Chapter-1

Formation of ordinary differential equation

Ordinary differential equation: The equation which involves derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to single independent variable is called ordinary differential
equation.
2
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
Example: 𝑖𝑖) 2 +2 + 7𝑦𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 2 − 4� � + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) � 2� − 4 � � + 𝑦𝑦 4 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3
𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3
+2 =0
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Order of differential equation: The order of differential equation is the order of high order
derivative involve in the differential equation.
Example: Order of 𝑖𝑖), 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 , Order of 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 3
Degree of differential equation: The degree of differential equation is the power of high order
derivative involved in the differential equation.
Example: Degree of 𝑖𝑖), 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1 degree of 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 2
Problem 1: Form the differential equation of the following function

𝑖𝑖) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) �1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + �1 − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑐(𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐)2 = 𝑥𝑥 3

Solution: 𝑖𝑖) Given that 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2
Differentiating w. r. to 𝑥𝑥 we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ( 1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Again differentiating w. r. to 𝑥𝑥we get
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 1 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
= 2𝑏𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏𝑏 = (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
Substituting the value of 𝑏𝑏 in equation (1) we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
= 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑥𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 (3)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
Putting the values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 in the given equation we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 1 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 � − 𝑥𝑥 2 � + 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
2𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥

1
 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 2
− 2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
This is the required differential equation.
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) Given that √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + �1 − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) (1)
Differentiating w. r. to 𝑥𝑥 we get
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
− − = 𝑎𝑎 �1 − � (2)
√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 �1 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Dividing equation (1) and (2) to eliminating a we get

√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + �1 − 𝑦𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)
− 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ �1 − �
√1−𝑥𝑥 2 �1−𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

On simplifying we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �1 − 𝑦𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
This is the required differential equation.
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) Given that 𝑐𝑐(𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐)2 = 𝑥𝑥 3 (1)
Differentiating w. r. to 𝑥𝑥 we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑐𝑐(𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Dividing equation (1) and (2) we get
(𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐) 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ⇒ (𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐) =
2 3 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = − 𝑦𝑦
3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Substituting the values of 𝑐𝑐 in equation (1) we get
2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
� − 𝑦𝑦� � � = 𝑥𝑥 3
3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 9 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
⇒� − 𝑦𝑦� � � = 𝑥𝑥
3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 9 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
8𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
⇒ � � − 𝑦𝑦 � � = 𝑥𝑥
27 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 9 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
⇒ 8𝑥𝑥 � � − 12𝑦𝑦 � � = 27𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Which is the required differential equation.

2
Problem 2: Find the differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having
there centers on the x-axis.
Solution: The equation of circles passing through the origin and having there centers on the x-
axis is
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 0 (1)
Differentiating w.r.to 𝑥𝑥 we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔𝑔 = 0 ⇒ 𝑔𝑔 = −𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Putting the values of 𝑔𝑔 in equation (1) we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑥(−𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 )=0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Which is the required differential equation.
Problem 3: Find the differential equation of all parabolas each of which has a latus rectum 4𝑎𝑎
and whose axes are parallel to x-axis.
Solution: The equation of the family of such parabola is
(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘)2 = 4𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − ℎ) (1)
Differentiating w.r.to 𝑥𝑥 we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘) = 2𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑎𝑎
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Again differentiating w.r.to 𝑥𝑥 we get

𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘) 2 + � � = 0 (3)
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Putting the values of 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘 from equation (2) in equation (3) we get
2𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∙ 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 + �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
2𝑎𝑎 2 + � � = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Which is the required differential equation.

