© 2018 JETIR December 2018, Volume 5, Issue 12 www.jetir.

org (ISSN-2349-5162)

Load Frequency Control in Hydro Thermal Power

1Ph.D Research Scholar, Maharishi Markandeshwar University,, Mullana, Haryana & Assistant Prof., School of Electronics and
Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana
3School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab

Abstract: The significant role of an Electrical power in the life of community is to develop numerous
segments of economy. Today, the current economy is entirely in need of electricity as a rudimentary unit. The
technical rebellion moves every feature of current life. Rapidly emerging computer skills are altering the work
atmosphere for power causes working by values and producers. Developing computer software allows quite
precise project of power system components or networks and amenities, more urbane operational approaches
that effect in high system dependability. Though computational methods have showed valuable in overall
purpose of optimization, these seem mainly pertinent for addition of non-linearly constrained optimization
issues.
Keywords: Load Frequency Control, Multi Area, Speed Governor.

1. . Introduction

Load Frequency Control (LFC) issue is the extreme critical and novel arena of investigation in interrelated
power systems has a profound past in the power system process. The generators functioned in service zone
swing the speed steadily for corresponding the power angles and frequency to precise quantity of fixed and
enthusiastic circumstances together. It is obligatory to accomplish the frequency at definite and adequate
restrictions but nonstop dissimilarity in load can’t be overlooked due to instable nature. A moral load
frequency control system has the ability to equilibrium the tie line power and system frequency within their
limits.
2. Load Frequency Control in Multi Area Power System

The load turbulences are extremely influencing the power system procedure. Daily high power load intake
origins frequency deviation makes the system unstable. LFC also known as AGC supports to dazed the
overhead difficulty by its fast acting tactic as explained [32] The LFC contains two paths i.e. primary control
path that meets the demand with production and secondary control path for satisfactory alteration of
frequency. Speed governing mechanism acts as primary control loop which is a fast acting loop to retain the
frequency during the power mismatch.

The free governor action will make the governor output to match in meeting the additional load thus
attaining the equilibrium. But the speed drop of the generator units is limited to 2-3% which makes the
generator, frequency sensitive. Due to this limitation, at the expense of frequency deviation to a new value
being attained by the governor action, driving the generator output, meeting the demand power, maintain the
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system secured. Thus LFC helps to keep the system frequency inside the prescribed parameters, irrespective
of sudden change of load.

The response speed depends on usual time intervals of turbine and systems which may be of 2-20
seconds depend on the type of the turbine. Though, the speed governor matches the requirement with
production and found incline in frequency. Fine tuning of system frequency i.e. reorganizing the frequency
fault to zero is achieved by slow acting tributary controller which would respond in minutes as explained [30].

For developing the ideal tributary controller, precise mathematical model of two areas along with the
power system is essential. This paper designates about modelling of hydro thermal areas with its
interconnection. Such a transfer function model will enable the development of optimal secondary controller.

3. Thermal Power System

In Thermal area as explained [35], the turbine turns as prime mover for generator which receives the
mechanical power from boiler via steam. If there is growth in requirement, then there is variation in frequency
due to mismatching among requirement and supply. On the basis of frequency, the speed governor by using
hydraulic magnifiers alters the creek valve of steam that regulates the frequency.

3.1 Transfer Function Model of Thermal Power System

The constituents of Thermal area i.e., speed governor; steam turbine; hydraulic amplifier and power system
are modelled as single order time constant for doing small signal analysis [22].

Fig. 1: Thermal power system Transfer function

The inputs to speed governor are reference power settings (∆P ref1) and change in frequency (∆f1). The output
of the speed governor regulates the steam which act as input of turbine as per petition requirement. The block
diagram of speed governor is given in Eqn. (1) as;

1
∆𝑃𝑔 = ∆𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓1 − (𝑅 ) ∆𝑓1 (1)
1

The speed governor fails to operate against high pressure steam. Therefore, with various phases of
hydraulic magnifier, large mechanical forces positions the gate valves of the turbine against extraordinary
pressure steam. The transfer function of hydraulic amplifier is conveyed in Eqn. (2) as:

