Psychological Impacts of Today’s Learning Modality to Selected HUMSS

Students of Universidad De Manila

Members:

Monica B. Baltazar

Twinkle G. Chua

Justine Grace C. Flores

Elmar T. Lumabao

Ryza Jane M. Mercado

Alyza Jade F. Molina

Radha Reiiel W. Rodriguez

Klaire Jan F. Vergara

Leader:

Blight Joshua G. Sibug

November, 2021

Chapter 1
 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

When the COVID-19 also known as coronavirus disease was spreading

around the world, Governments in each country have taken stringent public health

measures to contain the outbreak and reduce the percentage of deaths and

infections in every specific area since it was declared as a global pandemic. All public

and private institutions are closing and higher education institutions are forced to

discontinue the traditional face-to-face classes due to the entire country being

placed on lockdown. The widespread transmission of the virus across every single

country and even continent has caused more than 80% of students worldwide who

are not attending their schools and their universities as well. As a result, this has

brought us to a new method of learning.

As we first opened our eyes, face-to-face classes had been the modality of

learning that we are used to. But as a result of the massive pandemic, more than

one billion children are at risk of falling behind due to school closures aimed at

containing the spread of COVID-19. (UNICEF, 2020) So, in line with this pernicious

pandemic, we are introduced to a new learning modality. Distance education has

become a common feature in all educational institutions, including schools, colleges,

and universities. Teachers and learners are adapting to this kind of modality despite

difficulties in a variety of ways, forasmuch as it can ensure our physical health.

Now that our physical health has been our priority, it is about time to focus

on our psychological well-being too, over and above. This learning method has
impacted the senior high school learners and lecturers critically. Not all e-learning

entrants have access to a device that can be used to implement a new method of

education. In fact, some students are suffering from depression and anxiety as a

result of their inability to adapt to the new environment. Depression is a word that is

tossed about colloquially and is often understood to be synonymous with having a

bad day or experiencing disappointment. As a mental health disorder, depression is

the world’s leading cause of disability (WHO, 2017). This new learning setup has

given us a lot of effects especially to the students who are not privileged enough,

suffering depression and attacking anxiety are one of those. Distance learning

brought darkness to some of the students that are not adaptive to the new

environment. But, it also has good effects, especially to the students who have social

anxiety and are introverted. They are staying at home, doing their homework

without a bunch of people and also have space when they need it.

As we all know, psychological health should be given attention in all

seriousness, seeing that it is where an individual’s emotional health and overall

functioning depends. The intent of this in general is for us to thoroughly understand

and recognize the precedence and difficulties of the learning modalities in terms of

emotional aspects. All in all, the purpose of this study is to unfold the repercussions

and to act on the ramifications of today's learning technique.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 The purpose of this study is to determine the Psychological Impact of

Today’s Learning Modality to selected HUMSS Students from Universidad De Manila

SY 2021-2022 as the country transitioned from the traditional face-to-face classes

into a learning system based on formalized teaching and with the help of electronic

resources (E-Learning) because of the pandemic and to evaluate what are the

student’s mental health concern. The students may feel more comfortable and learn

more easily in a familiar, traditional classroom situation. You can access more

information and a richer understanding to your teacher and other students' body

language and voice.

The study's specific objective was to address the following questions:

1. How would you classify the profile of Senior High School pupils in terms of:

1.1 Name;

1.2 Age;

1.3. Gender;

1.4. Grade level;

1.5. Estimated hours of spending time in Synchronous Session

2. What are the impacts of E-Learning to the selected HUMSS students of

Universidad De Manila?

3. How do Anxiety and Depression affect students on their academic

performance?
 4. Switching from the traditional classroom and face-to-face instructor training,

how do the learners handle their struggles in terms of adaptability?

HYPOTHESIS

Since we're studying the Psychological Impact of Today's Learning with a group of

HUMSS students from Universidad De Manila, here's what we're hoping to find out

from our research: If students' mental health is prioritised, the number of students

suffering from mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression will decrease. If the

Department of Education conducted further studies and took into consideration that

not everyone is in the same situation before pushing this method of learning, then

maybe it’ll affect the students’ less. If this research is carried out thoroughly,

students will be able to comprehend how the New Learning Modality affects their

health and how to manage with it. If this study is well-done, senior high pupils may

be able to continue studying while maintaining a good mental well-being.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers believe that this study will not only yield data that will be helpful for

them, more so to the following groups of people:

The Learners. In particular, the Grade 11 HUMSS students will be comfortable to

address their mental health state, allowing them to be open and more cheerful to

learn. Hence, students may aspire to be effective learners in order for them to
improve their efficiency. It will help them boost their confidence in learning and be

able to use their talent and capacity to their extent. Considering that they are the

next generation, it is important for them to be knowledgeable about the things that

are happening especially on their mental processes.

The Teachers. The result of this study will offer teachers with empirical information

on the Psychological Impact of Today’s Learning Modality. Thus, it will lead them to

employ an action or lesson plan that will enable them to use this study in a class to

their benefit. They can alter their teaching methods based on the outcomes of this

research as this may give them that kind of awareness they might possibly need.

Academia. The proposed study will give any future researchers of the same topic

the advantage of having this serve as their guide, as well as reference. It will pave

the way for more expanded studies in similar fields.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is focused on the psychological effects of today’s modality during

this quarantine brought by the now still going COVID-19 pandemic. Mainly, how it

affects the student’s well-being and the factors that contributed to this phenomena.

This study also aims to understand furthermore how these said factors affected their

performance as a Grade 11 HUMSS student.

 This study will be limited to the selected Grade 11 HUMSS students of the

Universidad de Manila school year 2021-2022. This will contain limited information

on the topic for we still have restrictions in this time. Surveys and interviews will be

conducted via online -but not limited to-google forms. The time period for this study

will be from the start of classes in Universidad de Manila SHS on September 20,

2021 up to the present date.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter of the research paper will give the theoretical framework of the study, a

review of related literature and studies, a synthesis, the paradigm of the study, and

the definition of terms. Furthermore, this part of the research will present the

advantages and disadvantages of today's learning modality, as well as the factors

that influence students and the impacts on their psychological well-being, which will

be shown in the synthesis section of this chapter and justified by various scholars in

their study, article, research, or thesis.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A Review of Literature is a classification and evaluation of what researchers

have published on a given topic, grouped around a guiding notion such as a

research object, thesis, or the problem to be solved. It is a synthesis and analysis of

the source materials presented in a certain style that moves from wide to narrow
and considers both theoretical and empirical issues. The primary goal of a review of

literature is to report on original research or experimentation so that it can be

shared with the rest of the scholarly community.