3
 Chapter-2
Equation of First order and first degree

The general form of first order first degree equation is of the form
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Or
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0

Variable separable equations:

An equation of the form 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥)𝐺𝐺(𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
or, 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓2(𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
is called variable separable equation.
Separating variables above equation can be written as
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝐺𝐺(𝑦𝑦)
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Problem 1: Solve the equation
(𝑥𝑥 − 4)𝑦𝑦 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥 3 (𝑦𝑦 2 − 3)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Solution: This is the separable equation, separating the variables by dividing by 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 4 we get
(𝑥𝑥 − 4) (𝑦𝑦 2 − 3)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 4
⇒ (𝑥𝑥 −2 − 4𝑥𝑥 −3 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (𝑦𝑦 −2 − 3𝑦𝑦 −4 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Integrating, we have the one-parameter family of solutions
1 2 1 1
− + 2 + − 3 = 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
Problem 2: Solve the initial value problem
𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) cos 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0, 𝑦𝑦(1) =
2
Solution: Given equation is
𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) cos 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0, 𝑦𝑦(1) =
2

4
Separating variables by dividing (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) sin 𝑦𝑦, we obtain
𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) sin 𝑦𝑦
Integrating we get,
1
ln(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) + ln sin 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑐𝑐
2
⇒ ln �(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) + ln sin 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑐𝑐

⇒ ln �(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) sin 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑐𝑐

⇒ �(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) sin 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐
𝜋𝜋
Now applying initial condition 𝑦𝑦(1) = , we obtain
2
𝜋𝜋
√2 sin = 𝑐𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = √2
2
Thus the required solution is
�(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) sin 𝑦𝑦 = √2
Problem 3: Solve the equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑦𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
Solution: This is the separable equation, separating the variables we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
=
1 + 𝑦𝑦 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
Integrating, we obtain
tan−1 𝑦𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + tan−1 𝑐𝑐
⇒ tan−1 𝑦𝑦 − tan−1 𝑥𝑥 = tan−1 𝑐𝑐
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥
⇒ tan−1 = tan−1 𝑐𝑐
1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥
⇒ = 𝑐𝑐
1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐(1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)
This is the required solution.
Problem 4: Solve the equation
sec 2 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + sec 2 𝑦𝑦 tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Solution: This is the separable equation, separating the variables by dividing tan 𝑦𝑦 tan 𝑥𝑥 we get
sec 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sec 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ =0
tan 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦
5
Integrating, we obtain
ln tan 𝑥𝑥 + ln tan 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑐𝑐
⇒ tan 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐
This is the required solution.

Exact differential equation: A first order differential equation 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 is
said to be exact differential equation if there exists a function 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑐𝑐 such that it can be
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
written as 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Problem 5: Find a necessary condition that a first order differential equation to be exact.
Solution: According to definition of exact differential equation there exists a function
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑐𝑐such that we can write a first order differential equation as
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Equating the coefficient of 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 we get,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = and𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕2 𝐹𝐹 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕2 𝐹𝐹

⇒ = and⇒ =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕2 𝐹𝐹 𝜕𝜕2 𝐹𝐹
Since =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Therefore we obtain
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
This is the required condition.
Problem 6: Solve the equation
(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Solution: Given the equation
(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 (1)
Let,
𝑀𝑀 = (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥),𝑁𝑁 = (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 4𝑥𝑥, = 4𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Since = the equation (1) is exact differential equation and there exist a function
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑐𝑐 such that,

6
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑀𝑀 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, (2) = 𝑁𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦 (3)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑓𝑓′(𝑦𝑦) (4)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

⇒ 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑓𝑓′(𝑦𝑦)

⇒ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑦𝑦) = 2𝑦𝑦
⇒ 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑦𝑦 2
Thus the required solution is
𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑐
Problem 7: Solve the initial value problem
(2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0, 𝑦𝑦(0) = 2.
Solution: Given the equation
(2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 (1)
Let,
𝑀𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦, 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −2𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 , = 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Since = the equation (1) is exact differential equation and there exist a function
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑐𝑐such that,

