SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED

RANIPOOL GANGTOK EAST SIKKIM, 737135

Overview Of Extra High Voltage

Substation.
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: SUBMITTED BY: Samuel Namgyal

Bhutia

SHRI VISHWESH BHATT ROLL NO. B200110EE

(Asst. Manager) EEE DEPARTMENT NIT SIKKIM

3RD YEAR 5TH SEMESTER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
It’s was great for being a part of PGCIL (Power Grid Corporation of India
Limited) which is the largest organization for India's principal electric power
transmission company in India.
This acknowledgement is a way by which I am getting an opportunity to show
sense of gratitude and obligation to all the peoples who have provided me with
inspiration and guidance during the preparation of the training report.
Firstly, I would like to thank SHRI.KUNMUN SWAIN HR (DEPUTY MANAGER)
who allows me to take Training at Power Grid Corporation of India.
I would like to thank SHRI. VISHWESH BHATT (Asst. Manager at power grid
Gangtok) under whom I was doing my Vocational Training. It was very grateful
to gain such a wonderful experience and gain deep knowledge about the
electric power transmission.
I would also like to thank DR. DHANANJAY TRIPATHI (FIC) of Training and
Placement Cell, Nit Sikkim to issue me LOR for my Industrial training. I would
also like to thank Executive Engineer Shri Rajdeep Kumar Prasad for his
guidance and kind support. And would also like to thank Sourav Mallick (HOD)
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for allowing me to take part in the
Industrial Training.
Last but not the least I would like to thank to all the workers of the plant who
help me by sharing their valuable knowledge about the Equipment’s and
Devices etc.
ABOUT RANIPOOL PGCIL SUBSTATION
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited is an Indian statutory corporation under
the jurisdiction of Ministry of Power, Government of India and is headquartered in Gurugram,
India and engaged mainly in transmission of bulk power across different states of India. Power
Grid transmits about 50% of the total power generated in India on its transmission network.

The Power grid Corporation of India Gangtok substation is located near Gangtok in a place called
Ranipool. The branch was established in 2005.
Primarily, the compound encapsulates a 132kV and 66kV switchyard, control room, quarters for
staff, and entertainment hall. The transmission through PGCIL covers about 80% of Sikkim. Its main
objective was to link the Sikkim state department’s transmission line with the Indian transmission
line.
Supplying power to various substations across Sikkim. The areas include, Tadong, LLHP, Bulbulay,
Sherathang (66kV each). Receiving transmission from Rangpo I and II lines (132kV each) from
Rangpo.
 CONTENT
SL.NO TOPIC
1 About Ranipool substation

2 Interconnecting Transformer and their parts

3 Electrical bus bar and its type

4 Capacitive voltage transformer

5 PLCC (power line carrier communication)

6 OPGW (optical ground wire)

7
Electrical substation component and their working
➢ Instrument transformer
➢ Current transformer
➢ Lightening arrester
➢ Wave trap
➢ SF-6 Circuit breaker

8 Relay

9 Isolator

10 Battery

11 Conclusion
Interconnecting transformer

Interconnecting transformer are used to interface a distribution generation (DG) unit with
an existing power system, and to provide the necessary isolation. Utilities recommend
using an interconnecting transformer to eliminate possible zero sequence or dc
components in the generated voltages, and to increase the protection.

Interconnecting transformer is used to connect two systems together. Suppose there are
two Generating plants in a thermal power plant. One is Plant A (Old plant) having 50MW
generators generating at 11KV and other is Plant B (New Plant) having 200MW generators
generating at 33KV. Now to connect these two together ICT is used, it works as a common
link b/w two. If Plant A trips, then Plant B supplies power to Plant A through ICT to keep
critical auxiliaries running and vice versa.

The impact of interconnecting transformer on the protection of the utility system with DG
Furthermore, the transformer can be considered as a filter inductor, hence, it improves the
quality of the current injected by the DG unit. Transformer connections play a key role in
how the DG unit affects the utility system and how the utility system affects the DG unit.

There is no universally accepted “best” connection for the interconnection transformer.

