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in

Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 97

12. How can looking at the graph of a function help you tell where the erty over an interval? What are the consequences for graphing and
function is continuous? solving the equation ƒ(x) = 0?
13. What does it mean for a function to be right-continuous at a point? 17. Under what circumstances can you extend a function ƒ(x) to be
Left-continuous? How are continuity and one-sided continuity re- continuous at a point x = c? Give an example.
lated? 18. What exactly do limxSq ƒ(x) = L and limxS -q ƒ(x) = L mean?
14. What does it mean for a function to be continuous on an interval? Give examples.
Give examples to illustrate the fact that a function that is not con- 19. What are limxS {q k (k a constant) and limxS {q (1>x)? How do
tinuous on its entire domain may still be continuous on selected you extend these results to other functions? Give examples.
intervals within the domain.
20. How do you find the limit of a rational function as x S {q?
15. What are the basic types of discontinuity? Give an example of Give examples.
each. What is a removable discontinuity? Give an example.
21. What are horizontal and vertical asymptotes? Give examples.
16. What does it mean for a function to have the Intermediate Value
Property? What conditions guarantee that a function has this prop-

CHAPTER 2 Practice Exercises

Limits and Continuity 7. On what intervals are the following functions continuous?
1. Graph the function a. ƒ(x) = x1>3 b. g(x) = x3>4
1, x … -1 c. h(x) = x-2>3 d. k(x) = x-1>6
- x, -1 6 x 6 0 8. On what intervals are the following functions continuous?
ƒ(x) = e 1, x = 0
a. ƒ(x) = tan x
- x, 0 6 x 6 1
b. g(x) = csc x
1, x Ú 1.
cos x
Then discuss, in detail, limits, one-sided limits, continuity, and c. h(x) = x - p
one-sided continuity of ƒ at x = -1, 0, and 1. Are any of the dis- sin x
d. k(x) = x
continuities removable? Explain.
2. Repeat the instructions of Exercise 1 for Finding Limits
In Exercises 9–28, find the limit or explain why it does not exist.
0, x … -1
1>x, 0 6 0x0 6 1 x2 - 4x + 4
ƒ(x) = d 9. lim
0, x = 1 x + 5x2 - 14x
3

1, x 7 1. a. as x S 0 b. as x S 2
3. Suppose that ƒ(t) and ƒ(t) are defined for all t and that limtSt0 x + x
2
10. lim
ƒ(t) = -7 and limtSt0 g(t) = 0. Find the limit as t S t0 of the x5 + 2x4 + x3
following functions. a. as x S 0 b. as x S -1
a. 3ƒ(t) b. (ƒ(t))2 1 - 2x x 2 - a2
11. lim 12. lim
ƒ(t) xS1 1 - x
c. ƒ(t) # g(t)
x S a x 4 - a4
d.
g(t) - 7 (x + h)2 - x2 (x + h)2 - x2
13. lim 14. lim
e. cos (g(t)) f. 0 ƒ(t) 0 hS0 h xS0 h
g. ƒ(t) + g(t) h. 1>ƒ(t)
1 1
4. Suppose the functions ƒ(x) and g(x) are defined for all x and that - (2 + x)3 - 8
2 + x 2
15. lim x 16. lim x
limxS0 ƒ(x) = 1>2 and limxS0 g(x) = 22. Find the limits as xS0 xS0
x S 0 of the following functions.
b. g(x) # ƒ(x)
x1>3 - 1 x2>3 - 16
a. - g(x) 17. lim 18. lim
x S 1 2x - 1 x S 64 2x - 8
c. ƒ(x) + g(x) d. 1>ƒ(x)
ƒ(x) # cos x
tan (2x)
19. lim 20. lim- csc x
e. x + ƒ(x) f. xS0 tan (px) xSp
x - 1
In Exercises 5 and 6, find the value that limxS0 g(x) must have if the x
21. lim sin a + sin xb 22. lim cos2 (x - tan x)
given limit statements hold. xSp 2 xSp