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑀𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦, (2) = 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 (3)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑥𝑥 2 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑓𝑓′(𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑓𝑓′(𝑦𝑦)
⇒ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑦𝑦) = −𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) = −
2
Therefore the one parameter solution is
𝑦𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥 2 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − = 𝑐𝑐
2
Using the initial condition 𝑦𝑦(0) = 2 we get
0 + 0 − 2 = 𝑐𝑐 ⇒ c = −2
7
Thus the required solution is
𝑦𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥 2 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − +2=0
2
Method of groping:
𝑖𝑖) (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥 3 ) + 𝑑𝑑(2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦) + 𝑑𝑑(𝑦𝑦 2 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ) = 0
By integrating,
𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑐
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) (2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥 2 cos 𝑦𝑦) + 𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦) − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0
By integrating,

2
𝑦𝑦 2 3
𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 − = 𝑐𝑐
2
Problem 8:In each of the following equations determine the constant 𝐴𝐴 such that the equation is
exact, and solve the resulting exact equation.
a) (𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦 1 1
b) � + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥

Solution: a) Given that (𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 (1)

Let, 𝑀𝑀 = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦 2 , 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Now, the equation (1) to be exact if
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
⇒ A𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑦
⇒A=3
∴ For A = 3 equation (1) become exact.
The resulting equation is
(3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦) + 𝑑𝑑(2𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥) = 0
8
By integrating,
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑐
This is the required solution.

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦 1 1
b) Given that � + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 (1)
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦 1 1
Let, 𝑀𝑀 = + , 𝑁𝑁 = −
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥

Now, the equation (1) to be exact if

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐴𝐴 1 −2 1
⇒ 3
+ 2= 3+ 2
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
⇒ A = −2
∴ For A = −2 equation (1) become exact.
The resulting equation then become
−2𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 1 1
� 3
+ 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 2 − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
−2𝑦𝑦 1 𝑦𝑦 1
⇒ 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑑 � 2 � − 𝑑𝑑( ) = 0
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
By integrating,
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
⇒ 2 − = 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
This is the required solution.

Homogeneous equation: The first order differential equation 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦
said to be homogeneous differential equation if it can be written as of the form = 𝑓𝑓 � �.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

Problem 9: Show that by the transformation 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 the first order homogeneous equation
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 reduced in separable equation.
Solution: Since 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 is homogeneous equation, it may be written in the
form
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦
= 𝑔𝑔 � � (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
Let, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣, then
9
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥 (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Putting the value of in equation (1), we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑣𝑣)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ [𝑣𝑣 − g(𝑣𝑣)] + 𝑥𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ [𝑣𝑣 − g(𝑣𝑣)]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ + =0
𝑥𝑥 [𝑣𝑣 − g(𝑣𝑣)]
This is separable equation in 𝑥𝑥and 𝑣𝑣.

Problem 10: Solve the equation

(𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
Solution: Given
(𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑦 2
⇒ =− (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Since equation (1) is homogeneous then letting 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 we obtain
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
From equation (1) we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 (1 − 3𝑣𝑣 2 ) (1 − 3𝑣𝑣 2 )
𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥 =− =− =−
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥. 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 2𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1 − 3𝑣𝑣 2 ) −1 + 3𝑣𝑣 2 − 2𝑣𝑣 2 𝑣𝑣 2 − 1
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 =− − 𝑣𝑣 = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑣𝑣 2𝑣𝑣 2𝑣𝑣
2𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 2 =
𝑣𝑣 − 1 𝑥𝑥
By integrating we get
ln(𝑣𝑣 2 − 1) = ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑐𝑐
⇒ 𝑣𝑣 2 − 1 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑦𝑦 2
⇒ − 1 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 3

10
Problem 11: Solve the initial value problem

�𝑦𝑦 + �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑦𝑦(1) = 0

Solution: Given

�𝑦𝑦 + �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �𝑦𝑦 + �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 �

⇒ = (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
Since equation (1) is homogeneous then letting 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 we obtain
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
From equation (1) we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + √𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥 2 � 𝑥𝑥(𝑣𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥 = = = (𝑣𝑣 + �1 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑣𝑣 + �1 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) − 𝑣𝑣 = �1 + 𝑣𝑣 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ =
√1 + 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥
By integrating we get

ln(𝑣𝑣 + �1 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) = ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑐𝑐

⇒ 𝑣𝑣 + �1 + 𝑣𝑣 2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 2
⇒ + �1 + 2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 1
⇒ + �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 + �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 2
Using initial condition 𝑦𝑦(1) = 0 we get
0+√1 + 0 = 𝑐𝑐. 1 ⇒ c = 1
Thus the required solution is
𝑦𝑦 + �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2
Problem 12: Solve the following equations

𝑖𝑖) �𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑦𝑦 2 �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥�𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2
11
Integrating factor: If the differential equation 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 is not exact but the
differential equation 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 is exact, then 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is called
an integrating factor of the differential equation.

