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Chapter 1

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the bitch
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DCC30093

GEOTECHNICAL
CHAPTER 1 ENGINEERING

Introduction,
Physical Properties
and Classification of
Soil
Course learning outcome:
Know the soil mechanics in general

Explain the types of rock


a. Igneous rock.
b. Sedimentation rock.
c. Metamorphic rock.

Explain the formation process


a. Organic topsoil.
b. Residual soil.
c. Transported soil.

Apply the method of soil sample


a. Disturb sample
b. Undisturbed sample
What is soil ?
Defined as
“ the material naturally obtained from
weathering or decomposition or
disintegration of rocks.”
OR
“the unaggregated or uncemented deposits of
minerals and organic particles covering large
position of earth crust.
SOIL MECHANIC?
Defined as
“ the discipline in which the soil is studied
theoretically and practically”.

OR

“a branch of civil engineering which deals with


properties, behavior and performance of soil as
structural material”.
Rock Types
There are 3 types of rocks.

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic


rock rock rock
ROCK CYCLE PROCESS
Igneous Rock
formed by the cooling of molten materials
(magma) pushed up to the earth’s
surface. Example of rock granite, gabbro,
rhyolite, basalt,

Volcanic – cool at the Earth's


surface. (extrusive)

Plutonic – cool below the Earth's


surface.(intrusive)

Fig. 3.6
Sedimentary Rock
formed by the solidification of sediment. Includes rocks that
form in layers (river rocks).

Example of rock :sandstone, limestone, shale, gypsum

Sediment is smaller pieces of rock. Before being deposited,


sediment was formed by weathering and erosion in a source area,
and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice,
mass movement or glaciers.
Boulders transported by Rockfall caused by
glaciers gravity
Metamorphic Rock
Igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been reformed because of heat
or pressure.

Example of rock quartzite, marble, slate, schist, phyllite

Fig. 3.8
Formation of soil
From the weathering process of rocks.

Weathering – “The conversion, decomposition or


disintegration of intact mass of rocks to smaller
pieces .”

There are two types of weathering:


1. Mechanical weathering
2. Chemical weathering
Mechanical weathering:
Rock is disintegrated mechanically.
The actions taken are:
- Grinding
- Abrasion
- Shattering
Agents of weathering are
- Changes in temperature
- Flowing water
- Frost action
- Wind action
- Plants and animals
- Earth quake etc
Chemical weathering:
Rock is decomposed chemically.
Actions taken through:
- oxidation
- hydration
- carbonation
- nitration
- leaching by organic acid
ORGANIC TOP SOIL
Top soil is the top layer of soil found on the
surface of the earth.

It contains organic materials.

The thickness of the soil is generally not


exceeding 500 mm.

It must be removed before start any


construction project .
RESIDUAL SOIL
Residual soil is formed through the weathering
process of original rock

It occurs when the weathering rate exceeds the rate


of erosion agent that transported the soil

If the original rocks are igneous rocks and


metamorphisms, then the resulting size of soil
range is from silt to gravel.

Laterites are formed from limestone that has the


action of rain water that can dissolve the limestone.
TRANSPORTED SOIL
This type of soil is being transported by erosion agent such as water, wind,
glaciers, or gravity.
Example of type of soil

Glacial soils: formed by transportation and depositi of glaciers.

Alluvial soils: transported by running water and deposited along


streams.

Lacustrine soils: formed by deposition in quiet lakes

Marine soils: formed by deposition in the seas

Aeolian soils: transported and deposited by the wind

Colluvial soils: formed by movement of soil from its original place


by gravity, such as during landslide
Disturbed and Undisturbed soil sample
DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES

In Geotechnical Engineering, disturbed soil samples do not


keep the in-situ properties of the soil when in the process of
collection.

Geotechnical engineers do not consider them to be


representative of underground soils unless if they’re for tests
that don’t depend on the soil structure itself.

Usually, scientists test the disturbed samples of soil for texture,


soil type, moisture content, as well as the nutrient and
contaminant analysis.

Most of the soil samples that engineers and geologists collect


are disturbed samples since they’re a lot easier to collect and
the precision necessary for gathering an undisturbed sample
isn’t required for many soil tests.
UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES

Undisturbed soil samples keep the structural


integrity of the in-situ soil and they have a higher
recovery rate in the sampler.
It’s actually tough to gather a perfect undisturbed
sample and the samplers may contain a small
portion of undisturbed soil at the top as well as the
bottom of the sample length.
Undisturbed samples allow the engineer to identify
the properties of strength, permeaility,
compressibility, as well as the fracture patterns
among others.
Usually, the results of these analyses help many
geotechnical engineering firms in terms of
designing a new building.

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