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109 viewsNew Edexcel Core Pure 1
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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 256
11 —19 PROGRESSION
endorsed for
edexcel 33
Edexcel AS and A level Further Mathematics
Core Pure Mathematics
Book 1/AS
roa
Sditor: Harry Smith
Authors: Greg Att
Pern Kers ier ae acta Vc ecco eA CORSON Mean e
erect OM Cry etc esas erotic ome Aa cid
Grea iicte OCU Bt oct ee ook Oe Os ker tun ia Oa
SB ese Contents
Published by Pearson Education Limited, 60 Strand, London WC2R ORL.
‘wiv pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.couk
Copies of official specications for al Pearson qualifications may be found onthe website:
‘qualifications pearson com
Text © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Eaited by Tech-Set Lid, Gateshead
“Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead
(Original ilustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Cover ilustration Marcus@kja-artists|
‘The rights of Greg Attwood, ack Barraclough, lan ettison, Lee Cape, Charles Gamet Cox, Daniel
Goldberg, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Laurence Pateman, Joe Petran,
lth Pledger, Harty Smith, Geof Staley, Dave Wikins tobe identified as authors ofthis work have
been asserted by them in accordance wit the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2017
20191817
10987654321
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
‘Reatalogue recor! for this Book fs availabe from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 252 18323.6
Copyright notice
Allrights reserved, No part ofthis publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means
(including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not
‘ransiently or incidentally to some othe: use ofthis publication) without the written permission
ofthe copyright owner except in accordance withthe provisions ofthe Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988 or under the tems of a icence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency.
Bama Inn 86 Fetter Lane, London EC&A TEN (wwwclacouk) Applications forthe copyright
‘owner's written permission should be addressed tothe publisher
Printed in the UK by Bell and Bain Lid, Glasgow
Acknowledgements
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qualification, ithas been through a review process by the awarding body. Ths process confirms
that this resource fully covers the teaching ane learning content of the specifeation or part
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balance between the development of subject sils, knowledge and understanding, in addition
to preparation for assessment
Endorsement doesnot cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes (eg practice
{questions or advice on how to answer assessment questions), included inthe resource nor does
It prescribe any particular approach tothe teaching or delivery ofa related course.
While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice onthe qualification
and its assessment is accurate, the offal specification and associated assessment guidance
‘mateials are the only authoritative source of information and should always be referred to for
definitive guidance.
Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections inthis resource relevant to
‘examination papers for which they have responsiblity
Examiners wll not use endorsed resources asa source of material for any assessment set by
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Endorsement of a resource does not mean thatthe resource i required to achieve this Pearson
4ualifiation,nor does it mean that isthe only suitable material availabe to support the
ualifiation, and any resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and
‘other appropriate resources,
Pearson has robust editorial processes, including answer and fact checks to ensure the
accuracy of the content in this publication, and every effort is made to ensure this publication
's free of errors. We are, however, only human, and occasionally errors do occu Pearson isnot
lable for any misunderstandings that arise asa result of erorsin this publication, butts
‘ur priority to ensure that the cantent is accurate. If you spot an eror, please do contact usat
[email protected] so we can make sute its cowected e@ Contents
Overarching themes
Extra online content
1 Complex numbers
1.1 _ Imaginary and complex numbers
1.2 Multiplying complex numbers
1.3. Complex conjugation
14 — Roots of quadratic equations
1.5. Solving cubic and quartic equations
Mixed exercise 1
2 Argand diagrams
2.1 Argand diagrams
2.2 Modulus and argument
23 Modulus-argument form of complex
numbers
2.4 Lociin the Argand diagram
2.5 Regions in the Argand diagram
Mixed exercise 2
3 Series
3.1. Sums of natural numbers
3.2 Sums of squares and cubes
Mixed exercise 3
4 Roots of polynomials
4.1 Roots of a quadratic equation
4.2 Roots of a cubic equation
43 Roots of a quartic equation
44 Expressions relating to the roots of a
polynomial
4.5 Linear transformations of roots
Mixed exercise 4
5 Volumes of revolution
5.1 Volumes of revolution around the x-axis
5.2. Volumes of revolution around the y-axis
53 Adding and subtracting volumes
5.4 Modelling with volumes of revolution
Mixed exercise 5
Review exe!
