Environmental Studies Journal

Website: https:www.esj.com.ng Volume 1 Issue 1 (2022)

DOI: 10.36108/esj/2202.10.0120

Heavy metal contamination, pollution indices and health

risk assessment of soil around an asphalt production
company in Badagry, Lagos, Nigeria
*OLU, Joshua1, YUSUF, Hajara Oyiza.2, AKHIGBE Charity Irekpita.3, ABIAMERE Oluchi Cynthia 2
1
Faculty of Environmental Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi
2
National Biotechnology Development Agency, Environmental Biotechnology and Bio conservation Department,
Along Musa Yar’adua Expressway, Airport Road, Lugbe, Abuja,
3
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Abuja

*Corresponding Author- Email:[email protected] Orcid No: http://orcid,org/0000-0002-5865-3640

ABSTRACT
In the environment, heavy metal contamination tends to be ecologically important considering its toxicity and
pollution of the soil. It constitutes some levels of risks and hazards to humans and the ecosystem. This study
assessed the heavy metal contamination, pollution indices and associated health risk of soil around an asphalt
production company. A total of 13 soil samples were obtained around asphalt plant. The heavy metals such as
cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) were analyzed. Also determined were the contamination
factor (CF), cancer risk (CR), degree of contamination (DC), ecological risk index (ERI), Geo-accumulation index
(Igeo), hazard index (HI), lifetime cancer risk (LCR), Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI), pollution load index
(PLI), pollution index (PI) and target hazard quotient (THQ), and they were used in estimating pollution and health
risk. The ranges of Cd, Pb, Co, Fe and Zn in the samples were: 0.006-0.11, 0.09-0.34, 0.06-0.22, 0.09-184.41 and 0.39-
3.15 mg/kg respectively. The Igeo, CF, ERI, PLI, DC, NIPI and PI values of the metals were within uncontaminated
level. The metals THQ and HI values were lesser than the projected limit for both adults and children. The soils’ Co,
Cd and Pb did not exceed tolerable CR and LCR value of 1.0x10−4. It could be suggested that the Asphalt
production company activities is not contaminating the soil around them.
Keywords: Environmental Health assessment, Heavy Metals, Pollution indices, Soil, Toxicity

How to Cite: Olu, J., Yusuf, H.O, Akhigbe, C.I & Abiamere O. C. (2022). Heavy metal contamination, pollution indices and
health risk assessment of soil around an asphalt production company in Badagry, Lagos, Nigeria. Environ. Stud. J. 1(1), 14-35.

Introduction
Heavy metals can sometimes be found in the industrial area injecting heavy metals in some
environment naturally with large values in quantities into the ecosystem (Adekola et al., 2008). In
concentrations and pollution level and it can also the ecosystem, heavy metals could pose great
occur due to the activities of humans, chemical environmental issues because of the toxicity

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associated with them in the soil at particular hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds with oxygen,
concentrations, movement via the food chains and nitrogen and sulphur as well as metals such as nickel,
the non-biodegradable substance responsible for the iron and vanadium (Osuji et al., 2012). In a Hot Mix
toxic aggregation in the environment that supports Asphalt Plant, it releases some pollutant in the air and
living organisms (Adekola et al., 2008). Pollution of these are categorized as toxicants that are acute,
the environment by heavy metals, even at low chronic and carcinogenic (Young and McQueen,
concentrations could accumulate with time with 2007). These pollutants in the air could lead to
health impacts around the globe (Opaluwa et al., irritation of the respiratory tract especially the upper
2012). part, weakness, headache, sneezing and breath
reduction as well as nausea and dizziness as reported
Soil is the major route in which heavy metals by Amidon (2013). Trace elements emission from Hot
discharged contaminate and pollute the environment Mix Asphalt Plants may influence changes in
by anthropogenic engagements. Unlike organic ecosystem (El-Gayar, 2013).
contaminants which could be oxidized to CO2 by
microbial action, numerous metals do not go through This study was to assess the contamination of heavy
microbial or chemical degradation (Kirpichtchikova et metal, their pollution indices and associated health
al., 2006). Some trace metals and their metalloids can risk of soil around an asphalt production company.
contaminate soil through emissions from high metal
wastes disposal, gasoline and paints with lead, Methodology
pesticides, indiscriminate fertilizer application, animal Study Area
by-products, waste-water irrigation, residues from This study was carried out at an Asphalt production
combustion of coal, sewage sludge, petrochemicals company in Badagry local government area in Lagos,
spillage (Alshahri and El-Taher, 2018; Ciarkowska, Nigeria with geographical location of latitude
2018; Zhang et al., 2010). 6º24ʹ52.53036N and longitude 2º58ʹ46.62602E. The
sample locations are indicated in Table 3
Diami et al., (2016) reported that not only human
health but atmospheric quality, groundwater and Sample Collection
surface water are all hampered by heavy metals Samples were collected using plastic spatula from 0 -
contamination. In different areas of the globe, heavy 30 cm layer of the soil from thirteen different spots
metal hampering of soil had been evaluated using (0.5km from the asphalt production plant) and the
ecological risk index (ERI) and geo-accumulation global positioning system (GPS) was utilized in
index (Igeo) (Alshahri and El-Taher, 2018; Ciarkowska, obtaining the exact spots where each soil sample was
2018; Diami et al., 2016; Krishna and Mohan, 2016; Li obtained. Aluminum foil typed bags were used to
et al., 2015a; Qing et al., 2015; Quam et al.,2015; Xiao house the soil samples, and the samples were finally
et al., 2013). transported to the laboratory for the analytical
Average dose of heavy metals exposed to daily, the procedures.
target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI)
extensively have been utilized to make known human Preparation of Sample for Analysis
health risk that could be carcinogenic and non- The samples were air dried at 60oC for 2 days. Clods
carcinogenic, when highly and continuously being were crushed using a clean and neat porcelain pestle
exposed to the contaminated soils as reported by and mortar, sample were crushed into smaller pieces,
United States Environmental Protection (US filtered using a 2 mm mesh. Digestion of samples was
EPA)(United States Environmental Protection Agency done using nitric acid and this was done by taking 1g
(USEPA), 2001, 2005). of dried soil sample which was placed in a 250 ml
tube with 10 ml of concentrated HNO3 added. The
Asphalt production requires bitumen that could serve sample was heated for 45min at 90oC, and then the
as an aggregate binder. It is produced during temperature was increased to150oC at for at least 8 h
petroleum refining and consists of alkanes, aromatic until a clear solution was obtained. Concentrated