4 - g(x) 8x cos 2x - 1
5. lim a x b = 1 6. lim ax lim g(x)b = 2 23. lim 24. lim
xS0 x S -4 xS0 xS0 3 sin x - x xS0 sin x
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98 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

In Exercises 25–28, find the limit of g(x) as x approaches the indicated x - 1

33. ƒ(x) = 4
, a = 1
value. x - 2x
1 5 cos u
25. lim+ (4g(x))1>3 = 2 26. lim = 2 34. g(u) = , a = p>2
xS0 x S 25 x + g(x) 4u - 2p
3x2 + 1 5 - x2 35. h(t) = (1 + 0 t 0 )1>t, a = 0
27. lim = q 28. lim = 0
xS1 g(x) x S -2 2g(x)
x
36. k(x) = , a = 0
T Roots 1 - 20 x 0
29. Let ƒ(x) = x3 - x - 1.
Limits at Infinity
a. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that ƒ has a Find the limits in Exercises 37–46.
zero between - 1 and 2.
2x + 3 2x2 + 3
b. Solve the equation ƒ(x) = 0 graphically with an error of 37. lim
x S q 5x + 7
38. lim
x S - q 5x 2 + 7
magnitude at most 10-8.
x2 - 4x + 8 1
c. It can be shown that the exact value of the solution in part (b) is 39. lim 40. lim
xS - q 3x3 xS q x2 - 7x + 1
1 269 1>3 1 269 1>3 x2 - 7x x4 + x3
a + b + a - b . 41. lim 42. lim
2 18 2 18 x + 1
xS - q xS q 12x3 + 128
Evaluate this exact answer and compare it with the value you sin x
43. lim (If you have a grapher, try graphing the function
found in part (b). :x ;
xS q for -5 … x … 5.)
T 30. Let ƒ(u) = u 3 - 2u + 2. (If you have a grapher, try graphing
cos u - 1 ƒ(x) = x (cos (1>x) - 1) near the origin to
a. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that ƒ has a 44. lim
uS q u
zero between - 2 and 0. “see” the limit at infinity.)
b. Solve the equation ƒ(u) = 0 graphically with an error of x + sin x + 2 2x x2>3 + x-1
45. lim 46. lim
magnitude at most 10-4. xS q x + sin x xS q x2>3 + cos2 x
c. It can be shown that the exact value of the solution in part (b) Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes
is 47. Use limits to determine the equations for all vertical asymptotes.
1>3 1>3
19 19 x2 + 4 x2 - x - 2
a - 1b - a + 1b . a. y = b. ƒ(x) =
A 27 A 27 x - 3 x2 - 2x + 1
Evaluate this exact answer and compare it with the value you x2 + x - 6
c. y =
found in part (b). x2 + 2x - 8

Continuous Extension
48. Use limits to determine the equations for all horizontal asymptotes.
31. Can ƒ(x) = x (x2 - 1)> 0 x2 - 1 0 be extended to be continuous 1 - x2 2x + 4
a. y = b. ƒ(x) =
at x = 1 or -1? Give reasons for your answers. (Graph the x2 + 1 2x + 4
function—you will find the graph interesting.)
2x2 + 4 x2 + 9
32. Explain why the function ƒ(x) = sin (1>x) has no continuous c. g(x) = x d. y =
extension to x = 0. B 9x2 + 1
T In Exercises 33–36, graph the function to see whether it appears to 216 - x2
49. Determine the domain and range of y = .
have a continuous extension to the given point a. If it does, use Trace x - 2
and Zoom to find a good candidate for the extended function’s value at 50. Assume that constants a and b are positive. Find equations
a. If the function does not appear to have a continuous extension, can it for all horizontal and vertical asymptotes for the graph of
be extended to be continuous from the right or left? If so, what do you 2ax2 + 4
y = .
think the extended function’s value should be? x - b