Linear equation: The first order differential equation 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 is said to be
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
linear differential equation if it can be written in the form + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Problem 13: Is linear equation exact? If not, find integrating factor and then solve the linear
equation.
Solution: We know the linear equation is of the form
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ [𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 − 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 (1)
Let 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 − 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥), 𝑁𝑁 = 1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥), =0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Hence the linear equation is not exact unless 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = 0. If 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = 0 then the linear equation
reduces into a simple separable equation. On the other hand if 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0 the linear equation is
not exact.
Consider 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) is an integrating factor of equation (1) then multiplying by 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥), obtaining
[𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 − 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 (2)
By definition of integrating factor equation (2) is exact if and only if
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
[𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 − 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)] = [𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)]
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑑𝑑𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)
⇒ 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)
⇒ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)
By integrating we get

ln 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = � 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

⇒ 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
This is the required integrating factor.
Now from equation (2) the reduced exact equation is
𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
12
⇒ 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑑(𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
By integrating we get

𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐

This is the required solution of linear equation.

Problem 14: Solve the equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥 + 1
+ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
Solution: Given
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥 + 1
+ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥+1
Let 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = then the integrating factor is
𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥+1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 ∫(2+𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥+ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
Now multiplying Equation (1) by this integrating factor we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (2𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
By integrating we get
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = + 𝑐𝑐
2
𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 −2𝑥𝑥
⇒y= + 𝑒𝑒
2 𝑥𝑥
This is the required solution.
Problem 15: Solve the initial value problem
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦(2) = 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution: Given
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
+ 2 𝑦𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) (𝑥𝑥 + 1)
4𝑥𝑥
Let 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 2 then integrating factor is
+1)

13
 4𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2∫ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 +1� 2 +1�2
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 �𝑥𝑥 +1�
= 𝑒𝑒 �𝑥𝑥 +1�
= 𝑒𝑒 2 ln�𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 ln�𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)2
Now multiplying Equation (1) by this integrating factor we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)2 + (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)2 2 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) (𝑥𝑥 + 1)
⇒ (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑑((𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑦𝑦) = (𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
By integrating we get
𝑥𝑥 4 𝑥𝑥 2
(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑦𝑦 = + + 𝑐𝑐
4 2
Using initial condition 𝑦𝑦(2) = 1 we get
25 = 4 + 2 + 𝑐𝑐 ⇒ c = 19
Thus the required solution is
𝑥𝑥 4 𝑥𝑥 2
(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑦𝑦 = + + 19
4 2
Problem 15: Solve the equation
𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Solution: Given
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 1
=−
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 1
⇒ = − 𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 1
⇒ + 𝑥𝑥 = 2 (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
This is linear equation in 𝑥𝑥.
3
Let 𝑃𝑃(𝑦𝑦) = , then the integrating factor is
𝑦𝑦
3
∫𝑦𝑦𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
𝜇𝜇(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒𝑒 3 ln 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 ln 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 3
Now multiplying Equation (1) by this integrating factor we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 3 1
𝑦𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑦𝑦 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 ) = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 2
By integrating we get 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 = + 𝑐𝑐
2

This is the required solution.