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1
∆𝑃𝑣 = (1+ 𝑠𝑇 ) ∆𝑃𝑔 (2)
𝐻

In this research, non-reheat turbine is measured as the prime mover. The equation, which explains
turbine operation, is furnished in Eqn. (3) as:

1
∆𝑃𝑇 = (1+ 𝑠𝑇 ) ∆𝑃𝑣 (3)
𝑇

The output powers of turbine energies the generator that gives an electrical power to the scheme whose
transfer function is revealed in Eqn. (4) as:

𝑃1 𝐾
∆𝑃𝑇 − ∆𝑃𝐷1 = (1+ 𝑠𝑇 ) ∆𝑓1 (4)
𝑃1

4. HYDRO POWER SYSTEM

In Hydro areas [14], the main source for generating mechanical energy to run the turbine is water. As less time
is required for ignition, greater time period succeeds in reaction during regular operation because of huge
water inertia. The unbalancing among requirement and supply is identified with respect to alteration in
frequency by the governor [19] which regulates the input of water to turbine.

4.1 Transfer Function Model of Hydro Power System

The mathematical model of the arrangement with speed governor, hydro governor and power system is
published as a report [7] and its transfer function is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: Hydropower Transfer function

The transfer function of hydropower is given by Eqn. (5) as

1+𝑠𝑇
∆𝑃𝐻𝑉 = 1+𝑠𝑇𝑅 ∆𝑃𝐻𝑔 (5)
2

𝐾1 1
Where ∆𝑃𝐻𝑔 = (∆Pref2 - 𝑅 ∆f2 )
1+𝑠𝑇1 2

5 Tie-Line

The transfer function of Thermal and Hydro area as expressed in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are considered to be a
control area assuming that the area contains either Hydro or Thermal power plant alone and they are in
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coherent operation. All the generators, turbine and speed governor in a control area has similar characteristics
and they are said to be operating in coherent.

5.1 Model of Tie-Line Transfer Function

Tie-line is a medium which joins two areas and the power flow among line is based on contract between the
areas which is articulated in Eqn. (6) as;

2п𝑇
∆P𝑡𝑖𝑒12 == (∆f1 − ∆f2) (6)
𝑠

The model of tie-line transfer function [16] expressed in Eqn. (6) is expressed in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: Model of Tie line Transfer Function

6. Hydro Thermal Power System

In practice, the power system consists of both Thermal and Hydro power plant. For last four decades, the
researches connect the Thermal and Hydro area as expressed in Fig. 5 and recently research is reported [18].

Fig. 4: Schematic diagram of Hydro Thermal system

Fig. 4 shows that the Area1 has only Thermal power plant in coherent. Similarly, Area2 contains only
Hydro plant in coherent which are connected through tie-line. Both the areas can be imperiled to load changes.
When there is growth in load in one area that will be supplied by the same area and by using tie-line supplied
by another area But actually, a control area has both Thermal and Hydro areas as shown in Fig. 5 which is not
considered by the researchers.

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Fig. 5: Schematic diagram of Multi Area Hydro Thermal system

The Hydro Thermal scheme revealed in Fig. 5 is alike to that of the scheme shown in Fig. 4. The only
difference is that, each area has got both Thermal and Hydro areas. The interconnection operation is identical.
In this work, the system shown in Fig. 4 is represented as Single Source Multi Area because of one source in
each area, whereas the system shown in Fig. 3.5 is Multi Source Multi area due to two sources in each area.

7. Model of Two Area Hydro Thermal System Transfer Function

The model of two areas Hydro Thermal transfer function exposed in Fig. 6 is established using the transfer
function of Thermal plant in Fig. 1, Hydro plant in Fig. 2 and tie-line representation in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 6: Model of two area Hydro Thermal Transfer Function

The total power generation in any zone is equal portion of generated power by hydro and thermal power plant
in respective areas.

8. Conclusion

In this paper, transfer function model of Thermal Hydro power plant has been derived. They are associated
together with the tie-line in two methods namely Two Area, which is conventional and then multi area which
is new concept. On analyzing, the thermal system when subjected to unit step load uproar of 0.01 p.u. in
Area1 alone, the area frequency and the tie-line power oscillates and settles with offset. The offset can be
removed by including secondary controller which varies the power reference setting of the governor. An
optimal secondary controller is to be developed for effective operation of hydro thermal power system.

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