CHAPTER 2 Additional and Advanced Exercises

1. Lorentz contraction In relativity theory, the length of an object, This equation is the Lorentz contraction formula. Here, c is the
say a rocket, appears to an observer to depend on the speed at speed of light in a vacuum, about 3 * 108 m>sec. What happens
which the object is traveling with respect to the observer. If the to L as y increases? Find limySc- L. Why was the left-hand limit
observer measures the rocket’s length as L 0 at rest, then at speed needed?
y the length will appear to be 2. Controlling the flow from a draining tank Torricelli’s law says
2 that if you drain a tank like the one in the figure shown, the rate y
y
L = L0 1 - . at which water runs out is a constant times the square root of the
B c2
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Chapter 2 Additional and Advanced Exercises 99

water’s depth x. The constant depends on the size and shape of the A 1-L measuring cup (a), modeled as a right circular cylinder
exit valve. (b) of radius r = 6 cm

Precise Definition of Limit

In Exercises 5–8, use the formal definition of limit to prove that the
function is continuous at c.
5. ƒ(x) = x2 - 7, c = 1 6. g(x) = 1>(2x), c = 1>4
x 7. h(x) = 22x - 3, c = 2 8. F(x) = 29 - x, c = 5
Exit rate y ft3min
9. Uniqueness of limits Show that a function cannot have two dif-
ferent limits at the same point. That is, if limxSc ƒ(x) = L 1 and
limxSc ƒ(x) = L 2, then L 1 = L 2.
Suppose that y = 2x>2 for a certain tank. You are trying
10. Prove the limit Constant Multiple Rule:
to maintain a fairly constant exit rate by adding water to the tank
with a hose from time to time. How deep must you keep the water lim kƒ(x) = k lim ƒ(x) for any constant k.
xSc xSc
if you want to maintain the exit rate
11. One-sided limits If limxS0+ ƒ(x) = A and limxS0- ƒ(x) = B,
a. within 0.2 ft3 >min of the rate y0 = 1 ft3 >min? find
b. within 0.1 ft3 >min of the rate y0 = 1 ft3 >min? a. limxS0+ ƒ(x3 - x) b. limxS0- ƒ(x3 - x)
3. Thermal expansion in precise equipment As you may know, c. limxS0+ ƒ(x - x )
2 4
d. limxS0- ƒ(x2 - x4)
most metals expand when heated and contract when cooled. The
12. Limits and continuity Which of the following statements are
dimensions of a piece of laboratory equipment are sometimes so
true, and which are false? If true, say why; if false, give a counter-
critical that the shop where the equipment is made must be held at
example (that is, an example confirming the falsehood).
the same temperature as the laboratory where the equipment is to
be used. A typical aluminum bar that is 10 cm wide at 70°F will be a. If limxSc ƒ(x) exists but limxSc g(x) does not exist, then
limxSc(ƒ(x) + g(x)) does not exist.
y = 10 + (t - 70) * 10-4
b. If neither limxSc ƒ(x) nor limxSc g(x) exists, then
centimeters wide at a nearby temperature t. Suppose that you are
limxSc (ƒ(x) + g(x)) does not exist.
using a bar like this in a gravity wave detector, where its width
must stay within 0.0005 cm of the ideal 10 cm. How close to c. If ƒ is continuous at x, then so is 0 ƒ 0 .
t0 = 70°F must you maintain the temperature to ensure that this d. If 0 ƒ 0 is continuous at c, then so is ƒ.
tolerance is not exceeded? In Exercises 13 and 14, use the formal definition of limit to prove that
4. Stripes on a measuring cup The interior of a typical 1-L mea- the function has a continuous extension to the given value of x.
suring cup is a right circular cylinder of radius 6 cm (see accompa-
x2 - 1 x2 - 2x - 3
nying figure). The volume of water we put in the cup is therefore a 13. ƒ(x) = , x = -1 14. g(x) = , x = 3
x + 1 2x - 6
function of the level h to which the cup is filled, the formula being
15. A function continuous at only one point Let
V = p62h = 36ph.
How closely must we measure h to measure out 1 L of water x, if x is rational
ƒ(x) = e
(1000 cm3) with an error of no more than 1% (10 cm3)? 0, if x is irrational.
a. Show that ƒ is continuous at x = 0.
b. Use the fact that every nonempty open interval of real num-
bers contains both rational and irrational numbers to show
that ƒ is not continuous at any nonzero value of x.
16. The Dirichlet ruler function If x is a rational number, then
Stripes
about x can be written in a unique way as a quotient of integers m>n
1 mm where n 7 0 and m and n have no common factors greater than 1.
wide (We say that such a fraction is in lowest terms. For example, 6>4
written in lowest terms is 3>2.) Let ƒ(x) be defined for all x in the
(a) interval 30, 14 by

