Glossary

GLOSSARY

Chapter 1
Acute angle: An angle with measure between 0° and 90°

Adjacent angles: Two angles that share a common vertex and a

common side

Alternate interior angles: Angles in the interior region, and on

opposite sides of the transversal

Alternate exterior angles: Angles in the exterior region, and on

opposite sides of the transversal

Angle: Two rays with the same endpoint

Area: The amount of space a shape takes up in the plane

Collinear: Lying on the same line

Complementary angles: Two angles whose measures add up to

90°

Congruent: Having exactly the same shape and size

Coplanar: Lying on the same plane

Corresponding angles: Angles in corresponding positions on the

same side of a transversal
 Glossary

Exterior: The region outside two lines that are cut by a transversal

Interior: The region between two lines that are cut by a

transversal

Line: A straight path that extends infinitely in two opposite

directions

Obtuse angle: An angle with measure between 90° and 180°

Parallel lines: Lines that never intersect

Perimeter: The sum of all of its side lengths of a figure

Perpendicular lines: are lines that intersect at a right angle (90°)

Plane: A flat space that extends infinitely in two dimensions

Point: An exact position

Ray: A part of a line that has one endpoint and extends infinitely
in one direction

Right angle: An angle with measure that is exactly 90°

Same-side interior angles: Angles that lie in the interior region

and on the same side of the transversal

Same-side exterior angles: Angles that lie in the exterior region,

and on the same side of the transversal

Segment: A part of a line that has two endpoints

 Glossary

Skew lines: Lines that do not lie in the same plane and do not
intersect

Solid: A three-dimensional shape

Space: All possible points in three dimensions

Straight angle: An angle with measure that is exactly 180°

forming a line

Supplementary angles: Two angles whose measures add up to

180°

Transversal: A line that intersects two or more lines

Vertex: The shared endpoint of the two rays that form an angle

Vertical angles: Non-adjacent angles formed from two inter-

secting lines.

Chapter 2
Acute triangle: A triangle with three acute angles

Altitude (of a triangle): A segment of a triangle that is perpendic-

ular to one side of a triangle and intersects the opposite vertex
(also known as height)

Bisector: A line that divides a figure exactly in half

Centroid (of a triangle): The intersection of the medians of a

triangle
 Glossary

Circumcenter (of a triangle): The intersection of perpendicular

bisectors of the sides of a triangle

Circumcircle (of a triangle): A circle that intersects all three

vertices of a triangle

Equilateral triangle: A triangle with three congruent sides

Height (of a triangle): A segment of a triangle that is perpendic-

ular to one side of a triangle and intersects the opposite vertex
(also known as altitude)

Hypotenuse: The side opposite the right angle in a right triangle

Incenter (of a triangle): The intersection of the angle bisectors of

a triangle

Incircle (of a triangle): A circle that is tangent to all three sides of

the triangle

Isosceles triangle: A triangle with two congruent sides and two

congruent angles

Leg (of a right triangle): One of the sides of a right triangle that
are not the hypotenuse

Median (of a triangle): A segment in a triangle that connects a

midpoint of one side and its opposite vertex

Midpoint: A point on a line segment that is exactly in the middle

of the segment

Midsegment (of a triangle): A segment in a triangle connecting

two midpoints of the triangle
 Glossary

Obtuse triangle: A triangle with one obtuse angle

Orthocenter (of a triangle): The intersection of the altitudes of a

triangle

Polygon: A closed figure with three or more sides

Right triangle: A triangle with one right angle

Scalene triangle: A triangle with no congruent sides and no

congruent angles

Triangle: A polygon with exactly 3 sides

Vertex (of a polygon): A corner of a polygon

Chapter 3
Apothem (of a regular polygon): The perpendicular distance from
the center to one side of a regular polygon

Base (of a trapezoid): One of the parallel sides of a trapezoid

Base angles (of a trapezoid): A pair of angles in a trapezoid that

share a base

Concave polygon: A polygon in which at least one diagonal lies

outside the polygon

Consecutive angles: Two angles sharing a side

Consecutive sides: Two sides sharing a vertex

 Glossary

Convex polygon: A polygon in which no diagonals lie outside the

polygon

Diagonal: A segment connecting two nonadjacent vertices of a

polygon

Equiangular polygon: A polygon whose angles are all congruent

Equilateral polygon: A polygon whose sides are all congruent

Exterior angles: Angles formed by extending each side so that it

makes a linear pair with the interior angle there.