14
Integrating Factor of Equation 𝑴𝑴(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑵𝑵(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎 (1):

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
−
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Case 1: If is a function of 𝑥𝑥 only, say 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), then 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will be an integrating factor of (1).
𝑁𝑁
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
−
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Case 2: If is a function of 𝑦𝑦 only, say 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦), then 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) will be an integrating factor of (1).
𝑀𝑀

1
Case 3: If 𝑀𝑀 and 𝑁𝑁 are both homogeneous function of 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 of degree 𝑛𝑛 (say), then
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀+𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

[∴ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ≠ 0]is an integrating factor of (1).

1
Case 4: If 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑦𝑦𝑓𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓2 (𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦), then [∴ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 − 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ≠ 0]is an integrating
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀−𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

factor of (1).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Bernoulli equation: An equation of the form + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 is called Bernoulli
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

equation. If , 𝑛𝑛 = 0,1 then this Bernoulli equation is actually linear equation.

Problem 16: Suppose 𝑛𝑛 ≠ 0,1. Show that the transformation 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑦𝑦1−𝑛𝑛 reduces the Bernoulli
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
equation + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 to a linear equation in 𝑣𝑣.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution: Consider the Bernoulli equation

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
We first divide equation (1) by 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 then obtaining
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 −𝑛𝑛 + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦1−𝑛𝑛 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let, 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑦𝑦1−𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= (1 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑦𝑦 −𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 −𝑛𝑛 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
From equation (2) we get
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑣𝑣 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)
1 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ + (1 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑣𝑣 = (1 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ + 𝑃𝑃1 (𝑥𝑥)𝑣𝑣 = 𝑄𝑄1 (𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Which is linear equation in 𝑣𝑣.
15
Problem 17: Solve the equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution: Given
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 −3 + 𝑦𝑦 −2 = 𝑥𝑥 (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let, 𝑦𝑦 −2 = 𝑣𝑣 then
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−2𝑦𝑦 −3 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 −3 =−
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Putting this value in equation (1) we get
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
− + 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ − 2𝑣𝑣 = −2𝑥𝑥 (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
This is a linear equation in 𝑣𝑣.
Let 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = −2, then the integrating factor is
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ −2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
Now multiplying Equation (2) by this integrating factor we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −2𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑑(𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣) = −2𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
By integrating we get
1
𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
2
1
⇒ 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 + + 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
2
1 1
⇒ 2 = 𝑥𝑥 + + 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 2
This is the required solution.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Riccati’s equation: The equation = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥) is called riccati equation.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

16
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Problem 18: Consider the equation = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

a) Show that if 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥𝑥, then the equation is a linear equation and if 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥) = 0 for all
𝑥𝑥, then the equation is a Bernoulli equation.
1
b) Show that if 𝑓𝑓 is any solution of the equation then the transformation𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 + reduces to a
𝑣𝑣

linear equation in 𝑣𝑣.

Solution: Given the riccati equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥) (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
a) if𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) = 0 then equation (1) reduces to
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
This is a linear equation.
and if 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥) = 0 then equation (1) reduces to
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
This is a Bernoulli equation.
b) if𝑓𝑓 is a solution of equation (1) then
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓 + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥) (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
Let, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 + then we get
𝑣𝑣