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HNO3 was added to the sample and digestion took ݊ represent number of heavy metals
place until the volume was reduced to about 1 ml. CF = ‫ܥ‬metal/‫ܥ‬background.
The tube walls (interior) were washed down with
distilled water and the tube was twisted circularly
throughout the digestion in order to prevent the loss Table 1, shows the PLI classes used in this study.
of the sample. After cooling, 5 ml of 1% HNO3 was
added to the sample. Whatman No. 42 filter paper In Nigeria, a standard table prepared by the
was used to filter the solution which was then Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) contains
transferred to a 25 ml volumetric flask by adding the reference value of contamination alongside metal
distilled water. content obtained from the soil which make up the
The heavy metal (Cobalt, Iron, Lead, Cadmium and pollution index, For uttermost permissible
Zinc) concentrations for all samples were determined concentration of heavy metals in soil; Co= 20, Cd=0.8,
by Varian SpectrAA 400plus Atomic Absorption Zn= 140, Pb=85, Fe= 5000 mg/kg (Department of
Spectrometer, using the respective lamps and Petroleum Resources (DPR), 1991).
wavelengths. With the influence of chosen factors, the standards
engaged in interpreting heavy metal
Pollution Indices contamination/pollution (C/P) in soil differ across the
Geo-accumulation Index (‫ܫ‬geo) Evaluation globe (Kabata-Pendas, 1995).
The index of geo-accumulation (‫ܫ‬geo) is utilized in
assessing contamination by the comparison of the As reported by Lee et al., (2006), pollution index (PI)
degree or concentration of metal obtained to that of was utilized in assessing soil pollution when the
background degree originally obtained alongside the concentrations of metal obtained in this study are
bottom sediment (Atiemo et al., 2011; Muller, 1969). compared with Dutch soil guidelines (VROM, 2000).
To calculate the index, Eq. (1) below can be used. PI is expressed as Eq. (3)
Igeo= log2 (Cn/1.5Bn) (1) PI =‫݊ܥ‬/ܶ݊ (3)

‫ ݊ܥ‬represents the heavy metal measured Where ‫݊ܥ‬is the trace metal concentration and ܶ݊is
concentration in the soil sample. ‫݊ܤ‬represent heavy the Dutch soil guidelines corresponding to the metal
metal geochemical fundamental or background target concentration, with a consideration of various
concentration (Atiemo et al., 2011) (Table 1). land-use types and intense research of soil
Concentration of the metals in shale rocks could be contamination associated with ecotoxicological
taken as the reference point i.e. Bn value. For this effects and human activities (Suresh et al., 2015).
study, the Bn used for Co, Cd, Fe, Zn, and Pb were 19, Employment of Nemerow integrated pollution index
0.3, 47600, 95 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. According (NIPI) for the evaluation of ecosystem pollution
to Muller (1969), allowing fluctuation in the wholesome was well known (Nemerow, 1985). To get
composition of a particular substance naturally can be the NIPI, Eq. (4) was used
accounted for with a constant1.5. NIPI = [0.5 x (I2mean+ I2max)]1/2 (4)
Pollution Load Index
Pollution Load Index (PLI) estimate was done utilizing Imean represent mean quantity of the sum of pollution
Tomlinson’s PLI (Taylor and Mclennan, 1985).Heavy index of the metals looked into and Imax represents
metal data and world shale metal concentration uttermost quantity.
which serves as the background value are used in
calculating PLI (Tomlinson et al., 1980). Obtaining ݊th Ecological risk factor
root with contamination factor (CF) for all under Ecological risk index (ERI) is used to evaluate risk
studied metals aid in calculating soil PLI (Priju and factor associated with the concentration of the soil
Narayana, 2007). metals. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) can
be measured using the Eq. (5)
PLI= (CF1 x CF2 x CF3 x………x CFn) 1/n (2) PERI=TRF*CF (5)

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could be carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic to humans

This is calculated separately for each metal. (Adimalla, 2018a,b; Adimalla et al., 2018; Narsimha
Where PERI represents potential ecological risk index, and Rajitha, 2018; Li et al., 2017; Wu and Sun, 2016). It
TRF is the toxic response factor, and CF is the has been reported that dermal contact, ingestion and
contamination factor. The toxic response values as inhalation are the three major pathways through
suggested by Hakanson (1980) are as follow: Co=5, which humans are uncovered to soil metals. A basic
Pb=5, Cd=30 and Zn=1. The following components method has been projected by US EPA to calculate
aid the assessment of PERI. the quantity received through dermal contact,
ingestion and inhalation (USEPA, 2001, 2005).
(a) Contamination Factor (CF): This is referred to as The comparison of exposure through ingestion for a
single pollution index (PI). CF serves as the quotient given period of time with the reference dose (RfD) for
acquired by multiplication of target area individual metal over the same exposure timeline
concentration of metals by reciprocal of the could help to determine health impacts associated
concentration of the reference area. Their findings are with non-carcinogenic heavy metals in dust/sand/soil.
usually linked with single pollution load, and their n- This non-cancer risk evaluation ratio is referred to as
root was utilized for integrated pollution load index. target hazard quotient (THQ) (USEPA, 1986).
The CF is measured using Eq. 6 as projected by
Harikumar et al., (2009). The RfD represents the toxicity boundary value, that is
CF= Cn/Bn (6) peculiar for individual chemical contaminant.
Cn represents the target area metals quantity and the Calculating for potential exposure with the
reference area metal quantity is represented with Bn. accumulated chronic impacts generated by the trace
metal contaminants, a hazard index (HI) will be
(b) The summation of all CF (contamination factors) of utilized. The HI is derived from the summation of
a determined area is known as the degree of each metal THQs. The calculated daily intake
contamination (DC) exposure via dermal (EDDdermal), ingestion (EDDing) and
DC=ΣCF (7) inhalation absorption (EDDinh), THQ, and HI is
calculated with the equations 8-12 respectively (Li et
Assessment of Health risk for trace metals in soils al., 2015b; Leung et al., 2008).
Assessment of health risk is utilized in portraying risk
that are associated with chemical exposure which

