Shreya Singh, Robert J. Davis, Dia’aaldin J.

Bisharat,
Jiyeon Lee, Sara M. Kandil, Erda Wen, Xiaozhen Yang,
Yun Zhou, Prabhakar R. Bandaru, and Daniel F. Sievenpiper

Topology, chirality, patterning,

and time modulation.

©SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/OPTIMARC
Advances in
Metasurfaces
A
dvances in metasurface design has given rise to the inclusions could be used to manipulate the effective dielectric
unique ability of manipulating the phase and propaga- constant. Photonic crystals (PhCs) introduced the concept of a
tion of electromagnetic (EM) waves. The application bandgap, within which propagation was forbidden, leading to
of topological protection, chirality, and other concepts metamaterials that could provide control over both permeabil-
borrowed from condensed matter physics have yielded a rich ity and permittivity [2]. This, in turn, resulted in the develop-
new source of structures with attractive features. Topological ment of high-impedance surfaces [3] that mimic the behavior
metasurfaces show that symmetry can be used to create unique of perfect magnetic conductors (PMCs) and provide in-phase
EM modes that are, for instance, immune to many types of scat- reflection, leading to low-profile devices. Frequency-selective
tering. Similar modes can also be created using defects in homo- surfaces (FSSs) [4] represent another facet of planar meta-
geneous materials, essentially creating chiral waveguides with material design and are based on periodic subwavelength unit
polarization-locked propagation. Such defects may have topo- cells that allow for the manipulation of EM wavefronts in the
logical protection in real space and/or k-space and lead to modes form of surface waveguides [5], absorbers [6], polarizers [7],
without global changes to the lattice. This review article explores and so on. Although FSS-based metasurfaces provide a great
recent results in chiral and topological metasurfaces, primarily opportunity for surface wavefront engineering, the changes or
consisting of printed metal patterns, but also planar dielectric modulations are usually gradual in nature. This is required to
structures, at microwave, optical, and acoustic frequencies. The prevent reflection or scattering from any sharp turns, sudden
exciting potential applications include nonreciprocal structures, phase rotations, and other discontinuities, which can contrib-
self-collimating waves based on diffusive transport, defect-based ute to the creation of undesirable standing waves and a reduc-
amorphous structures, time-modulated metasurfaces, and new tion in overall device efficiency.
kinds of chiral waveguides that exhibit unidirectional propaga- Recent years have seen the introduction of new methods
tion without requiring a surrounding periodic structure. for tailoring the behavior of EM energy, often
borrowed from the field of condensed mat-
INTRODUCTION ter physics. Photonic topological insulators
EM media have a rich history, beginning with artificial dielec- (PTIs) introduce a new dimension to the
trics [1], which showed that simple arrangements of metallic control over wave propagation by sup-
porting unidirectional modes through
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MAP.2021.3127541
an added degree of freedom based on
Date of current version: 3 December 2021 polarization or field rotation [8]–[10].

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 In essence, propagation direction is solely determined by the time-modulated metasurfaces, and, to show such effects are
wave polarization, i.e., as long as a polarization reversal does not general to all classical wave systems, phononic metadevices.
occur, waves do not scatter upon encountering sharp discontinu-
ities in their propagation path. The devices operate in a bandgap LINE WAVES
region, ensuring that all energy is trapped on the surface in these A simple method used to construct surface waveguides is via
spin-momentum-locked or polarization-propagation-locked sur- the tensor impedance that links the EM response of a 2D mate-
face/edge modes with high confinement due to the absence of rial to various geometrical features [5], [11]. Such structures
leakage into the structural bulk. can be used as waveguides by creating effective defect modes
Although the field of topological photonics has exploded that are confined in a similar manner to dielectric waveguides
with new designs, with devices being created for a wide range but defined for evanescently confined surface modes. A more
of applications, they can be broadly divided into two main recent technique that applies the tensor impedance concept is
classes: 1) devices that tailor free-space radiation and control that of line waves [12], [13], which creates a propagating mode
out-of-plane scattering and 2) devices that tailor in-plane wave defined purely at the 1D interface between two metasurfaces
propagation. This article focuses on efforts toward improving that are complementary or have a spatial-inversion symmetry
the latter. More specifically, it delves into an exploration of that conserves EM duality (e = n). The two surfaces can be
topological and chiral concepts and the means used to achieve characterized by complementary isotropic surface impedances,
guided edge modes that are robust against reflection and Z TE and Z TM, which support surface modes of equal phase
are less sensitive to fabrication and environmental defects. velocities but different polarizations: transverse electric (TE)
These range from simple energy modes trapped at the bound- and transverse magnetic (TM), respectively. These particular
ary between two complementary metasurfaces to the intro- surface-impedance values are readily achieved for microwave
duction of topological protection for these interface states frequencies by FSS sheets of metallic patches (for Z TE) and
in k- and real space, surface patterning, beam collimation, their geometric dual of metallic grids (for Z TM). Figure 1(a)

