Received August 11, 2020, accepted August 23, 2020, date of publication September 8, 2020, date of current version

September 29, 2020.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3022753

Modeling and Control of a Mini Hybrid Hydro

Matrix / Wind in Micro Grid Applications
MEDHAT E. M. ALI 1, AHMED M. KASSEM1 , AND HESHAM F. A. HAMED2,3
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
2 Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, El-Minia University, Minya 61519, Egypt
3 Telecommunications Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt

Corresponding author: Ahmed M. Kassem ([email protected])

ABSTRACT The performance of controlled hybrid renewable hydro matrix wheels/ wind in micro grid
application during the variations of water speed and load is described and investigated. This hybrid contained
three wheels and three wind turbines modeled in MATLAB Simulink. This presented hybrid model consists
of a water wheel and a generator in the main channel, wind turbine drives an induction generator, battery,
variable static load, DC link, and control unit. Appropriate controllers are used to maintain the DC-link
voltage constant at its desired value with variations of load, water and wind speed. The obtained simulated
result shows that the studied hybrid system with the proposed controller and the storage system have a better
performance of load voltage and current waveform compared with the case of not using an energy storage
unit and the case of without a controller under the water, wind speed and load variations.

INDEX TERMS DC link, hydro matrix, SEIG, water wheel, wind turbine.

I. INTRODUCTION In [11], it is used hydromartix wheels, where it consists of

The world electricity demand is increasing rabidly because of three cascaded wheels for generating electricity from moving
the rapid increasing in the world’s economy and population. nature water in main cannels of revers. This way is preferred
On the other side, resources of fossil fuel are decreasing hydromatrix using outlet moving water from the first stage
rapidly. Therefore, a seriously and urgently search for alterna- and to rotate the next wheel stage. Also in this study, it is
tive environmentally friendly power energy sources to meet used under shot water wheel to produce energy from very low
the expected required energy became very important. moving water in main channels.
The intensive use of the amounts of traditional energy, In this paper, the stand-alone hybrid wind/hydro/storage
which depend on fossil fuels as petroleum, coal and natu- power generation unit is presented. Where, a hybrid of three
ral gas cause extremely serious damage to human beings, wind turbine and three water wheels in wind/hydromatrix/
environment, and all living organisms [1]. This reason led storage energy system is considered and investigated.
researchers to search for resources of renewable and clean The proposed system is modeled and controlled in micro
energy, which achieve sustainable development and practical grid mode. It is proposed to reuse water wheel in the main
advancement. channel using natural speed of very low head water to move
Nowadays, many power generation approaches [2]–[7] wheels [11]. But for the reason of variable water speed, it is
have been developed such as solar, wind, biomass, hydro, proposed to use an induction generator (IG) driven by wind
ocean wave and fuel cells as a clean energy sources, espe- turbine [12] to model hybrid renewable power systems [13].
cially in micro grid applications. This model combined three-wheels and three induction gen-
Any micro grid needs some renewable sources and/or stor- erator to provide higher reliability and deliver more overall
age energy units [8]–[10]. Hydromatrix power generation electricity than either source individually [14]. As in wind
is one of renewable energy sources. However in this case, turbine, it is proposed to use an individual converter for each
it is generated naturally by water wheel [11] in a sustainable generator and combined them on DC bus [15], while sharing
manner and without resulting in any kind of harmful waste. AC to the other side of the grid or stand-alone loads [16].
Variable water speed can be presented by the wheel speed.
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and Generally, in distributed generation units, most inverters
approving it for publication was Taha Selim Ustun . are considered as current and voltage source [17]. Where,

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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FIGURE 1. Schematic circuit of the proposed hybrid hydro matrix/ wind model with the controller and supplying isolated load.