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Table 1: Categorization of soil quality values

Values Soil quality

Igeo (Atiemo et al., 2012)
>5 Extremely contaminated
4-5 Strongly to extremely contaminated
3-4 Strongly contaminated
2-3 Moderately to strongly contaminated
1-2 Moderately contaminated
0-1 Uncontaminated to moderately contaminated
0 Uncontaminated
Contaminated factor (CF)(Hakanson, 1980)
<1 Low
1≤CF<3 Moderate
3≤CF<6 Considerable
≥6 Very high
Degree of contamination (DC)(Hakanson, 1980)
<1 Low
1≤DC<3 Moderate
3≤DC<6 Considerable
≥6 Very high
Pollution load index(Priju and Narayana, 2007)
8-10 Extremely polluted
6-8 Strongly polluted
4-6 Significantly polluted
2-4 Moderately polluted
0-2 Unpolluted to slightly polluted
Potential ecological Risk factor (Hakanson, 1980)
<40 Low
40≤PERI<80 Moderate
80≤PERI≤160 Considerable
1600≤PERI≤320 High
>320 Very high
Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI)(Cheng et al., 2014)
≤ 0.7 Safe
0.7 <NIPI ≤ 1 Precaution
1 <NIPI ≤ 2 Slightly polluted
2 <NIPI ≤ 3 Moderately polluted
>3 Heavily polluted

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EDDinh= Cmetalx EF x ED x IRinh and Cd are 0.3, 3.5 x 10-3 and 1 x 10-3mg/kg/day,
Bw x AT x PEF respectively (USEPA, 2014). If target hazard quotient
(8) or hazard index ≤ 1 it shows that potential
unfavorable health effects that are ingestion related
EDDing= Cmetalx EF x ED x IRing x 10-6 are not likely, and if THQ or HI > 1 it could imply
Bw x AT unfavorable chronic impacts are probable from oral
(9) ingestion of contaminated soil samples directly
(USEPA, 1986).
EDDdermal= Cmetalx AF x EF x ED x SA x ABS x 10-6
Bw x AT The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) or carcinogenic risk is
(10) evaluated by adding the cancer risk (CR) from
individual uncovered route.
THQ=EDD/RfD
(11) CR (Cancer risk) = EDD x CSF (13)

Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) = ΣCR (dermal +ingestion+

inhalation) (14)
(12)
The cancer slope factor (CSF) value for Pb is 8.5 x 10-3,
Where Cmetal represents soil sample trace metal Cd is 6.30mg/kg/day (USEPA, 2001) and Co is 9.80
quantity in mg/kg; the exposure frequency EF is 365 mg/kg/day (USEPA, 2002). The tolerable boundary
days/year; exposure duration ED is equivalent to 6 & value of the CR is 1.0 x 10-4, and LCR that is tolerable
18 years for children aged 1 & 6 years and 6 &18 for regulatory course ranged from 1.0 x 10-6 to 1.0 x
years, respectively, adults is 52.4 years(World Bank 10-4 (USEPA, 2001), which was calculated as addition
Data Catalogue (WBDC), 2015); the rate of ingestion of CR (dermal, inhalation and ingestion).
IRing is 100 & 50 mg per day for children and adults
respectively; the rate of inhalation is represented by Statistical Analysis
IRinh (USEPA, 2011); the body weight averagely Bw is The obtained data/information were transformed and
70, 48 and 19 kg for adults and 18, 6 years old analyzed utilizing Graphpad Prism 8 and SPSS 22
children, respectively and average exposure period AT software. The soil samples and heavy metal
is 2190 days for age 1–6 years; 6570 days, for age 6– concentrations inter-relationship was evaluated with
18 years; 19162.5 days, adults for non-carcinogens; Pearson’s matrix correlation. The analyses done were
particulate emission factor PEF is 1.36 x109m3/kg; skin carried out at 95% confidence interval and‫ <݌‬0.05
surface area SA that could be exposed is in cm2; significant level. The spatial distribution analysis was
adherence factor AF is in kg/cm2-day; absorption carried out using Krigging methods of interpolation
factor for dermal is represented as ABS, and oral with PAST 4 and ARCGIS 10.4, while the sample site
reference dose RfD is in mg per kg per day. The ݅th location map was digitized using QGIS 3.12 software.
heavy metal is represented with ݅. The RfDs for Zn, Pb

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Table 2: Some parameters reference values associated with health risk evaluation of heavy/trace metals in the soil
samples exposure
Factor Unit Adult Children Children Reference
1 -6years 6 – 18years
EF Days/year 365 365 365 USEPA(2001)
ED Year 52.4 6 18 WBDC (2015)
IRing mg/day 100 200 50 USEPA (1986)
IRinh m3/day 12.8 7.63 USEPA (2001)
Bw Kg 70 19 48 USEPA (2014)
AT Day 19162 6570 2190 WBDC (2015)
3 9 9 9
PEF m /kg 1.36 x 10 1.36 x 10 1.36 x 10 USEPA (2001)
SA cm2 4350 1600 USEPA (2001)
AF kg/cm2-day 0.7 0.2 USEPA (2001)
ABS / 0.001 0.001 USEPA (2001)
RfD mg/kg day Ingestion: Pb (1.40x10−3), Zn (0.3), Cd (1.00 x10−3) USEPA (1997,2001)
−4 −2
Dermal: Pb (5.25 x10 ), Zn (6.00 x10 ), Cd (2.50
x10−5)
Inhalation: Pb (3.52 x10−3), Zn (3.00 x10−1), Cd (1.00
x10−3)
Exposure frequency-EF, exposure duration-ED, ingestion rate-IRing, inhalation rate-IRinh, average body weight-Bw,
non-carcinogens average exposure time-AT, particulate emission factor-PEF, exposed skin surface area-SA,
adherence factor-AF, dermal/skin absorption factor-ABS, oral reference dose-RfD