Each connection has its own advantages and disadvantages. The advantages and
disadvantages of the various configurations depend on the local installation, the generator,
and the utility system grounding requirements.
Nameplate Details
Transformer – Principle of operation

A transformer is a static device that works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When
an alternating current flows in the primary winding of a transformer, a varying electromagnetic
field is generated which induces EMF in the secondary winding. The magnitude of the induced
EMF is proportional to the turn’s ratio.

1. Insulation

Insulation is the most important part of transformers. Insulation failures can cause the most
severe damage to transformers. Insulation is required between the windings and the core,
between windings, between each turn of the winding and between all current-carrying parts
and the tank. The insulators should have high dielectric strength, good mechanical properties
and high-temperature withstand ability. Synthetic materials, paper, cotton etc are used as
insulation in transformers.

The core, winding and insulation are the most basic parts of a transformer and are present in all
types.

2. Tank

The main tank is a part of a transformer serves two purposes:

1. Protects the core and the windings from the external environment.
2. Serves as a container for oil and support for all other transformer accessories.

1. Terminal and bushings

For connecting incoming and outgoing cables, terminals are present in transformers. They are
mounted upon the bushings and is connected to the ends of the windings.

Bushings are insulators that forms a barrier between the terminals and the tank. They are
mounted over the transformer tanks. They serve as a safe passage for the conductors
connecting terminals to the windings. They are made from porcelain or epoxy resins.

7. Oil Conservators

The oil conservator is moved on the top of the transformers and is located well above the tank
and bushings. Normally a rubber bladder is present in some oil conservators. The transformer
oil expands and contracts with an increase and decrease in temperature. The oil conservator
provides adequate space for oil expansion. It is connected to the main tank through a pipe. A
level indicator is fitted to the conservator to indicate the oil level inside.

8. Breather

Breather is present in all oil-immersed transformers that have a conservator tank. It is necessary
to keep the oil-free from moisture. As the temperature variations cause the transformer oil to
expand and contact, air flows in and out of the conservator tank. This air should be free from
moisture. Breather serves this purpose.

A breather is attached to the end of the air pipe such that the air enters and exits the
conservator through it. The silica gel present in the breathers removes moisture from the air and
delivers moisture-free air to the conservator.

10. Explosion vent

An explosion vent acts as an emergency exit

for oil and air gases inside a transformer. It is
a metallic pipe with a diaphragm at one end,
held slightly above the conservator tank.
Faults occurring under oil elevates the
pressure inside the tank to dangerous
levels. Under such circumstances, the
diaphragm ruptures at a relatively low pressure to release the forces from within the
transformer to the atmosphere.

11. Tap changers

Tap changers are used to adjust the secondary voltage of

transformers. They are designed to change the turns ratio of
the transformer as required. There are two types of tap
changers: On-load tap changers and Off-load tap changers.

On-Load tap changers

Off-load tap changers are designed to operate only when

the transformer is not supplying any loads whereas on-load
tap changers are capable of operating without interrupting
the current flow to the load. Automatic tap changers are also available.

12. Buchholz relay

Buchholz relay is one of the most important parts of oil-immersed transformers rated over
500kVA. It is an oil and gas actuated relay that is used to sense faults occurring in the parts
immersed in the oil.

Short circuits occurring under the transformer oil generate enough heat to decompose the oil
into hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane etc. These gases gradually move towards the
conservator tank through the connecting pipe. Buchholz relay, which is mounted on the pipe
connecting the conservator tank and the main tank, senses these gases and activates the trip
and alarm circuits. The trip circuit opens the circuit breaker supplying current to the primary
winding and interrupts the current flow.

MoG in transformer

Magnetic Oil Level gauge or MOG is provided in a Power Transformer to indicate the level of
insulating oil in the Conservator. A decrease in level of Transformer Oil in Conservator is an
indication of leak and therefore MOG level is an important parameter to be monitored.

