the sensors and to be relayed to the user’s device. This will be done
using a higher communication device such as a Wi-Fi module.

1
1.1 HOME GATEWAY:

An IoT gateway is a centralized hub that connects IoT devices and sensors to cloud based
computing and data processing. Modern IoT gateways often allow bidirectional data flow
between the cloud and IoT devices.15

This allows IoT sensor data to be uploaded for processing and commands to be sent from cloud-
based applications to IoT devices.

IoT gateways are also able to connect to one another to streamline and expand their functionality
throughout a physical location and in use with a growing number of IoT devices and smart
sensors. By installing universal IoT gateways early in your technology plan, you can add
devices seamlessly while saving time and effort.

A true IoT gateway contains communication technologies connecting end-devices (sensors,

actuators or more complex devices) and backend platforms (data, device and subscriber
management) to the gateway. It has a computing platform allowing pre-installed or user-defined
applications to manage data (for routing and computing at edge), devices, security,
communication and other aspects of the gateway.

As a centralized hub, an IoT gateway provides a single location where data is communicated to
and from devices. This communication comes from other devices and users via the cloud. When
you receive information or provide information to an IoT device—such as a change in protocol
—you’re communicating with these devices through IoT gateways via cloud-enabled software.

Many home gateways also have wireless connectivity, such as Wi-Fi, to allow devices to connect
to the internet without a physical Ethernet cable.

The configuration of a home gateway may be done through a web-based interface or a mobile
app. This allows users to set up the security features and configure the wireless network.

2
 Fig 1.1: Home Gateway

CISCO network simulation software–Packet Tracer which works on certain configurations such
as security and routing purposes. Packet tracer helps in building network topologies, it simulates
behavior of the network and simulates routers and switches using command line interface and it
imitates modern computers. The below figures show the class address of IP, network and host
identification.

With the help of the home gateway we are going to connect other monitoring devices to the
smartphone. Hence the smartphone is used to operate the other devices.

In this way home gate is utilized to operate those devices with the help of smartphones.

3
1.2 Temperature Monitor:

A temperature sensor is an electronic device that measures the temperature of its environment
and converts the input data into electronic data to record, monitor, or signal temperature changes.
Temperature is the most often-measured environmental quantity.

This might be expected since most physical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and biological
systems are affected by temperature. Certain chemical reactions, biological processes, and even
electronic circuits perform best within limited temperature ranges. Temperature is one of the
most measured variables and it is therefore not surprising that there are many ways of sensing it.

Temperature sensing can be done either through direct contact with the heating source or
remotely, without direct contact with the source using radiated energy instead.

IoT temperature monitoring solution allows the food industry to monitor the temperature of
these chambers allowing them to ensure that the regulatory compliances are met. They can
remotely monitor the temperature of the items and confirm the quality of their products.

IoT Monitoring System (IMS) enables real-time temperature & humidity monitoring, location
tracking, smart notification alert, and compliance reporting to ensure your products stay safe as
they are being stored or transported.

How does a temperature monitor work?

Temperature sensors work by providing readings via electrical signals. Sensors are composed of
two metals that generate an electrical voltage or resistance when a temperature change occurs by
measuring the voltage across the diode terminals. When the voltage increases, the temperature
also increases. Once the temperature sensor has obtained a reading, it is typically sent to a
microprocessor or other processing unit which can display the temperature or take action based
on the reading.

4
 Fig 1.2: Temperature Sensor

The above temperature sensor has three terminals and requires a Maximum of 5.5 V supply. This
type of sensor consists of a material that performs the operation according to temperature to vary
the resistance. This change of resistance is sensed by the circuit, and it calculates the
temperature. When the voltage increases then the temperature also rises. We can see this
operation by using a diode.

Temperature sensors are directly connected to microprocessor input and are thus capable of
direct and reliable communication with microprocessors. The sensor unit can communicate
effectively with low-cost processors without the need for A/D converters. An example of a
temperature sensor is LM35. The LM35 series are precision integrated circuit temperature
sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM35
operates at -55˚ to +120˚C. The basic centigrade temperature sensor (+2˚C to +150˚C) is shown
in the figure below.

The LM35 sensor outputs a voltage that is linearly proportional to the temperature being
measured. For every degree Celsius change in temperature , the output voltage of the sensor
changes by 10 millivolts.

Therefore, if the temperature being measured is 25 degrees celsius, the output voltage of the
sensor will be 250 millivolts.

The LM35 sensor is easy to use and does not require any calibration. It has a simple 3-pin
design, with a power input pin, a ground pin, and an output pin. The output pin can be connected
directly to an analog input of the microcontroller to read the temperature value.

5
Features of LM35 Temperature Sensor:

• Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)Rated for full l

−55˚ to +150˚C range Suitable for remote applications

• Low cost due to wafer-level trimmingOperates from 4 to 30

volts

• Low self-heating,

• ±1/4˚C of typical nonlinearity

1.3 Humidity Monitor:

Humidity monitoring is a crucial aspect of irrigation. Smart Monitoring of humidity levels can
increase the chances of good produce and smart irrigation. Fig 5. Shows the Humidity monitoring
system, which is one of the aspects of a smart irrigation system. In this system, a humidity sensor
is used. Humidity sensors are used to sense the humidity in the environment. This sensor is
registered to the home gateway. After the network configurations, the values of the humidity
sensor can be viewed on the Tablet. Further, to make it more convenient, a humidifier is used. A
humidifier is a device used for increasing the level of moisture in the environment. The users can
set the conditions accordingly.
High humidity levels can lead to mold growth, respiratory problems, and damage to furniture and
electronics, while low humidity can cause dry skin, respiratory issues, and damage to wood and
other materials Humidity monitors are available in a variety of types, including digital and analog
models, and can be used as standalone devices or integrated into other systems, such as smart
thermostats for HVAC systems.

6
Another feature that some humidity monitors include is data logging. This feature allows you to
record and store the humidity and temperature levels over a specified period. This can be useful for
analyzing trends and patterns in your environment and making informed decisions based on the
data collected.

Fig 1.3: Automatic sprinkler and Humidity

monitoring system

Other Monitoring Devices The germination time of the seeds and plants may shorten due to
frequent changes in the atmospheric pressure. This System has an Atmospheric Pressure level
indicator for proper monitoring of atmospheric pressure levels and taking adequate measures
that may help to increase the growth of plants and cause more massive and rapid root growth.

Another aspect is the Humiture monitor, which helps in monitoring both temperature and
humidity levels. The temperature monitor senses the temperature levels in the atmosphere.

7
The main purpose of a humidity monitoring system is to measure the relative humidity of the air
in a given space. This can be important in many applications, including HVAC systems,
museums, data centers, and more. This allows for more efficient and effective management of
building operations.

This is also useful for identifying trends and making informed decisions about building
operations.

1.4 WIND DETECTOR:

The Wind detector detects wind in the environment. The carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
detect the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide levels, respectively.

A wind speed sensor is a physical device used to measure wind speed. The wind generated by
the airflow drives the top three wind cups to rotate, and the central axis drives the internal
sensing element to generate an output signal, which can be used to calculate the wind speed.

Wind speed sensor working principle:

The wind generated by the airflow drives the top three wind cups to rotate, and the central axis
drives the internal sensing element to generate an output signal, which can be used to calculate the
wind speed.

ADVANTAGES:

It provides specific measurements with minimal power consumption. This device calculates
multiple parameters such as speed, velocity, pressure, and direction of the wind. Since it is a
climate station instrument, it can detect, measure, and provide information concerning the wind.

Wind turbines, which generate electricity from wind power, rely on accurate wind speed and
direction measurements to optimize their performance.

8
Wind detectors are used in environmental monitoring to measure wind speed and direction,
which can help identify areas where pollution is being carried by the wind.

They are also useful in agriculture for implementing irrigation and planting strategies. This is
very useful for the better yielding of the crops.

Fig 1.4: Other Monitoring Devices

1.5 SIREN: The Smart Siren allows you to use voice prompts to support the normal siren
functionality, which ensures customers don't need to remember patterns for different alarms. Voice
prompts can also be used to accomplish important tasks such as notifications and confirmation of
actions.
In Cisco Packet Tracer, a siren is a tTo add a siren to your Packet Tracer network, you can use
the "Security" devices category and select the "Alarm Siren" device.

9
1.6 WATER SPRINKLER:

• An Irrigation sprinkler is a device used to irrigate agricultural crops, lawns, landscapes,

golf courses, and other areas. They are also used for cooling and for
the control of airborne dust. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water that
is like natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It
is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops
which fall to the ground. The pump, valves, distribution pipes, and sprinklers are generally
designed to apply water as uniformly as possible. Sprinklers that spray in a fixed pattern are
generally called sprays or spray heads. Sprays are not usually designed to operate at
pressures, due to misting problems that may develop.

•Higher pressure sprinklers that themselves move in a circle are driven by a ball drive,
gear drive, or impact mechanism (impact sprinklers). These can be designed to rotate in a
full or partial circle.