According to Best and Kahn (1989), a review of related literature is a summary

of works by acknowledged authorities and past research that shows the researcher

is aware of what is already known as well as what is unknown and untested. This

process helps to prevent repetition of what has already been done and provides

relevant hypotheses and suggestions for further exploration because effective

research is based on prior knowledge. Citing studies that demonstrate significant

agreement and those that appear to give contrasting conclusions serves to clarify

and characterise existing knowledge in the problem area, provides context for the

research endeavour, and informs the reader about the current state of the topic.

Only studies that are obviously relevant, well-executed, and well-reported should be

included.

The literatures collected and reviewed are presented under the following headings:

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Classes

2. Coping Mechanisms that Students Use

3. Effect of Mental Health Problems on Students’ Academic Performance

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Classes

 Online Classes in the Ph push through amid the Pandemic

Online classes is the current new normal that the Department of Education

established. It is the currently most used type of educational system these days.

Listed down below are the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning:

Advantages of Online Classes in the Philippines

(1) Convenient: because students can reach their teachers and classmates

online within the day. (2) Flexible: because students can study anytime and teachers

can teach from the comforts of their own homes, without having to stress what to

wear and how to travel from home to school. (3) Safe: It is the safest way to study

right now because they don’t have to leave the house and worry about getting sick

or catching the virus. (4) Students can spend more time and catch up frequently

with their families (childhope.org.ph, 2021).

Disadvantages of Online Classes in the Philippines

(1) Time management: Time can be hard to manage properly. There is an

expectation for students to juggle studies and help with household chores the entire

day. (2) Physical and Mental Struggles: Just to avoid catching the virus, both

students and teachers struggle mentally and physically as they try to adjust to this

mobile learning and teaching. (3) Lack of mobile gadgets to use for online classes

hampers a student’s education. (4) Lack of Connection: Students who live in the

rural areas lack internet connection. Others have to climb mountains, cross rivers,

and walk for miles just to get signal or connect to free Wi-Fi to attend online class or

download modules. (5) Financial Issues: The bills for electrical and internet

connection double, as students stay at home and manage their studies. This also
leaves out street children who have no means of paying for their families’ basic

needs (childhope.org.ph, 2021).

Teaching beyond the classroom walls: The pros and cons of cyber learning

As technology advances, new aspects of learning have emerged as an

alternative to traditional classes. However, the disadvantages, as well as the benefits

of this new wave of technological learning that is sweeping the country, should be

considered. La Vonne Fedynich (2013) studied the advantages and disadvantages of

online learning. The objectives of this journal are to discuss information and valid

concerns that should be addressed in order to be aware and better prepared for the

new experiences that online learning has to offer. The advantages that are stated in

this journal are (1) Convenience as it gives students fast access to peers and

instructors, and freedom on creating their own schedule. (2) Participation as it is

easy to appeal to attributes because of all these communication formats given.

Students can interact in real time in chat rooms or asynchronously by posting to

bulletin boards or forums” (Morrison, et al., 2007, 218). (3) The hybrid or blended

course is another advantage of distance education. “As the name implies, there are

a blend of various forms of learning activities. These may include classroom, learning

experiences, and e-learning or various forms of e-learning or some combination of

all three” (Steen, 2008, p. 528). (4) Cost effectiveness for the University because

they realise that hosting online classes, as the student population tends to increase.

In combination with lower withdrawal rates of online students, universities have

found online learning to be very cost effective and efficient via many avenues never

thought possible before online learning came into existence (Steen, p. 527). While
the disadvantages are: (1) Computer Literacy as it is sometimes being overlooked

because most students are computer literate. (2) It is already known that not

everyone is provided with Online Access. There is a limitation for all programs that

rely on the internet. (3) Another downside of online learning is its design and

implementation. Because "there is no one-size-fits-all approach to the design of e-

Learning, because each course is unique...", designing the cyber course to properly

fulfil students' needs can be a significant responsibility for the educator (Steen,

2008, p. 531). (4) Face-to-face time is also a problem because the students are all

various types of learners, thus there isn't enough of it. (Fedynich, L.V. 2013)

The Internet and Children: Advantages and Disadvantages

Children and adolescents have the most access to the internet as it has

already been part of their daily lives. It offers them a vast range of communication

and entertainment. Children also use the Internet for education, which is

unsurprising given that knowledge gathering is one of the most popular uses of the

internet. Jennifer Bremer, MD (2005) evaluated the internet's reach in order to

determine the impact of cyberspace on youngsters. As the scale of the Internet's

influence in children's lives grows clearer, so does the need to comprehend how this

massive technological shift affects children. Although there are many issues and

theories, and this topic is widely debated, there is surprisingly little actual evidence

on this topic. Internet use also may affect children’s mental well-being. Although

initially coined as a parody, the term ‘‘Internet addiction disorder’’ has been widely

proclaimed in the lay press. ‘‘... in the early ’90s ... people who spent more than a

few hours a day using the Internet would be laughed at for being addicted. (Bremer
et al., 2005, p.416) Internet use appears to be related to psychological,

interpersonal, and professional damage in certain people. On a practical level,

computer use becomes problematic when time spent online becomes addictive and

all-consuming, affecting one's ability to function or well-being. It appears that the

programs used, the family situation, and the characteristics of the child all play an

impact. For example, establishing social connections through e-mail may lift one

child's spirits, downloading unsuitable information may increase another child's fears,

and a teenager who is sad may find support and comfort on mental health websites

or in friendly chat rooms. The Internet may also play a role in children's mental

health by providing a convenient, confidential means for teenagers to seek

information and guidance on mental health issues. However, the quality of such

resources may be poor. Children may be prone to believing what they read, and

their parents may not know how to correct this inclination when it comes to the

internet, worsening the situation. (Bremer, J. 2005)

COPING MECHANISMS THAT STUDENTS USE

Causes, Effects of Stress, and the Coping Mechanism of Political Science

Students in a Philippine University

Stress is a condition capable of producing stress or something that initiates a

stress response. Modern life exposes people to many stressors, including natural

disasters, illness, and noise. Certain life experiences, such as the death of a loved

one, are major stressors. Day-to-day problems, such as burning toast, taking rest, or
feeling rushed, may also be stressful. Experts consider modern life particularly

stressful for children and families.