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
From equation (1) we obtained
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 2 1
− 2 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) �𝑓𝑓 + � + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥) �𝑓𝑓 + � + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑓𝑓 1 1
⇒ − 2 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) �𝑓𝑓 2 + + 2 � + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥) �𝑓𝑓 + � + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑓𝑓 1 1
⇒ − 2 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓 2 + 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑓𝑓 1 1
⇒ − 2 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓 + 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑓𝑓 1 1
⇒ − 2 = + 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥) 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑓𝑓 1 1
⇒− 2 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) 2 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)
𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
17
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ = −𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)2𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) − 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ + [𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)2𝑓𝑓 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥)]𝑣𝑣 = −𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Which is a linear equation in 𝑣𝑣.
Equation of first order but not first degree:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Problem 19: Solve 𝑝𝑝4 − (𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝑝𝑝3 + (𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0 where 𝑝𝑝 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution:
𝑝𝑝4 − (𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝑝𝑝3 + (𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝4 − 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝3 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝3 − 𝑝𝑝3 + 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝2 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝3 − 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝3 − 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝2 (𝑝𝑝 − 𝑥𝑥) − 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦(𝑝𝑝 − 𝑥𝑥) − 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 − 𝑥𝑥) + 2𝑦𝑦(𝑝𝑝 − 𝑥𝑥)) = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 − 𝑥𝑥)(𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝑝𝑝 + 2𝑦𝑦) = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 − 𝑥𝑥)(𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑦) − 1(𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑦)) = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 − 𝑥𝑥)(𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑦)(𝑝𝑝 − 1) = 0
∴ 𝑝𝑝 = 0, 𝑝𝑝 − 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑝𝑝 − 1 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ = 0, − 𝑥𝑥 = 0, − 2𝑦𝑦 = 0, −1=0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution of these equations are
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐 = 0,2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑐 = 0, 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐 = 0
Hence the general solution is
(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐)(2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑐)(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 )(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Problem 20: Solve 𝑝𝑝3 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 𝑝𝑝 = 0 where 𝑝𝑝 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution:
𝑝𝑝3 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 𝑝𝑝 = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 + 2𝑥𝑥)(𝑝𝑝 − 𝑦𝑦 2 ) = 0
∴ 𝑝𝑝 = 0, 𝑝𝑝 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑝𝑝 − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ = 0, + 2𝑥𝑥 = 0, − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution of these equations are
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐 = 0, 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑐 = 0, 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 0
Hence the complete solution is
18
(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐)(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑐)(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 1) = 0
Clairaut’s equation: The equation of the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑓𝑓(𝑝𝑝) is called clairaut’s equation.
Problem 20: Solve the clairaut’s equation.
Solution: The clairaut’s equation is 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑓𝑓(𝑝𝑝) (1)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.to 𝑥𝑥 we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓𝑓′(𝑝𝑝)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓𝑓′(𝑝𝑝)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑝𝑝)� = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Neglecting 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑝𝑝) = 0, we get
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrating we get
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑐𝑐
Putting the value of 𝑝𝑝 in equation (1) we get the required solution
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐)
𝑚𝑚3
Problem 21: Solve the equation 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑝𝑝3 =
𝑝𝑝3

Solution: Given
𝑚𝑚3
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑝𝑝3 =
𝑝𝑝3
𝑚𝑚3
3
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑝𝑝 − 3
𝑝𝑝
This is clairaut’s type equation so the solution is
𝑚𝑚3
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑐𝑐 3 −
𝑐𝑐 3
Chapter-3
Application of First order differential equation
Problem 1: A body weighing 8 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 falls from rest towards the earth from a great height. As it
falls, air resistance acts upon it, and we shall assume that this resistance is numerically equal to
2𝑣𝑣, where 𝑣𝑣 is the velocity in feet per second. Find the velocity and distance fallen at time 𝑡𝑡
second.

19
Solution: According to newton’s low of motion for fallen body, the differential equation of the
above problem is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚 = 𝐹𝐹1 + 𝐹𝐹2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑊𝑊 8 1
where𝑚𝑚 = = = , 𝐹𝐹1 = 8 and 𝐹𝐹2 = −2𝑣𝑣
𝑔𝑔 32 4