• Rain guns are similar to impact sprinklers, except that they generally operate at
very high pressures of 40 to 130 If/in² (275 to 900 kPa) and flows of 50 to 1200 US
gal/min(3 to 76 L/s), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 0.5 to 1.9 inches (10 to
50 mm).

•The first use of sprinklers by farmers was some form of home and golf course type
sprinklers. These ad hoc systems, while doing the job of the buried pipes and fixed
sprinkler heads, interfered with cultivation and were expensive to maintain. To conserve
water, it's important to use sprinklers that are designed to minimize water waste and to
water plants during the early morning or late evening when evaporation rates are low.
Regular maintenance is necessary to ensure the efficient operation of sprinklers. This
includes cleaning the sprinkler heads, checking for leaks or clogs, and adjusting the water
flow rate. The coverage area of a sprinkler depends on its design and water pressure.

1
 Fig 1.5: Resident

● Underground Sprinkler

● End Gun style pivot applicator sprinkler

● Home lawn sprinklers vary widely in size, cost, and complexity. They include impact
sprinklers, oscillating sprinklers, drip sprinklers, and underground sprinkler systems. Small
sprinklers are available at home and garden stores or hardware stores for small costs. These are
often attached to an outdoor water faucet and are placed only temporarily. Other systems may
be professionally installed permanently in the ground and are attached permanently to a home's
plumbing system. An ingenious domestic sprinkler made by Nomad called a 'set-and-forget
tractor sprinkler' was used in Australia in the 1950s. Water pressure ensured that the sprinkler
slowly moved across

the lawn.[1]

● Sprinklers can be simulated in Cisco Packet Tracer by using the IoT (Internet of Things)
devices available in the software.

● Test the Smart Sprinkler device by sending commands to it from a computer connected to the
network. You can use the Command Line Interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI) to
send commands to the device and see its response.

11
● Underground sprinklers function through means of basic electronic and hydraulic technology.
This valve and all the sprinklers that will be activated by this valve are known as a zone. Upon
activation, the solenoid, which sits on top of the valve is magnetized lifting a small stainless-
steel plunger in its center. By doing this, the activated (or raised) plunger allows air to escape
from the top of a rubber diaphragm located in the center of the valve.

● Water that has been charged and waiting on the bottom of this same diaphragm now has a
higher pressure and lifts the diaphragm. This pressurized water is then allowed to escape
downstream of the valve through a series of pipes, usually made of PVC. At the end of these
pipes flush to ground level (typically) are pre-measured and spaced out sprinklers. These
sprinklers can be fixed spray heads that have a set pattern and generally spray between 1.5–2m
(7–15 ft.), full rotating sprinklers that can spray a broken stream of water from 6–12m (20–40
ft.), or small drip emitters that release a slow, steady drip of water on more delicate plants such
as flowers and shrubs.

● Agricultural Science

● Sprinklers can help create a realistic simulation of a fire in a network environment, which can
help network administrators prepare for and respond to potential disasters.
● Using sprinklers in Cisco Packet Tracer is a cost-effective way to test and refine network fire
safety protocols before investing in physical hardware.

1
• In the 1950s a firm based in Portland, Oregon Stout-Wyss Irrigation System, developed the
rolling pipe type irrigation system for farms that has become the most popular type forfarmers
irrigating large fields. With this system large wheels attached to the large pipes with sprinkler
heads move slowly across the field.

• Most irrigation sprinklers are used as part of a sprinkler system, consisting of

various plumbing parts, pump units,[4] piping and control equipment.

• Outdoor sprinkler systems are sometimes used as a deterrent against homeless people. This
sprinkler system was programmed to drench unsuspecting sleepers at
random times during the night. Local businessmen soon copied this system to drive homeless
people away from public sidewalks adjacent to their businesses. With Cisco Packet
Tracer, network administrators can easily adjust the parameters of the sprinklers, such as
water pressure and spray pattern, to test different scenarios.

Using sprinklers in Cisco Packet Tracer can help students and network administrators learn
about fire safety protocols, network design, and disaster recovery planning.

Fig 1.6: Water Sprinkler

13
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY:

Title 1: IoT-Based Smart Plant Irrigation System with Enhanced learning Author:
Kemal Cagri Serdaroglu, Cem Onel, Sebnem Bayadere

In this study, we propose a smart plant irrigation IoT system that autonomously adapts itself to a
defined irrigation habit. Automated plant irrigation systems generally make decisions based on
static models derived from the plant’s characteristics. In contrast, in our proposed solution,
irrigation decisions are dynamically adjusted based on the changing environmental conditions.

The learning mechanism of the model reveals the mathematical connections of the environmental
variables used in the determination of the irrigation habit and progressively enhances its learning
procedure as the irrigation data accumulates in the model. We evaluated the success of our
irrigation model with four different supervised machine learning algorithms and adapted the
Gradient Boosting Regression Trees(GBRT) method in our IoT solution.

We established a test bed for the sensor edge, mobile client, and the decision service on the
cloud to analyze the overall system performance. The early results from our prototype system
that is tested with two indoor plants; namely Sardinia and Peace-lily are very encouraging. The
results reveal that the proposed system can learn the irrigation habits of different plants
successfully.

The system uses sensors to measure environmental parameters such as soil moisture,
temperature, and humidity. The data collected by the sensors is sent to a microcontroller, which
processes the data and determines whether irrigation is needed. The microcontroller also
communicates with a server that collects and analyzes the data, providing insights to improve the
irrigation system's performance.

The system is designed to be energy-efficient and scalable, making it suitable for use in large
agricultural fields as well as home gardens.

14
Title 2: Mobile Integrated Smart Irrigation Management and Monitoring System
Using IoT

Author: Vaishali S, Suraj S, Vignesh G, Divya S,Udayakumar S Agriculture has been

the most important practice from the very beginning of human civilization. Traditional methods
that are used for irrigation, such as overhead sprinklers and flood type, are not that much
efficient. T

About 85% of the total available water resources across the world are solely used for irrigation
purposes. In upcoming years this demand is likely to increase because of the increasing
population. To meet this demand, we must adopt new techniques which will

conserve the need for water for the irrigation process. In the automation system, water
availability to crops is monitored through sensors, and as per need, watering is done through
controlled irrigation. The almost infinite capabilities of storage and processing, the rapid
elasticity makes cloud computing an attractive solution to the large amount of data generated.
The idea is to focus on parameters such as temperature and soil moisture. This is a Mobile
Integrated and smart irrigation system using IOT based on an application-controlled monitoring
system.

The central control unit processes the data and makes decisions about when and how much to
water the crops based on the current weather conditions and the moisture level of the soil. The
system can also be controlled remotely using a mobile app or web interface, allowing farmers to
adjust settings and monitor the system from anywhere.

Overall, the Mobile Integrated Smart Irrigation Management and Monitoring System Using IoT
is a powerful tool for modern agriculture, providing farmers with greater control over their
irrigation systems and helping to reduce water waste while increasing crop yields. This system
can also be controlled remotely using a mobile app or web interface, allowing farmers to adjust
settings and monitor the system from anywhere.

This system can also reduce the need for manual labor and eliminate guesswork in irrigation
management.

1
Title 3: Automated Irrigation System-IoT Based Approach Author: Dweepayan
Mishra, Arzeena Khan2 Rajeev Tiwari3, Shuchi Upadhay4

Agriculture is a major source of earnings for Indians, and agriculture has made a big impact on
India's economy. The development of crops for a better yield and quality delivery is
exceptionally required. So suitable conditions and suitable moisture in the beds of crops can play
a major role in production. Most irrigation is done by traditional methods of stream flows from
one end to another. Such supply may leave varied moisture levels in the field. The administration
of the water system can be enhanced by utilizing a programmed watering framework This paper
proposes a programmed water system with the framework for the terrains which will reduce
manual labor and optimize water usage increasing the productivity of crops. For formulating the
setup, an Arduino kit is used with a moisture sensor with a Wi-Fi module.

The basic components of an automated irrigation system include soil moisture sensors, weather
sensors, controllers, valves, and communication devices. Soil moisture sensors are used to
measure the moisture content of the soil, while weather sensors provide information about
temperature, humidity, and rainfall. Controllers use this information to determine when and how
much water to apply to the crops.

Title 4: Smart Irrigation System Using Machine Learning and IoT Author: Revanth
Kondaveti, Akash Reddy, Supreet Palabtla

In urban areas, such as developed cities, the citizens have all the basic amenities like electricity
supply with a minimal power cut, Food supply, comparatively proper roads and
infrastructure of buildings, etc. But the same is not the case with rural areas, where the majority
of villages suffer electricity shortages, agricultural issues, improper supply and distribution of
water for various purposes, etc. Hence through our project Now, there are numerous factors that
can influence the formation of a smart village. This main focus is on the Automatic Irrigation
System.

Smart Irrigation System using Machine Learning and IoT is a system that utilizes modern
technologies to optimize water usage in agriculture.