Duque (2007) cited common effects of stress. These are insomnia, headaches,

backaches, constipation, diarrhea, high blood pressure, heart disease, depression

and alcohol, tobacco or drug use. He suggested doing the following: 1) After seeing

the doctor, share your treatment plan with people close to you. Talk with friends and

relatives and explain what you are going through; 2) If your doctor prescribes

medication take it exactly the way it is prescribed. Do not stop taking your

medication until your doctor tells you to stop doing so; 3) Keep all follow-up

appointments with your doctor; 4) Remember that it may take some time to start

feeling better; 5) If you experience side effects from any medication, tell your

doctor; and 6) Seek professional counseling. If your methods of coping with stress

are not contributing to your greater emotional and physical health, it is time to find

healthier ones.

There are numerous healthy strategies to handle and live with stress, but all

of them necessitate change. Either you can alter the situation or you can change

your reaction. When determining which option to pursue, keep the four A's in mind:

avoid, alter, adapt, or accept. There is no "one size fits all" strategy to stress

management because everyone's reaction to it is different.

The stress profile of students in the College of Dentistry of the University of

the Philippines, Manila was studied by Salvacion (2004). The study involved 149

dentistry student-respondents. Academic stressors like examinations and grades,

fully loaded days, difficulty in completing clinical requirements, and fear of getting

delayed topped the identified stressors. Academic stress peaked during the
sophomore year. No significant differences in rankings were observed between

genders.

Common methods of coping with stress were employed by students:

crying, praying, talking, watching movies, and listening to music. Stress makes or

breaks a person. It is like a two-edged sword which can either motivate and

stimulate a student to peak performance or reduce the student to ineffectiveness

Grandea (2006) used the descriptive research approach in studying the

stress and coping mechanisms of college freshmen of Southville International School

and Colleges. It involved 201 student-respondents. The student-respondents

experienced high perceived stress. The identified main stressors were academics.

The student-respondents used positive stress coping mechanisms. The perceived

stress and coping mechanisms of the student-respondents were independent of their

profile. (Mazo, G. 2015)

Coping Mechanism on Problems Encountered By Students

In the education system, adolescents are those receiving education in junior

high school, senior high schools, vocational high schools, colleges or universities.

Due to fast physical changes and mental development at this stage, students may

sometimes experience incompatibility of the mental development with their physical

changes or with the social environment and thus suffer from problems arising from

inadequate adaptations.

In today's society, stress has become an accepted part of life. Stress,

according to Pinel (2003), is a physiological response to a perceived threat. As a

result, it has negative effects on life's pressures and events.

A student’s life is subjected to different kinds of stress, such as the pressure of

academics with an obligation of success, uncertain future, and difficulties envisaged

for integration into the college system. These students face social, emotional and

physical and family problems which may affect their learning ability and academic

performance (Fish and Nies, 1996; Chew-Graham et al., 2003).

Today, stress levels among children have been going up dangerously high due

to the pressure of their academic and large amount of syllabus content in a limited

span of time and too much expectation from parents. High levels of stress are likely

to ultimately affect the health of the students (Elizabeth, 2003). Pertinent to the

gender differences in stress experiences, Nolen-Hoeksema (1990) and Weissman et

al. (1996) noted that across many nations, cultures and ethnicities, women are

about twice as likely as men to develop depression which is linked to anxiety. They

reported further that women face a number of chronic burdens in everyday life as a

result of their social status and roles relative to men, and these strains could

contribute to their higher rates of depressive anxiety. Depression has a strong

relationship to anxiety as prolonged stress can lead to depression (Sarafino, 2002).

Students face a variety of challenges in today's education systems, which

range from elementary to tertiary. College students must understand that college

can be demanding due to the large amount of homework due in a short period of
time, making it easy to become overwhelmed. Quizzes, tests, papers, exams, and

projects, among other things, are all part of the college experience. Many students

will experience stress if time is not effectively managed to ensure that all of these

tasks are completed. According to research conducted by the Macmillan Social

Sciences library, 70% of college students believe their grades have a direct impact

on their stress level. (Paren, R. 2016)

Effect of Mental Health Problems on Students’ Academic Performance

Effects of stress on students' physical and mental health and academic

success

Students' health and well-being are negatively impacted by stress in a variety

of ways. Recent studies demonstrate high levels of psychological problems due to

students’ stress overload. These issues include anxiety, panic attacks, and

depression (Eisenberg, Hunt, Speer, & Zivin, 2011; Morris, Ciesla, & Garber, 2010).

Self-concept clarity and self-esteem have also been shown to influence the

association between stress and depression, specifically for high school students

(Chang, 2001). Academic performance has also been linked to the impacts of stress.

Students experience transition stress and stress caused by poor grades and

academic performance. One study of medical students found that those who were

more stressed suffered from poor sleep quality and performed worse on tests

(Ahrberg, Dresler, Niedermaier, & Genzel, 2012). Students with mental illnesses

experience more stress, which has an impact on their academic performance.

(Shankar and Park, 2016)

 How Does Poor Mental Health Affect Students? 6 Key Impacts

(1) Students facing mental health issues like anxiety and depression tend to

have lower engagement and show signs of withdrawal. (2) They find it hard to focus

and get easily distracted by other problems. (3) They may suffer a drop in grades or

be unable to respond effectively to the high-pressure demands of tests and

assignments. Expectations about achievement and performance can worsen mental

health problems and serve as a focal point for anxiety, stress, and depression. (4)

People suffering from mental health issues have usually slow progress and are at

risk of dropping out. (5) Mental Illness affects a person’s personality and behaviour

that causes a change of attitude like having lack of enthusiasm and energy to what

they do. (6) Students suffering with mental health issues may become less sociable

or interested in finding new acquaintances or developing connections. (Higher

Education, 2020)

Effect of Mental Health Problems on Academic Performance among

University Students in Pakistan

Mental Health is such a controversial and sensitive topic that has an effect on

one’s quality of life. Academic performance has been regarded as a part of a

student's overall behavior. The dynamic process of personality determines and

influences it. Students with mental health issues or disabilities, whether treated or

not, have a lower grade point average and are more likely to drop out than other

students. Most universities pay attention to mental disorders but not mental health

problems. There is a problem of support to students, the reason why stress is being

expected and normalised which should be not. There is also a stigma and fear that
surfaced related to dealing with mental health problems which stops them from

getting help. Mental health issues negatively affect students on their academic

performance. . Furthermore, Macan et al. [78,79] found students’ good health

results in better academic performance. Students with better mental health have

more self-efficiency, which leads to improved academic success. (Zada, S., Wang,

Y., Zada, M., Gul, F. 2021)