Results and Discussion

exposure sources in the environment increases (Udeh,
Concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples 2004). The cobalt in all the soil samples in this study
In this study the metals’ concentration in the soil at from Table 4 fell within allowable limit of 74mg/kg.
diverse points of sampling with their locations were Zinc is vital for growth, immune boosting and
indicated in Fig.1 and Table 3. The coefficients of development. It has influence in immune system,
variations (CV), kurtosis, maximum, mean, median, neurobehavioral development, reproductive system
minimum, skewness and standard deviation of the and sensory organ performance (Hotz and
metals from the soil samples in the area of study were Brown,2004; Krishna and Govil, 2005). In this study,
indicated in Table 4. The cobalt concentration ranged Zinc present in the soil samples were within the
between 0.05660 and 0.2260 mg/kg, zinc ranged permissible limit of 50 mg/kg.
between 0.3925 and 3.149 mg/kg, iron ranged
between 0.09390 and 184.4 mg/kg, lead ranged Iron with respect to elemental positioning on the
between 0.08 and 0.3476 mg/kg, cadmium ranged periodic table is 26th and it is important in growth
between 0.0064 and 0.1050 mg/kg. and most living organisms’ existence relies on it
Burning of oil is a source of cobalt and cobalt (Valko et al., 2005). Free iron could cause peroxidation
compounds to make their way into the air and soil. of lipid, which lead to microsomes, mitochondria and
Some Cobalt compounds are utilized as additives in other cellular organelles damage to a larger extreme,
medical and agricultural practices (Agency for Toxic (Albretsen,2006). In this study, 54% of the soil
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2004). samples had iron concentration that exceeds the
Cobalt attached to particles after its entrance into the permissible limits. All other trace metals analyzed in
air and could settle on the ground and it’s the samples were within permissible limit as shown in
environment such as food and water and with these Table 4.

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Table 3: Locations of the Soil samples and heavy metal analysis report
Sample Location Co(mg/kg) Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg) Cd(mg/kg)
o
1 6.46591 N, 0.1407 0.6422 140.1032 0.1057 0.0112
2.97945oE
2 6.41687oN, 0.1029 0.7263 109.7970 0.1570 0.0083
o
2.97934 E
3 6.41665oN, 0.2260 0.6090 142.1640 0.3476 0.0237
2.97954oE
4 6.41691oN, 0.1420 0.7006 111.1725 0.1298 0.0112
2.97965oE
5 6.41706N, 0.1347 0.7999 184.4112 0.1566 0.0112
2.97976oE
6 6.41692oN, 0.1132 0.4401 60.8786 0.1761 0.0116
2.98016oE
7 6.41669oN, 0.2101 0.7374 152.9833 0.1699 0.0091
o
2.9782 E
8 6.41644oN, 0.1210 0.3925 68.8919 0.0800 0.0114
2.97986oE
9 6.416oN, 0.1485 0.7324 48.6736 0.1985 0.0087
2.97992oE
10 6.41536oN, 0.1961 0.5352 65.3164 0.3040 0.105
o
2.97988 E
11 6.4168oN, 0.1076 3.149 139.5473 0.0981 0.0076
2.97994oE
12 6.41672oN, 0.0692 ND 3.5008 0.1684 0.0198
2.97964oE
13 6.41671oN, 0.0566 ND 0.0939 0.1247 0.0064
o
2.97963 E

ND- Not Detected

Lead is one of the most prevalent contaminant, protoporphyrin and subsequently lead to anemia and
according to the US Environmental Protection Agency deterioration of the renal system (Kabata-Pendias and
(US EPA) and Agency for toxic substances and disease Pendias, 2001). All soil samples investigated in this
registry (ATSDR, 2004). Pb normal concentration is10 study, fell within the allowable level of 85 mg/kg.
- 20 mg/kg in the soils, and with humans, a Sedimentary rocks not leaving out marine phosphates
concentration >100 mg/kg spells doom (Krishna and in the ecosystem are known to contain highest
Mohan, 2016; Krishna and Govil, 2008). Metabolic quantity of cadmium and its compounds with a
disarray and neuro-physical deficits in children could concentration of 15 mg/kg (Tchounwou et al., 2012).
erupt when Pb is taken in such a quantity above the Cadmium has affinity for aspartate ligands, cystein,,
allowable limit, the renal system and hematologic histidine and glutamate, and all these could affect
system cannot be exonerated with the adverse effect availability of iron (Tchounwou et al., 2012). In this
that could generate with excess Pb intake (Gu et al., study, all soil samples fell within the allowable level of
2016). Lead inhibits the intake of iron by the 0.8 mg/kg as shown in Table 4.