: Normally all Transformers are provided with an expansion vessel called Conservator, to take care of
expansion in the oil volume due to rise in temperature, when the load on the Transformer increases
or due to increase in ambient temperature. The oil level in the Conservator consequently goes up
and conversely it fall when temperature or load reduces. It is essential that oil level in the
conservator tank to be maintained at a pre-determined minimum level. Therefore all large
Transformers are fitted with a Magnetic Oil Level Gauge, which are incorporated with mercury switches
which operates when oil level in the Conservator goes below minimum level and generate an alarm or Trip
contact.
Cooling fan fins
Lightning Arrester
lightning arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting the continuity of
supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be
protected at the substation.Working Principle of Lightning Arrester

The arrestor provides a conducting path to the waves of relatively low impedance between the line
and the ground when it receives a surge.

The lightning arrester provides a path of low impedance only when the travelling surge reaches the
surge diverter, neither before it nor after it. The insulation of the equipment can be protected if the
shape of the voltage and current at the diverter terminal is similar to the shape shown below.
Location of Lightning Arrester

In an extra-high voltage AC system, the surge diverter is used to protect the generators,
transformers, bus bars, lines, circuit breakers, etc. In HVDC system the arrester is used to protect the
buses, valves converter unit reactors, filter, etc.

Wave Trap Working Function & Purpose of Line Trap:

Wave trap is used to create a high impedance to the carrier wave high-frequency communication
entering into unwanted destinations typically substation.

Carrier wave communication uses up to 150kHz to 800kHz frequency to send all the communication.
These high-frequency damages the power system components which are designed to operate 50 or
60 Hz. Wave traps are also called line traps.

It consists of an inductor coil which is connected in series with the high voltage power system. Please
refer to the figure.

Wave trap Working principle

When the frequency increases, the inductive reactance will get increases. That’s why it creates high
impedance for high-frequency signal and low impedance for low-frequency signal. This unit prevents
the high-frequency carrier signal from entering the power circuits.

Coupling Capacitor:

A coupling capacitor is used to receive a high-frequency communication signal. As the capacitor

creates low impedance for a high-frequency signal. As the capacitor principle of capacitor creates
low impedance for a high-frequency signal.

As the frequency increases, the impedance value decreases and the

frequency decreases the impedance increases.
SF6 Circuit Breakers – Construction, Types and Working
• CIRCUIT BREAKER, POWER SYSTEM, SUBSTATION, SWITCHGEAR

ictIn an SF6 Circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as the arc quenching medium.

The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb
free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high-pressure flow sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6) gas and an arc is struck between them.
The gas captures the conducting free electrons in the arc to form relatively immobile negative
ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation strength to
extinguish the arc.
Comparing to other circuit breaker types, the SF6 circuit breakers have been found to be very
effective for high power and high voltage service.
SF6 CBs are used in substations for all voltages ranging from 145 to 765 kV or even above.
Continuous currents up to 8000 A, and symmetrical interrupting ratings up to 63 kA at 765 kV and 80
kA at 230 kV.

Table of Contents

Construction of SF6 Circuit Breaker

The SF6 circuit breaker consists of two main parts:
1. The Interrupter Unit
2. The Gas System
Interrupter Unit
The interrupter unit of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving
contacts enclosed in a chamber..
The tips of fixed contact, moving contact, and arcing horn are coated with a copper-tungsten arc-
resistant material.
Since SF6 gas is costly, it is reconditioned and reclaimed using the suitable auxiliary system after
each operation of the breaker.

Gas System
Since the gas pressure is very high, a lot of care is to be taken to prevent gas leakage at joints by
providing perfect scaling.
The low and high-pressure systems are fitted with low-pressure alarms and set of lockout switches
which give a warning the moment the gas pressure drops below a certain value because otherwise
there will be a reduction in the dielectric strength and arc quenching ability of the breaker is
endangered.
If the danger limit is reached the safety devices immobilize the breaker. The overriding safety
devices see to it that a fault in the control circuit does not permit the compressor to build up
excessive pressure in the high-pressure reservoir or continue to pump gas into the atmosphere in
the event of a major leak.
The gas is stored in the high-pressure chamber at 16 atmospheres whereas the gas pressure on the
low-pressure side is 6.5 Barr.
The temperature is 20◦C in order to prevent liquefaction of gas in the high-pressure chamber at low
temperature; a heater is fitted in the high-pressure chamber. A thermostat is set to the switch on
when the ambient temperature falls below 16◦C.