Inductive Sheet: ZTM

y

ZTE ZTM
Capacitive Sheet: ZTE
(a) (b)

1
ZTM
Normalized Field Intensity |E|2

ψ+
ζ=8
0.8
ζ=4

0.6 ζ=2
ZTE
0.4
ZTM
ψ–
0.2

0
–0.1 –0.05 0 0.05 0.1 ZTE
Distance (λ0)
(c) (d)

FIGURE 1. (a) A schematic of the interface created by a patch-and-grid complementary metasurface. (b) A simulated vector
plot of the electric field across the interface of the line wave. (c) The transverse confinement as a function of distance away
from the interface and (d) pseudospin states excited by electric and magnetic Hertzian dipoles in phase (top) and out of phase
(bottom) with each other [13].

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illustrates the schematic of such a metasurface, (b) the vector bandgap that are highly robust to a wide class of scattering,
field profile, (c) transverse decay, (d) as well as the spin-momen- such as sharp-angle turns [Figure 2(c)] and various defects
tum locked nature of the device. The existence of this mode that do not cause a polarization flip. Such modes can then
has also been analytically proven, along with the mathematical be excited unidirectionally via circularly polarized sources
formulation for its field distribution via the Sommerfeld–Maliu- placed near the interface, in a similar way to ordinary line
zhinets technique [14]. waves [Figure 1(d)], where the handedness of the source cor-
As Figure 1(c) shows, such structures possess an extremely responds to the two propagation directions.
localized field (approaching singular in the ideal case), which
may prove useful to nonlinear applications [15]. A benefit of
such line wave structures is their large bandwidth (roughly
two octaves near 15 GHz, demonstrated experimentally in
[13]), as they are not limited by periodically induced band-
gaps, like many of the following examples are. As the existence
of such line wave modes depends on the capacitive or induc-
tive properties of a 2D material, a generalization for recon-
figurable terahertz applications is provided by gate-controlled
sheets of graphene, which can be dynamically tuned to create
different pathways for the waveguides to follow [16]. Howev-
er, despite their high confinement, these surfaces do not pos-
sess a bandgap, and therefore can easily scatter at sharp turns
or defects in their propagation path. The next section details (a)
methods that have been used to introduce topological protec- 0.65
tion as a means of improving the robustness of line waves and
0.6 (C + = –1)
related structures.
C– = 1

TOPOLOGICAL METASURFACES 0.55

ωa/2π c

e
t Lin

t Lin
0.45
SPIN MODES BASED ON EM DUALITY
Ligh

Ligh
A possible method used to achieve topological protec-
0.4 C+ = 1
tion involves breaking time-reversal symmetry and can (C – = –1)
be realized by means of an external magnetic field [17].
0.3
However, this is not always feasible for implementation, Γ Γ
K(K′) M
and a promising alternative for reciprocal EM structures
Frequency (GHz)
is a spin-type PTI, which does not require external mag-
(b)
netic fields and employs a polarization degree of freedom
[10]. Such methods are particularly attractive for micro- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
wave applications as engineering the required polariza- –10
tion behavior is readily achievable via FSSs and patterned –15
Transmission (dB)