it is the PWM strategy applied to control the direct current desired AC voltage to the load. In this paper, the generated
feeding grid [18]. Predictive current control, hysteresis, and power from each induction generator mainly depending on
ramp comparison are considered as the three major algo- water wheel velocity and it’s torque, Hence, if the water
rithms used to regulate the voltage source inverters output velocity changes due to water shortage in the main stream,
current [6], [19], However, it is important to guarantee high the terminal load currents and voltage will be changed. In this
precise of low current harmonic based on predictive current study, it is suggested that the proposed hybrid hydro matrix
control [20]. This may lead to computationally intensive generation unit consists of one part dissimilar in size and
performance, a bad result and not acceptable performance, speed as indicated in Figure 4.
especially in case of system parameter variations. So, the variations in amplitude and frequency of the output
To achieve the required output of AC voltage, a scheme voltage of a hybrid hydro matrix/ wind model can be over-
of inverter current control based on the prediction approach come using the DC-link.
is needed to produce the inverter PWM pulses as discussed
in [21].
Official information discharged by the service of oil and A. WATER WHEELS
mineral assets uncovered that Egypt nation has an all-out uti- Water wheels have truly been seen in catching the vital-
lization of oil and its subsidiaries, which is around 25 billion ity of moving stream water for electrical generation [13].
liters every year. Over 70% of them for power age, which Conventional undershot waterwheels that include flat blades
the nation imports about 42% causes a huge efficiency in the extruding radially from the center of the rotating shaft and
state spending plan, particularly after the high costs of oil. fixed to the edge of the wheel [13]. In spite of the fact that
The proposed model can gauge about 20% of the asset as the water wheel is not as effective as other turbines, they are
a sustainable power source asset from the proposed hybrid as yet a practical choice for generating electrical power from
model equal to around 4 MTOE/year. the very low head difference. There are three fundamental
kinds; the undershot wheel, the breast shot and the overshot
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS shot. In this study, it is proposed to utilize the undershot
The Hybrid renewable hydro matrix/ wind model is shown water wheel because of the reality inside the undershot water
in Figure 1. Comprises a moving water wheel utilized as wheel, water flows under the wheel and hits blades or paddles
sustainable and wind power energy, coupling with IG through calmly subtle throughout the outer edge of the wheel. They
the gearbox. The AC generated voltage is converted to the are moved through the impulsion of the particles of water.
AC voltage via an uncontrolled rectifier. It is used as a buck In comparison with different types, this wheel is much less
DC/DC converter with the proposed controller and the energy efficient as though it relies on basic phrases at the kinetic
storage battery to convert the inconstant DC voltage to con- power of the water. This water wheel basically plunges into
stant DC voltage, and then it is used as a regulator with a hydromartix wheels unit which rotates by the nature moving
three-phase inverter to convert the constant DC voltage to the water in the main stream. The generated electricity from this

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model is depending on the diameter of the water wheel and

the water speed in the main stream.
The mechanical torque delivered by the water wheel can
vary as in wind farms [22] depends on the water flow rate in
the main stream and the connected isolated load. Using a load
controller is a better alternative, which feeds a sell offload,
permitting the total strength furnished by the generator to
the shape of the sum among the client’s loads and no load.
Because the lively energy balance is finished, the frequency
is quality regulated [23]. Additional space is required for a
new section or subsection.

B. SPECIFICATION DATA OF WATER WHEELS

Mainly, conventional undershot waterwheels consist of a
series of six blades fixed to the end of a wheel. The blades
have been typically installed in order that they are faced
immediately out along the radius of the wheel. However, FIGURE 2. Occupied angular position inside water by the blade.
the water from the slots goes depends on the water flow to
push the wheel. Where, it hits the blades and a number of its
momentum is changed into torque which is then transferred D. WATER WHEELTORQUE
to the wheel. However, the efficacy of a typical straight blade The torque generated (Tw) by the flow on the wheel can be
undershot wheels were around 30%. calculated as:

Working Diameter (W) W = (D − H) × π (1) Tw = ρAR(vin − vout )2 = ρAR(vin − ωR)2

Blades no (nb) nb = W/H (2) Angular speed at steady state, ωR = 1/3 vin (7)
Aspect Ratio = B/D (3) where,
This ratio is fulfilled inside the range (B/D = 0.2 to 4.5) Tw: Generated torque by water N.m,
[24] Vin: input water velocity on blade, m/s
Water force (F) against one wheel vane Vout: output velocity leaving the blade, m/s
A: blade area m2
F = QAv2 (1 − c)2 (4)
E. WHEELS OUTPUT TORQUE AND POWER
Water mass (m) for blade per unit time, m = QA(vin −vout ).
Water wheel output power (Pout) is resulting from its force,
where Pout = Fv this is the applied force multiplied by the
C. WATER TORQUE
distance moved by the blade per unit time [24]. Thus:
The articulation of the torque of one wheel can be evaluated
depending and shown in Figure 2. There are n basins each Pout = ρAv3 c(1 − c)2
possessing a point 1θ around the edge, so that n 1θ = 2π . For a wheel number one, c = 1/3, v = 1.5 m/s, (8)
So it can obtain this form ω0 1t = 1θ.
The load torque equation can be written as following: The author compute the torque (T) from one wheel by
divided its power on angular velocity as following:
ρgQR θ 1
Z
T1 = sin (θ) dθ) (5) T = p × 60/(1800 × 2 × π) = 29Nm.
nω0 0
Therefore, result of the integration load torque can be as
follows: F. DC-DC CONVERTER
ρgQR In this paper, the DC/DC converter is considered based on
T1 = [1 − cosθ1] (6) a buck converter. The unidirectional buck converter achieves
nω0
an interface between the DC/AC inverter and the uncontrolled
where,
rectifier to regulate the transfer of electrical power. The circuit
%: water density, kg/m3
of the used buck converter and its considered PID controller
g: acceleration of gravitational, m/s2
are shown in Figure.3a and Figure.3b respectively.
R: waterwheel radius, m
The voltage and current relationships between the primary
ω0 : angular speed of the wheel in, rad/sec
and secondary sides are given by:
θ: one blade angular position
θ1: occupied angular position inside water wheel by the Vrect
=D (9)
blade Vdc

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FIGURE 3. (a) Buck-converter circuit diagram, (b):: Buck- converter

controller block diagram. FIGURE 5. (a) MATLAB/SIMULINK developed water wheel model,
(b) Water wheel model block diagram based on MATLAB function.

FIGURE 4. Elevation view for hybrid model with 3 wheel and 3 winds.

Irect 1
= (10)
Idc D
D is the duty cycle ratio of the converter.
Where the parameters of the PID controller shown
in Figure4 are tuned based on tuning Heuristics using
Zeigler-Nichols algorism via MATLAB software package.
Then those given PID parameters values are tuned manually
until best performance is obtained. The above PID control
parameters are given as following:
Kp = 0.005, Ki = 100 Kd = 1.08 FIGURE 6. (a) MATLAB/SIMULINK developed wind turbine model,
(b) wind turbine model block diagram based on MATLAB function.

III. CONSIDERATION OF HYBRID MODEL

In this investigation, it is proposed that the studied model of the other contained three wind turbines. The main channel is
a hybrid model consists of three water wheels in one slot and narrowed to one-third of its overall wide. This is proposed

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FIGURE 7. Simulation of of hydro matrix wheel without control unit.

FIGURE 8. Hydro matrix wheels with control unit and battery.

to increase the water velocity to triple as shown in Figure 4. A. MODEL AND BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WATER WHEEL
Likewise, it is considered that the depth of this slot is about The author developed a MATLAB/SIMULINK condition to
2 m and with width about 4 m. represent and control the proposed under shot water wheel

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FIGURE 9. Hybrid hydro matrix/ wind included both control unit and battery.

model as shown in Figure 5a, and the nonlinear model of the The nonlinear function of the wind turbine can be obtained
wheel turbine using MATLAB function is obtained as shown using the following based on MATLAB function:
in Figure. 5b.
function [tm, wm] = water_wheel(v, A, R)
The nonlinear function of the water wheel can be obtained
using the following based on MATLAB function as following where the mechanical angular speed and the turbine output
torque can be given as [26]
function [tm, wm] = water_wheel(v, A, R)
ww = (c × v)/R (13)
where the mechanical angular speed and the turbine output 1
tw = ρ × A × R × cT × v2 (14)
torque can be given as 2
where
wm = (c × v)/R (11)
v=8 wind speed (m/s)
tm = ρ × A × R × (1 − c)2 v2 (12) A = 113 swept area (πR^2) (m2)
R=6 radius of one water wheel (m)
where c = 1/3 air power coefficient
V = 1.5 velocity of the water (m/s) ρ = 1.2 density of the air (kg/m3 )
A = 11 blade area (m2 ) Ww wind angular speed (rad/s)
R=6 radius of one water wheel (m) tw wind output torque (Nm)
C = 1/3 power coefficient
ρ = 1000 density of the water (kg/m3 )
IV. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Wm turbine angular speed (rad/s)
Results we have obtained from the Digital simulation to study
Tm The turbine output torque (Nm)
the performance of a hybrid hydro matrix/ wind model under
load variations and change water velocity. The proposed
B. MODEL AND BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WIND TURBINE hybrid isolated hydro matrix power system configuration
The author developed a MATLAB/SIMULINK condition to in cases of without control, with control and hybrid hydro
represent and control the proposed wind model [25] to adding matrix/ wind model with control unit and at the same time
it with hydromatrix model as shown in in Figure 6a. The are shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9 respectively The proposed
nonlinear model of the wind turbine using MATLAB function system is simulated and tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK
is obtained as shown in Figure.6b. software package at different operating conditions of water

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speed and load parameters variations in the three above cases.