vi
10
1
VW
18
20
23
28
36
39
43
47
51
55
57
59
62
65
68
Contents
6 — Matrices 94
6.1 Introduction to matrices 95
6.2 Matrix multiplication 99
63 Determinants 104
6.4 —Inverting a2 x 2 matrix 108
6.5. Inverting a3 x3 matrix 12
6.6 Solving systems of equations using
matrices 116
Mixed exercise 6 qi
7 Linear transformations 126
7.1 Linear transformations in two dimensions
127
7.2 Reflections and rotations 131
7.3 Enlargements and stretches 136
7.4 Successive transformations 140
7.5 Linear transformations in three dimensions
144
7.6 The inverse of a linear transformation 148
Mixed exercise 7 151
8 Proof by induction 155
8.1 Proof by mathematical induction 156
8.2 Proving divisibility results 160
8.3 Proving statements involving matrices 162
Mixed exercise 8 165
9 Vectors 167
9.1 Equation of a line in three dimensions 168
9.2 Equation of a plane in three dimensions
175
9.3 Scalar product 178
9.4 Calculating angles between lines and
planes 184
9.5 Points of intersection 189
9.6 Finding perpendiculars 193
Mixed exercise 9 202
Review exercise 2 209
Exam-style practice: Paper 1 215
Answers 217
Index 249 Overarching themes
e Overarching themes
The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel
AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice.
1. Mathematical argument, language and proof
* Rigorous and consistent approach throughout
+ Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols
* Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies
* Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods
2. Mathematical problem solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle
+ Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated => specify the problem
into the main exercises I a
+ Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies ips ests scion hi
+ Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence
* Challenge boxes provide extra stretch L aressend J
recanted
3. Mathematical modelling
* Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it
+ Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the
context of the model
* Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in
mechanics
Finding your way around the book Access an online
digital edition using
the code at the
front of the book.
Each chapter starts with
alist of objectives
The real world applications
of the maths you are about
to learn are highlighted at
the start of the chapter with
links to relevant questions in
the chapter
The Prior knowledge check
helps make sure you are
ready to start the chapter Overarching themes
Step-by-step worked
examples focus on
the key types of
questions you'll nee ce
totackle =
Problem-solving boxes Senn
provide hints, tips and © 8ggtermyteenenwrnncinconag
strategies, and Watch
out boxes highlight
areas where students
often lose marks in their
exams
Exercise questions are
carefully graded so they
increase in difficulty and
gradually bring you up
to exam standard
Exam style questions
areflaggedwith © Exercises are Challenge boxes Each section Each chapter
Problem-solving packed with exam- give you a chance begins with ends with a Mixed
questions areflagged style questions —totacklesome ——explanationand —_ exercise and a
with ® to ensure you more difficult key learning Summary of key
areready forthe questions points points
exams
Every few chapters a Review exercise
helps you consolidate your learning
with lots of exam-style questions Exam-style practice
Further Mathe
z matics
Paper 1: Core Pure Mathematics
Review exercise 2 Sere de ta ar
A full AS level practice paper at
the back of the book helps you
prepare for the real thing. Extra online content
e Extra online content
Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you
SolutionBank
SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for
every question in the book.
EID rutvoriessouonae SE
available in SolutionBank.
Download all the solutions as a PDF or
quickly find the solution you need online
Use of technology oC?
Explore topics in more detail, visualise CED inc the point of intersection
problems and consolidate your understanding _graphically using technology.
using pre-made GeoGebra activities.
GeeGebra j
GeoGebra-powered interactives
Interact with the maths you are learning}
using GeoGebra’s easy-to-use tools
eee tte Reel ame
www.pearsonschools.co.uk/cpimat
Neer eeeen renter keen Cua ee Teel
vi After completing this chapter you should be able to:
@ Understand and use the definitions of imaginary and complex
numbers
‘Add and subtract complex numbers
Multiply complex numbers
> page 2
“> pages 2-3
> pages 5-6
Understand the definition of a complex conjugate > pages 6-8
Divide complex numbers 4 pages 7-8
Solve quadratic equations that have complex roots > pages 8-10
Solve cubic or quartic equations that have complex roots
~> pages 10-14
$1 Simplify each of the following:
Complex numbers contain a real and an
imaginary part. Engineers and physicist
often describe quantities with two
components using a single complex
number. This allows them to model
complicated situations such as air flow
over a cyclist.
a 50 b 108 c y180
« Pure Year 1, Chapter 1
In each case, determine the number of
distinct real roots of the equation f(x) = 0.
a f(x) =3x2+ 8x +10
b f(x) =2x?-9x +7
© f(y) =4x2 4 12049
+ Pure Vear 1, Chapter 2
Find the solutions of x? ~ 8x +6 =0,
giving your answers in the form a/b
where a and b are integers
« Pure Year 1, Chapter 2
Write —— in the form p + v3
where p and q are rational numbers.