Working of SF6 Circuit Breaker

The working of an SF6 circuit breaker is similar to the working of a normal circuit breaker we
discussed in previous articles.
In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by sulphur hexafluoride gas
(SF6) gas at a pressure of about 2.8 kg/cm2.

When the breaker operates, the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck between the
contacts. (For more details visit arcing phenomenon in a circuit breaker.)

The movement of the moving contact is synchronized with the opening of a valve. The valve permits
sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at 14 kg/cm2 pressure from the reservoir to the arc interruption
chamber.
The high-pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) rapidly absorbs the free electrons in the arc
path. It forms immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers.
The result is that the medium between the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric strength and
causes the extinction of the arc.

After the breaker operation (i.e., after arc extinction in circuit breaker), the valve is closed by the
action of a set of springs.
Properties of SF6 Gas
The important properties of SF6 circuit breaker are:
1. Toxicity
o SF6 is odourless, colourless, tasteless, and nontoxic in its pure state. It can,
however, exclude oxygen and cause suffocation.
2. Dielectric strength
o The dielectric strength increases with increasing pressure; and at three
atmospheres, the dielectric strength is roughly equivalent to transformer oil.
3. Arc quenching
o SF6 is approximately 100 times more effective than air in quenching
spurious arcing. SF6 also has a high thermal heat capacity that can absorb
the energy of the arc without much of temperature rise.
4. Electrical properties
o The excellent dielectric properties of SF6 are due to the electronegative
character of its molecules. It has a pronounced tendency to capture free
electrons forming heavy ions with low mobility making the development of
electron avalanches very difficult.
o Because of the arc quenching ability of SF6, corona and arcing in SF6 does
not occur until way past the voltage level of onset of corona and arcing in air.
SF6 will slowly decompose when exposed to continuous corona.
5. Chemical properties
o SF6 fully satisfied the valence requirements of the sulfur molecule. Its
molecular structure is octahedral with a fluorine molecule at each apex. The
six bonds are covalent which accounts for the exceptional stability of this
compound.
o SF6 can be heated without decomposition to 500°C in the absence of
catalytic metals. SF6 is non-flammable and hydrogen, chlorine, and
oxygen have no action on it. SF6 is insoluble in water and is not attacked by
acids.
6. Toxicity of arc products
o Toxic decomposition products are formed when SF6 gas is subjected to an
electric arc. The decomposition products are metal fluorides and form a
white or tan powder.
o Toxic gases are also formed which have the characteristic odor of rotten
eggs.
Safety and Maintenance of SF6 Circuit Breaker
The maintenance of the sf6 circuit breaker is necessary because of their importance for routine
switching and for the protection of other equipment.
Electric transmission system breaks up and equipment destruction can occur if a circuit breaker fails
to operate due to lack of preventive maintenance.
Breakers that remain idle for 6 months or more should be made to open and close several times in
succession to verify proper operation and remove any accumulation of dust or foreign material on
moving parts and contacts.
In addition, the gases have a pungent unpleasant odour, which gives adequate warning of their
presence.
The very long life of SF6 circuit breaker contacts means that, in the majority of cases, the contacts
and nozzles will never have to be changed, minimizing the problem of maintenance, although
periodic routine checks on the acidity of the gas will be necessary to ensure that the absorbing agent
is still active and efficient.
Electrical Bus-Bar and its Types

Definition: An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductors used for collecting electric
power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. In other words, it is a type of
electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical current meets. Thus, the electrical bus bar
collects the electric power at one location.

The bus bar system consists the isolator and the circuit breaker. On the occurrence of a fault, the circuit
breaker is tripped off and the faulty section of the busbar is easily disconnected from the circuit.

The small substation where continuity of the supply is not essential uses the single bus bar. But in a large
substation, the additional busbar is used in the system so that the interruption does not occur in their supply.
The different type of electrical busbar arrangement is shown in the figure below.