In the first case, six generators are driven by six water wheel
turbines without control. While in the second case, a PID
control system is considered while the battery is not included.
Finally, it is proposed to include an energy storage unit in
addition to the control system.
In these three cases, it is proposed to vary the system
parameters of water velocity, load parameters, water speed,
water wheel toque, IG rotor speed, AC load voltage, and AC
load current as shown in Figure. 10, Figure. 11 and Figure. 12.

A. CASE 1: HYDROMATRIX WITHOUT CONTROL

In this case, a model of a hybrid stand-alone hydro matrix
model using the environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK soft-
ware is implemented and simulated under the variations of
load parameters and water speed. However, six generators
are driven by water wheel turbines and connected to the
variable load. Also, the water speed is varied between 1.4m/s
to 1.6m/s, the load is increased to be 5 kW after 3 sec., and
then the load is increased again by 5kW extra after 5 sec.
As shown in Figure. 7.
In the shown model, the author used the capacitor bank
for each IG to compensate for its reactive power and then to
regulate the rotor speed higher than the synchronous speed by
slip (from 2% to 5% above synchronous peed).

B. CASE 2: HYDROMATRIX WITH CONTROL

In this case, a control unit based on a proportional-
integral-derivative algorithm is considered to regulate both
DC/DC converter and DC/AC inverter for load voltage reg-
ulation as shown in Figure.8.

C. CASE 3: HYBRID MODEL WITH CONTROL

In this case, a hybrid model consists of three water wheels
in one slot and the other contained three wind turbines. The
main channel is narrowed to one-third of its overall wide.
This is proposed to increase the water velocity to triple. the
control unit and battery storage are considered to regulate
both DC/DC converter from hybrid hydro matrix/ wind model
and DC/AC inverter for load voltage regulation as shown
in Figure. 9.

V. RESUTLS AND DISCUSSION

Digital simulation results using MATLAB-SIMULINK are
obtained to study the performance of the hybrid hydro matrix/
wind model under the condition of water speed and load
parameter variations. The obtained results are water speed,
water wheel torque, IG rotor speed, load voltage and load cur-
rent. The three mentioned cases of operation are considered.
In the first case, each IG is driven by a water wheel. The
FIGURE 10. The obtained simulation results of the proposed HMPW
water speed is varied from 1.4m/s to 1.6m/s and supplied without control (case one) (a) water speed. (b) water wheel torque.
an isolated variable static load as shown in Figure 7. The (c) IG rotor speed. (d) load voltage. (e) load currents.

obtained results based on this case are shown in Figure. 10.

The obtained results of this case show that when the water
velocity varies from a minimum value of 1.4m/sec to a max- wheel is varied too from 25N/m to 35N/m depending on the
imum value of 1.6m/sec, the obtained torque from a water water velocity and flow rate. The steady-state value of the IG

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FIGURE 12. Simulation results of the proposed hybrid hydromatrix

FIGURE 11. The obtained simulation results of the proposed HMPW with wheel/wind turbine with control and with battery case no three (a) water
control (case two) (a) water speed. (b) water wheel torque. (c) IG rotor speed. (b) Water wheel torque. (c) IG rotor speed. (d) load voltage.
speed. (d) load voltage. (e) load currents. (e) load currents.

rotor speed is 190 rad/sec., this angular velocity is exceeded

by about 5% of its synchronous speed which was equal to After three seconds, the load is increased by 5 kW. So,
about 183.16 rad/sec. The load voltage is 220 V. the load voltage decreased to about 180 V and the load