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

Local

Difficulties in Remote Learning: Voices of Philippine University

Students in the Wake of Covid-19 Crisis

According to Erwin E. Rotas and Michael B. Cahapay, to respond to the

challenge of innovating educational delivery mechanisms in higher education,

colleges and universities across the globe ventured into different practises such as

distance education, online teaching, remote learning, blended learning, and mobile

learning. These practices can be collectively called Emergency Remote Education

(ERE). It is the temporary change in the delivery of instruction caused by the sudden

occurence of a crisis. It is also said that ERE does not mean going away from the

traditional arrangement of the instructional process nor creating a completely new

education system. It provides a temporary feasible alternative for education

practitioners to perform instruction and provide students with necessary instructional

support (Hodges et al., 2020). ERE is also a branch of distance education, however,

it is treated as a 'option' not 'obligation' in this time of crisis (Bozkurt et al., 2020).

To conclude the study, ERE enables the making the most of available resources

including a wide range of technologies that offer capabilities for remote learning. It

is also emphasised that, in this case, ERE is the best term to describe education

during this interruption and it is not the same as those distance education practices

long before (Bozkurt et al., 2020).

Student's online learning challenges during the

pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines

According to Jessie S. Barrot, Ian I. Llenares & Leo s. del Rosario, there are

two key differences that set the current study apart from the previous studies. First,

it sheds light on the direct impact of the pandemic on the challenges that students

experience in an online learning space. Second, the current study explores students'

coping strategies in this new learning setup. Addressing this area would shed light

on the extent of challenges that students experience in a full online learning space,

particularly within the context of the pandemic. Meanwhile, our nuanced

understanding of the strategies that students use to overcome their challenges

would provide relevant information to school administrators and teachers to better

support the online learning needs of students. This information would also be critical

in revising the typology of strategies in an online learning environment.

 Issues and Challenges in Open and

Distance e-Learning: Perspectives from the Philippines

According to Patricia Arinto, the study discusses key issues and challenges in

ODeL implementation as experienced and perceived by 10 academics at UPOU, and

their implications for institutional policy and practice. UPOU exemplifies Abrioux's

(2006b) "university within a university" model, an institutional arrangement

designed. The "constraining infrastructure" includes "capital investments such as

printing presses, television and radio production, course material warehouses, and

various administrative and computing systems" and "institutional investments in

human resources… and labour relations structures" (Abrioux, 2001, p. 1). The study

concludes with a discussion of the policy development and administrative changes

required to support innovative teaching practice across the institution. The findings

and conclusion are relevant for other institutions in the same stage of ODeL

development.

The Philippine Higher Education Sector

In the Time of COVID-19

This study reports the policy-responses of different Philippine higher

education institutions (HEIs) to the novel coronavirus, COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-

19 has become a global health crisis. As of october 6, 2020, almost 36 million people

have died. In the Philippines, this translates into almost 325, 000 infected and 6, 000

deaths (Worldometer, 2020). To curb the spread of COVID-19, most governments

have opted to employ quarantine protocols and temporarily shut down their

educational institutions.

An effective blended online teaching and learning

strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic

The analysis of the researchers findings show how The Coronavirus Disease 2019

(COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically changed the higher education system in the

Philippines with a distinctive shift in online instruction as an effort to limit further

transmission of the virus. This sudden change to online instruction raised concern

among many teachers and students because a large segment of the population have

unstable internet access and limited electronic devices (Pastor, 2020;

Foreign

Probing on the Relationship between Students' Self-Confidence

and Self-Efficacy while Engaging in Online Learning amidst COVID-19

According to the study's findings, there is a considerably fairly high positive link

between degrees of self-confidence and self-efficacy in online learning during the

pandemic. This is reinforced by Marra et al., (2007), who discovered that the higher

one's self-confidence, the higher one's self-efficacy. This also implies that students

who are more confident in the face of the pandemic's difficulties and challenges are

more likely to have higher levels of self-efficacy. The results of the study are
important in knowing the current educational set-up, in which online classes are

used as a protective measure in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Mental Health of High School Students

During the COVID-19 Pandemic

In this study, the American Psychological Association (APA) reports that

approximately 81 percent of Gen Z youths (ages 13–17) suffer more extreme stress

as a result of COVID-19, which is related to schooling. Several recent studies have

verified the technological obstacles and psychological effects of the COVID-19

epidemic on pupils in several countries. However, in recent research, like the APA's

study, it has not focused on eliciting important stressors that induce mental health

degeneration in school pupils.

The Effect of Online Learning on Tertiary Level

Student’s Mental Health During the COVID-19 Lockdown

The analysis of the researchers findings show how significantly COVID-19

has affected those students who are in the tertiary level. Chandra (2020) stated

home education has immensely brought destruction both among learners and

parents. Hasan and Bao (2020) have found the inadequacy of the learning approach

is another grounds for a strong correlation between the use of online learning and

psychological stress among students. A huge number of the developing countries

have not fully immersed themselves into the use of online learning as an alternative

to the usual normal school setting (Dhawan, 2020), contributing to e-learning crack

up. This study concludes that while online learning can be a lifeline in terms of

maintaining educational continuity during the lockdown, it also has its drawbacks,

which have shown to be a major source of mental health difficulties among tertiary

level students.

Effectiveness of Online Learning In

In Pandemic COVID-19

In this study Endang et al., (2020) conducted a study of home

learning policies by using different applications as a lecture material and

assignments done for online learning. According to the result, online learning with

Zoom and Whatsapp is only effective for theoretical and theoretical courses and

practicum while in online lecture practice and course subjects are less efficient.

However, this learning can still have some weaknesses, including signals that are

difficult for students to reach if you live in a rural area. A lot of chat makes the cell

phone memory full so the internet ends up being slow. (Yensy, 2020) This study

aims to find out online learning media that can make students cheerful to attend

lectures. Based on the results gathered from student questionnaires, It is possible to

infer that the online learning approach used during the COVID-19 pandemic was

both useful and inefficient. Effective because of the conditions that need online

education, yet inefficient because the costs incurred are higher when compared to
offline lectures. Costs incurred mostly to purchase internet quota in order to keep up

with online lectures.