+ Pure Year 1, Chapter 1 Chapter 1
@Q Imaginary and complex numbers
The quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ =O has
" For the equation ax?-+ bx + ¢= 0, the
solutions given by
discriminant is b? ~ 4ac.
xb + b= hac + If b? — 4ac > 0, there are two distinct real roots.
2a + IF B® —4ac =0, there are two equal real roots.
If the expression under the square root is negative, _* If >*—4ae<0, there arenoreal roots.
there are no real solutions. ee Peas Net sen 2S)
You can find solutions to the equation in all cases by extending the number system to include y—1.
Since there is no real number that squares to produce -1, the number \—1 is called an imaginary
number, and is represented using the letter i. Sums of real and imaginary numbers, for example
3 +2i, are known as complex numbers.
sist CELE the set oF atl complex numbersis
= An imaginary number is a number of the written as C.
form bi, where b € R. For the complex number = = a + bi:
= Acomplex number is written in the : eo =a re oa -
form a+ bi, where a,b < R.
Write each of the following in terms of i.
a \=36, b V-28
v36.
. —— An alternative way of writing (2v7}i
b = (2B XEN = \2BV=1 = is 2iv7. Avoid writing 2V7i as this can easily be
= 47 V1 = (2v7hi confused with 2/7i.
In a complex number, the real part and the imaginary part cannot be combined to form a single term.
= Complex numbers can be added or subtracted by adding or subtracting their real parts and
adding or subtracting their imaginary parts.
= You can multiply a real number by a complex number by multiplying out the brackets in the
usual way.
Simplify each of the following, giving your answers in the form a+ bi, where a, b € R.
a (245i) +(7+3i) b (2-5i)-(5- Ili) © 25-8) a lone
+i
b (2-5) - (5 ~ 1) =(2- 5) +(-5 (1h
-3 +6 Complex numbers
10 + Gi
2
3s Ira tr
Do not use your calculator in this exercise.
1 Write each of the following in the form bi where b is a real number.
4
oe
avo b v-49 ¢ v=121 @_v=10000 e v=225
£ v5 g v-12 h v-45 i v=200 j v=147
2. Simplify, giving your answers in the form a+ bi, where u,b € R.
a (5+2i)+ (849i)
© (746i) + (-3- Si)
e (20+ 12i) ~ (11 +3i)
g (-4-6i) - (-8 - 8)
i (-2- 7) +1 43)-(-12 +i)
b (4+ 101) +(1~8i)
a G44) + G48)
f£ (2-i)-(-5+3i)
h (V2 +i) - (v2 -i)
j (18 + Si) - (1S - 21) - (3 +73)
3 Simplify, giving your answers in the form a+ bi, where a,b € R.
a 27 +2i)
© 234i) +32+i)
6-4i
b 38-4i)
d 5(4 +31) -4(-1 + 21)
15 +25:
5
843i 7-2i
4 2
f
©® 4 Write in the form a+ bi, where a and b are simplified surds.
4-25
v2
5 Given that z = 7 - 6i and w =7 + 6i, find,
in the form a + bi, where a, b € R:
az-w
© 6 Given that 2) = a+ 9i, 2» =-3 + biand = —
® 7 Given that 2) =4+iand 2) =
b az
2-61
143
CEEEED comptes numbers are often
represented by the letter = or the letter w.
bw+z
=7+2i,findaand b wherea,be€R. (2 marks)
— 3i, find, in the form a + bi, where a, b € R:
© 22,452
® 8 Given that 2 = a+ biand w=a~bi, a,b € R, show that:
az +i is always real
b 2 ~nwis always imaginary
You can use complex numbers to find solutions to any quadratic equation with real coefficients.
= If 2 - 4ac <0 then the quadratic equ:
neither of which are real.
n ax? + bx + ¢= 0 has two distinct complex roots, _
Solve the equation =" +9 =0.
Solve the equation -? + 6-495 =0
Method 1 (Completing the square)
+37 -9
462425 3F-94+25=(+3F +16
Method 2 (Quadratic formula)
~6 + VG? 4 x1 x 25
13
‘Do not use your calculator in this exercise.