1
 CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

3.1 IOT (Internet of Things)

The Future Internet goal is to provide an infrastructure to have immediate access to information
about the physical world and its objects. Physical objects can be applicable to different application
domains, such as e-health, warehouse management, etc. Each application domain may have
different types of physical devices. Each physical device can have its own specifications, which
are required to interact with it. To achieve the future Internet goal, a layered vision is required that
can facilitate data access. Internet of Things (IoT) is a vision that aims to integrate the virtual
world of information to the real world of devices through a layered architecture.

The term „Internet of Things‟ consists of two words, namely Internet and Things. Internet refers
to the global network infrastructure with scalable, configurable capabilities based on
interoperable and standard communication protocols. Things are physical objects or devices, or
virtual objects, devices or information, which have identities, physical attributes and virtual
personalities, and use intelligent interfaces [1]. For instance, a virtual object can represent an
abstract unit of sensor nodes that contains metadata to identify and discover its corresponding
sensor nodes. Therefore, IoT refers to the things that can provide information from the physical
environment through the Internet. Middleware is an interface between the hardware layer and the
application layer, which is responsible for interacting with devices and information management
[2]. The role of middleware is to present a unified programming model to interact with devices.
Middleware overseas masks the heterogeneity and distribution problems that we face when
interacting with devices [3]. In Cisco Packet Tracer, you can also use the built-in IoT simulation
mode to create and test IoT applications. This mode allows you to simulate the behavior of IoT
devices and monitor their interactions with other devices and applications.

1
3.2 Motivation

IoT-based systems oversee providing knowledge from an environment to a non-expert user. IoT-
based systems can be used in different environments, so it needs to be able to address many
heterogeneous devices. Thus, a major concern within developing an IoT based system is how to
handle the interaction with the heterogeneous devices for non expert users. This concern can be
addressed by a middleware layer between devices and non-expert users. This layer is responsible
for hiding the diversity of devices from the user perspective and provides access transparency to
the devices for the end users. The idea of creating abstractions of devices has been addressed in
the literature. The middleware we found in the literature can provide satisfaction by facilitating
the interaction with devices, but they do not support low-level device configuration [4].

3.3. IoT definition

In this section, we explain some of the IoT definitions. Also, we explain the layered
architecture for IoT.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has increasingly gained attention in industry to interact with
different types of devices. IoT can have influence on industry and society by integrating physical
devices into information networks [8]. IoT impacts can be from different perspectives, namely
for private and business users. From the perspective of a private user, IoT influences both
working and personal fields, such as smart homes and offices, e-health and assisted living. From
the aspect of a business user the impacts would be in fields such as automation and industrial
manufacturing, logistics, business process management, intelligent transportation of people and
goods [9].

IoT integrates physical things into information networks. IoT covers the overall infrastructure,
including software, hardware and services, which is used to support these information networks.

1
The integrated physical things can exchange data about the physical properties and information
that they sense in their environment. To identify devices, we can use identification technologies
like for example RFID, which allow each device to be uniquely identified [10]. International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)1 defines IoT as “A global infrastructure for the Information
Society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on,
existing and evolving, interoperable information and communication technologies” .

3.4 Challenges

IoT-based systems can be used for different purposes and areas, so we have to face different
challenges. In this section, we explain some of the challenges that need to be considered in
research activities [10]:

Edge technology

At the hardware level, more research efforts are required to develop the technology of embedded
devices, sensors, actuators and (passive and active) identification, since an IoT-based system
must be able to gather sufficient information about the real world by employing a large variety of
devices and environments. Thus, more work is still required to connect heterogeneous devices
and deploy them in IoT applications, and to provide support for new devices.

Networking technologies

In IoT, things are connected through different kinds of networks, i.e., mobile, wired and wireless
networks. These networks support bi-directional communication at different levels among the
real-world objects, applications and services that are employed by the IoT applications. This highly
distributed structure should provide interconnection with low energy consumption, while
distributed data can cause privacy issues.

1
Middleware system

In IoT, we have heterogeneous devices and networks. Their heterogeneity can potentially increase
with new technologies. To facilitate the use of these devices by IoT applications, we should shield
their heterogeneity.

Therefore, we need to develop a secure, scalable and semantically enriched service-oriented

middleware to cope with the heterogeneity of devices.

Platform services

They support superior management of all involved devices in an integrated way, ensuring
scalability, high availability, and the safe and secure execution of the requested functionality from
devices.

In continuation, we focus on the middleware challenges, because we are looking for the
functionalities that a middleware can provide for the application layer in the IoT-based systems

Internet of Things-Architecture 2(IoT-A) defines it as “The idea of a globally interconnected

continuum of devices, objects and things in general emerged with the RFID technology, and this
concept has considerably been extended to the current vision that envisages a plethora of
heterogeneous objects interacting with the physical environment.” [12]

IoT has a layered architecture designed to answer the demands of various industries, enterprises
and society. Fig. 2.1 shows a generic layered architecture for IoT that consist of five layers,
which are discussed, in the following:[13]

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Edge Technology layer

This is a hardware layer that consists of embedded systems, RFID tags, sensor networks and all the
other sensors in different forms. This hardware layer can perform several functions, such as
collecting information from a system or an environment, processing information and supporting
communication.

Access Gateway layer

This layer is concerned with data handling and is responsible for publishing and subscribing the
services that are provided by the Things, message routing, and hovelling the communication
between platforms.

Middleware layer
This layer has some critical functionalities, such as aggregating and filtering the received data from
the hardware devices, performing information discovery and providing access control to the
devices for applications.

Application layer
This layer is responsible for delivering various application services. These services are provided
through the middleware layer to different applications and users in IoT-based systems.

Figure:2.1 Layered architecture of the Internet of Things (IoT).

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3.4. IoT_based Middleware
Bandyopadhyay, S. et. al. has studied the middleware systems that have been applied in IoT-based
systems [1]. They classify the required functionality of middleware to manage interaction with a
variety of devices in four functional components, namely (1) interface protocols, (2) device
abstraction, (3) central control, context detection & management, and (4) application abstraction
(shown in Fig. 2.2). In the following, we explain these components in detail.

IoT middleware is a software layer that acts as a bridge between IoT devices and applications. It
provides a set of services and APIs that enable communication, data processing, and management
of IoT devices and data.

These middleware components provide APIs and tools for developing IoT applications. They
abstract away the complexity of device integration and data management, enabling developers to
build applications quickly and efficiently.

Figure 2.2 Functional components of a middleware for IoT-

based system

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3.5 Interface protocols

This component oversees providing technical interoperability. Interoperability in the context of

Interface protocols means: the ability of two systems to interoperate by using the same
communication protocols. According to ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards
Institute) [14] technical interoperability is defined as the association of hardware or software
components, systems and platforms that enable machine-to machine communication to take
place. This kind of interoperability is often centered on (communication) protocols, and the
infrastructure needed for those protocols to operate [14]. To cope with the heterogeneity of
devices, we can use a wrapper for each device to translate the protocol supported by the device to
a common protocol. This wrapper can be placed either on the device side or the middleware
side. If we want to have direct interaction with devices, we should place the wrapper in the
middleware side. Devices usually have limited capability of computational process, so this would
be a reason to implement wrapper on the middleware side. In contrast, in case of indirect
interaction with devices we can develop an intermediary wrapper between the middleware and
the devices.

Interface protocols are crucial in modern computing and communication technologies as they
enable interoperability between different systems and devices. Without standardized protocols, it
would be much more difficult for devices to communicate with each other, leading to a
fragmented and inefficient technology landscape. Examples of interface protocols include USB,
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and HTTP. Each of these protocols has its own set of rules that
define how data is transmitted, what types of data can be transmitted, and how devices should
respond to various commands or signals. The interface protocol component is responsible for
allowing the middleware to support both direct and indirect interactions.

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3.6 Device Abstraction (DA):

This component is responsible for providing an abstract format to facilitate the interaction of the
application components with devices. This abstraction provides syntactic and semantic
interoperability, which are defined by ETSI [14] as follows:

Syntactic interoperability is associated with data formats. The messages transferred by

communication protocols must have a well-defined syntax and encoding format, which can be
represented by using high-level transfer syntax such as HTML and XML.

Device abstraction refers to the process of hiding the details of a hardware device and presenting
a more simplified and standardized interface for software applications to interact with the device.
This is done by creating a layer of software, known as a device driver, that sits between the
operating system and the hardware.

Semantic interoperability is usually associated with the meaning of the content of a message
which is understandable for humans. Thus, interoperability on this level means that there is a
common understanding among people on the meaning of the content (information) being
exchanged among them.

However, since DA does not communicate directly with humans, semantic interoperability in the
context of DA oversees providing this common understanding for applications. Semantic
interoperability relies on semantic models which tend to be domain specific.

For example, one way to provide semantic interoperability in Service Oriented (SOA)
[15] based middleware is by using Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) [16]. In this
context, each device type refers to a distinguished service type.

This makes it easier for software developers to create applications that work with a wide range of
hardware devices, without needing to create specialized code for each individual device.