Remote learning and students’ mental health

during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed method enquiry

This study aims to analyze the mental health (in particular, anxiety) of

university students. To evaluate the students’ emotional situation during the

pandemic and find out what learning conditions suit them best to provide the best

possible support for students during this pandemic. This study utilised a cross-

sectional study through a designed survey using the Enterprise Feedback Suite (EFS)

Survey by Quesbacks. As the results showed, numerous students handled the new

situation pragmatically. Previous studies have suggested COVID-19 pandemic have

many psychological effects on college students, which can be expressed as anxiety,

fear, and worry, among others. (Cao et al, 2020; Huckins et al, 2020; Lit et al, 2020;

Wang et al 2020) This stress may lead to unfavourable effects on the learning and

psychological health of students (Sahu, 2020)

SYNTHESIS

This contains scholarly articles and journals from various sources both from

local and foreign in accordance with the key benefits of remote learning, the mental
challenges of online learning, the impact of e-learning approaches, and the students

being left behind while engaging in today's learning modality all synthesized and

categorized by the researchers.

Capturing the Benefits of Remote Learning

Autonomy as a key to motivation. Research suggests that when students

have more choices about their materials and activities, they’re more motivated—

which may translate to increased learning and academic success. In a 2016 paper,

psychology researcher Allan Wigfield, PhD, and colleagues make the case that

control and autonomy in reading activities can improve both motivation and

comprehension (Child Development Perspectives, Vol. 10, No. 3 ). This individualized

learning helps students find more free time for interests and also allows them to

conduct their learning at a time they’re most likely to succeed. During the pandemic,

Mark Gardner, an English teacher at Hayes Freedom High School in Camas,

Washington, said he realized how important student-centered learning is and that

whether learning happens should take precedence over how and when it occurs

(apa.org, 2021).

Better understanding of children's needs. One of the most important

predictors of a child’s success in school is parental involvement in their education.

For example, in a meta-analysis of studies, researchers linked parental engagement

in their middle schoolers’ education with greater measures of success (Hill, N. E., &

Tyson, D. F., Developmental Psychology, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2009). During the

pandemic, parents had new opportunities to learn about their kids and, as a result,

help them learn. According to a study by Breaux and colleagues, many parents

reported that the pandemic allowed them a better understanding of their child’s

learning style, needs, or curriculum (apa.org, 2021).

Decreased bullying. During stay-at-home orders, kids with

neurodevelopmental disorders experienced less bullying than pre-pandemic

(McFayden, T. C., et al., Journal of Rural Mental Health, No. 45, Vol. 2, 2021).

According to 2019 research, children with emotional, behavioural, and physical

health needs experience increased rates of bullying victimisation (Lebrun-Harris, L.

A., et al., ), and from the U.S. Department of Education suggests the majority of

bullying takes place in person and in unsupervised areas. (apa.org, 2021)

Mental health effects of online learning

Virtual learning fatigue. Zoom fatigue or also called virtual fatigue is a

mental exhaustion that we feel after a series of online meetings or virtual

conferences. This can highly affect our mental state and can cause anxiety, low

productivity, concentration difficulties, and even physical pain.

 Increased anxiety and stress. In the traditional classroom setup, students

follow a routine schedule during school days. When it’s time to wake up, time to go

to school, time for class, time to do homework, lunchtime to interact with friends

and attend extra-curricular activities. It’s never the same with online learning.

Staying focused on online classes is a challenge. Separating home life and class

time, not following a routine schedule, the distractions at home, caused students not

to able to concentrate well with their classes. As a result, students tend to

procrastinate and set things aside, then deadlines are missed. This causes pressure,

stress, and anxiety to both students and their parents (KY COUNSELLING CENTRE,

2021).

Lack of interaction and social isolation. Schools do not only teach new

learning from books, it is where friendship starts and fun memories are created.

Communication and social skills are best learned with social interactions. Kids, teens,

even teachers need to connect with their friends and socialise. But since the COVID

pandemic, there’s a lack of interaction and students face social isolation. This greatly

impacts a student’s mental health. The lack of social interaction in online learning

leads to feelings of loneliness, lack of motivation, and isolation (KY COUNSELLING

CENTER, 2021).

Education and COVID-19

 Globally, at least 31 percent of students from pre-primary to upper secondary

schools cannot be reached due to either a lack of policies supporting digital and

broadcast remote learning or a lack of the household assets needed to receive digital

or broadcast instruction. Students in rural areas consistently represent the vast

majority of those who cannot be reached by any of the three remote learning

modalities analysed, irrespective of the country’s level of economic development.

Overall, three out of four students who cannot be reached live in rural areas, but in

lower-income countries the percentage is even higher. In addition, students from the

poorest 40 per cent of families account for a disproportionately high percentage of

those who cannot be reached. In low-income countries, they represent 47 per cent

of those who cannot be reached, while in middle-income income countries they

constitute 74 to 86 per cent of those who cannot be reached. Boys and girls were

almost evenly represented among students who cannot be reached (Unicef.org,

2020).

Technology

While e-learning, Web-enhanced instruction, and other forms of instructional

technology have been touted as an effective way of addressing student withdrawal

and academic performance, there are those (Carr, 2000) that report both program

and end-of-semester course completion rates in distance education courses as

merely acceptable compared to more traditional courses. This disagreement, coupled

with the need to establish empirically-based instructional techniques, drives the

desire to fully grasp the true impact of different forms of technology on retention
and graduation rates among students. The purpose of this article is to provide

readers with a comprehensive overview of the literature concerning technology at

the postsecondary level. We discuss studies that have examined the various uses of

technology in the classroom, student perceptions of technology, student usage of

technology, student attitudes toward technology, and the direction in which

technology is heading. Specifically, the main objective was to highlight the findings

with regard to the connection between technology and student learning, and

between technology and student persistence.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory

of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory

that explains why the research problem under study exists Abend, Gabriel “The

Meaning of Theory” (2008). This study is anchored from Albert Bandura’s Social

Learning Theory which will further explain its relevance to the topic by the

researcher

Social Learning Theory, Albert Bandura (1977) emphasizes the importance of

observing, modelling and imitating behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of

others. It is the idea of learning by the means of observing other people's actions

and having to imitate the behaviours of the individuals that they observed.