1 Solve each of the following equations. Write your answers in the form +bi.
a 274121=0 b 2?+40=0 ¢ 2274 120=0
d 322+ 150 = 38-2? e 22+ 30=-327- 66 f 622+ 1=22?
2 Solve each of the following equations.
Write your answers in the form a + bi. GBD Ie tefehand side of each equation is
a (2-32-9=-16 inamplete sere oe en) Use neti
b 22-77 +30=6 peratons te ina Shevalies of =
© 162+ 1?+11=2 Complex numbers
3 Solve each of the following equations, Write your answers in the form a + bi.
a 24+274+5=0 b 2? -274+10=0 e 2 4+42429=0
d 2+ 102+ 26=0 e 24+52+25=0 2P432+5=0
4 Solve each of the following equations. Write your answers in the form a + bi.
a 22°4524+4=0 b 72°-324+3=0 e¢ S2-243=0
5 The solutions to the quadratic equation z?~ 82 + 21 = O are z, and 2).
Find 2; and zp, giving each in the form a + iv.
GP) 6 The equation 2? + bz + 11 = 0, where b € R, has distinct non-real complex roots.
Find the range of possible values of b. (3 marks)
@® Multiplying complex numbers
You can multiply complex numbers using the same technique that you use for multiplying brackets in
algebra. You can use the fact that i = /=I to simplify powers of i
Express each of the following in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers.
a (2+ 3i4 + Si) b (7-4iP
+ @+ ana r5)= 204594304 =| __ See aaararay
+1014 12) +15
(6 ~ 15) + (101+ 12) ——
7 + 221
b 7-4 = (7 - 417 - 4
9 — 261 - 261 +1
(AD — 16) + (-28i - 28) ——_|
320 xi xi xix
32 x (+1) x (-1) xi = 32i Chapter 1
Gx)
Do not use your calculator in this exercise.
1 Simplify each of the following, giving your answers in the form a + bi.
a (5+i)(3+4i) b (6 + 3i)(7 + 2i) e (5 = 2i)(1 + Si)
d (13 - 3i)(2 - 8i) e (-3-i(4+47i) f (8 +51
g (2-91? h (1+i)2+i3+i) EBD ror part h, begin by muttiplying the
i (3 -2i)(5 + i(4 - 21) j (243i) first pair of brackets.
© 2 a Simplify (4 + 5i)(4- Si), giving your answer in the form a + bi.
b Simplify (7 — 2i)(7 + 2i), giving your answer in the form a + bi.
¢ Comment on your answers to parts a and b.
d Prove that (a + bi)(a~ bi) is a real number for any real numbers a and b.
® 3 Given that (a + 3i)(1 + bi) = 25 — 39i, find two possible pairs of values for a and b.
4 Write each of the following in its simplest form.
aif b Git © iti a ip 48
©® 5 Express (1 +i)° in the form a ~ bi, where a and b are integers to be found,
© 6 Find the value of the real part of (3 — 2i)*. Secu ny
@® 7 te) =27-248 You can use the binomial theorem to
Find: a (i) b f(3-6i) expand (a +b)". Pure Year 1, Section 8.3
22417
— 4iis a solution to . (2 marks)
9 a Given that i! =i and i? = -1, write i? and i* in their simplest forms.
b Write i’, i6, i” and i in their simplest forms.
© Write down the value of:
ii? PS
Cars
TEED re rip quae etst
a Expand (a + bi, ‘a complex number, /Z, has a positive real
b Hence, or otherwise, find V40—42i, giving your answerin part,
the form a — bi, where a and b are positive integers.
@® Complex conjugation
«= For any complex number z =a + bi, the oe
complex conjugate of the number is
defined as z* =a — bi. Somes eevee Bes
Given that z = 2 = 7i,
a write down z* b find the value of 2 +2* ¢ find the value of zz*
6 Complex numbers
b z4r¥= (2-7) +(2+7))
=(24+2)4 (74754 LD) Notice that z+ 2*is real.
(2-72 +73)
=4 + 141-141 - 499
=4+49=53 CED notice that 224s rea.
For any complex number z; the product of = and
isa real number. You can use this property
toidivide tie complex numbers 76.do'this, numbers is similar to the method used to
you multiply:both tha;numerator andthe rationalise a denominator when simplifying surds.
denominator by the complex conjugate of the oe
denominator and then simplify the result.
in the form a + bi.
encholeelocnaceme:
[SS 44i_ 544i 2431 |
2-31 2-31 "* 243i
(5 + 4112 + 3i)
“(2-312 + ST) Wniibeal 2 3i0e ai wlbe a eal cube)
(5 + 42 + 31) = 5(2 + 3) + siaa3) 1 Fre so@- 302+ 30 ibe el mbes
oe es
2+ 23)
(2 + 3i) - 3i(2 + 3i)
+6)-Gi-9% = =
+23) 2
io = ta
‘Do not use your calculator in this exercise.