Therefore
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 8 − 2𝑣𝑣 (1)
4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Since the body was initially at rest, we have the initial condition 𝑣𝑣(0) = 0.
The equation (1) is variable separable, separating the variables, we have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 4𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
8 − 2𝑣𝑣
Integrating we get
1
− ln(8 − 2𝑣𝑣) = 4𝑡𝑡 + 𝑐𝑐
2
⇒ ln(8 − 2𝑣𝑣) = −8𝑡𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑐
⇒ ln(8 − 2𝑣𝑣) = ln 𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡 +ln 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑐𝑐 = ln 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡
⇒ 8 − 2𝑣𝑣 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡
⇒ 8 − 2𝑣𝑣 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡
Appling initial condition we have
8 − 0 = 𝐶𝐶. 1 ⇒ C = 1
∴ 8 − 2𝑣𝑣 = 8𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡
⇒ 𝑣𝑣 = 4(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡
Which is the velocity at any time 𝑡𝑡.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 4(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡 )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrating then we obtained
1
𝑥𝑥 = 4 �𝑡𝑡 + 𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡 � + 𝑎𝑎
8
Using initial condition 𝑥𝑥(0) = 0 we get
1 1
0 = 4 �0 + � + 𝑎𝑎 ⇒ a = −
8 2
1 1
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 4 �𝑡𝑡 + 𝑒𝑒 −8𝑡𝑡 � −
8 2
Which is the fallen distance at time 𝑡𝑡.
20
Problem 2: A body of temperature 80℉ is placed in a room of constant temperature 50℉ at
time 𝑡𝑡 = 0; and at the end of 5 minutes, the body has cooled to a temperature of 70℉ .
Determine the temperature of the body as a function of time for 𝑡𝑡 > 0according to newton’s law
of cooling.In particular answer the following questions;
1. What is the temperature of the body at the end of 10 minutes?
2. When will the temperature of the body be 60℉ ?
3. After how many minutes will the temperature of the body be within 1℉ of the constant 50℉
temperature of the room?
Solution: Let 𝑥𝑥 be the Fahrenheit temperature of the body at time 𝑡𝑡. By newton’s law of cooling
we have the differential equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑘𝑘(𝑥𝑥 − 50) (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
with initial condition 𝑥𝑥(0) = 80 and 70℉ temperature at the end of 5 minutes gives the
additional condition 𝑥𝑥(5) = 70.
The equation (1) is variable separable, separating the variables, we have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 − 50
Integrating, we find
ln(𝑥𝑥 − 50) = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + ln 𝑐𝑐
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 − 50 = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 50 + 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Appling initial condition 𝑥𝑥(0) = 80we have
80 = 50 + 𝑐𝑐 ⇒ c = 30
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 50 + 30𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Now applying additional condition 𝑥𝑥(5) = 70 we have
70 = 50 + 30𝑒𝑒 5𝑘𝑘
1

5𝑘𝑘
2 2 5
⇒ 𝑒𝑒 = ⇒ 𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘 = � �
3 3
𝑡𝑡
2 5
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 50 + 30 � �
3
Which is the temperature at any time 𝑡𝑡.
After 𝑡𝑡 = 10 minutes the temperature will

21
 2 2
𝑥𝑥(10) = 50 + 30 � � = 63.33℉
3
The temperature will 60℉ after
𝑡𝑡
2 5
60 = 50 + 30 � �
3
𝑡𝑡 1
1 2 5 1 𝑡𝑡 2 ln3
⇒ = � � ⇒ ln = ln � � ⇒ t = 5 2 = 13.55 (minutes)
3 3 3 5 3 ln�3�

The temperature will 51℉ for 1℉ difference of the room temperature after
𝑡𝑡
2 5
51 = 50 + 30 � �
3
𝑡𝑡 1
1 2 5 1 𝑡𝑡 2 ln30
⇒ = � � ⇒ ln = ln � � ⇒ t = 5 2 = 41.94 (minutes)
30 3 30 5 3 ln�3�

So in approximately 42 minutes the temperature of the body will be within 1℉ of the room.
Problem 3: The population𝑥𝑥 of a certain city satisfies the logistic law
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
= 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 where time 𝑡𝑡 is measured in years. Given that the population of this city is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 100 108

100000 in 1980, determine the population as a function of time for 𝑡𝑡 > 1980. In particular
answer the following questions;
a. What will be the population in 2000?
b. In what year does the 1980 population double ?
c. How large will the population ultimately be?
Solution: We must solve the equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
= 𝑥𝑥 − 8 𝑥𝑥 2 (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 100 10
with initial condition 𝑥𝑥(1980). The equation (1) is variable separable, separating the variables,
we have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
10−2 𝑥𝑥
− 10−8 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ −2 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
10 𝑥𝑥(1 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥)
Using partial fractions, this becomes
1 10−6
100[ + ]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 1 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥
Integrating, we find