Reinforcement can have a positive and negative relevance to an individual. It can

also be internal and external and overall will lead to a changes of behaviour
 Social interactions during traditional classroom settings allows the instructors

to immediately give feedback to the learners.Students’ facial expressions and body

language are important non-verbal cues in face-to-face learning, indicating the level

of student engagement (Meyer, 2003; Delaney et al., 2010). Having to recognize

the struggles of their students in real time allows the instructors to cater more to

their student's needs especially when introduced to something foreign. During virtual

classes, instructors consider social presence to be a key factor in the learning

process (Caspi & Blau, 2008). Students also believe there is a positive relationship

between social presence and learner satisfaction (Richardson & Swan, 2003; So &

Brush, 2008). The lack of these interactions has its impacts on the learners having

to change from the traditional face-to-face classes to online learning.

When applied to today's modality, instructors and students are remotely far

from each other, limiting the amount of interactions and having to cope with the

current situation. The lack of these interactions has its impacts on the learners and

concerns about the student's mental health are raised having to change from the

traditional face-to-face classes to online learning. Several studies states that

students have experienced an increase in stress, anxiety, and depression (Aslan et

al., 2020; Odriozola-González et al., 2020; Saravanan et al., 2020; Son et al., 2020),

and have felt some negative feelings intensified, such as fear, worry, or boredom

(Aristovnik et al., 2020; Son et al., 2020). Therefore, this further proves that the

sudden change of today's modality has its impacts on our psychological well-being.

And the factors that contribute to this have it's effects on the academic performance

of the students.
 PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

Input Process Output

● Profile Classification ● Online Survey ● To know the Name,

of selected Senior through Google form Age, Gender, Grade
High School pupils ● Collection of the data level and the amount
● Impacts of E-Learning ● Analysis and time spent of the
to the selected Presentation of the Senior High School
HUMSS students of data pupils in Synchronous
Universidad De Manila ● Interpretation of the session
● Effects of Anxiety and data ● To be able to learn
Depression on ● Implementation of how E-Learning
students in their the findings in the impacts the selected
academic results HUMSS students of
performance Universidad De Manila
● Handling of learners ● To understand how
in terms of Anxiety and
adaptability due to Depression affect the
Today’s Learning students’ academic
Modality performance
● To determine how
learners adapt to
Today’s Learning
Modality

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Psychological Impact of Today’s Learning

Modality to Selected HUMSS Student of Universidad De Manila

The figure 1 shows the research paradigm which includes the IPO (Input, Process,

Output) model. It demonstrates how the concept of today's learning mode impacts

the psychological health of the selected HUMSS student at Universidad De Manila.

The inputs are the data that must be obtained in order to finish the study. We'll use

a methodological process in which we'll follow the steps laid out for us. Following the

process, we, the researchers, anticipate the intended outcomes, which include the

impacts of today's learning mode on the selected HUMSS student that we needed to

solve the study's problems.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Adapt - refers to the ability to make (something) suitable for a new use or

purpose.

Adolescents - a young person who is developing between childhood and

adulthood. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an adolescent as

any person between ages 10 to 19.

Advantages - refers to the benefits and gains of today's learning modality.

Anxiety - a nervous disorder characterized by a state of excessive

uneasiness and apprehension, typically with compulsive behavior or panic

attacks.
Authorities - a person or organization having power or control in a

particular, especially because of one's commanding manner or one's

recognized knowledge about something.

Blended learning - a style of education in which students learn via

electronic and online media as well as traditional face-to-face teaching.

Convenient - fitting in well with a person's needs, activities, and plans.

Computer literacy - defined as the knowledge and ability of the learners to

use computers and related technology efficiently.

Coping Mechanism - refers to any conscious or nonconscious adjustment or

adaptation that decreases tension and anxiety in a stressful experience or

situation.

Cost effectiveness - the degree to which something is effective or

productive in relation to its cost.

Covid-19 - an acute respiratory illness in humans caused by a coronavirus,

capable of producing severe symptoms and in some cases death.

Cyberspace - the notional environment in which communication over

computer networks occurs.

Department of Education (DepEd) - formulates, implements, and

coordinates policies, plans, programs and projects in the areas of formal and

non-formal basic education. in the areas of formal and non-formal basic

education.
Depression - a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects

how you feel, the way you think and how you act.

Disadvantages - an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the

chances of success or effectiveness.

Distance education - form of education in which the main elements include

physical separation of teachers and students during instruction and the use of

various technologies to facilitate student-teacher and student-student

communication.

E-learning - learning conducted via electronic media, typically on the

internet.

Flexible - refers to being ready and able to change so as to adapt to

different circumstances.

Impact - effect on someone or something.

Internet access - the ability of individuals and organizations to connect to

the Internet using computer terminals, computers, and other devices.

Interpersonal- being, relating to, or involving relations between persons.

Lack- to be deficient or missing.

Lockdown- a temporary condition imposed by governmental authorities (as

during the outbreak of an epidemic disease) in which people are required to

stay in their homes and refrain from or limit activities outside the home

involving public contact (such as dining out or attending large gatherings).

Mental health - the condition of being sound mentally and emotionally that

is characterized by the absence of mental illness and by adequate adjustment

especially as reflected in feeling comfortable about oneself, positive feelings

about others, and the ability to meet the demands of daily life.

Mental illness- any of a broad range of medical conditions (such as major

depression, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, or panic disorder)

that are marked primarily by sufficient disorganization of personality, mind, or

emotions to impair normal psychological functioning and cause marked

distress or disability and that are typically associated with a disruption in

normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, interpersonal interactions, or daily

functioning.

Mobile gadgets- an often small mechanical or electronic device with a

practical use but often thought of as a novelty.

New Normal- A new normal is a state to which an economy, society, etc.

settles following a crisis, when this differs from the situation that prevailed

prior to the start of the crisis.

Online class- An online class is a course conducted over the Internet. They

are generally conducted through a learning management system, in which

students can view their course syllabus and academic progress, as well as

communicate with fellow students and their course instructor.

Pandemic- an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area

(such as multiple countries or continents) and typically affects a significant

proportion of the population : a pandemic outbreak of a disease.

Psychological Disorder- Psychological disorders, also referred to as mental

disorders, are abnormalities of the mind that result in persistent behavior

patterns that can seriously affect your day-to-day function and life.