metallic surfaces [9]. The line wave has a particularly –20

straightforward modification that allows for topologi-
cally robust surface modes via the simple application of –25
symmetry and bianisotropy [18]. If a line wave structure –30 Topological Region
employs a hexagonal arrangement of unit cells, the sixfold
–35
rotational symmetry causes there to be a twofold degen-
eracy in its band structure near the K /K l points [19]. To –40
induce a bandgap, it is sufficient copy the structure, flip Zigzag 90° Straight Bulk
it with respect to the propagation direction, and place it
(c)
near to the first structure [see Figure 2(a)].
The operating principle is that the patches and grids each
support TE and TM modes, respectively, at the same fre- FIGURE 2. (a) A PTI consisting of adjoined dual-EM
quencies. When both metasurfaces are brought close to each metasurface layers, which shows robust propagation
other, a bianisotropic coupling occurs, which mixes the two despite sharp corners. (b) The associated dispersion band
diagram, which demonstrates a wide bandgap opening
polarizations together. It has been shown that doing so opens a with a nonzero topological invariant. (c) The measurement
bandgap near the K /K l high-symmetry point [10]. The critical results, which show negligible differences in transmission for
feature is that the resulting bandgap is topologically nontrivial straight and bent-edge waveguides within the topological
[9], which implies that there can now exist modes within the bandgap [18].

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 This platform is flexible from a design perspective as it applications, a metasurface of patches or grids alone is
only relies upon the original symmetry of the lattice (tri- sufficient because only a TE or TM mode is required and
angular) and the duality condition between the two layers is readily achieved on a single-layer, metal-on-dielectric
along the interface, along with a suitably small distance platform [24]. As a result of the reduction in rotational
between layers for the bianisotropic coupling to occur. The symmetry, the bands split at the two nonequivalent but
experimental demonstrations in [18] as well as the work time-reversal linked points (K and K l ), leading to a com-
described in later sections here have shown such structures plete bandgap [19].
to have a wide bandwidth at low-gigahertz frequencies It has been rigorously shown that interfaces between
(nearly 30% experimentally), limited only by the require- such threefold symmetric structures and their mirrored
ment of periodicity, with system losses dominated by a copies support robust edge modes [23], as presented in
dielectric loss tangent. Further generalizations (some not Figure 3(d). Such modes are immune to scattering defects
requiring topological explanations) to other aniosotropic that preserve the crystalline symmetry (the threefold rota-
and bianisotroic media are possible via the underlying sym- tional symmetry of the unit cell). Unlike spin-type PTIs,
metries [20], and recent analyses have shown that similar however, only zigzag-shaped domain walls, which conserve
highly robust waveguiding can occur in as simple a system the valley degree of freedom, can support edge modes [25].
as a hybrid perfect electrical conductor (PEC)/PMC parallel Such waveguides’ purely geometrical nature makes them
plate structure [21]. amenable to both microwave (via metallic sheets [24]) and
optical bands (via perforated dielectrics [23]), although
VALLEY STATES BASED ON CRYSTALLINE SYMMETRY their operation bandwidths are, in general, smaller than the
As an alternative to the spin-type PTI employing combina- similar spin-type devices described previously (~10% being
tions of TE and TM modes, it is also possible to exclusively common [26]).
use crystalline symmetries of the unit cell and lattice [22].
In such structures, the starting point remains the degen- INTEGRATION WITH TRADITIONAL MICROWAVE DEVICES
eracy caused by hexagonal symmetry, but instead of open- Although many topological waveguiding systems show
ing a nontrivial bandgap via bianisotropy, in the so-called promise for reduction of loss due to scattering or manu-
valley PTIs, a reduction from sixfold rotational symmetry facturing defects as well as enabling spin or valley-filtering
(hexagonal) to threefold rotational symmetry (triangular) devices [27], a major hurdle has been how to integrate these
for the unit cells is used [Figure 3(a)] [23]. For microwave systems into traditional microwave circuits. Chief among