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3.7 Application Abstraction

This functional component provides an interface for both high-level applications and end users to
interact with devices. A. Malara's. et. al. proposes a SOA-based middleware to perform data
management and data monitoring services [18]. The goal of application abstraction is to provide
a simplified view of the software that hides unnecessary complexities, making it easier for users
to interact with and use the application. This approach can improve the user experience, increase
productivity, and reduce the amount of training required for users to become proficient with the
software. This approach can improve the user experience, increase productivity, and reduce the
amount of training required for users to become proficient with the software.

This middleware uses a RESTful interface to facilitate the interaction of high-level applications
with sensors, which can communicate with Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) through the HTTP
operations:

(1) GET to issue a query on an existing resource, (2) DELETE to remove an existing resource,
(3) POST to create a new resource, and (4) PUT to update an existing resource
(2) For instance, a client application gets the result of a domain task by sending a GET request
through the URL: „http :// {hostname}/REST/
{version}/DomaintaskResult/id’. In this URI that reference to an „id leads to a unique result.
‟

In the Tiny DB middleware [19], an end-user can use a query language to interact with devices.
For instance, a user can send the following query to get the id of a sensor.

Overall, application abstraction is an important technique for simplifying complex software

systems, making them more user-friendly, and facilitating their integration with other software
applications.

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NODE MCU

NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform.[4][5] It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266
Wi-Fi SoC from Espress if Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP 12 module.[6][7] The
term "NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kits. The
firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the Elua project and built on the Espress
if Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open-source projects, such as lua-cjson[8] and
SPIFFS. The NodeMCU firmware is built on top of the Lua programming language and provides
a simple and easy-to-use API for controlling the ESP8266.t includes support for a variety of
sensors and actuators, as well as built-in support for popular IoT protocols like MQTT and
REST.

NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espress if
Systems [6] began production of the ESP8266. [10] The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a
Tensilica Extensa LX106 core, [citation needed] widely used in IoT applications (see related projects).
NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to
GitHub.[11] Two months later, the project expanded to include an open-hardware platform when
developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an ESP8266 board, named devkit v0.9. [12] The
development board includes a USB-to-serial converter, power regulator, and all necessary
components to get started.

Later that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library from Contiki to the ESP8266 SoC
platform,[13] and committed to NodeMCU project, then NodeMCU was able to support the
MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker. Another important update was
made on 30 Jan 2015, when Devasura's ported the u8glib [ 14]to NodeMCU project,[15] enabling
NodeMCU to easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA displays.

2
 Figure 2.3: Node MCU

NodeMCU is an open-source LUA based firmware developed for ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip. By
exploring functionality with ESP8266 chip, NodeMCU firmware comes with ESP8266
Development board/kit i.e., NodeMCU Development board
NodeMCU Development Board/kit v0.9 (Version1)

Since NodeMCU is an open-source platform, their hardware design is open for

editing/modifying/building.

NodeMCU Dev Kit/board consists of ESP8266 Wi-Fi enabled chip. The ESP8266 is a low-cost
Wi-Fi chip developed by Espress if Systems with TCP/IP protocol.

Overall, NodeMCU is a powerful and versatile platform for building IoT projects, and its open-
source nature makes it easy for developers to modify and extend its capabilities.

It is based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, which provides a low-cost way to add Wi-Fi
connectivity to a project.

In addition to the firmware, NodeMCU also includes a development board that makes it easy to
prototype and develop IoT projects. The development board includes a USB-to-serial converter,
power regulator, and all necessary components to get started.

2
 For more information about ESP8266, you can refer to ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module.

There is Version2 (V2) available for NodeMCU Dev Kit i.e., NodeMCU Development
Board v1.0 (Version2), which usually comes in black colored PCB.

Figure 2.4: NodeMCU Development Board/kit v1.0 (Version2)

For more information about NodeMCU Boards available in market refer to NodeMCU
Development Boards NodeMCU Dev Kit has Arduino-like Analog (i.e., A0) and Digital (D0-
D8) pins on its board. It supports serial communication protocols i.e., UART, SPI, I2C etc. Using
such serial protocols, we can connect it with serial devices like I2C enabled LCD display,
Magnetometer HMC5883, MPU-6050 Gyro meter + Accelerometer, RTC chips, GPS modules,
touch screen displays, SD cards etc.

The NodeMCU board has built-in WiFi, which makes it easy to connect to the internet and interact
with cloud services. It also has GPIO pins, analog inputs, and serial communication interfaces,
making it possible to interface with a wide range of sensors, actuators, and other electronic
components.

The board is compatible with the Arduino IDE, which means you can program it using the same
programming language and development environment as an Arduino board. Additionally, there are
many libraries and examples available that can help you get started with your projects quickly.

2
How to start with NodeMCU?

NodeMCU Development board features Wi-Fi capability, analog pin, digital pins and serial
communication protocols.

To get started with using NodeMCU for IoT applications first we need to know about how to
write/download NodeMCU firmware in NodeMCU Development Boards. And before that where
this NodeMCU firmware will get as per our requirement.

There are online NodeMCU custom builds available using which we can easily get our custom
NodeMCU firmware as per our requirement.

To know more about how to build custom NodeMCU firmware online and download it refer
Getting started with NodeMCU.

How to write code for NodeMCU?

After setting up ESP8266 with Node-MCU firmware, let’s see the IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) required for development of NodeMCU.

NodeMCU with Explorer IDE

Lua scripts are generally used to code the NodeMCU. Lua is an open source, lightweight,
embeddable scripting language built on top of C programming language.

For more information about how to write Lua script for NodeMCU refer Getting started with
NodeMCU using ESPlorerIDE.

NodeMCU with Explorer IDE is a programming environment and development kit that
simplifies the development process for NodeMCU-based projects. It provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) that includes a text editor, a compiler, and a debugger, as well
as libraries and example code that can be used to get started quickly.

2
THERMOCOUPLE:

It is a type of temperature sensor, which is made by joining two dissimilar metals at one end. The
joined end is referred to as the HOT JUNCTION. The other end of these dissimilar metals is
referred to as the COLD END or COLD JUNCTION. The cold junction is formed at the last
point of the thermocouple material. If there is a difference in temperature between the hot
junction and cold junction, a small voltage is created. This voltage is referred to as an EMF
(electro-motive force) and can be measured and in turn used to indicate temperature.

Figure 2.5: Thermocouple

The RTD is a temperature sensing device whose resistance changes with temperature. Typically
built from platinum, though devices made from nickel or copper are not uncommon, RTDs can
take many different shapes like wire wound, thin film. To measure the resistance across an
RTD, apply a constant current, measure the resulting voltage, and determine the RTD resistance.
RTDs exhibit linear resistance to temperature curves over their operating regions, and any
nonlinearity is highly predictable and repeatable. The PT100 RTD evaluation board uses surface
mount RTD to measure temperature. One advantage of thermocouples is that they can measure a
wide range of temperatures, from very low (-200°C) to very high (over 2000°C), depending on
the type of metals used.

3
An external 2, 3 or 4-wire PT100 can also be associated with measuring temperature in remote
areas. The RTDs are biased using a constant current source. To reduce self-heat due to power
dissipation, the current magnitude is moderately low. The circuit shown in the figure is the
constant current source uses a reference voltage, one amplifier, and a PNP transistor.

Thermistors:

Like the RTD, the thermistor is a temperature sensing device whose resistance changes with
temperature. Thermistors, however, are made from semiconductor materials. Resistance is
determined in the same manner as the RTD, but thermistors exhibit a highly nonlinear resistance
vs. temperature curve. Thus, in the thermistors operating range we can see a large resistance
change for a very small temperature change. This makes for a highly sensitive device, ideal for
set-point applications.

Semiconductor sensors:

They are classified into different types like Voltage output, Current output, Digital output,
Resistance output silicon and Diode temperature sensors. Modern semiconductor temperature
sensors offer high accuracy and high linearity over an operating range of about 55°C to +150°C.
Internal amplifiers can scale the output to convenient values, such as 10mV/°C. Semiconductor
sensors consist of a semiconductor material, such as silicon or germanium, that is doped with
impurities to create a p-n junction. When exposed to changes in temperature or other physical
parameters, the electrical properties of the semiconductor material change, resulting in a change
in the voltage or current that can be measured and used to determine the physical parameter
being measured.

They are also useful in cold-junction compensation circuits for wide temperature range
thermocouples. A brief detail about this type of temperature sensor is given below.

3
SENSOR ICS

There are a wide variety of temperature sensor ICs that are available to simplify the broadest
possible range of temperature monitoring challenges. These silicon temperature sensors differ
significantly from the above-mentioned types in a couple of important ways. The first is the
operating temperature range. A temperature sensor IC can operate over the nominal IC
temperature range of -55°C to +150°C. The second major difference is functionality.

A silicon temperature sensor is an integrated circuit and can therefore include extensive signal
processing circuitry within the same package as the sensor. There is no need to add
compensation circuits for temperature sensor ICs. Some of these are analogue circuits with either
voltage or current output. Others combine analogue-sensing circuits with voltage comparators to
provide alert functions.Sensor ICs can be used in a wide range of applications, including
automotive, medical, industrial, and consumer electronics. For example, temperature sensor ICs
can be used to measure the temperature of a processor in a computer or a power supply in a
factory, while pressure sensor ICs can be used to measure the pressure inside a tire or a pipeline.