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Fig.1: Digitized map showing the location of the sampling sites

In Table 4, the coefficients of variation (CV) of Co and

Pb show value >20%, and <50%, illustrating an Spatial distribution
intermediate variation degree, Zn and Fe. CV were The soil heavy metals spatial distributions around the
>50%, but <100%, Cd had a value >100% showing a asphalt producing company were depicted in Fig. 2.
high variation degree (Zhaoyong et al., 2019; Zhou et Similar spatial distribution was displayed by the Co
al., 2016; Qing et al., 2015). (Fig. 2a) and Fe (Fig. 2c) in the soils around the
The mean concentrations of trace metals in the soil asphalt production company in this study and of
sample investigated in this study were in a decreasing which higher concentrations was not located in any
manner of Cd<Co<Pb<Zn<Fe. The soil samples CV part instead moderate and lower concentration were
%for trace metals were in incremental manner of Cd widely distributed and cross each other, although for
(139.6%)>Zn (89.49%)>Fe (61.39%)>Pb (45.36%)>Co the Fe the intermediate concentration were more
(37.26%). The CV for Cd, Zn and Fe is very large and distributed all round the polarity. The Pb (Fig. 2b) and
this simply implies that these heavy metals Zn (Fig. 2d) were alike, the two heavy metals higher
concentration across different sampling spots in this concentration were distributed at the northern axis,
study were different around the asphalt company. southern axis and lower concentrations distributed in
In comparison with PL1 (Dutch standard) (Ogundele the north-eastern axis and spread through the
et al., 2015)and PL2 (US Environmental Protection eastern axis to the southern axis. The soil Cd (Fig. 2e)
Agency Sediment Quality Guidelines), Co, Cd, Zn and spatial distribution indicate bigger concentration in
Pb mean concentrations were largely below the PL1 the south and south-eastern axis and lower
and the corresponding PL2 value, illustrating that soils concentration distributed across the north-western
around the Asphalt manufacturing company in axis of the area under study. Making a comparison
Badagry, Lagos are not largely polluted with these with other trace metals investigated in this study, Cd
trace metals. Mean concentration of iron was close to had a different spatial distribution, and they were
PL1 and above PL2 values. within the appropriate values.
The heavy metals Pearson matrix correlation shows
significance with p<0.05 for the relationship between Heavy metal pollution indices
cobalt and iron, lead and cobalt, cadmium and lead as Globally, metal contamination level in soil is
shown in Table 5. estimated using ERI and Igeo (Mamat et al., 2016;

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Pandey et al., 2016). As evident from the Table 6, the soil samples in this study were lower than 1 which
calculated values of Igeo for the five trace metals in shows from Table 1 that the soil samples had a low
the soils around the asphalt manufacturing company contamination degree which could be said to be safe.
varied and all were under the class 0 which are According to Adebowale et al., (2009) in evaluating
uncontaminated levels. The values of Igeo for Co, Zn, pollution status of different place, PLI could play vital
Fe, Pb and Cd in the soils ranged from -8.976 to - role, from Fig.3B, soil sample 10 displayed the highest
6.978, -8.504 to -5.500, -19.54 to -8.597, -8.551 to - value of pollution load index of 0.012, while sample 3
6.431 and −6.136 to -2.100 with mean values of was next to it with a value of 0.011, sample 13 shows
−7.811, -7.611, -10.60, -7.579 and −5.117, respectively the lowest value of 0.0038. If PLI > 1 is an illustration
(Table 6), which shows non-contamination by these of pollution and if PLI < 1 is unpolluted as shown in
metals (Fagbote and Olanipekun, 2010; Lokeshwari Table 1. In this study all soil samples had PLI that is
and Chandrappa, 2006). lesser than 1 which signify unpolluted soil.
The computed contamination factor (CF) values from The Ecological risk factors of Fe were not calculated
Table 6 show that the five heavy/trace metals in the due to none availability of its toxic response factors
samples were less than 1 which signified low (TRF) in various literatures consult Fig. 3C shows
contamination according to Hakanson (1980) from Potential ecological risk index (PERI) of zinc, cobalt
Table 1. The values of CF for Co, Zn, Fe, Pb and Cd in and lead in soil samples. Co shows higher value of
the soils ranged from 0.0028 to 0.0113, 0.0028 to PERI than zinc and lead in all the soil samples. Fig.3D
0.0225, 1.88E-05 to 0.0369, 0.0009 to 0.00411 and shows the PERI of cadmium in soil samples, with soil
0.008 to 0.1313 with mean values of 0.0068, 0.0061, sample 10 displaying the highest value with the peak
0.0020, 0.0020 and 0.0236 respectively (Table 6). in the plot. All the four heavy metals computed for
Degree of contamination from Fig. 3A shows that soil ecological risk factors indicate a value <40 which
sample 10 had the highest value of 0.132 while signify low PERI from Table 1 according to Hakanson
sample 13 had the lowest value of 0.014. The plot (1980).
shows that the degrees of contamination from the

a b

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c
d

Fig. 2 Spatial distributions for a. Cobalt, b. Lead, c. Iron, d. Zinc and e. Cadmium analyzed in this study

From Table 7, all the heavy metal analyzed in this and 0.0002 respectively. Nemerow integrated
study had mean values lesser than the target values. pollution index (NIPI) of the trace metals in all the soil
The PI of the trace metals shows that the value of Cd samples is 0.0182. According to Cheng et al., (2014),
0.0236 was the highest followed by Fe with a value of NIPI value <0.7 is considered safe, therefore the soil
0.0189, Zn, Pb and Co had a PI values of 0.0061, 0.002 samples are safe from pollution.

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Table 4: Soil trace metals concentrations and comparison descriptive statistics of with some standard
Units/Element Co(mg/kg) Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg) Cd(mg/kg)
Minimum 0.05660 0.3925 0.09390 0.08000 0.006400
Maximum 0.2260 3.149 184.4 0.3476 0.1050
Mean 0.1360 0.8604 94.43 0.1705 0.01886
Median 0.1347 0.7006 109.8 0.1570 0.01120
SD 0.05069 0.7700 57.97 0.07733 0.02633
CV 37.26% 89.49% 61.39% 45.36% 139.6%
Skew 0.3614 3.143 -0.2690 1.362 3.401
Kurt -0.3648 10.19 -0.9305 1.553 11.89
PL1 74 50 95 85 0.8
PL2 - 110 30 40 -
PL3 19 95 47600 20 0.3
%SWL 100 100 46 100 100
%SEL - - 54 - -
CV: coefficients of variation
Kurt: kurtosis
PL1: permissible limit (Dutch standard [91])
PL2: permissible limit (US Environmental Protection Agency Sediment Quality Guidelines)
PL3: World geochemical background value in average shale (Turekian and Wedepohl, 1961).
SD: standard deviation
Skew: skewness
%SWL: % of samples in the range of the limits
%SEL: % of samples above the range of the limits

Table 5: Pearson Correlation Matrix for trace metals sediment information from the soil samples

Co Zn Fe Pb Cd

Co 1 0.3014 0.5511* 0.6643* 0.4098

Zn 0.3014 1 0.3054 0.3021 0.1873

Fe 0.5511 0.3054 1 0.0283 0.1472

Pb 0.6642 0.3021 0.0283 1 0.6201

Cd 0.4097 0.1873 0.1472 0.6201* 1

*Correlation is significant at p<0.05.

