PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – GRADE 12

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ____________________

Grade: ______________________________________ Section: ___________________

Quarter: 1 Week: 3 MELC(s): Differentiates the kinds of variables and their

uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3).
Title of Textbook/LM to Study: Practical Research 2 Kinds of Variables and Their
Uses SLM
Objectives:
1. Define what is a variable;
2. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses; and
3. Identify the independent and dependent variable from the given research title.

Let Us Discover

In this simplified self- learning module (SSLM), you will learn about the different kinds
and uses of variables and how it is important in the conduct of research. Now, let’s begin!

Activity 1. Code Me!

(A0Z25/ Number Substitution Cipher)
Instruction: Decipher the following terms that refer to the different kinds of variables. Write
your answer on the blank provided after the number code. Use the code below.

Example:
21-0-17-8-0-1-11-4-18 = variables

1. 8-13-3-4-15-4-13-3-4-13-19 = ______________________________
2. 14-17-3-8-13-0-11 = ______________________________
3. 13-14-12-8-13-0-11 = ______________________________
4. 3-8-18-2-17-4-19-4 = ______________________________
5. 3-4-15-4-13-3-4-15-19 = ______________________________

What is variable?
A variable is an entity that can take on different values. It is an aspect of a theory
that can vary or change as part of the interaction within a theory. It is also anything that
can affect or change the results of a study.

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021

What are the classifications of variables and its uses?
A variable may be classified as numeric, categorical, experimental, or non-
experimental.
Numeric Variables Categorical Variables
These variables refer to the values that These variables refer to the values that
describe a measurable numerical quantity describe a quality or characteristic of a
and answer the “how many” or “how much data unit like “what type” or “which
and are considered as quantitative data. category.”
Continuous/Interval Variables can Ordinal Variables can take a value
assume any value between a certain set which can be organized or ranked.
of real numbers depending on the scale Some examples are academic grades
used. Some of the examples are time such as 100, 95, 90 and clothing size
height (5’,6’2”) and weight (25.7kg, 156g). such as X, L, M, S.
Discrete Variables can only assume Nominal Variables can take a value
any whole value within the limits of the which cannot be organized in a logical
given variables. Some examples are the sequence or it is used for identification
number of registered cars (1000 cars) and or classification only. Some examples
number of business locations (5 business are eye colors (Black, Brown or Grey)
location). and kinds of religion (Roman Catholic,
Experimental Variables Buddhism or Islam).
These variables that determine causal Dichotomous Variables represent
relationships. only two categories. Some examples are
Independent Variables presumed to cause gender (male and female) and veracity
changes in another variable. These are (true or false).
usually manipulated in an experiment and
Polychotomous Variables consists of
also known as causal variable.
many categories. Some examples are
Dependent Variables that change because
of another variable. These are usually educational attainment (elementary, high
affected by the manipulation of the school, college, graduate and post
independent variables. These variables that graduate) and performance level
are being monitored in an experiment and (excellent, very good, good, satisfactory
also known as the effect variable. or poor).
Control Variable are held constant in an
experiment. It helps to identify the possible Non-Experimental Variables
differences in the outcomes as a result of
These variables which cannot be
controlling certain variables.
manipulated by the researcher.
Moderator Variable delineates how a
relationship of interests changes under Predictor Variables causes change
different conditions or circumstances. or affect other variables in a non-
Extraneous/ Intervening Variables are experimental study.
already existing during the conduct of an Criterion Variables are influenced by
experiment and could influence the result of the predictor variable in a non-
the study. They are known as covariate experimental study.
variables. Example: “Conduct of Guidance
Example: “The Effect of Playing Music on Counselling Programs and Degree of
Academic Performance of Students”.
Absenteeism and Drop-out Rate among
Independent Variable: Playing Music
Grade 8 students.
Dependent Variable: Academic Performance
Control Variable: Class Duration Predictor Variable: Conduct of Guidance
Moderator Variable: Genre of Music (Classical Counselling Programs
or Rock Music) Criterion Variable: Degree of
Extraneous Variable: Noise or Ventilation Absenteeism and Drop-out Rate

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021

 Let Us Try

Activity 2. Compare and Contrast Me!

Instruction: Use a Venn diagram to visually depict the similarities and differences between
the two variables of the following items below:

1. Continuous versus Discrete Variable

2. Ordinal versus Nominal Variable

3. Predictor versus Criterion Variable

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021

 Let Us Do

Let’s see how far you understand the lessons of these self-learning modules.

Activity 3: Group Me!

Instructions: Classify the following examples into what kind of variables. Put them into the
appropriate column they belong to.

time levels of satisfaction veracity

temperature teaching styles economic status
class size types of learners educational attainment
number of siblings gender learning delivery modalities
academic rating answer

Numeric Variables Categorical Variables

Continuous Discrete Ordinal Nominal Dichotomous Polychotomous

Activity 4: Look for Me!

Instruction: Identify the independent and dependent variable in a given research title.

1. The attitude of adults and older people towards online banking.

Independent Variable _______________________________________________
Dependent Variable: _______________________________________________

2. Exploring students’ learning styles in using mobile flipped classrooms.

Independent Variable: ________________________________________________
Dependent Variable: ________________________________________________

3. Learning styles and teaching styles determine students’ academic performances.

Independent Variable: ________________________________________________
Dependent Variable: ________________________________________________

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021

 Let Us Apply

Activity 5: Evaluate Me!

Directions: Analyze the sample situations and identify various variables present on them. Put
them in the appropriate boxes.

1. A researcher wishes to conduct a study on the growth rate of milkfish cultured in the
fishpond using fish meal as supplemental feeds. There are two compartments in the
fishpond used as experimental groups, namely, (1) milkfish fed with meal, and (2) milkfish
fed with bread meal. But there is an ecological factor such as pH, salinity, and oxygen
content of water might affect the growth rate of milkfish.

Independent Variable Extraneous Variable Dependent Variable

2. Suppose an investigator wants to determine the effect of NCEE percentile rank on

achievement with consideration of as age, sex, socio-economic background, values, and
attitudes that could possibly contribute to the effect on achievement.

Independent Variable Extraneous Variable Dependent Variable

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021

 References

Calmorin, M. and Calmorin,L. (June 2003). Methods of Research and Thesis Writing.
Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Faltado, R. Bombita, M., Boholano, H., & Pogoy, A. (2016). Practical Research 2:
Quantitative Research. Quezon City, Philippines. Lorimar Publishing House.

Cristobal, A. et al (2017) Practical Research for SHS 2. C&E Publishing Inc

Melegrito, M.L. and Mendoza, D.J., Applied Research: An Introduction to

Quantitative Research Methods and Report Writing

SSLM Development Team

Writer: EDEN F. ANDO
Evaluator: Yolka A. Barbecho
Illustrator:
Creative Arts Designer:
Education Program Supervisor – Edilbert A. Reyes
Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resources: Sally A. Palomo
Curriculum and Instruction Division Chief: Juliet F. Lastimosa
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent: Carlos G. Susarno, Ph. D.
Schools Division Superintendent: Romelito G. Flores, CESO V

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021