Isosceles trapezoid: A trapezoid whose legs are congruent

Kite: A quadrilateral with two pairs of consecutive congruent

sides

Leg (of a trapezoid): One of the nonparallel sides of a trapezoid

Parallelogram: A quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite

sides are parallel

Quadrilateral: A polygon with exactly four sides

Radius (of a regular polygon): The distance from the center of a

regular polygon to one of its vertices

Regular polygon: A Polygon that is both equilateral and

equiangular

Rectangle: A parallelogram with four right angles

 Glossary

Rhombus: A parallelogram in which all four sides are congruent

Square: A parallelogram that is both a rhombus and a rectangle

Trapezoid: A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides

Chapter 4
Annulus: The “ring” or “donut” shape formed by two concentric
circles

Arc: A part of the circumference of a circle

Central angle: A angle that is drawn from the center of a circle

Chord: A line segment that connects any two points on a circle

Circle: The set of points located at a fixed distance from a given

point

Circumcircle (of a polygon): A circle that intersects all vertices of

the polygon

Circumference (of a circle): The distance all around a circle’s

edge

Concentric circles: Circles that share the same central point

Diameter (of a circle): The distance between two opposite edges

of the circle (and through the center)

Incircle (of a polygon): A circle is tangent to all sides of the

polygon.
 Glossary

Inscribed angle: An angle whose vertex is on the circumference

of the circle

Intercepted arc: An arc that is defined by two lines or segments

intersecting a circle

Major arc: An arc with a central angle with measure greater than
180°

Minor arc: An arc with a central angle with measure less than
180°

Point of tangency: The intersection point of a circle and a

tangent line

Radian: A unit of angle measure in which one radian represents

an angle in which the arc length is exactly equal to the radius
of a circle.

Radius (of a circle): The distance from the center of the circle to
a point on its edge

Secant Line: A line that passes through two points on a circle

Sector: A portion of the area of a circle bound by two radii and

their intercepted arc

Semicircle: An arc that is exactly half of a circle

Tangent line: A segment that touches the circle at exactly one

point
 Glossary

Chapter 5
Scale factor: The ratio of the corresponding side lengths of a pair
of similar figures

Similar polygons: Polygons that have all the same angle

measures in corresponding positions and side lengths that are
proportional

Chapter 7
Axis of symmetry: The line of symmetry of a parabola that passes
through the vertex

Conic section: A two-dimensional cross-sections of cones

Directrix: A line to which every point of a given parabola is equi-

distant to a point called a focus

Focus: A point to which every point of a given parabola is equidis-

tant to a line called a directrix

Parabola: A U-shaped curve forming the graph of a quadratic

equation that is also the set of points equidistant from a focus
and a directrix

Quadratic equation: An equation in which one of the terms in

raised to a power of 2

Roots: The x-values that make y = 0 in a given equation (also

known as the zeroes)

Vertex (of a parabola): The point at which a parabola changes

direction
 Glossary

Zeroes: The x-values that make y = 0 in a given equation (also

known as the roots)

Chapter 8
Angle of rotation: The measure of the angle between a point on
an image to a corresponding point on the pre-image

Center of dilation: The point of reference used to orient the

figure in a dilation

Center of rotation: The fixed point that orients a rotation

Dilation: A transformation in which the image has the same shape

as the pre-image but is a different size

Image: The resulting figure after a transformation

Isometry: A transformation in which the location or position of

the figure may change, but its shape and size are the same
(also known as a rigid motion)

Line of reflection: The line across which the image is flipped

Line of symmetry: The line of reflection that results in symmetry

Line symmetry: A property of a figure in which one half of the

image is the mirror image of the other half (also known as
mirror symmetry or reflectional symmetry)

Mirror symmetry: A property of a figure in which one half of the

image is the mirror image of the other half (also known as line
symmetry or reflectional symmetry)
 Glossary

Negative rotation: A rotation in the clockwise direction

Order of rotational symmetry: The number of rotations for which

the figure has symmetry

Pre-image: The original figure prior to a transformation

Positive Rotation: A rotation in the counterclockwise direction

Reflection: A flipped version of an image

Reflectional symmetry: A property of a figure in which one half

of the image is the mirror image of the other half (also known
as mirror symmetry or line symmetry)

Rigid motion: A transformation in which the location or position

of the figure may change, but its shape and size are the same
(also known as an isometry)