C3v

Bandgap

K′ Γ K
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

FIGURE 3. (a) The transformation from a hexagonal (sixfold) to a triangular (threefold) symmetry geometry using metallic
patches. (b) The associated band structure of the metasurface, which shows broken degeneracy at K/K l points and the
resulting bandgap opening. The colored circulating arrows indicate the power flux direction of the upper/lower bands at
K/K l points, along with field profiles of the clockwise and counterclockwise modes at the K l point above and below the
bandgap. (c) The schematic and (d) simulation of a surface created by interfacing the patch-type metasurface and its rotated
counterpart, which shows direction-dependent propagation [24].

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these is to find reliable means of transitioning between REAL-SPACE TOPOLOGY
a PTI mode to a continuous transmission line, such as a
microstrip or slotline. Techniques are available for interfac- AMORPHOUS-DISORDERED METASURFACE
ing microstrip lines to surface plasmon polariton structures The majority of current realizations of PTIs are based on
[28]; line waves [29]; and quasi-2D, parallel-plate spin ordered and periodic lattices, wherein the presence of specific
PTIs [30], although it remains difficult to interface planar- lattice symmetries is a prerequisite for creating and preserving
metallic PTI designs with continuous transmission lines. topological bandgaps. However, a critical feature of these struc-
One strategy that avoids long lengths for adiabatic mode tures is their high robustness to deformations, which has been
conversion is to employ mode matching along the highly shown to extend to quasi-crystaline [32] and even amorphous
inhomogeneous unit cell [31]. Figure 4 depicts an example arrangements [33]. The spin-type PTI of [18] is a particularly
of this process for the duality-based spin PTI illustrated in powerful case of this property as structures based on EM duality
Figure 2. Such designs achieve mode conversion losses of require less stringent geometric symmetries, provided the bian-
only 2.1%, which is competitive with standard transmission- isotropy is strong enough [34]. Figure 5 shows that the disorder
line conversion efficiencies, opening the door to exploiting introduced is such that the original lattice is no longer peri-
the highly robust features of PTIs in standard microwave odic but still displays unidirectionally excitable edge modes. The
and terahertz circuits. This has also permitted a greater modes persist over roughly the same bandwidth as the underly-
analysis of the loss properties of such PTI designs, showing ing design of [18], with a minor reduction from the band edges.
that dielectric losses are primary, radiation to free space a The platform can accommodate a large degree of random-
minor secondary, and losses from backscatter at sharp bends ness, unlike crystalline symmetry-based platforms. This sub-
being effectively zero [31]. stantially relaxes the fabrication-error-tolerance requirements

z Duality PTI Region

y x

a Classical-to-Topological
2 Region

Antipodal Slot-Line Region

x
z
(a) (b)

y
z x Max

(c)
y
z x

–Max

(d)

FIGURE 4. Integrating a spin-type PTI mode with a classical microwave transmission line. (a) An experimental setup, with
the dual-EM metasurface in the center and tapered microstrip lines connected to the classical transmission line region.
(b) A schematic of the mode-transition region. (c) Simulated and (d) measured electric fields 1 mm above the top’s
surface [31].