1 Write down the complex conjugate z* for:
a z=84+2i b 2=6-5i ce 2=4-H z=v5 +iv10
2 Find z + 2* and 22* for:
ac=6-3i 9b 2=1045i c a 2=V5-3iv5
3 Write each of the following in the form a + bi.
3-51 p 345i 28-31 a 2ti
843i 6-8: oOT=i 144 Chapter 1
(3-412
l+i
5 Given that z= 1 +i,
4 Write
in the form x + iy where x, y ER.
= 2+ iand 2, =3 +i, write each of the following in the form a + bi.
a= b
: eae : :
© 6 Given that =2-i, find z in the form a + bi (2 marks)
7 Simplify sos + & giving your answer in the form a + bi.
8 we—4
8-i2
Express w in the form @ + biv2, where a and b are rational numbers.
ow 9i
Express 4; in the form a + i, where @ and 6 are rational numbers.
10 2=4-iy
‘Use algebra to express = 4 in the form p + giv2, where p and g are rational numbers.
11 The complex number = satisfies the equation (4 + 2i)(2 - 2i) = 6 - i
Find z, giving your answer in the form a + bi where a and b are rational numbers. (4 marks)
12. The complex numbers 2; and 23 are given by 2; = p - Tiand 23 = 2 + Si where p is an integer.
Find =! in the form a + bi where @ and } are rational, and are given in terms of p. _ (Amarks)
5 + di. z* is the complex conjugate of 2.
Show that = = a + bivS, where a and b are rational numbers to be found. (4 marks)
14 The complex number = is defined by z a DER p>0.
Given that the real part of zis 4, 7
a find the value of p (4imarks)
b write z in the form a + bi, where a and b are real. (1 mark)
@® Roots of quadratic equations
= For real numbers a, b and c, if the roots of the quadratic equation az” + bz + c= Oare
non-real complex numbers, then they occur as a conjugate pair.
Another way of stating this is that for a real-valued quadratic function f(2), if 2 is a root of f(z) = 0
then z,* is also a root. You can use this fact to find one root if you know the other, or to find the
original equation.
= If the roots of a quadratic equation are
azand 8, then you can write the equation — (EENEED) Roots of complex valued polynomials
as (z-a)(z~- 4) =0 are often written using Greek letters such as
Ipha),
62-68 MEF OB-0 a (alpha), 3 (beta) and + (gamma). G@®) 5 Given that
Complex numbers
Given that «= 7 + 2iis one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
a state the value of the other root, 3
b find the quadratic equation
€ find the values of a + and a3 and interpret the results.
a §s7-2)
’ (-a)le- 9) =0-44
(2 -(7 + 2i)Mz - (7 - 21) =O
— 27 — 2i) — (7 + 2i) + (7 + 2iN7 - 2i)
44944=0-44
-1424+53=0
ce a+f=(7 + 2i) + (7 -2i)
=(747)4(24 (2214 ecu
The coefficient of 2 in the above equation is (a + 8). Forsmar ea vous hould lean theresuliet
OG = (7 + 217 — 2i) = 49 - 14 + 141 - 42 "
=4944=53 seer
a ata
The constant term in the above equation is a3 .
You can use these to find the quadratic
equation quickly.