r = 6 cm
1>n, if x = m>n is a rational number in lowest terms
ƒ(x) = e
0, if x is irrational.
For instance, ƒ(0) = ƒ(1) = 1, ƒ(1>2) = 1>2, ƒ(1>3) =
ƒ(2>3) = 1>3, ƒ(1>4) = ƒ(3>4) = 1>4, and so on.
a. Show that ƒ is discontinuous at every rational number in
Liquid volume 30, 14 .
h V = 36ph

(b)
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100 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

b. Show that ƒ is continuous at every irrational number in sin U

Generalized Limits Involving
30, 14 . (Hint: If e is a given positive number, show that there U
are only finitely many rational numbers r in 30, 14 such that The formula limuS0 (sin u)>u = 1 can be generalized. If limxSc
ƒ(r) Ú e.) ƒ(x) = 0 and ƒ(x) is never zero in an open interval containing the
c. Sketch the graph of ƒ. Why do you think ƒ is called the point x = c, except possibly at c itself, then
“ruler function”? sin ƒ(x)
lim = 1.
17. Antipodal points Is there any reason to believe that there is al- xSc ƒ(x)
ways a pair of antipodal (diametrically opposite) points on Earth’s Here are several examples.
equator where the temperatures are the same? Explain.
sin x2
18. If limxSc (ƒ(x) + g(x)) = 3 and limxSc (ƒ(x) - g(x)) = -1, a. lim = 1
x S 0 x2
find limxSc ƒ(x)g(x).
= lim 2 lim x = 1 # 0 = 0
19. Roots of a quadratic equation that is almost linear The equa- sin x2 sin x2 x2
b. lim x
xS0 xS0 x xS0
tion ax2 + 2x - 1 = 0, where a is a constant, has two roots if
a 7 -1 and a ≠ 0, one positive and one negative: sin (x2 - x - 2) sin (x2 - x - 2)
c. lim = lim .
- 1 + 21 + a -1 - 21 + a x S -1 x + 1 x S -1 (x 2 - x - 2)
r+(a) = a , r-(a) = a ,
(x2 - x - 2) (x + 1)(x - 2)
lim = 1 # lim = -3
a. What happens to r+(a) as a S 0? As a S - 1+? x S -1 x + 1 x S -1 x + 1
b. What happens to r-(a) as a S 0? As a S - 1+? sin 1 1 - 2x 2 sin 1 1 - 2x 2 1 - 2x
c. Support your conclusions by graphing r+(a) and r-(a) as d. lim = lim
xS1 x - 1 xS1 1 - 2x x - 1
functions of a. Describe what you see.
11 - 2x 21 1 + 2x 2
d. For added support, graph ƒ(x) = ax2 + 2x - 1 simultane- = lim
ously for a = 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05.
xS1 (x - 1)1 1 + 2x 2
20. Root of an equation Show that the equation x + 2 cos x = 0 1 - x 1
= lim = -
has at least one solution. x S 1 (x - 1)1 1 + 2x 2 2
21. Bounded functions A real-valued function ƒ is bounded from
above on a set D if there exists a number N such that ƒ(x) … N Find the limits in Exercises 23–28.
for all x in D. We call N, when it exists, an upper bound for ƒ on sin (1 - cos x) sin x
D and say that ƒ is bounded from above by N. In a similar man- 23. lim x 24. lim+
xS0 xS0 sin 2x
ner, we say that ƒ is bounded from below on D if there exists a
sin (sin x) sin (x2 + x)
number M such that ƒ(x) Ú M for all x in D. We call M, when it 25. lim 26. lim
xS0 x xS0 x
exists, a lower bound for ƒ on D and say that ƒ is bounded from
below by M. We say that ƒ is bounded on D if it is bounded from sin (x2 - 4) sin 1 2x - 3 2
27. lim 28. lim
both above and below. xS2 x - 2 xS9 x - 9
a. Show that ƒ is bounded on D if and only if there exists a
number B such that 0 ƒ(x) 0 … B for all x in D.
Oblique Asymptotes
b. Suppose that ƒ is bounded from above by N. Show that if
Find all possible oblique asymptotes in Exercises 29–32.
limxSc ƒ(x) = L, then L … N.
c. Suppose that ƒ is bounded from below by M. Show that if 2x3>2 + 2x - 3 1
29. y = 30. y = x + x sin x
limxSc ƒ(x) = L, then L Ú M. 2x + 1
22. Max 5a, b6 and min 5a, b6 31. y = 2x2 + 1 32. y = 2x2 + 2x
a. Show that the expression
a + b 0a - b0
max 5a, b6 = + Showing an Equation Is Solvable
2 2
a 1
equals a if a Ú b and equals b if b Ú a. In other words, max 33. Assume that 1 6 a 6 b and + x = . Show that this
x x - b
5a, b6 gives the larger of the two numbers a and b. equation is solvable.
b. Find a similar expression for min 5a, b6 , the smaller of a
and b.
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Chapter 2 Technology Application Projects 101