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current increased from about 60 A to about 70 A as shown To guarantee continuous supplying electrical power in case
in Figure.10d and 10e respectively. Again after five sec- of electrical power reduction of both hydro and wind at the
onds, the load is increased by 5 kW. Then, the load voltage same time, the hybrid hydro/wind/diesel generation unit will
decreased again to 140 V and the current increased to 80A as considered based on suitable control system in the future.
shown in Figures 10d and 10e respectively.
In case two, the proposed system is controlled with a CONFLICT OF INTEREST
control unit as shown in Figure. 8. The obtained results of The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
water speed, wheel torque, IG rotor speed, load voltage and respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this
load current are shown in Figure. 11. Also, it is proposed to article.
vary water speed and load parameters. From Figure.11 we
can notice that the load voltage has small variation as shown ACKNOWLEDGMENT
in Figure. 11d and 11e. It should be noted that there is no financial for the research,
In the last case no three, the proposed system (hybrid authorship and/or publication of this article.
hydro matrix/ wind model) includes the controller as shown
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[15] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, ‘‘A review of single-phase AHMED M. KASSEM received the B.Sc. degree
grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. in electrical engineering from Assiut University,
Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292–1306, Sep. 2005. Egypt, in 1991, the M.Sc. degree in electrical
[16] F. Nejabatkhah and Y. W. Li, ‘‘Overview of power management strategies engineering from Eindhoven Technical University,
of hybrid AC/DC microgrid,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 12, The Netherlands, in 1999, and the Ph.D. degree
pp. 7072–7089, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2384999. in electrical engineering from El-Minia Univer-
[17] S. H. Ko, S. R. Lee, H. Dehbonei, and C. V. Nayar, ‘‘Application of voltage- sity, Minia, Egypt, in 2006. He has been the
and current-controlled voltage source inverters for distributed generation
Dean of Faculty of Engineering, Sohag University,
systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 782–792,
Egypt, since 2014. He is currently a Professor with
Sep. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2006.877371.
[18] A. M. Kassem, ‘‘Modelling and robust control design of a standalone the Electrical Engineering, Electrical Department,
wind-based energy storage generation unit powering an induction motor- Faculty of Engineering, Sohag University. He is an editorial board member
variable-displacement pressure-compensated pump,’’ IET Renew. Power for many journals and a consultant with the many industrial companies
Gener., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 275–286, Mar. 2016. and a peer reviewer in many transactions, periodicals, and conferences.
[19] M. N. Marwali and A. Keyhani, ‘‘Control of distributed generation He has supervised many Ph.D. and M.Sc. thesis and has published more
systems—Part I: Voltages and currents control,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Elec- than 70 research articles. His research interests include smart energy grid,
tron., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1541–1550, Nov. 2004. renewable energy management and control, energy storage, power electron-
[20] J. Latham, M. Mohebbi, and M. L. McIntyre, ‘‘Output feedback control of a ics, power systems operation and control, renewable energy, electric drives
single phase voltage source inverter utilizing a variable structure observer,’’ and their control, electric vehicles, and storage energy development and
in Proc. IEEE Amer. Control Conf., Seattle, WA, USA, May 2017, intelligent control applications. He has got the Sohag University superiority
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of a variable speed wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous Egypt, in 1966. He received the B.Sc. degree in
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degrees in electronics and communications engi-
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of a wind turbine-induction generator unit,’’ IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., neering from El-Minia University, Minia, Egypt,
vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 91–96, Mar. 2000. in 1989, 1993, and 1997, respectively. He was a
Visiting Researcher with Ohio University, Athens,
OH, USA. From 1989 to 1993, he worked as a
MEDHAT E. M. ALI received the B.Sc. degree Teacher Assistant with the Department of Elec-
in electrical engineering from Assiut University, trical Engineering, El-Minia University. From
Egypt, in 2003, and the M.Sc. degree in electri- 1993 to 1995 he was a Visiting Scholar with Cairo University, Cairo. From
cal engineering from the Faculty of Engineering, 1995 to 1997, he was a Visiting Scholar with Texas A&M University, College
Assuit University, in 2011. He is currently pursu- Station, TX, USA (with the group of VLSI). From 1997 to 2003, he was an
ing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering with Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, El-Minia
El-Minia Universty, Egypt. He is also an Assistant University. From 2003 to 2005, he was an Associate Professor with El-Minia
Lecturer with the Department of Electrical, Fac- University. He is currently a Professor of electronics and communications
ulty of Engineering, Sohag University. He has pub- with the Faculty of Engineering, Egyptian-Russian University, Badr City,
lished three research articles. His research interests Egypt. He has published more than 80 articles. His research interests include
include smart energy grid, renewable energy management, energy storage, analog and mixed-mode circuit design, low voltage low power analog cir-
power electronics, power systems operation, and hybrid renewable energy cuits, current mode circuits, nano-circuits design, and FPGA.
systems.

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