Some other sensor ICs combine analogue-sensing circuitry with digital input/output and control
registers, making them an ideal solution for microprocessor-based systems.

A silicon temperature sensor is an integrated circuit and can therefore include extensive signal
processing circuitry within the same package as the sensor. There is no need to add
compensation circuits for temperature sensor ICs. Some of these are analogue circuits with either
voltage or current output. Others combine analogue-sensing circuits with voltage comparators to
provide alert functions. Some other sensor ICs combine analogue-sensing circuitry with digital
input/output and control registers, making them an ideal solution for microprocessor-based
systems.

3
About DHT11 sensor

The DHT11 sensor comes in a single row 4-pin package and operates from 3.5 to 5.5V
power supply. It can measure temperature from 0-50 °C with an accuracy of ±2°C and relative
humidity ranging from 20-95% with an accuracy of ±5%. The sensor provides fully calibrated
digital outputs for the two measurements. It has got its own proprietary 1- wire protocol, and
therefore, communication between the sensor and a microcontroller is not possible through a
direct interface with any of its peripherals. The protocol must be implemented in the firmware of
the MCU with precise timing required by the sensor. The following timing diagrams describe the
data transfer protocol between a MCU and the DHT11 sensor. The DHT11 sensor has a
temperature range of 0 to 50 degrees Celsius with an accuracy of +/- 2 degrees Celsius, and a
humidity range of 20% to 90% RH with an accuracy of +/- 5% RH. It operates on a voltage
range of 3.5V to 5.5V and consumes very low power.The DHT11 sensor is commonly used in
applications such as home automation, weather stations, HVAC systems, and more.

Figure 2.6: DHT11 sensor comes in a single row 4-pin package

3
Next, the sensor responds to the MCU “Start "signal by pulling the line low for 80? s followed by
a logic high signal that also lasts for 80? s. Remember that the MCU pin must be configured to
input after finishing the “Start "signal..

Figure 2.7:”Start" and "Response" signals

The 40-bit data from the sensor has the following structure.

Data (40-bit) = Integer Byte of RH + Decimal Byte of RH + Integer Byte of Temp. + Decimal
Byte of Temp. + Checksum Byte For DHT11 sensor, the decimal bytes of temperature and
humidity measurements are always zero. Therefore, the first and third bytes of received data give
the numeric values of the measured relative humidity (%) and temperature (°C).. If all the five
bytes are transferred successfully then the checksum byte must be equal to the last 8 bits of the
sum of the first four bytes, i.e.,

Checksum = Last 8 bits of (Integer Byte of RH + Decimal Byte of RH + Integer Byte of Temp. +
Decimal Byte of Temp.)

To send a bit of data, the sensor first pulls the line low for 50? s. Then it raises the line too high
for 26-28? s if it must send “0″, or for 70? s if the bit to be transmitted is “1″. So, it is the width of
the positive pulse that carries information about 1 and 0.

However, it should be noted that the accuracy of the sensor may not be sufficient for some
applications, and other more precise sensors may be required.The sensor is small and easy to
use, and can be interfaced with a variety of microcontrollers such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and
others.

3
 Figure 2.8: Timing difference for transmitting "1s" and "0s"
Start, Response and Data signals in sequence

The sensor operates by using a thermistor to measure temperature and a capacitive humidity sensor
to measure humidity. It provides a single-wire digital output, which can be read by the
microcontroller using a simple protocol.

At the end of the last transmitted bit, the sensor pulls the data line low for 50? s and then releases
it. The DHT11 sensor requires an external pull-up resistor to be connected between its Vcc
and the data line so that under idle condition, the data line is always pulled high. After
finishing the data transmission and releasing the data line, the DHT11 sensor goes to the low-
power consumption mode until a new “Start” signal arrives from the MCU.These sensors are
normally used to check volumetric water content, and another group of sensors calculates
a new property of moisture within soils named water potential.

3
 Soil Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration

Figure 2.9:The FC-28 soil moisture sensor includes 4-pins

Working Principle

Soil moisture sensors typically consist of two or more metal probes that are inserted into the soil.
These probes are connected to an electronic circuit that measures the resistance between them.
When the soil is dry, the resistance between the probes is high, and when it is wet, the resistance is
low.

The sensor measures the resistance by applying a small electrical current between the probes and
then measuring the voltage across them. The resistance is then calculated using Ohm's Law, which
states that resistance is equal to voltage divided by current

This sensor mainly utilizes capacitance to gauge the water content of the soil (dielectric
permittivity).

This sensor makes it perfect to execute experiments within science courses like environmental
science, agricultural science, biology, soil science, botany, and horticulture.

36
Specifications

● The specification of this sensor includes the following. • The required voltage for
working is 5V .
● The required current for working is <20mA .
● Sensing range: This refers to the range of moisture levels that the sensor is capable of
measuring. The sensing range can vary from sensor to sensor, but typically falls between
0 to 100% moisture content.
● Accuracy: This refers to the degree of precision with which the sensor can measure the
moisture content of the soil. Accuracy can be affected by various factors such as
temperature, salinity, and soil type. Typically, a good soil moisture sensor should have an
accuracy of at least ±2% moisture content.
● Response time: This refers to the time it takes for the sensor to provide a reading once it
comes into contact with the soil. A fast response time is desirable in some applications,
while a slower response time may be acceptable in others
● Operating voltage: Soil moisture sensors are typically powered by batteries or other
sources of low voltage DC power. The operating voltage of a sensor can vary, but it is
typically between 3 to 5 volts.
● Type of interface is analog
● The required working temperature of this sensor is 10°C~30°C
● Output signal: Soil moisture sensors may provide an analog or digital output signal.
Analog signals can be read using a voltmeter or other analog measuring device, while
digital signals can be read using a microcontroller or other digital device.
● Probe length: The length of the probe of a soil moisture sensor is an important factor to
consider. The probe should be long enough to reach the root zone of the plants being
monitored, but not so long as to be difficult to install or use. Typically, soil moisture
sensors have probe lengths between 2 to 8 inches.

37
• Soil Moisture Sensor Applications:
Soil moisture sensors can be used to optimize irrigation scheduling by providing real-time
information about the water content in the soil. This allows farmers and gardeners to irrigate their
crops only when necessary, reducing water waste and improving crop yield.

• The applications of moisture sensors include the following:

Moisture sensors are commonly used in agriculture to measure soil moisture content. This
information is used to optimize irrigation, prevent water waste, and improve crop yield.

. • Agriculture :Agriculture is the practice of cultivating land, raising animals, and producing
food, fiber, and other products to meet the needs of people. It is the backbone of human
civilization, providing the basic necessities of life. Agriculture includes a wide range of activities
such as crop production, livestock rearing, forestry, fisheries, and agro-processing.

• Landscape irrigation:Landscape irrigation refers to the process of providing water to plants,

trees, and other vegetation in outdoor spaces such as lawns, gardens, and parks. The goal
of landscape irrigation is to ensure that the plants receive the right amount of water to thrive and
remain healthy.

• Simple sensors for gardeners:This type of sensor measures the moisture level in the soil, which
is essential for the proper growth of plants. You can use a soil moisture sensor to determine
when to water your plants, which can help you avoid overwatering or underwatering.

This type of sensor measures the moisture level in the soil, which is essential for the proper
growth of plants. You can use a soil moisture sensor to determine when to water your plants,
which can help you avoid overwatering or underwatering.

38
 CHAPTER 4
REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS:

•Home Gateway
•Temperature Monitor
•Humidity Monitor
•Wind Detector
•Siren
•Water Level Monitors
•Sprinklers

4.1 Feasibility Studies/Risk Analysis of the Project:

In agriculture, proper irrigation is crucial for the healthy growth and development of crops.
Different plants have different water requirements at different stages of growth, and failure to
irrigate properly can result in reduced crop yield or even crop failure.

The crops or plants are irrigated with respect to the water requirements at different stages of their
growth. The DHT11 is a basic, digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive
humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air and spits out a digital signal on
the data pin (no analog pins needed). It is simple to use but requires careful timing to grab data.
Humidity sensors are used for measuring moisture content in the atmosphere. The current
temperature and humidity values are sent to the microcontroller, those values will display in the
user's android app.

3
With more advancement in the field of IoT expected in the coming years, these systems can be
more efficient, much faster and less costly.

In the Future, this system can be made as an intelligent system, where in the system predicts user
actions, rainfall pattern, time to harvest, animal intruder in the field and communicating the
information through advanced technology like IoMT can be implemented so that agricultural
system

can be made independent of human operation and in turn quality and huge quantity yield can be
obtained.

4.2 Software Requirements Specification Document:

Home gateway, Temperature Monitor, Humidity Monitor, Wind Detector, Siren, Water Level
Monitors, Sprinklers those are the software requirements for the project. Water sprinkler, soil
moisture, humidity, and temperature sensors. The smartphone module is used for
communication. In the proposed work, crops or plants are considered along with their water
requirement at different stages.