Rotation: The turning a figure around a fixed point

Rotational symmetry: A property of a figure in which a rotation

(other than 0° or 360°) produces the same image overlapping
itself

Scale factor: The ratio of the corresponding segment lengths of

the two figures after a dilation

Symmetry: A property of a figure in which the image is identical

to the pre-image and in the same position

Transformation: Any change to a figure

Translation: The movement of a figure to a new location

 Glossary

Chapter 9
Altitude (of a cone or pyramid): A line drawn from the apex
perpendicular to the base

Cross-section: The intersection of a plane through a solid, which

forms a two-dimensional shape

Cosecant: The ratio of an angle’s hypotenuse side to its opposite

side

Cosine: The ratio of an angle’s adjacent side to the hypotenuse

Cotangent: The ratio of an angle’s adjacent side to its opposite

side

Secant: The ratio of an angle’s hypotenuse to its adjacent side

Sine: The ratio of an angle’s opposite side to the hypotenuse

Tangent: The ratio of an angle’s opposite side to its adjacent side

Chapter 10
Apex: The top point of a cone or pyramid

Base (of a prism): One of the parallel sides in a prism

Cone: A solid with has a circular base with a side that goes from
the circumference of the base to a vertex

Cube: A polyhedron with 6 faces, which are squares (also known

as a hexahedron)
 Glossary

Cylinder A solid with two circular bases with a side that goes from
the circumference of one base to the circumference of the
other base

Diameter (of a cone or cylinder): The diameter of a circular base

Diameter (of a sphere): The distance between two points on the

surface of the sphere going through the center that is always
twice the radius

Dodecahedron: A polyhedron with 12 faces, which are regular

pentagons

Great circle: The largest circle that can be drawn around a given
sphere

Height (of a cone): The perpendicular distance between the base

of a cone to its apex

Height (of a cylinder): The distance between the two bases of a

cylinder

Height (of a pyramid): A line drawn from the apex perpendicular

to the base

Hexahedron: A polyhedron with 6 faces, which are squares (also

known as a cube)

Icosahedron: A polyhedron with 20 faces, which are equilateral

triangles

Oblique Prism: A prism in which the bases are not perpendicular

to the other faces
 Glossary

Oblique Pyramid: A pyramid in which the apex is not directly

above the center of the base

Octahedron: A polyhedron with 8 faces, which are equilateral

triangles

Radius (of a cone or cylinder): The radius of the circular base

Radius (of a sphere): The distance from the center to the surface
of a sphere

Regular polyhedron: A polyhedron whose faces are all congruent,

regular polygons

Regular prism: A prism with bases that are regular polygons

Regular pyramid: A pyramid with a base that is a regular polygon

Right Prism: A prism in which the bases are perpendicular to the

other faces

Right Pyramid: A pyramid in which the apex is directly above the

center of the base

Polyhedron: A three-dimensional shape for which each face is a

flat surface

Prism: A polyhedron that has a pair of congruent, parallel faces

Pyramid: A solid with a polygonal base, and triangular faces that

meet at a vertex

Sphere: A three-dimensional solid that is the set of all points in

space that are a given distance from its center
 Glossary

Slant height (of a pyramid or cone): A segment from the edge of

the base through a two-dimensional face to the apex

Small Circle: A cross section of a sphere that does not pass

through the sphere’s center

Surface area: The amount of two-dimensional area that is taken

up by the surface of a figure

Tetrahedron: A polyhedron with 4 faces, which are equilateral

triangles

Volume: The amount of three-dimensional space that is occupied

by a solid

Chapter 11
Biconditional statement: A combination of a conditional state-
ment and its converse using the phrase if and only if

Conclusion: The “then” part of a conditional statement

Conditional statement: A statement using the form “If ______ is

true, then ______ must also be true.”

Conjecture: A conclusion based on inductive reasoning

Contrapositive: A statement that switches and negates the

hypothesis and the conclusion of a given statement

Converse: A statement that switches the hypothesis and the

conclusion of a given statement
 Glossary

Counterexample: An example for which a conjecture is not true

Deductive reasoning: Reasoning based on known facts

Hypothesis: The “if” part of a conditional statement

Inductive reasoning: Reasoning based on patterns

Inverse: A statement that negates both the hypothesis and the

conclusion of a given statement

Negative: The opposite of a statement, usually involving the word

not

Postulate: A statement everyone agrees is true

Proof: A set of logical steps to show that something is true

Theorem: A statement that needs to be proven using logical steps

Truth Value: Whether a statement is true or false

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