Single Bus-Bar Arrangement with sectionalization

Such type of arrangement uses two types of busbars namely, main busbar and the auxiliary bus bar. The
busbar arrangement uses bus coupler which connects the isolating switches and circuit breaker to the busbar.
The bus coupler is also used for transferring the load from one bus to another in case of overloading. The
following are the steps of transferring the load from one bus to another.

1. The potential of both the bus bar kept same by closing the bus coupler.
2. The bus bar on which the load is transferred is kept close.
3. Open the main bus bar.

Thus, the load is transferred from the main bus to reserve bus.

Advantages of Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement

• The continuity of the supply remains same even in the fault. When the fault occurs on
any of the buses the entire load is shifted to another bus.
 • The repair and maintenance can easily be done on the busbar without disturbing their
continuity.
• The maintenance cost of the arrangement is less.
• The potential of the bus is used for the operation of the relay.
• The load can easily be shifted on any of the buses.

Disadvantages of Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement

• In such type of arrangements, two bus bars are used which increases the cost of the
system.
• The fault on any of the bus would cause the complete shutdown on the whole
substation.

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT) or Capacitor Coupled Voltage Transformer (CCVT) is

a switchgear device used to convert high transmission class voltage into easily measurable values,
which are used for metering, protection, and control of high voltage systems.
Additionally, a CVT/CCVT used as coupling capacitors for coupling high-frequency power line carrier
signals to the transmission line.

The capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is used for line voltmeters, synchroscopes, protective relays,
tariff meter, etc. A voltage transformer VT is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra
high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective
relay.
Capacitor type VT is used for voltages 66 kV and above. At such voltages cost of the electromagnetic
type, VTs tends to be too high.

Working of Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT/CCVT)

The capacitors connected in series act like potential dividers provided the current taken by the burden
is negligible compared with the current passing through the series-connected capacitors.

Circuit Representation of CVT or CCVT

Generally, high voltage capacitors are enclosed in a porcelain housing. A large metal sheet box at the
base encloses the tuning coil intermediate transformer.
In an electrical power substation, Capacitor Voltage Transformer in combination with Wave Trap is
placed at the sending and receiving ends of the substation. At the receiving end, they are found just
after lightning arrester and before line isolator.

Basic diagram of a Capacitor Coupled Voltage Transformer

Construction of
Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
(CCVT)
Capacitor voltage
transformer consists
of a series of capacitors
connected in series on
top of a tank. The
electromagnetic unit is
inside the tank.
The electromagnetic
unit consists of an
• inductive
transformer(5),
• a series reactor (8)
and
• auxiliary elements.
The high-frequency
terminal for the PLC
signal comes out of one
side through a piece of
resin that separates the capacitive unit from the inductive voltage transformer.
The medium voltage inductive voltage transformer is immersed in mineral oil and housed inside a
hermetically sealed metallic tank.
The secondary terminals are located inside a box enabling connections and has space with protection
elements such as fuses or circuit breakers.
Applications of CVT
Some of the important applications of CVT are:
• Voltage Measuring: They accurately transform transmission voltages down to useable
levels for revenue metering, protection and control purposes.
• Insulation: They guarantee the insulation between the HV network and LV circuits
ensuring safety condition to control room operators.
• HF Transmissions: They can be used for Power Line Carrier (PLC) coupling.
• Transient Recovery Voltage: When installing in close proximity to HV/EHV Circuit
Breakers, CVT’s own High Capacitance enhance C/B short line fault / TRV performance.
Example of Applications
Some of the examples of the application of CVT (Capacitor Coupled Voltage Transformer) are,
1. Revenue metering.
2. Protection for high voltage lines and substations.
3. Transmission of high-frequency signals.

Dynamic Contact Resistance Measurement, DCRM

DCRM measures the contact Resistance during dynamic condition. Basically, it is the

measurement of Arcing contact resistance when contact travels.

How do we conduct this test and what are the results?