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 that currently limit the operation frequency and size scale of in creating surface patterns that follow arbitrary and nonperi-
fabricated samples. odic shapes. As discussed in the previous section, amorphous
phases and EM waveguiding behavior can be readily manipu-
ELEMENTARY POINT DEFECTS lated, but the techniques used to generate such surfaces are
As displayed in Figure 5(a), when a hexagonal lattice is deformed, often manual. An attractive method is to create patterned
it is possible for defects of larger or smaller connectivity to surfaces that employ anisotropic impedance tensors [37].
emerge (e.g., five or seven sided). If such defects are isolated, Until recently, it was difficult to create smoothly varying,
they are capable of supporting cavity modes [34] and can be highly anisotropic impedance functions due to the difficulty of
linked together to form edge modes along defect boundar- combining different unit cells having various cell sizes, shapes,
ies [35]. To study these localized states separately, positive or and orientations. Recent efforts have provided tools based on
negative disclinations can be created in an ordered hexagonal a point-shifting method, with cells defined using the Voronoi
lattice by either removing or adding a 60° wedge (shaded area) technique, which takes a given mathematical starting function
of a metasurface, as illustrated in Figure 6(a). These point defects and automatically generates the desired impedance surface
in real space are topological in the sense that they cannot be [38], [39]. This method provides several advantages over other
removed by local deformations. Furthermore, it has been shown patterning approaches, such as the ability to produce a range
that when the bulk material is topologically nontrivial to begin of cell sizes, shapes, and orientations, including smoothly vary-
with, there is a guarantee of 0D cavity modes within the defect ing and highly anisotropic impedance surfaces. Figure 7 pres-
region [36]. Figure 6(b) shows that the pentagon defect is associ- ents an example of this technique, where a planar-microwave
ated with a dipolar-type mode, while the heptagon defect is asso- beam shifter is created by gradually tilting the orientation of
ciated with a quadrupolar-type mode. Moreover, these cavities
have a similar resonant frequency, which is at the center of the
bandgap for the metasurface. Being of geometrical origin, these
center modes can be engineered to exist at arbitrary frequencies,
limited by the period of the constituent lattice. Max

PATTERNING, CHIRAL METASURFACES, AND

PLANAR WAVEFRONTS

SURFACE PATTERNING
For metallic-based metasurface designs operating at micro- Min
wave frequencies, a practical challenge has been the difficulty

(a)

(a) (b) (b)

Ez + Hz Ez – Hz

(c)
(c)

FIGURE 5. (a) The top layer of an amorphous metasurface,

which shows irregular polygons with five, six, and FIGURE 6. (a) The design approach for pentagonal and
seven sides and (b) the interface between two inverted heptagonal topological defect points in real space. (b) and
dual metasurfaces. (c) A unidirectional excitation of (c) The electric field profiles of the associated localized
spin-polarized edge modes at the interface, which cavity modes, which show (b) dipolar and (c) quadrupolar
shows direction-locked propagation and robustness to modes for the pentagonal and heptagonal defects,
backscattering [34]. respectively [34].

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the surface elements, for which the pattern did not require of applying it in the microwave regime lie in the edge cou-
manual tuning by the designer. pling, where unwanted modes interfere with the desired
resonant mode. The solution to this issue is to protect
COLLIMATED CHIRAL SURFACE WAVES and feed the graphene with valley PTI waveguides, whose
Another method used to obtain spin-dependent unidirectional geometry resembles the graphene structure but with
propagation by means of a patterned metasurface is by engi- shrunken and expanded rods [26]. Figure 9(c) and (d)
neering the spin-orbit interaction of surface waves. A possible shows two cases where a highly directional large wavefront
means of obtaining spin-momentum locking is observed in is generated when the microwave graphene is fed and
surface waves with evanescent tails that possess strong trans- protected by a valley-photonic topological insulator wave-
verse spins [41]. Such surfaces do not require an interface guide. The interface has minimum interference with the
with special symmetry, a bandgap, or even a confining wave- Dirac mode, even when the shape of the PTI-PhC inter-
guide. The structures with a strong x-y coupling and/or chiral face is arbitrary, like in Figure 9(d), when compared with
response are characterized by having high optical activity the case where the graphene is fed with a regular metallic
[42]. These structures were found to enhance the excitation waveguide and the phase coherence in the graphene bulk
of chiral modes with strong transverse spins which can then is severely degraded. The combined structure inherits the
support spin-dependent propagation [43]. An example of such same robustness properties, loss mechanisms, and opera-
structures operating at microwave frequencies is the L-shape tional limits as those described in the previous section on
design presented in Figure 8(a). The metasurface also has the valley PTIs.
unique property of its surface waves being highly collimated,
even on a homogeneous surface, and the direction of propa-
gation is based on the equifrequency contours (EFCs). The
1 –0.5 0 0.5 –1
EFC is a 2D projection of the 3D dispersion diagram on a
horizontal plane, and the collimation occurs where the EFC
has low curvature, as shown in Figure 8(b).
When the L-shape metasurface is excited with a linearly
20
polarized source at the center, the surface wave splits into
right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) and left-handed cir-
40
Position (mm)