More Limits b. Show that at c = 0 the domain has the property described
34. Find constants a and b so that each of the following limits is true. above.
2a + bx - 1 tan (ax - a) + b - 2 c. Evaluate limxS0 ƒ(x).
a. lim x = 2 b. lim = 3
xS0 xS1 x - 1 37. The function ƒ is defined as follows: ƒ(x) = x if x = 1/n where
 3x + 4  -  x  - 4 n is a positive integer, and ƒ(0) = 1.
x2>3 - 1
35. Evaluate lim . 36. Evaluate lim x . 38. The function ƒ is defined as follows: ƒ(x) = 1 - x if x = 1/n
xS1 1 - 2x x S 0
where n is a positive integer, and ƒ(0) = 1.
Limits on Arbitrary Domains 39. ƒ(x) = 2x sin (1>x)
The definition of the limit of a function at x = c extends to functions
40. Let g be a function with domain the rational numbers, defined by
whose domains near c are more complicated than intervals. 2
g(x) = for rational x.
x - 22
General Definition of Limit a. Sketch the graph of g as well as you can, keeping in mind
Suppose every open interval containing c contains a point that g is only defined at rational points.
other than c in the domain of ƒ. We say that limxSc ƒ(x) = L
b. Use the general definition of a limit to prove that
if for every number e 7 0 there exists a correspond-
limxS0 g(x) = - 22.
ing number d 7 0 such that for all x in the domain of ƒ,
0 ƒ(x) - L 0 6 e whenever 0 6 0 x - c 0 6 d. c. Prove that g is continuous at the point x = 0 by showing that
the limit in part (b) equals g(0).

For the functions in Exercises 37–39, d. Is g continuous at other points of its domain?

a. Find the domain.

CHAPTER 2 Technology Application Projects

Mathematica/Maple Projects
Projects can be found within MyMathLab.
Take It to the Limit
Part I
Part II (Zero Raised to the Power Zero: What Does It Mean?)
Part III (One-Sided Limits)
Visualize and interpret the limit concept through graphical and numerical explorations.
Part IV (What a Difference a Power Makes)
See how sensitive limits can be with various powers of x.
Going to Infinity
Part I (Exploring Function Behavior as x u H or x u − H )
This module provides four examples to explore the behavior of a function as x S q or x S -q.
Part II (Rates of Growth)
Observe graphs that appear to be continuous, yet the function is not continuous. Several issues of continuity are explored to obtain results that you
may find surprising.