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Assessment of health risk to human

Non-carcinogenic health risks The target hazard quotient (THQ) and Hazard index
The assessment of non-carcinogenic health risk of the (HI) could not be determined for Co and Fe because
five trace metals (Cd, Co, Fe, Zn and Pb) from the soil there was no RfD value from literatures. It was noticed
samples via likely uncovered channel as shown in from Table 9 that the target hazard quotient (THQ) of
Table 8; dermal contact (EDDdermal), ingestion adults and children because of uncovered route
(EDDingestion) and inhalation (EDDinhalation) were considered in this study, occurred in decreasing
determined for both children and adults. The manner of ingestion>dermal>inhalation. Alike results
EDDingestion values of Co, Cd, Zn, Pb and Fe showed have been reported in some studies (Adimalla, 2019;
Children>Adults, while EDDinhalation, and EDDdermal Zhaoyong et al., 2019; Adimalla and Wang, 2018;
values of Co, Cd, Zn, Pb and Fe indicated that Doabi et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2017;
Children<Adults. Diami et al., 2016).

Table 6: Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and Contamination factor (CF) numerical quantity of the heavy/trace metals
in soils samples
Igeo classification and samples percentage (%)
Heavy metals

(0<Igeo<1)

(1<Igeo<2)

(2<Igeo<3)

(3<Igeo<4)

(4<Igeo<5)
Maximum
Minimum

(Igeo<0)

(Igeo[5)
Class 0

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Class 5

Class 6
Mean

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)
Co -8.976 -6.978 -7.811 100 - - - - - -
Zn -8.504 -5.500 -7.638 100 - - - - - -
Fe -19.54 -8.597 -10.60 100 - - - - - -
Pb -8.551 -6.431 -7.579 100 - - - - - -
Cd -6.136 -2.100 -5.117 100 - - - - - -
CF classification and % of samples
(<1) (%) (1≤CF<3) (%) (3≤CF<6) (%) (<1) (%)
Co 0.0028 0.0113 0.0068 100 - - -
Zn 0.0028 0.0225 0.0061 100 - - -
Fe 1.88e-5 0.0369 0.0020 100 - - -
Pb 0.0009 0.0041 0.0020 100 - - -
Cd 0.008 0.1313 0.0236 100 - - -
Uncontaminated-Class 0, uncontaminated to moderately contaminated-Class 1, moderately to intensely
contaminated-Class 2, moderately contaminated-Class 3, intensely contaminated-Class 4, intensely to extremely
contaminated-Class 5, extremely contaminated-Class 6

Table 7: Pollution index (PI) and NIPI of heavy/trace metals of soil samples
Co Fe Pb Cd Zn Imean Imax NIPI
Mean 0.1360 94.43 0.1705 0.0189 0.8604
Target value 70 5000 85 0.8 140
PI Value 0.0002 0.0189 0.002 0.0236 0.0061 0.0102 0.0236 0.0182

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Heavy metals in the soil with their associated non- the three pathways were <1, and this shows that the
carcinogenic health risks from table 9 show for adults are not exposed to non-carcinogenic risks. The
children via ingestion as being 1.87x10-6 to 1.50x10-5 HI was found as Zn<Cd<Pb for the adults and
for Zn, 8.15x10-5 to 3.54x10-4 for Pb, 9.13x10-6 to children in the studied area.
1.15x10-4 for Cd. This shows that target hazard
quotient (THQ) Pb was significantly bigger than other For the soil samples, HI values for Cd, Pb and Zn are
trace metals in the soil samples investigated in this lesser than the allowable margin (HI= <1), this could
study. More so, calculated values of hazard index (HI) indicate that no potential malicious non-carcinogenic
were also <1 for Pb with a range of 8.88x10-5 to impact of these metals for both adults and children.
3.83x10-4 for adult and 2.016x10-4 to 8.756x10-4 for But for non-carcinogenic health risks considering the
children, this implied none adverse impacts on two groups of population, the magnitude of risk for
children in the study area. Dermal/skin contact and children was greater than the danger for adults,
inhalation routes were much lesser when compared implying that children are prone to more potential
to ingestion that has very low values. THQ values, danger health risks associated with the trace metals in
project that dermal/skin contact and inhalation routes the soils around asphalt company, this similarity was
are not potential health risk to the children in the area also reported in a study by Adimalla (2019) .
of study. From Table 9, THQ values for adults through

Fig.3: (A).Degree of contamination (DC) of the area where soils samples were collected, (B) Pollution load index of
where soils samples were collected (C) Potential ecological risk index of zinc, cobalt and lead in soil samples (D)

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Carcinogenic health risks LCR (also known as total carcinogenic risks (TCR))
values lesser than 1.0 x10-6 can be treated as
Cancer danger and risk can be triggered by heavy negligible, and a CR and LCR greater than 1.0 x10-4
metals like Cd, Cr, Pb, As, Co in an exposed have potential that are likely to be dangerous to
population. Cancer risks (CR) and life time cancer risk mankind (USEPA, 2002).