cularly polarized (LCP) waves propagating diagonally in oppo-

site directions, as depicted in Figure 8(c). The L-shape design
has the special characteristic of supporting in-plane field rota- 60
tion, which induces an out-of-plane transverse spin in addition
to the in-plane transverse spin supported by any surface wave 80
[40]. This gives an extra degree of freedom for the excitation
and control of chiral modes, and these two properties of spin- 100
momentum locking and collimation can be used to create 20 40 60 80 100 120
spin-filtered beam splitters and couplers. Position (mm)
(a)
DIRAC CROSSING FOR PLANAR WAVEFRONTS
An example of how topological waveguides enrich the appli-
cation of conventional metamaterials is the planar-wavefront
formation when microwave graphene is integrated with a
valley PTI waveguide. Microwave graphene is a type of 2D
PhC [44], with its elements structured as shown in Figure 9(a).
Six cone-shaped contours occur in its dispersion relation-
ship, usually referred to as Dirac cones, at the tip of which
the group velocity is arbitrary, as depicted in Figure 9(b).
This corresponds to a state where the energy transmits
in an omnidirectional manner, while the phase velocity is
constant. This pseudodiffusive effect resembles the zero-
refractive-index effect in certain square lattices [45], but as
(b)
its operational frequency is under the light cone, the model
can easily accommodate a 3D version such as printed circuit
metasurfaces, rather than being limited to the quasi-2D FIGURE 7. (a) The normalized near-field plot of surface waves
scanned over a 130 × 107-mm area. The arrow shows the
dielectric structures. direction of propagation. (b) A fabricated beam shifting
Although planar-wavefront formation adopting this effect pattern. The metal patches are printed on a grounded,
has been verified with mechanical waves [46], the challenges 2.5-mm-thick Rogers 6010 substrate [39].

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 ACTIVE-MODULATED METASURFACES ON state. As illustrated in Figure 10(a), when the direction of
Although the previous metasurfaces discussed here obey time propagation of both an incoming signal and the modulation
reciprocity and allow for easier implementation than devices signal match, the incoming signal effectively ignores the vias
that employ external magnetic fields, it is also possible to and instead propagates along the isolated patches. Conversely,
break time-reversal symmetry by applying time modulation when the incoming and modulation signals have an opposite
to control nonlinear elements such as diodes and transistors propagation direction, the incoming signal sees the vias and
[47]. Figure 10 shows a nonreciprocal absorber based on the is therefore attenuated by resistors within the effective high-
high-impedance surface [3] under traveling wave modulation, impedance surface. Introduction of the modulation signal
whose direction of modulation determines the absorption rate. creates an asymmetry in the structure with respect to a propa-
By controlling the ON and OFF states of the diodes/switches gating signal, which results in nonreciprocal effects without an
connected to the vias of the metallic mushrooms structures by external magnetic field. Here, the primary limitation comes
modulation, the unit cells either have a bandgap or support from the speed of modulation, which makes applications in
surface waves. the microwave region of primary interest.
The modulation signal is a propagating square wave, and in Although a single-column-only structure is discussed [47],
regions where the signal is high, the diodes/switches are in the this concept can be extended into a surface, as shown in

P 1
LC
kx a (rad)

RCP
–1

–2

–3
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
ky a (rad)
(a) (b)

100 100 400

200 200 350

300 300 300

400 400
250
y (mm)

y (mm)

500 500
200
600 600

700 700 150

800 800 100

900 900 50
1,000 1,000
200 400 600 800 1,000 200 400 600 800 1,000
x (mm) x (mm)
(c) (d)

FIGURE 8. (a) The schematic of a patterned L-shape metasurface, which demonstrates spin-dependent unidirectional
propagation. (b) The equifrequency contour of the L-shape design. (c) The simulated magnitude of the electric field when excited
at the center with a left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) (left) and right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) dipole (right) [40].