4.3 System Use Case:

Automatically control environmental conditions within the greenhouse allowing any type of
plants to be grown all year round Eliminates the risk of the greenhouse not being maintained at
specific environmental conditions due to human error Customers are able to define specific
greenhouse conditions “Plug-and-play” products.

By using automated systems, the risk of human error in maintaining specific environmental
conditions is greatly reduced, which can result in improved plant growth and yield. Customers
can define specific greenhouse conditions through pre-set parameters, or through customization
options provided by the manufacturer.

4
 CHAPTER 5
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The proposal consists of the Nodemcu, Water sprinkler, soil moisture, humidity, and temperature
sensors. The smartphone module is used for communication. In the proposed work, crops or
plants are considered along with their water requirement at different stages.

Whenever physical conditions change rapidly, these allow for real-time data processing at a
minimal cost. The scientific community increasingly considers Sensor Networks (SNs) as the
future of Environmental Monitoring.

Providing at a low cost the possibility to gather and process all sorts of data with a space
and time resolution which was inconceivable before, these networks are viewed as a critical
element of the revolution of ubiquitous computing.

5.1 Selected Methodology or process model:

The main objective of this project is to provide an automatic irrigation system thereby saving
time, money & power of the farmer. The traditional farmland irrigation techniques require
manual intervention. With the automated technology of irrigation the human intervention can be
minimized.

Automating the irrigation system can also help farmers save water and reduce water waste, as the
system can be programmed to apply water only when and where it is needed. This can be
especially beneficial in areas with limited water resources or during drought conditions.

Overall, an automated irrigation system can help farmers optimize their crop yields, reduce
manual labor, and conserve resources.

4
 5.2 Architecture / Overall Design of Proposed System:

Figure 3.1: System Architecture

5.3 Description of Software for Implementation and Testing plan of the

Proposed Model/ System:

The proposed consists of the Nodemcu, Water sprinkler, soil moisture, humidity and temperature
sensors. Smartphone modules are used for communication. In the proposed work, crops or plants are
considered along with their water requirement at different stages. The crops or plants are irrigated
with respect to the water requirements at different stages of their growth. The system appears to be
designed to monitor the water requirements of crops or plants at different stages of their growth, and
irrigate them accordingly.
The use of smartphone modules for communication suggests that the system is designed to be
remotely controlled and monitored, perhaps through a mobile app. This could provide farmers or
growers with greater flexibility and convenience in managing their irrigation system.Overall, such a
system could have several potential benefits, such as optimizing water usage and improving crop
yields.

4
The DHT11 is a basic, digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor
and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no
analog pins needed). It is simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data. Humidity
sensors are used for measuring moisture content in the
atmosphere. Then current temperature, humidity values are sent to the microcontroller, those values
will display in the user's android app.
With more advancement in the field of IoT expected in the coming years, these systems can be more
efficient, much faster and cost less. In the Future, this system can be made as an intelligent system,
where in the system predicts user actions, rainfall pattern, time to harvest, animal intruder in the
field.
The DHT11 is a simple yet effective digital temperature and humidity sensor that uses a capacitive
humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air. Unlike other sensors, it generates a
digital signal on the data pin, eliminating the need for analog pins. However, it requires precise
timing to collect data accurately.
Humidity sensors play a crucial role in measuring moisture content in the atmosphere. This data is
vital in various fields such as agriculture, meteorology, and HVAC systems. The DHT11 is an
affordable option for collecting this data, making it a popular choice for hobbyists and professionals
alike.
Collecting temperature and humidity data is only one part of the process. It is equally important to
transmit and process this data to make it useful. Microcontrollers are commonly used to collect and
transmit this data to various devices. In this case, the temperature and humidity values are sent to an
Android app for easy access and analysis.
With more advancements in IoT technology, we can expect these systems to become more efficient,
faster, and cheaper. Future sensors may have better accuracy, higher resolution, and longer
lifetimes. This would enable professionals to make more informed decisions based on real-time
data.
As IoT systems continue to evolve, they will likely become more intelligent. One possibility is
predictive analytics, where the system can predict user actions based on historical data. For
example, an agriculture IoT system could predict when it's time to harvest crops based on
temperature, humidity, and other data.

4
5.4 Project Management Plan:

FIRST REVIEW SECOND REVIEW THIRD REVIEW

ABSTRACT SAMPLE CODING FINAL DOCUMENT

MODULES SAMPLE COMPLETE

SCREENSHOTS SOURCE CODE

SYSTEM SOFTWARE SOFTWARE

ARCHITECTURE INSTALLATIO INSTALLATIO
N N
& EXPLANATION &
EXPLANATION

LITERATURE POWERPOINT POWERPOINT

SURVEY PRESENTATION PRESENTATION

ALGORITHMS &
TECHNIQUES

POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION

4
5.5 Financial report on estimated costing:

Actually, at first, we decided to complete this project by using the hardware setup only. As IoT
sprinklers are very cost effective so that is why we have decided to complete this project by
using very efficient software that is Cisco packet tracer. It is completely low cost and very
useful for the farmers.

In this project, the aim was to create an efficient and cost-effective solution for irrigation for
farmers. Initially, the plan was to complete the project using hardware setup only. However,
after careful consideration, we decided to explore other options and chose to use a software
called Cisco packet tracer.

The reason for choosing the software option was due to the low cost and efficiency of IoT
sprinklers. By utilizing the software, we could create a solution that would not only be cost-
effective but also very useful for the farmers.

5.6 Transition/ Software to Operations Plan:

We used the cisco packet tracer for operating the components in the workspace provided. All the
components are connected to the home gateway. The entire setup is connected to the
smartphone. By using the smartphone, we can operate this system from anywhere in the world
by having a stable internet connection.

This tool is commonly used in networking and telecommunications to simulate and test different
network configurations. In this case, the components are connected to a home gateway, which
acts as the central hub for the network. The paragraph ends by stating that the entire setup can be
controlled through a smartphone, which allows for remote operation from anywhere in the
world, as long as there is a stable internet connection.

4
 CHAPTER 6

IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS:

6.1 About Cisco Packet Tracer:

Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation software developed by Cisco Systems that allows users
to create a simulated network environment. It is used for teaching and learning purposes by students,
educators, and network engineers to design, configure, and troubleshoot network infrastructure.
Packet Tracer provides a virtual representation of a network, including devices such as routers,
switches, and computers, as well as cables, hubs, and wireless access points. Users can create and
configure a variety of network topologies and test them in a virtual environment before implementing
them in the real world.
Packet Tracer is available for free to Cisco Networking Academy members, and it can also be
downloaded and used by non-members for non-commercial purposes. It is compatible with multiple
operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, and is regularly updated to reflect the
latest networking technologies and protocols.

6.2 Temperature Monitor:

A temperature monitor is a device or system that is used to measure and display the
temperature of a given environment. Temperature monitors can be found in a variety of
settings, including homes, workplaces, hospitals, laboratories, and industrial facilities.

There are several types of temperature monitors available, each with its own unique features and
applications. Some of the commonly used types are thermometers, temperature sensors, infrared
thermometers, thermocouples, and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs).

4
 Temperature monitors are essential in many industries, such as food processing,
pharmaceuticals, and healthcare, where maintaining a particular temperature range is
temperature of refrigerators, freezers, and HVAC systems.
critical to the safety and quality of products. They can also be used in homes to monitor the

Here we use the temperature monitor to sense the temperature in the soil. By calculating the accurate
temperature, we can easily predict the suitable conditions for the plant to grow.

6.3 Working Process:

The Lawn sprinklers, Water Level Monitors, Wind Detector, Motion Detector, Siren,
Temperature
sprinklers Monitor
are going are connected to the Home Gateway. The entire setup is connected
to work.
to the
We smartphone.
have Weconditions
to assign the have to assign login
for both thecredentials
sprinklers for
top the
andbrowser
bottom,toFor
login to the
Wind cisco Motion
detector,
packet tracer
Detector, Siren work space.
and also After
for the successfulmonitor.
temperature login to the work space we can monitor the
reading
The levelsprovide
monitors of the readings
water level
thatmonitors.
determineBased
whenon
thethose water are
sprinklers levelgoing
monitor readings
to work. the on these
Based
readings, the sprinklers will turn on and off accordingly. This setup allows for more efficient and
effective watering of the lawn or garden.
These conditions will dictate when the sprinklers will turn on and off based on the water level
monitor readings. For example, the top sprinklers may turn on when the water level is low, while the
bottom sprinklers may turn on when the water level is high.
The other devices connected to the Home Gateway, which include the wind detector, motion
detector, siren, and temperature monitor. Each of these devices serves a different purpose and
requires specific conditions to be set. The user can monitor various readings remotely through their
smartphone and set specific conditions for each device.

4
 CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

After registration of the devices with the home gateway, control the IoT devices remotely using a
tablet. The registered IoT devices can be viewed on the tablet. The devices can be manually
operated as well as the values can be viewed and monitored in real-time. Figure8. IoT devices
displayed on Tablet Figure9. The numerical values of the sensors Fig9. shows the numerical
values of the sensors that are displayed on the Tablet. It shows the status of the IoT devices
registered with the home gateway. These devices can be manually as well as automatically
monitored.