Remote Learning- Remote learning is something a district should be able to

switch off and on based on need; however, the efficiency of transitioning to

remote learning is dependent on preparedness, technology tools, or overall

student support infrastructure. It is different from virtual school or virtual

learning programs that typically have gone through an official process of

establishing a school, adopting an online curriculum, and creating a dedicated

structure to support students enrolled in the school. eLearning utilizes

electronic technologies to access educational curriculum outside of the

traditional classroom.

Safe- not able or likely to be hurt or harmed in any way : not in danger.

Stigma- a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group of

people have about something.

Stress- a state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in your life,

work, etc..

Stressor- a stimulus that causes stress.

Student- a person who attends a school, college, or university.

Technology- the use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent

useful things or to solve problems.

Time management- is the process of organizing and planning how to

divide your time between specific activities. Good time management enables
you to work smarter – not harder – so that you get more done in less time,

even when time is tight and pressures are high.

Traditional Classes- where a teacher moderates and regulates the flow of

information and knowledge. Students are expected to continue developing

their knowledge of a subject outside of school through homework exercises.

Here, students’ main resource is their instructor who only teaches them face-

to-face.

Well-being- the state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous.

Wi-Fi- used to certify the interoperability of wireless computer networking

devices.

Youngster- a young person : YOUTH.

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

According to Kothari (2004), research design is a plan, a roadmap and

blueprint strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research

questions it is the heart of any study. In other words, it is a strategic plan in

conducting research. This is performed to ensure that the research problem is

addressed properly.

In order to obtain a significant result, the study should be conducted using a

specific approach and design. This study used a descriptive survey method which

helps assess the demographic profile such as gender, age, grade level, estimated

hours on the synchronous sessions, impacts of e-learning and its effect on academic

performance, and commonly used coping mechanism of selected HUMMS students

of Universidad de Manila s.y. 2021-2022.

According to Gay (1992: 217), descriptive research involves collecting data in

order to test hypotheses or to answer questions concerning the current status of the

subject of the study. Williams (2007) also stated that descriptive research is a

research method that can determine the situation in current phenomenon. According

to Burns and Grove (2003:201), descriptive research “is designed to provide a

picture of a situation as it naturally happens”. It can be used to rationalise current

practice, make decisions, and develop theories. Descriptive research was used in this
study to get a picture of students' opinions of how today's learning modality impacts

their psychological well-being.

RESEARCH LOCALE

The study will be carried out at Universidad De Manila (UDM), formerly known

as City College of Manila. It is a public coeducational city government-funded higher

education institution in Manila, Philippines. This School Comprises Senior High School

and offers different strands such as Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM),

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), Humanities and Social

Science (HUMSS), General Academic (GA), Technical Vocational in Home Economics

(HE), and Technical Vocational in Information, Communication, & Technology (ICT).

The respondents will answer questions through online surveys such as Google Form.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The respondents of this research study were the students of Universidad de

Manila (UDM), in the academic year 2021-2022 first semester. Purposive Sampling, a

non-probability sampling method is used in this study. Purposive sampling, also

known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling, is a form of non-probability

sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgement when choosing members

of the population to participate in their surveys. (Alchemer, 2021)

The selected respondents were senior high school students from the

Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) strand. The researchers considered the
Grade 11 students that consist of a total of 80 members, male and female. Exactly

20 respondents are selected per section in the HUMSS strand that can voluntarily

answer the questions. They were the chosen respondents because their study

method and academic track knowledge are enough to answer the problems posed in

our study.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

The research instrument used in this study will be a questionnaire that will

ask questions on how today's learning modality impacts the selected Humanities and

Social Sciences (HUMSS) students at Universidad De Manila. The questionnaire will

serve as both a survey and a reference for the research. The survey will be broken

into two sections. The first section will comprise the respondents' profiles, which will

include their name, age, gender, and grade level. In the second section, the

respondents will also be asked how much time they spent in the synchronous

session. The second half will be made up of fill-in-the-blank questions to which they

can respond with their own answers. The effects of e-learning, the effects of anxiety

and depression on academic performance, and how respondents deal with today's

learning modality will all be discussed in the second part of the questionnaire. The

research will be completed entirely online, primarily using Google Forms. The link to

the questionnaire will be provided to them over Facebook and Messenger.

Respondents might use their own digital devices to complete the survey.

DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUE

 We dedicated our time, effort, and collaboration to creating questionnaires

with precise wording that would be useful to the target respondents. The survey was

created utilizing appropriate questions derived from the problem, related research,

and individual questions created by the researchers. The researchers will secure

permission first from the administration or principal before conducting the study.

Upon approval, the researchers will start on sending the links of the said survey

forms to the respondents. Data gathering was used to improve the research

instrument and assess its validity and reliability.

References:

Education and Covid-19, UNICEF DATA, (2021, September 17)

https://data.unicef.org/topic/education/covid-19/?

fbclid=IwAR3WsnuKIhALxE1JWZ0LHdPy09cihqtB2KRRYiGI3oay3-m4oJJR9QaX5HQ

Retrieved December 2, 2021

Mental health of older adults, World Health Organization

Mental health of older adults (who.int) Retrieved December 2, 2021

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Anonymous (2021), Online Classes in the PH Push Through Amid the Pandemic,
from Child Hope Philippines website https://childhope.org.ph

Fedynich, Lavonne. (2014). Teaching beyond the classroom walls: The pros and
cons of cyber learning. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies. 13. 1-7.

Bremer, Jennifer (2005). The Internet and Children: Advantages and Disadvantages.
, 14(3), 405–428. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2005.02.003

COPING MECHANISMS THAT STUDENTS USE

Mazo, Generoso N. (2015). Causes, Effects of Stress, and the Coping Mechanism of

Political Science Students in a Philippine University. International Journal of

Education and Research, 3(2), 135-148

Paren, Rimmon (2016). Coping Mechanism on Problems Encountered By Students.