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Figure 10(b) and (d). A larger difference between forward to sharp turns and disorder in the system, just like the topo-
and backward transmission is expected by increasing the logical edge states for PTIs, with corresponding fractional
number of units and converting the single cell into a larger bandwidths and loss mechanisms, as described previously.
absorbing metasurface. Such absorbers can be used to miti- As spring-mass systems form the basis for many physical sys-
gate the damage caused by high-energy EM sources using tems, it is possible to extend these results to alternative physi-
backward modulation while allowing wave propagation with cal systems as well.
forward modulation.
UNIDIRECTIONAL WAVEGUIDES FOR
ACOUSTIC AND PHONONIC METAMATERIALS SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES
Just as it is possible to realize unidirectional transport with-
TOPOLOGICAL WAVEGUIDES VIA SPRING MASS out the standard topological framework in photonic systems
Although previous sections have centered on microwave (e.g., chiral surfaces [40] or antiphase boundaries [53]), it is
systems, many of the ideas discussed can be translated into also possible to achieve similar effects with surface acoustic
acoustic/elastic/mechanical designs relying on lattice-sym- waves (SAWs). Such SAW devices have potential applications
metry considerations [49]. For example, a phononic, duality- in micro to nanoscale acoustofluidics and radio-frequency
based spin-type TI (similar to that shown previously) can filters in digital communications [54]. Similar to the shifted
be realized by breaking the z-direc-
tional symmetry in the metasurface
where the dispersions of the sym-
metric modes and antisymmetric K a 4/3π + 0.1
M
modes are perfectly matched [50]. K′ K′ 0.382

ky a
Phononic-valley TIs have been R0 4/3π 0.
realized by using different A and Γ 38
4
B lattice sites of the unit cell in a 4/3π – 0.1 0 . 386
K K
graphene-like, phononic metamate- y K′ –0.1 0 0.1
rial lattice [51]. kx a
x Unit Cell
Figure 11 displays an example of
(a) (b)
the construction of a spin-type TI meta-
surface in a phononic system deploy- Max
ing a spring-mass model [48]. Similar

Re(EZ)
to spin-type PTIs, a 2D honeycomb
spring-mass lattice [Figure 11(a)]
possesses a twofold degeneracy at
the C-high symmetry point, which –Max
introduces an extra degree of free- Incident
(c)
dom for the phonons. Then, to open
a nontrivial bandgap, the spatial sym-
metry can be broken by distinguish-
ing between the intraunit cell-spring
constant k 1 from the interunit cell-
spring constant k 2 while preserv-
ing the inherent sixfold rotational Incident
symmetry of the structure [52]. (d)
The symmetry breaking caused by
the differences in spring constants
opens a bandgap, and the pseudo-
spins in the system are defined as PEC
the hybridization of orthogonal
eigen displacement fields for the
Incident
two twofold degeneracies above and
(e)
below the bandgap [Figure 11(b)].
A pair of counterpropagating, uni-
directional edge modes are found FIGURE 9. (a) The geometry of a 2D microwave graphene lattice and its first Brillouin
zone. (b) The EFC of the upper band around a Dirac cone. The black arrows indicate the
in the bandgap at the interface group velocity at the singularity point. (c) and (d) The microwave graphene terminating a
between the domain with k 1 2 k 2 valley topological waveguide, with a flat- and horn-shape interface, respectively. (e) The
and k 1 1 k 2 These states are robust microwave graphene terminating a regular waveguide for comparison [44].