This test is conducted by DCRM kits available in market of many makes like SCOPE, DOBLE etc. we
extend the 220 V DC supply to the kit and form the kit 220 V DC is extended to the nearest point
of Trip Coil-1 & TC-2 and Closing Coil. By this manner we take the control to kit for closing / opening
of Breaker. For taking the Breaker Open / Close feedback to the kit, we connect the kit to the NO
contact of Auxiliary Switch of CB. Now, we need to get the travel of contacts, for that we connect
kit to the closing / opening lever via a Transducer. By this manner, we control the CB, Status of CB
and contact travel in kit.

DCRM kit now injects 100 A / 25 A current through the contacts and plot a curve of Current through
the contact during dynamic condition, Travel of contact and Dynamic Resistance with respect to
Time.
Power Line Carrier Communication | PLCC
Also called wired wireless, the Power Line carrier Communication (PLCC) has evolved a
long way from its earliest use in metering at remote locations to its present-day applications
in home automation, high speed internet access, smart grid etc.
Power Line Carrier Communication
PLCC system consists of three parts:
2. The terminal assemblies include the receivers’ transmitters and protective
relays.
3. The coupling equipment is the combination of line tuner, coupling capacitor
and the wave or line trap.
4. The 50/60 Hz power transmission line serves as path for relaying data in the
PLCC bandwidth.

OPGW - OPTICAL GROUND WIRE

OPGW or known as Optical Ground Wire is a type of cable or wire that is used in transmission lines
construction. It is also known as optical fibre composite overhead ground wire. It can serve as a grounding
wire, shielding wire, and at the same time a cable used for communication purposes.

OPGW contains a tubular structure with one or more optical fibres in it. It is then surrounded by layers of steel
and aluminium wire. It can be compared like an ASCR, except that steel is the one covering the tube with fibre
optics inside.

OPGW have the characteristic that there is no effect of high voltage induction on the data being transmitted
through the Fibbers. Hence this characteristic of the Fibre is taken into advantage to transmit the data along
the high-power transmission lines.
OPGW cable is run, or installed between the tops of high-voltage electricity pylons, steel, wood, or concrete
poles with appropriate fittings and attachments. The conductive part of the cable, in this case the steel serves
to bond adjacent towers to earth ground, and shields the high-voltage conductors from lightning strikes.

Advantages:
1. Relatively low-cost solution to provide Communication and Data backbone trunks.
2. No need to acquire land to lay down the fibre optic cable since Power Transmission Company has right of
way for its towers.
3. OPGW provides Power Companies an opportunity to use their towers for other purpose than power
transmission. They for a small investment can provide Extremely High-Capacity Links to the Telecom
sector.
4. Same optical equipment can be used as in case of underground optical fibre cables.
5. The data transmission capacity can be increased as and when needed by just upgrading the optical fibre
equipment. The fibre once installed remains the same for its lifetime of around 40 years.

Electrical Substation Components and Their Workings

The power grid is an essential element in the generation of electricity, transmission as well as
distribution systems. Electrical substations are mandatory for all the processes of the power grid. These
are essential devices used to generate electrical power from the substations. By changing the levels of
frequency, voltage, the required amount of electricity can be changed in substations for supplying
electricity to customers. An electrical substation is categorized into various types, such as generation,
pole mounted, indoor, outdoor, converter, distribution, transmission, switching substations. In some
cases, like thermal plant, several hydroelectric, and wind farm electricity generation system, one can
notice the collector substation, which can be useful for power transfer from several turbines in the only
transmission unit.

Instrument Transformer

Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of electrical quantities i.e.
voltage, current, power, energy, power factor, frequency. Instrument transformers are also used
with protective relays for protection of power system.

Basic function of Instrument transformers is to step down the AC System voltage and current. The
voltage and current level of power system is very high. It is very difficult and costly to design the
measuring instruments for measurement of such high -level voltage and current.

Advantages of Instrument Transformers

1. The large voltage and current of AC Power system can be measured by using small
rating measuring instrument i.e.., 5 A, 110 – 120 V.