brat
1 The roots of the quadratic equation =? + 22 + 26= 0 are a and 9.
Find: a aand 3 bats © af
2 The roots of the quadratic equation z* - 8z + 25 = 0 are a and 3.
Find: a aand 3 bats © a8
® 3 Given that 2 + 3i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
a write down the other root of the equation (1 mark)
b find the quadratic equation, giving your answer in the form 2 + bz + ¢=0
where b and c are real constants. (3 marks)
® 4 Given that 5 — iis a root of the equation 2? + pz + g = 0, where p and g are real constants,
a write down the other root of the equation (1 mark)
b find the value of p and the value of . (3 marks)
—5 + iis one of the roots of the quadratic equation
22 +.b2 + e=0, where b and c are real constants, find the values of b and c. (4 marks)
2) 6 Given that 1 + 2i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
find the equation giving your answer in the form 2? + bz + ¢= 0 where band ¢
are integers to be found. (4 marks)
9 Chapter 1
7 Given that 3 — Si is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
find the equation giving your answer in the form z? + bz + c= 0 where b and ¢
are real constants, (4 marks)
8 2255
a Find z in the form a + bi, where a and 4 are real constants. (1 mark)
Given that z is a complex root of the quadratic equation x? + px + q = 0, where p and q
are real integers,
b find the value of p and the value of g. (4 marks)
9 Given that 2 = 5 + qi is a root of the equation 2? - 4pz + 34 = 0, where p and q are positive
real constants, find the value of p and the value of g. (4 marks)
@® Solving cubic and quartic equations
You can generalise the rule for the roots of quadratic equations to any polynomial with real coefficients.
= If f(z) isa polynomial with real
coefficients, and z, is a root of f(z) = 0, ED ir ayis reat then t= 2.
then ,* is also a root of f(z) = 0.
You can use this property to find roots of cubic and quartic equations with real coefficients.
= An equation of the form az? + bz? + cz + d= is called a cubic equation, and has three roots.
= Fora cubic equation with real coefficients, either: Mimeeeane
+ allthree roots are real, or equation might have two, or three,
+ one root is real and the other two roots forma repeated real roots.
complex conjugate pair.
Given that 1 is a root of the equation 25-2? +32 +k =0,
a find the value of k b find the other two roots of the equation.
a If-1is.a root,
(1? - (1° + 3-1) +k =0
~i-1-34+k=0
k=5
b -11s a root of the equation, soz + Tis a Pree waenne
Use the factor theorem to help: if f(a) = 0, then
avis root of the polynomial and > ~ exis a factor
of the polynomial.
10 Complex numbers
Solving 22-22 +5 =0,
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So the other two roots of the equation are
1+ 2iand 1-21
= An equation of the form az‘ + bz? + cz? + dz +
Qis called a quartic equation, and has four
roots.
= For a quartic equation with real coefficients, either: CEEZED A rcat-vatues
+ all four roots are real, or ‘quartic equation might have
+ two roots are real and the other two roots form a Tepetied reel roots onrepested)
complex conjugate pair, or ‘complex roots.
+ two roots form a complex conjugate pair and the
other two roots also form a complex conjugate pair.
Given that 3 +1 is a root of the quartic equation 2z* - 323 - 3927 + 1202 - 50 = 0, solve the
equation completely.
Another root is 3 —
So (2 - (3 + iz - 3 - i))is a factor
of - 392% + 1207 - 50
€-B+i)e-B-)= (3 - i) — 2(3 +i) + (3 + NS - i)
-62+10
So 2? - Gz + 10 is a factor of 2:
(22 = Gz + 10\(az? + bz + 0) =
Consider 224:
The only 24 term in the expansion is 22 x a:
Secu
It is possible to factorise a
polynomial without using a
formal algebraic method. Here,
‘the polynomial is factorised by
41202- 50 ‘inspection’. By considering each
term of the quartic separately,
it is possible to work out the
missing coefficients.
1 Chapter 1
[Comsider-50, sid
The ony constant tennin the ewrarcion i (Gx 6 90.6 =
2r4 ~ 3:9 - 392? + 1202 ~ 50 = (2? ~ Gz + 10)(22? + 92-5)
Solving 227 + 92 - 5 =O:
= 3927 + 120: - 50 =O are
Show that z* + 4 is a factor of z* — 225 + 212? - 82 + 68.
Hence solve the equation 4 — 225 + 212? - 82 + 68 = 0.
Using ions division:
22417
224 4)4 — 223 + Diz? — Bz + GB
z
eee _— = Bt
+68
+66
°
So 24 — 229 + 212? — 62 + 6B = (2 + 4)(c? — 22 + 17) =
it +4 =Oorz?-224+17=0
Solving 2? - 22 + 17 = 0:
@- 12 +16=0
= 1? =-16
2
“4 cout
So the roots of =4 - 2:9 + 212? - 82 + 68= O are ‘aleulator to solve
2i,-2i, 1 + 4i and 1 - 41 22-224 17 =0. However, you
should still write down the
equation you are solving, and
FOOLS.
12 ©
@
©
f(z) 62" + 212-26
a Show that (2) = 0.
b Hence solve f(z) = 0 completely.
f(z) = 2:3 + 522+ 92-6
a Show that f{4) = 0.
b Hence write f(z) in the form (22 — 1)(