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 Resistor
Metallic Patch
Transmission

Absorption

On Off

Directional Modulation Switching

(a) (b)
1 1
Forward Tx
Forward Tx
Ba
Ba ckw
ckw ard

Transmission Rate
Transmission Rate

ard Tx
Tx

0.5 0.5

rd rd
kwa kwa
Bac orption Bac orption
Abs Forward Abs
Forward
Absorption Absorption
0 0
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
(c) (d)

FIGURE 10. (a) A single-column nonreciprocal absorber. (b) A schematic of the entire expanded metasurface absorber. (c) and (d)
The transmission and absorption rates of (a) and (b), respectively. The dotted red curve: forward transmission; solid red curve:
forward absorption; dotted blue curve: backward transmission; and solid blue curve: backward absorption [47]. Tx: transmitter.

lattice seen in [53], an on-chip SAW waveguide on a lithium modes, these SAW waveguides are intrinsically capable of
niobate substrate can be created by a shifted boundary/zigzag sharp turns with a significantly reduced degree of scattering
defect line in a triangular lattice made of copper micropillars [Figure 12(c)] and enhanced confinement, which can enable
[55], as depicted in Figure 12. Contrary to ordinary line-defect greater waveguide density.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
1.8 With the explosion in new physics-
inspired techniques for microwave
k2 1.6
metasurfaces, there is great opportu-
m1k1 1.4
Nondimensional Frequency

nity for practical novel designs. This

1.2 article presented a sampling of such
nascent technologies. One relatively
1
untapped direction is topological
(a)
0.8 1.14 antennas, which add the robustness
1.137
features of the metallic PTIs shown
0.6
here to microwave antenna appli-
0.4 cations, potentially allowing for
0.2 “self-matched” feed systems. By
exploiting the robustness to disorder
0 and amorphous construction, it is
–1 –0.75–0.5–0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
γ i . b/π possible to enable self-assembly for
(c) (b) large-scale patterning. By expand-
ing the range of systems to include
FIGURE 11. Examples of phononic topological insulators, which provide one-way
propagation for acoustic waves, including (a) the mass-spring model; (b) band chiral and arbitrarily patterned
structure, showing the topological modes across the bandgap; and (c) acoustic field anisotropic surfaces, a host of spin-
diagram of a wave turning a sharp corner, where the star indicates the source [48]. selective and conformal devices may

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 IDT

200 µm

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 12. (a) A z-shaped SAW waveguide with a chirped interdigital transducer (IDT). (b) An SEM image for a zoomed-in view
of the sharp turn. (c) An out-of-plane displacement measured by a laser Doppler vibrometer, which shows the waveguiding
phenomenon along the interface [55].

be enabled. Further research on active and dynamically mod- Erda Wen ([email protected]) is a Ph.D. student at the
ulated metasurfaces may allow for fundamental bandwidth University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,
increases for absorbing or redirecting EM energy. Finally, 92093, USA. His research focuses on photonic topological
artificial intelligence and machine learning methods for rapid- insulators.
inverse design of metasurfaces are promising new avenues for Xiaozhen Yang ([email protected]) is a Ph.D. student
many of the aforementioned technologies, and may find use in at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,
neuromorphic computing applications. 92093, USA. Her research focuses on metasurfaces.
Yun Zhou ([email protected]) is a Ph.D. student at
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,
This work was supported, in part, by the Air Force Office 92093, USA. Her research focuses on phononic topological
of Scientific Research contract FA9550-16-1-0093, Army insulators.
Research Office contract W911NF-17-1-0453, U.S. Office Prabhakar R. Bandaru ([email protected]) is a pro-
of Naval Research contract N00014-20-1-2710, and DARPA fessor at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Cal-
contract W911NF-17-1-0580. ifornia, 92093, USA. His research interests include electro-
chemical energy storage, control of thermal energy, and fluid
AUTHOR INFORMATION flow at the nanoscale. He is a Fellow IEEE.
Shreya Singh ([email protected]) is with Telsa Moters, Daniel F. Sievenpiper ([email protected]) is a
Inc., Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA. Her research interests professor at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla,
include topological antennas and novel waveguides. California, 92093, USA. His research interests include
Robert J. Davis ([email protected]) is a Ph.D. student at electromagnetics, periodic structures, and wave phenomena.
the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, He is a Fellow IEEE.
92093, USA. His research focuses on applying new concepts
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