From Education in the Philippines website https://rimmon-

educationinthephilippines.blogspot.com

EFFECT OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Shankar, Nilani L. & Park, Crystal L. (2016) Effects of stress on students' physical

and mental health and academic success, International Journal of School &

Educational Psychology, 4:1, 5-9, DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2016.1130532

Higher Education (2020). How Does Poor Mental Health Affect Students? 6 Key

Impacts. From UK Inside Government website https://blog.insidegovernment.co.uk

Zada, S., Wang, Y., Zada, M., Gul, F. (2021). Effect of Mental Health Problems on

Academic Performance among University Students in Pakistan. International Journal

of Mental Health Promotion, 23(3), 395–408.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

LOCAL
Erwin E. Rotas & Michael B. Cahapay. Difficulties in Remote Learning: Voices of the

Philippine University Students in the Wake of COVID-19 Crisis.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1285295.pdf

Jessie S. Barrot, Ian I. Llenares & Leo S. del Rosario. Education and Information

Technologies 26, 7321-7338 (2021). Students' online learning challenges during the

pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-021-10589-x

Patricia Arinto (2016). Issues and Challenges in Open and Distance e-Learning:

Perspective from the Philippines

http://www.irrodl.org

Jeremiah Joven B. Joaquin, Hazel T. Biana & Mark Anthony Dacela. The Philippine

Higher Education Sector in the Time of COVID-19. Front. Educ., 22 October 2020

https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.576371

Lorico DS. Lapitan, Jr., Cristina E. Tiangco & Joey Mark Diaz (2020). An effective

blended online teaching and learning strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Education for Chemical Engineers. 2021 Apr; 35: 116–131.

Published online 2021 Jan 30. doi: 10.1016/j.ece.2021.01.012

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2021.01.012

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

FOREIGN

Blanco, Q. A., Carlota, M. L., Nasibog, A. J., Rodriguez, B., Saldaña, X. V., Vasquez,

E. C., & Gagani, F. (2020). Probing on the Relationship between Students’ Self-

Confidence and Self-Efficacy while engaging in Online Learning amidst COVID-19.

Journal La Edusci, 1(4), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.37899/journallaedusci.v1i4.220

Rao ME and Rao DM (2021) TheNo Mental Health of High School Students During

the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Educ. 6:719539. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2021.719539

Aboagye, E., Yawson, J. A., & Appiah, K. N. (2020). COVID-19 and E-learning: The

challenges of students in tertiary institutions. Social Education Research, 2(1), 1-8.

https://doi.org/10.37256/ser.212021422

Chandra, Y. (2020). Online education during COVID-19: perception of academic

stress and emotional intelligence coping strategies among college students. Asian

Education and Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0097

Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis.

Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5-22.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018

Hasan, N., & Bao, Y. (2020). Impact of “e-Learning crack-up” perception on

psychological distress among college students during COVID-19 pandemic: A

mediating role of “fear of academic year loss”. Children and Youth Services Review,

118, 105355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105355

Hikmat., Hermawan, Endang., Aldim., Irwandi. (2020). Effectiveness of Online

Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic,Period An Online Survey, UIN Sunan

Gunung Djati Bandung

Yensy, NA, 2020, Effectiveness of Mathematical Statistics Learning through

Whatsapp Group Media Reviewed from Student Learning Outcomes

(COVIDPandemic Period 19), 05 (02), pp. 65–106

Sukmadinata, NS (2003), The Foundation of The Psychology Of The Education

Process. Bandung: Youth Rosdakarya

Lischer, S., Safi, N., & Dickson, C. (2021). Remote learning and students' mental

health during the Covid-19 pandemic: A mixed-method enquiry. Prospects, 1–11.

Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09530-w

Bao W. Covid-19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking

University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies. 2020;2(2):113–115. doi:

10.1002/hbe2.191.

Huckins JF, DaSilva AW, Wang W, Hedlund E, Rogers C, Nepal SK, et al. Mental

health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the Covid-19

pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study.

Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(6):e20185. doi: 10.2196/20185.

Li HY, Cao H, Leung DY, Mak YW. The psychological impacts of a Covid-19 outbreak

on college students in China: A longitudinal study. International Journal of

Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(11):3933. doi:

10.3390/ijerph17113933.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Theoretical Framework

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework December 07, 2021

Behaviorist Approach https://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html What Is

The Behavioral Learning Theory? | Simply Psychology Retrieved December 07, 2021,

Date published February 05, 2017

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory

https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html Albert Bandura's Social Learning

Theory | Simply Psychology Retrieved December 07, 2021

Learners' Perspectives on What is Missing from Online Learning: Interpretations

through the Community of Inquiry Framework – International Review of Research in

Open and Distributed Learning https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/irrodl/2006-v7-

n3-irrodl05552/1072106ar/ Érudit Retrieved December 07, 2021, Date Published

October 09, 2020

Fig. 10 - link.springer.com https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11125-020-

09530-w

Retrieved December 7, 2021

The Lack of Visual Interaction in Online Classes and its Effect on the Learning

Experience of Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of a Bahraini

Private University Students https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?

abstract_id=3874420, SSRN Retrieved December 07 2021

SYNTHESIS

Capturing the benefits of remote learning

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/09/cover-remote-learning Monitor on Psychology

Retrieved December 07, 2021

Mental Health Effects of Online Learning

https://kentuckycounselingcenter.com/mental-health-effects-of-online-learning/

Kentucky Counseling Center Retrieved December 07, 2021, Date Published April 20,

2021

Education and COVID-19 https://data.unicef.org/topic/education/covid-19/ UNICEF

DATA Date Retrieved December 07, 2021, Date Published December 06, 2021

Technology and Higher Education: The Impact of E-Learning Approaches on Student

Academic Achievement, Perceptions and Persistence - Amaury Nora, Blanca Plazas

Snyder, Technology and Higher Education: The Impact of E-Learning Approaches on

Student Academic Achievement, Perceptions and Persistence - Amaury Nora, Blanca

Plazas Snyder,(sagepub.com) SAGE Journals Retrieved December 07, 2021

Research Methodology - Methods and Techniques by C.R Kothari,

https://www.academia.edu/40027517/Research_Methodology_Methods_and_Techni

ques_by_C_R_Kothari Retrieved December 10, 2022

Educational research: competencies for analysis and applications,

https://www.amazon.com/Educational-Research-Competencies-Analysis-

Applications/dp/0132613174 Date Retrieved December 10, 2021

Williams, C. (2007) Research Methods. Journal of Business & Economic Research, 5,

65-72. - References - Scientific Research Publishing,

https://www.scirp.org/(S(lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55))/reference/ReferencesPapers.

aspx?ReferenceID=1353905 Date Retrieved December 10, 2021

Burns and Grove's The Practice of Nursing Research 8th Edition,

https://www.academia.edu/39306017/Burns_and_Groves_The_Practice_of_Nursing_

Research_8th_Edition Date Retrieved December 10, 2021