Table 8: Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic danger for children and adults in this study for dermal, Ingestion and
inhalation exposure pathways

Heavy EDDInhalation EDDIngestion EDDDermal

metals Adult Children Adult Children Children Adult Children
1-6 yrs 1-6 yrs 6-18 yrs 1-6 yrs
Cobalt Min. 7.60 x10-12 5.57 x10-12 8.07 x10-8 1.99 x10-7 1.77 x10-7 2.46 x10-9 3.18 x10-10
Max 3.03 x10-11 2.22 x10-11 3.22 x10-7 7.93 x10-7 7.06 x10-7 9.81 x10-9 1.27 x10-9
Mean 1.83 x10-11 1.34 x10-11 1.94 x10-7 4.77 x10-7 4.25 x10-7 5.91 x10 -9
7.64 x10-10
Zinc Min. 5.27 x10-11 3.86 x10-11 5.60 x10-7 1.38 x10-6 1.23 x10-6 1.70 x10 -8
2.20 x10-9
Max 4.23 x10-10 3.10 x10-10 4.49 x10-6 1.11 x10-5 9.84 x10-6 1.37 x10-7 1.77 x10-8
Mean 1.16 x10-10 8.47 x10-11 1.23 x10-6 3.02 x10-6 2.69 x10-6 3.74 x10 -8
4.83 x10-9
Iron Min. 1.26 x10-11 9.24 x10-12 1.34 x10-7 3.30 x10-7 2.93 x10-7 4.08 x10 -9
5.27 x10-10
Max 2.48 x10-8 1.82 x10-8 2.63 x10-4 6.47 x10-4 5.76 x10-4 8.01 x10-6 1.04 x10-6
-8
Mean 1.27 x10 9.29 x10-9 1.35 x10-4 3.31 x10-4 2.95 x10-4 4.10 x10 -6
5.30 x10-7
-11
Lead Min. 1.07 x10 7.87 x10-12 1.14 x10-7 2.81 x10-7 2.50 x10-7 3.47 x10 -9
4.49 x10-10
-11
Max 4.67 x10 3.42 x10-11 4.96 x10-7 1.22 x10-6 1.09 x10-6 1.51 x10 -8
1.95 x10-9
Mean 2.29 x10-11 1.68 x10-11 2.43 x10-7 5.98 x10-7 5.33 x10-7 7.40 x10-9 9.57 x10-10
Cadmiu Min. 8.59 x10-13 6.30 x10-13 9.13 x10-9 2.25 x10-8 2.00 x10-8 2.78 x10 -10
3.59 x10-11
m Max 1.41 x10-11 1.03 x10-11 1.50 x10-7 3.68 x10-7 3.28 x10-7 4.56 x10 -9
5.90 x10-10
Mean 2.53 x10-12 1.86 x10-12 2.69 x10-8 6.62 x10-8 5.89 x10-8 8.19 x10-10 1.06 x10-10

In this study, Table 9 shows Co, Pb and Cd respectively, 1.95 x10-6and 7.78 x10-6, 2.37 x10-9and
assessment for carcinogenic health risks through 1.04 x10-8, and 1.42 x10-7and 2.32 x10-6 for children
three uncovered pathways for both adults and respectively.
children. It was discovered that the CRinhalation,
CRingestion and CRdermal for Co, Adult ranged between As indicated in Table 9, for individual soil samples, the
7.44 x10-11and 2.97 x10-10, 7.91 x10-7and 3.16 x10-6 CRdermal and CRinhalation values for Co, Pb and Cd via
and 2.41 x10-8and 9.62 x10-8 respectively while dermal/skin contact and inhalation exposure
children, CRinhalation ranged from 5.46 x10-11 to 2.18 pathways for adults and children are lesser than the
x10-10, CRingestion ranged from 1.95 x10-6 to 7.77 x10-6 projected level of 1.0 x10-6 (USEPA, 2011), this was
and CRdermal ranged from 3.11 x10-9 to 1.24 x10-8. The also reported in a study by Adimalla (2019) where Cd
mean value of CRinhalation, CRingestion and CRdermal Pb and and Pb CRinhalation and CRdermal values among 4 heavy
Cd for adult are 1.95 x10-13, 2.07 x10-9, and 6.29 x10-11; metals been examined for carcinogenic risk for adults
1.60 x10-11, 1.69 x10-7, and 5.16 x10-9, respectively and and children are lesser than the suggested limit of 1.0
for children 1.43 x10-13, 5.09 x10-9 and 8.14 x10-12; 1.17 x10-6 in surface soil samples in the Medak province,
x10-11, 4.17 x10-7 and 6.67 x10-10 respectively. India. There were no significant carcinogenic impacts
Moreover, the LCR of Co, Pb and Cd values ranged associated health risks for both children and adults
between 8.15 x10-7and 3.26 x10-6, 1.00 x10-8and 4.34 via dermal/skin contact and inhalation uncovered
x10-9, and 5.93 x10-8and 9.72 x10-7 for adult,

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pathway with the soil samples around the Asphalt 1.95 x10-6 to 7.78 x10-6 for adults and children,
production company with the finding in this study. respectively. LCR of Co for adults and children with a
mean of 1.96 x10-6and 4.69 x10-6, respectively. The 3
In the comparison with other trace metals in this heavy metals CRingestion in comparison show larger
study from Table 9, Co has higher potential towards values for children than the adult and this shows that
carcinogenic health risk for both adults and children, children are likely affected by carcinogenic health risk
while the LCR ranged from 8.15 x10-7 to 3.26 x10-6, with these soils via ingestion pathway