22
 𝑥𝑥 1
ln −6
= 𝑡𝑡 + ln 𝑐𝑐
1 − 10 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
⇒ = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
1 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
⇒ 𝑥𝑥(1 + 10−6 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100 ) = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
𝑡𝑡
𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡
1 + 10−6 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
Appling initial condition 𝑥𝑥(1980) = 100000 we have
𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒19.8 105 106
100000 = ⇒ c = =
1 + 10−6 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒19.8 𝑒𝑒19.8 [1 − 105 10−6 ] 9𝑒𝑒19.8
106
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡 (2)
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100
Which is the population at any time 𝑡𝑡 > 1980.
a) Let𝑡𝑡 = 2000in equation (2)and obtain
106
𝑥𝑥 = ≈ 119495
1 + 9𝑒𝑒 −0.2
b) For double population 𝑥𝑥 = 200000
106
∴ 200000 = 𝑡𝑡
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100
106
⇒ 2(10)5 = 𝑡𝑡
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100
10
⇒2= 𝑡𝑡
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100
2 1
⇒ = 𝑡𝑡
10 1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100

From which
𝑡𝑡 4
𝑒𝑒19.8−100 = ⇒ t ≈ 2061
9
c) As 𝑡𝑡 → ∞ we find
106 106
𝑥𝑥 = lim ∞ = = 106 = 1000000
𝑡𝑡→∞
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100 1 + 9𝑒𝑒 −∞

23
Problem 4: A tank initially contains 50 gal of pure water. Starting at time 𝑡𝑡 = 0 a brine
containing 2 lb of dissolved salt per gallon flows into the tank at the rate of 3 gal/min. The
mixture is kept uniformly by stirring and the well-stirred mixture simultaneously flows out of the
tank at the same rate.
a. How much salt is in the tank at any time 𝑡𝑡 > 0?
b. How much salt is present at the end of 25 min?
c. How much salt is present after a long time?
Solution: Let 𝑥𝑥 denote the amount of salt in the tank at time 𝑡𝑡. We apply the mixture equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= IN − OUT (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
with initial condition 𝑥𝑥(1980). The equation (1) is variable separable, separating the variables,
we have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
10−2 𝑥𝑥 − 10−8 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ −2 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
10 𝑥𝑥(1 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥)
Using partial fractions, this becomes
1 10−6
100[ + ]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 1 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥
Integrating, we find
𝑥𝑥 1
ln = 𝑡𝑡 + ln 𝑐𝑐
1 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
⇒ = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
1 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100 − 10−6 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
⇒ 𝑥𝑥(1 + 10−6 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100 ) = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
𝑡𝑡
𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡
1 + 10−6 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 100
Appling initial condition 𝑥𝑥(1980) = 100000 we have
𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒19.8 105 106
100000 = ⇒ c = =
1 + 10−6 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒19.8 𝑒𝑒19.8 [1 − 105 10−6 ] 9𝑒𝑒19.8
106
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡 (2)
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100
Which is the population at any time 𝑡𝑡 > 1980.
24
a) Let 𝑡𝑡 = 2000 in equation (2) and obtain
106
𝑥𝑥 = ≈ 119495
1 + 9𝑒𝑒 −0.2
b) For double population 𝑥𝑥 = 200000
106
∴ 200000 = 𝑡𝑡
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100
106
⇒ 2(10)5 = 𝑡𝑡
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100
10
⇒2= 𝑡𝑡
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100
2 1
⇒ = 𝑡𝑡
10 1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100

From which
𝑡𝑡 4
𝑒𝑒19.8−100 = ⇒ t ≈ 2061
9
c) As 𝑡𝑡 → ∞ we find
106 106
𝑥𝑥 = lim ∞ = −∞
= 106 = 1000000
𝑡𝑡→∞
1 + 9𝑒𝑒19.8−100 1 + 9𝑒𝑒

25