The advancement of technology has allowed us to control various electronic devices remotely
using our smartphones and tablets. One such application of this technology is the Internet of
Things (IoT). IoT allows us to connect and control various devices wirelessly, making our lives
easier and more comfortable. In this context, registering the IoT devices with the home gateway
enables remote control through a tablet.

By registering IoT devices with the home gateway, users can control and monitor the connected
devices remotely. After the devices are registered, they can be viewed on the tablet, providing a
centralized platform for all connected devices. This makes it easy to keep track of all connected
devices and manage them remotely from a single point of access.

In addition to remote control, users can also view and monitor the values of the IoT sensors in
real-time. The tablet provides a user-friendly interface to display the numerical values of the
sensors, allowing users to monitor the status of the IoT devices registered with the home
gateway.

4
 CHAPTER 8

8.1 CONCLUSION:

A smart irrigation system is implemented using the Cisco packet tracer. A home gateway to
register the devices and control them using a tablet. All the IoT devices connected to the home
gateway can be monitored manually as well as remotely by the user. The results prove that there
is an opportunity of applying this model in real life. The implementation of the automatic
irrigation system can be used to reduce the use of water. The system can be manually monitored,
it can increase energy efficiency and savings. It also makes it convenient for the user to access all
the devices through the smartphone.

8.2 FUTURE WORK:

In the field of IoT, ensuring security should be a priority. Since the IoT devices are
interconnected to each other, the network should be secured. In this system, an authentication
gateway is designed that requires a password to check the authenticity of the home user for
security purposes.

To extend this system to be more robust and efficient in the future, modifications can be made to
make the system more secure. If abnormalities in the system are detected, the system should
send an SMS or an Email to alert the user.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that enables devices to communicate and interact
with each other over the internet. In IoT, security is a critical concern as the devices are
interconnected and can potentially be accessed by unauthorized entities. Therefore, ensuring the
security of the network is essential to prevent cyber-attacks and safeguard sensitive information.
One way to secure the network is by implementing an authentication gateway that requires a
password to verify the authenticity of the home user.

49
8.3 RESEARCH ISSUES:

We have done so much research while we have the idea of implementing this project. The main
aim of the research is to help farmers for better yield production and make them adopt new
technologies.

8.4 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES:

We have faced so many challenges during the implementation of this project. At first, we
decided to do this project by using hardware components. But unfortunately

because of the heavy cost of components as well as smart IoT sprinklers are very cost effective.
So, we decided to do this project by using software. At the beginning

We have faced so many problems because we don't know the basics of farming. As the days go
on, we gain knowledge on farming and implement this project.

I Hope that this project will reduce at least some of the problems of farmers.

One of the primary goals of agricultural research is to help farmers increase their yield. With the
growing population, the demand for food has increased, making it essential to find ways to
produce more food sustainably. Through research, we can identify techniques and technologies
that can help farmers increase their yield, such as precision farming and crop rotation. By
implementing these strategies, farmers can produce more food, reduce waste, and improve their
income.

In conclusion, agricultural research is essential for improving productivity and yield in the
industry. By conducting research, we can identify areas that need improvement, create solutions
to overcome challenges, and encourage farmers to adopt new technologies. Furthermore, the
knowledge gained from research can help us address issues such as food insecurity and promote
sustainable agricultural practices..

50
REFERENCES:

[1] Egemen Hopalı,OzalpVayvay, “InternetofThings (IoT) and its Challenges for Usability in
Developing Countries”

” International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research, Vol.2, Issue.1 January
2018.

[2] Ghaliya Alfarsi, Ragad M Tawafak, Abir Alsidiri, Jasiya Jabbar,Sohail Iqbal Malik, Maryam
Alsinani, “Using Cisco Packet Tracer to simulate Smart Home”, Vol.8, Issue.12, December
2019.

[3] Is a Shemsi,“Implementing Smart Home Using Cisco Packet Tracer”, IJERT, Vol.4, Issue.7,
January 2018.

[4] R.N. Rao and B. Sridhar, "IoT based smart crop-field monitoring and automation irrigation
system, "2018 2nd International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC),
Coimbatore, pp.478-483, 2018.

[5] Sahana B, D.K.Sravani, Dhanya shree R Prasad “Smart GreenHouse Monitoring based on
IOT”, IJERT, Vol.8, Issue.14, August2020.

[6] Sneha Angal, “Raspberry pi and Arduino Based Automated Irrigation System ', International
Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Vol.5 Issue.7, July2016.

51
A. SCREENSHOTS

Fig A.1:Cisco Packet Tracer

52
Fig A.2:Cisco Portal

Fig A.3:Desktop Site

53
Fig A.4: Web Browser

54
Fig A.5: Login Page

5
 B. RESEARCH PAPER

Farmer Assistance System For Better

Yield Production
DR. G.M. Karpura Dheepan, V. Sathish, Y. Vamsi Krishna

Abstract : Agriculture plays an important role in developing countries. Many issues are helpful in the development of agriculture
which leads to the development of countries. Hence this project aims in making agriculture smart by using automation and IoT
Technology. Nowadays water scarcity is a big problem. This project helps the farmers irrigate the farmland efficiently with an
automated irrigation system based on humidity. Temperature monitor is used to measure temperature.Water level monitors are
used to measure the water level at the respective levels. Soil moisture plays a vital role in better yield production. Hence moisture
of the soil is measured by using soil moisture sensor. A Wind Detector is used to measure the wind speed. All the components
connected to the Home Gateway. The home gateway is connected to the smartphone. To monitor the levels of temperature,
humidity and water level we have to give some certain conditions. Based on those conditions The entire setup will work. This
setup is operated by smartphone.

Index Terms : Local Area Network, IP Address, Home gateway, Humidity Monitor, Temperature Monitor, Wind Detector, Siren,Computer
Networks, Cisco Packet Tracer

1. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is a major source of income for the largest population This will be done using a higher communication device such as a
in India and is a major contributor to the Indian economy. Wi-Fi module.
Technological involvement and its usage have to be grown and
cultivated for the agro sector in India. Although the Indian
Government has also taken a few initiatives for providing online ∙ Dr. G.M. Karpura Dheepan is currently working as Asst.
and mobile messaging services to farmers related to agricultural Professor
queries related to farmers. Based on the survey it is observed that ∙ &
agriculture contributes 30% to GDP, and Provides employment to ∙ Vemala Sathish, Yarra Vamsi Krishna are Graduate Students
70% of the Indian population. IoT is changing the agriculture in CSE Dept, at SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
domain and helping the farmers to fight the huge difficulties they TECHNOLOGY, Chennai, Kanchipuram (D.T), T.N, INDIA. ∙
are facing. Corresponding Email: [email protected]

IoT is changing the agriculture domain and empowering farmers

to fight the huge difficulties they face. Agriculture must overcome
2. HOME GATEWAY :
expanding water deficiencies, and restricted availability of lands
while meeting the expanding consumption needs of the world An IoT gateway is a centralized hub that connects the IoT
population. New innovative IoT applications are addressing these
issues and increasing the quality, quantity, sustainability, and cost- devices and sensors to cloud-based computing and data processing. IoT
effectiveness of agricultural production. gateways are also able to connect to one another to streamline and
expand their functionality throughout a physical location and in use
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian Economy. In today’s with a growing number of IoT devices and smart sensors.By installing
world, as we see rapid growth in the global population, agriculture universal IoT gateways early in your technology plan, you can add
becomes more important to meet the needs of the human race. devices seamlessly while saving time and effort. A true IoT gateway
However, agriculture requires irrigation and with every year we contains communication technologies connecting end-devices (sensors,
have more water consumption than rainfall, it becomes critical for actuators or more complex devices) and backend platforms
growers to find ways to conserve water while still achieving the (data, device and subscriber management) to the gateway. It has a
highest yield. But in the present era, the farmers have been using computing platform allowing pre-installed or user-defined applications
irrigation techniques through manual control in which they irrigate to manage data (for routing and computing at edge), devices, security,
the land at regular intervals. It can also be used to communication and other aspects of the gateway.
modify the status of the device. The central processing unit

will also include a communication device to receive data from the

sensors and to be relayed to the user’s device.
56
 Fig 1.2: Temperature Sensor

Fig 1.1:Home Gateway

2.1 Temperature Monitor:
The above temperature sensor has three terminals and requires a
A temperature sensor is an electronic device that measures the Maximum of 5.5 V supply. This type of sensor consists of a
temperature of its environment and converts the input data into material that performs the operation according to temperature to
electronic data to record, monitor, or signal temperature changes. vary the resistance. This change of resistance is sensed by the
Temperature is the most often-measured environmental quantity. circuit, and it calculates the temperature. When the voltage
increases then the temperature also rises. We can see this
This might be expected since most physical, electronic, chemical, operation by using a diode.
mechanical, and biological systems are affected by temperature.
Certain chemical reactions, biological processes, and even
electronic circuits perform best within limited temperature ranges. Temperature sensors are directly connected to microprocessor
input and are thus capable of direct and reliable communication
Temperature is one of the most measured variables and it is
with microprocessors. The sensor unit can communicate
therefore not surprising that there are many ways of sensing it. effectively with low-cost processors without the need for A/D
converters. An example of a temperature sensor is LM35. The
Temperature sensing can be done either through direct contact LM35 series are precision integrated circuit temperature sensors,
with the heating source or remotely, without direct contact with whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius
the source using radiated energy instead. temperature. The LM35 operates at -55˚ to +120˚C. The basic
centigrade temperature sensor (+2˚C to +150˚C) is shown in the
IoT temperature monitoring solution allows the food industry to figure below.
monitor the temperature of these chambers allowing them to Features of LM35 Temperature Sensor:
ensure that the regulatory compliances are met.
• Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)Rated for full l
How does a temperature monitor work?
−55˚ to +150˚C range Suitable for remote applications
Temperature sensors work by providing readings via electrical
signals. Sensors are composed of two metals that generate an • Low cost due to wafer-level trimmingOperates from 4 to 30
electrical voltage or resistance when a volts
temperature change occurs by measuring the voltage across the • Low self-heating,
diode terminals. When the voltage increases, the temperature also
• ±1/4˚C of typical nonlinearity
increases.