Table 9: Non-carcinogenic and Carcinogenic risk via dermal, ingestion and inhalation exposure route a for adult and
children
Non-Carcinogenic Risk
Heavy Adult Children 1-6 yrs
metal THQInh THQIng THQDer HI THQInh THQIng THQDer HI
-6 -6
Zn Min. 1.76 x10-10 1.87 x10-6 2.84 x10-7 2.15 x10 1.29 x10-10 4.59 x10-6 3.67 x10-8 4.63 x10
Max 1.41 x10-9 1.50 x10-5 2.28 x10-6 1.73 x10-5 1.03 x10-9 3.68 x10-5 2.95 x10-7 3.71 x10-5
Mean 3.85 x10-10 4.09 x10-6 6.23 x10-7 4.71 x10-6 2.82 x10-10 1.01 x10-5 8.05 x10-8 1.01 x10-5
Pb Min. 3.05 x10-9 8.15 x10-5 6.62 x10-6 8.81 x10-5 2.24 x10-9 2.01 x10-4 8.56 x10-7 2.01 x10-4
Max 1.33 x10-8 3.54 x10-4 2.88 x10-5 3.83 x10-4 9.72 x10-9 8.71 x10-4 3.72 x10-6 8.75 x10-4
Mean 6.50 x10-9 1.74 x10-4 1.41 x10-5 1.88 x10-4 4.77 x10-9 4.27 x10-4 1.82 x10-6 4.29 x10-4
Cd Min. 8.59 x10-10 9.13 x10-6 1.11 x10-5 2.02 x10-5 6.30 x10-10 2.25 x10-5 1.44 x10-6 2.39 x10-5
Max 1.41 x10-8 1.5 x10-4 1.82 x10-4 3.32 x10-4 1.03 x10-8 3.68 x10-4 2.36 x10-5 3.92 x10-4
Mean 2.53 x10-9 2.69 x10-5 3.28 x10-5 5.97 x10-5 1.86 x10-9 6.62 x10-5 4.24 x10-6 7.04 x10-5
Carcinogenic Risk
CRInh CRIng CRDer LCR CRInh CRIng CRDer LCR
-7
Min. 7.44 x10-11 7.91 x10-7 2.41 x10-8 8.15 x10 5.46 x10-11 1.95 x10-6 3.11 x10-9 1.95 x10-6
Co Max 2.97 x10-10 3.16 x10-6 9.62 x10-8 3.26 x10-6 2.18 x10-10 7.77 x10-6 1.24 x10-8 7.78 x10-6
Mean 1.79 x10-10 1.90 x10-6 5.79 x10-8 1.96 x10-6 1.31 x10-10 4.68 x10-6 7.49 x10-9 4.69 x10-6
Min. 9.13 x10-14 9.70 x10-10 2.95 x10-11 1.00 x10-9 6.69 x10-14 2.37 x10-9 3.82 x10-12 2.37 x10-9
Pb Max 3.97 x10-13 4.21 x10-9 1.28 x10-10 4.34 x10-9 2.91 x10-13 1.04 x10-8 1.66 x10-11 1.04 x10-8
Mean 1.95 x10-13 2.07 x10-9 6.29 x10-11 2.13 x10-9 1.43 x10-13 5.09 x10-9 8.14 x10-12 5.10 x10-9
Min. 5.41 x10-12 5.75 x10-8 1.75 x10-9 5.93 x10-8 3.97 x10-12 1.42 x10-7 2.26 x10-10 1.42 x10-7
Max 8.88 x10-11 9.43 x10-7 2.87 x10-8 9.72 x10-7 6.51 x10-11 2.32 x10-6 3.71 x10-9 2.32 x10-6
Cd
Mean 1.60 x10-11 1.69 x10-7 5.16 x10-9 1.74 x10-7 1.17 x10-11 4.17 x10-7 6.67 x10-10 4.18 x10-7

THQInh- Target hazard quotient inhalation, THQIng -Target hazard quotient ingestion, THQDer -Target hazard quotient
dermal, HI- hazard index, CR- Cancer risk, LCR- Life-time cancer risk

Conclusion company alongside pollution indices, spatial

In this study, the concentration of 5 Heavy metals distribution and health risk assessment were
from soils samples around an asphalt production investigated. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic

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risks as a result of life time exposure through soil

dermal contact, ingestion and inhalation of soil Acknowledgments: Gratitude goes to students that
particles were examined to assess the danger posed were involved in the collection of samples from the
by these heavy metals. study location and laboratory technicians that were
With Cd, Fe, Co, Zn and Pb concentrations involved in the analysis of the heavy/trace metals in
determined in the soil samples, 54% of the soil the soils sample.
samples had iron concentration that exceeds the Author Contributions: All authors conducted this
permissible limits. All other trace/heavy metals research, wrote the manuscript,
analyzed in the soil samples were within permissible OLU, Joshua in addition digitized the location map,
limit. did the spatial and statistical calculations and analysis
The five heavy metals investigated in the soils around with interpretations.
the asphalt manufacturing company geochemical Funding: The research was self-sponsored by the
index (Igeo) values varied and all fell under the class 0 authors
which are uncontaminated levels. Also, the five trace
metals in the soil samples contamination factor (CF) Conflict of Interest: The authors have no biased
were in the <1 value which signified low. The four thought or actions towards carrying out this study
heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Co, and Zn) evaluated for
ecological risk factors shows a value lesser than 40 References
which signify low potential ecological risk index Adebowale, K.O., Agunbiade, F.O. and Olu-owolabi,
(PERI). The pollution index (PI) of the trace metals (2009). Trace metal concentration, site
shows that Cd had the largest value of 0.0236 with Fe
variations and partitioning pattern in water
of a value of 0.0189 next, Zn, Pb and Co had a PI
and bottom sediments from coastal area: A
values of 0.0061, 0.002 and 0.0002 respectively.
Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) of the case study of Ondo Coast, Nigeria.
trace/heavy metals in all the soil samples is 0.0182 Environmental Research Journal, 3(2), 46-59.
which is considered safe. https://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=e
The findings in this study for non-carcinogenic health rj.2009.46.59
danger analysis project that ingestion is more of the Adekola, F.A., Salami, N. and Lawal, S.O. (2008). Trace
three pathways through which this could occur for
elements in surface water and sediments of
children and adults. Both hazard quotient (HQ) and
hazard index (HI) values were lesser for Cd, Co, Fe, Pb Oyun River, Kwara State, Nigeria. Res. Comm.
and Zn than the suggested limit (HI=1) for adults and chem., 1(1), 24–30.
children, implying that the non-carcinogenic risk Adimalla, N. (2018a). Spatial distribution, exposure,
could be negligible for these metals. and potential health risk assessment from
The Cd, Co and Pb of soils sample for CRinhalation and nitrate in drinking water from semi-arid
CRdermal values via dermal/skin contact and inhalation
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