57
2.2 Humidity Monitor: Humidity monitoring is a crucial aspect of
irrigation. Smart Monitoring of humidity levels can increase the chances of
good produce and smart irrigation. Fig 5. Shows the Humidity monitoring
system, which is one of the aspects of a smart irrigation system. In this
system, a humidity sensor is used. Humidity sensors are used to sense the
humidity in the environment. This sensor is registered to the home
gateway. After the network configurations, the values of the humidity
sensor can be viewed on the Tablet.

Fig 1.4:Other Monitoring Devices

2.4 SIREN:

The Smart Siren allows you to use voice prompts to support the
normal siren functionality, which ensures customers don't need to
remember patterns for different alarms. Voice prompts can also be
used to accomplish important tasks such as notifications and
confirmation of actions.
2.5 WATER SPRINKLER:
Fig 1.3: Automatic sprinkler and
Humidity Monitoring system ● An Irrigation sprinkler is a device used to irrigate agricultural
crops, lawns, landscapes, golf courses, and other areas. They are
also used for cooling and for the control of airborne dust.
Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water that
Other Monitoring Devices The germination time of the seeds and plants is like natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of
may shorten due to frequent changes in the atmospheric pressure. This pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through
System has an Atmospheric Pressure level indicator for proper sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to
monitoring of atmospheric pressure levels and taking adequate the ground. The pump, valves, distribution pipes, and sprinklers
measures that may help to increase the growth of plants and cause more are generally designed to apply water as uniformly as possible.
massive and rapid root growth. Sprinklers that spray in a fixed pattern are generally called
sprays or spray heads. Sprays are not usually designed to operate
Another aspect is the Humiture monitor, which helps in monitoring both at pressures, due to misting problems that may develop.
temperature and humidity levels. The temperature monitor senses the
● Higher pressure sprinklers that themselves move in a circle are
temperature levels in the atmosphere.
driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism (impact
sprinklers). These can be designed to rotate in a
full or partial circle.
2.3 WIND DETECTOR:
● Rain guns are similar to impact sprinklers, except that they
generally operate at very high pressures of 40 to 130 If/in² (275
The Wind detector detects wind in the environment. The carbon monoxide
to 900 kPa) and flows of 50 to 1200 US gal/min(3 to 76 L/s),
and carbon dioxide detect the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide levels,
usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 0.5 to
respectively.
1.9 inches (10 to 50 mm).
A wind speed sensor is a physical device used to measure wind speed. The
● The first use of sprinklers by farmers was some form of home
wind generated by the airflow drives the top three wind cups to rotate, and golf course type sprinklers. These ad hoc systems, while
and the central axis drives the internal sensing doing the job of the buried pipes and fixed sprinkler heads,
element to generate an output signal, which can be used to interfered with cultivation and were expensive to maintain.
calculate the wind speed. ● Underground Sprinkler
Wind speed sensor working principle:
The wind generated by the airflow drives the top three wind cups to rotate,
and the central axis drives the internal sensing element to generate an
output signal, which can be used to calculate the wind speed. ● End Gun style pivot applicator sprinkler
ADVANTAGES:
It provides specific measurements with minimal power consumption. This
device calculates multiple parameters such as speed, velocity, pressure, and
direction of the wind. Since it is a climate station instrument, it can detect,
measure, and provide information concerning the wind.

58
 random times during the night. Local businessmen soon copied
this system to drive homeless people away from public sidewalks
adjacent to their businesses.
hardware stores for small costs. These are often attached to an
outdoor water faucet and are placed only temporarily. Other systems
may be professionally installed permanently in the ground and are
attached permanently to a home's plumbing system. An ingenious
domestic sprinkler made by Nomad called a 'set-and-forget tractor
sprinkler' was used in Australia in the 1950s. Water pressure ensured
that the sprinkler slowly moved across the lawn.[1]

● Underground sprinklers function through means of basic

electronic and hydraulic technology. This valve and all the
sprinklers that will be activated by this valve are known as a
zone. Upon activation, the solenoid, which sits on top of the
valve is magnetized lifting a small stainless-steel plunger in its
center. By doing this, the activated (or raised) plunger allows
air to escape from the top of a rubber diaphragm located in the Fig 1.5: Water Sprinkler
center of the valve.
● Water that has been charged and waiting on the bottom of
this same diaphragm now has a higher pressure and lifts the SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
diaphragm. This pressurized water is then allowed to escape
downstream of the valve through a series of pipes, usually
made of PVC. At the end of these pipes flush to ground level
(typically) are pre-measured and spaced out sprinklers. These
sprinklers can be fixed spray heads that have a set pattern and
generally spray between 1.5–2m (7–15 ft.), full rotating
sprinklers that can spray a broken stream of water from 6–
12m (20–40 ft.), or small drip emitters that release a slow,
steady drip of water on more delicate plants such as flowers
and shrubs.
● Agricultural Science .

Figure 2.1: Cisco Packet Tracer

● In the 1950s a firm based in Portland, Oregon Stout-Wyss
Irrigation System, developed the rolling pipe type irrigation
system for farms that has become the most popular type for
farmers irrigating large fields. With this system large wheels
attached to the large pipes with sprinkler heads move slowly
across the field.
● Most irrigation sprinklers are used as part of a sprinkler
system, consisting of various plumbing parts, pump units,
[4]
piping and control equipment.
● Outdoor sprinkler systems are sometimes used as a deterrent
against homeless people. This sprinkler system was programmed
to drench unsuspecting sleepers at

59 Figure 2.2: Node MCU

 3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM :
Existing we have to Monitor each and every process which may
lead to some crops going to rot and we do not know why the crop
is rotting. Some small mistake that makes a lot of economic
problems there is a major disadvantage in the existing system..
And in some of the smart agriculture, they placed.

Actually, at first, we decided to complete this project by using the

hardware setup only. As IoT sprinklers are very cost effective so that is
why we have decided to complete this project by using very efficient
software that is Cisco packet tracer. It is completely low cost and very
useful for the farmers.

Figure 2.3:NodeMCU Development Board/kit

3.PROPOSED SYSTEM:The proposal consists of

Nodemcu Water Sprinkler, soil moisture, humidity, and
temperature sensors. The smartphone module is used for
communication. In the proposed work, crops or plans are
considered along with their water requirement at different stages.
The Crops or plants are irrigated with respect to the water
requirements at different stages of their growth.

It is simple to use but requires careful timing to grab data.

Humidity sensors are used for measuring moisture content in the
atmosphere. Figure 2.4:Cisco Portal

We used the cisco packet tracer for operating the components in

the workspace provided. All the components are connected to the
home gateway. The entire setup is connected to the smartphone.
By using the smartphone, we can operate this system from
anywhere in the world by having a stable internet connection.

REFERENCES:

[1] Egemen Hopalı,OzalpVayvay,“InternetofThings (IoT) and

its Challenges for Usability in Developing Countries
”International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science
Research,Vol.2,Issue.1 January 2018.
Figure 2.5:Login Page

[2] Ghaliya Alfarsi, Ragad M Tawafak, Abir Alsidiri,

Jasiya Jabbar,Sohail Iqbal Malik, Maryam Alsinani,
“Using Cisco Packet Tracer to simulate Smart Home”,
Vol.8,Issue12,December 2019.

[3] Sahana B, D.K.Sravani, Dhanya shree R Prasad “Smart Green

House Monitoring based on
IOT”,IJERT,Vol.8,Issue.14,August2020.

[4] Sneha Angal, “Raspberry pi and Arduino Based Automated

Irrigation System '', International Journal of Science and Research
(IJSR), Vol.5 Issue.7, July2016.

[5] IsShemsi,“Implementing Smart Home Using Cisco

PacketTracer”,IJERT,Vol.4,Issue.7,January 2018.

[6] Karpura Dheepan, G.M., Anusya , K.V. International

Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 2015, 10(20), pp. 60
19840-19844