2. By using the instrument transformers, measuring instruments can be standardized.

Which results in reduction of cost of measuring instruments. More ever the
damaged measuring instruments can be replaced easy with healthy standardized
measuring instruments.

Types of Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers are of two types –

 1. Current Transformer (C.T.)
2. Potential Transformer (P.T.)
Current Transformer (C.T.)

Current transformer is used to step down the

current of power system to a lower level to make it feasible to be measured by small rating
Ammeter (i.e.., 5A ammeter of a current transformer is shown in figure below.

Potential Transformer (P.T.)

Potential transformer is used to step down the voltage of power system to a lower level to make is
feasible to be measured by small rating voltmeter i.e., 110 – 120 V voltmeter.

Hence the secondary of a P.T. operates almost in open circuited condition. One terminal of
secondary of P.T. is earthed to maintain the secondary voltage with respect to earth which assures
the safety of operators.

Difference between C.T. and P.T.

Sl.
Current Transformer (C.T.) Potential Transformer (P.T.)
No.

1 Connected in series with power circuit. Connected in Parallel with Power circuit.

2 Secondary is connected to Ammeter. Secondary is connected to Voltmeter.

Secondary works almost in open circuited

3 Secondary works almost in short circuited condition.
condition.

Primary current depends on secondary

4 Primary current depends on power circuit current.
burden.

Primary current and excitation vary over wide range Primary current and excitation variation
5
with change of power circuit current are restricted to a small range.

One terminal of secondary is earthed to avoid the One terminal of secondary can be earthed
6
insulation break down. for Safety.

Secondary can be used in open circuit

7 Secondary is never be open circuited.
condition.

RELAY

The relay is an automatic protective and switching device which is capable of sensing abnormal
conditions in electrical circuits. These are operated to open or close the load contacts in response to
one or more electrical quantities like voltage and current. Relays are used in a wide variety of
applications like electric power systems, home appliances, automobiles, industrial equipment, digital
computers, etc.

FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTIVE RELAY

Protective relay has to sense a fault and perform the following four broad functions:
I. To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment from
the system as quickly as possible, thus minimising the trouble and damage caused by faults
when they do occur 2.
II. To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty section from the healthy system
in case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
III. To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable 4. To identify distinctly as to where
the fault has occurred

A relay: -
• Continuously Monitors Power System
• Sends a signal to Trip Circuit Breaker or Recloser during abnormal conditions (faults)

Types of relays in a substation: -

• Line (Distance and Differential)
• Transformer (Differential)
• Bus (Differential)
• Feeder (Overcurrent)

Classification of relay according to its application:

1. Over Voltage, Over Current, Over Power Relays

2. Under Voltage, Under Current, Under Power Relays
3. Directional or reverse current relays
4. Differential Relay
5. Distance relay

Difference between the directional and non-directional relays:

• Non directional relays are activated by only current flowing in the circuit to be protected.
• Directional relays are activated by power flowing in the specific direction. Hence it requires
both current and voltage of the circuit to be protected. It requires specific direction of
current flow.

1. DIFFERNTIAL RELAYS: A differential relay operates when the vector difference of two or
more electrical quantities in the circuit in which the relay is connected, exceeds a set value.
They are classified as: -

2. DIRECTIONAL RELAYS: - These relays work on the direction of current or power flow in
the circuit. It is an amplitude comparator Bus voltage being a reference, the direction of
current is compared with voltage.

➢ DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAYS

Directional Control is a design feature that is highly desirable for this type of a relay. With this
feature, an overcurrent unit is inoperative, no matter how large the current may be, unless the
contacts of the directional unit are closed.
DISTANCE RELAY
The distance relay is widely employed for the protection of very long high voltage transmissions lines and sub-
transmission lines which provide discrimination protection without employing pilot wires. A distance relay
operates by sensing the impedance to fault i.e., the working of a distance relay is based on the measurement
of the impedance of the line between the location of the relay and the fault point.

The distance relay measures the ratio V/I at the relay location which gives the measure of distance between
the relay and fault location. The impedance (resistance/reactance/admittance) of a fault loop is proportional
to the distance between the relay location and the fault point.

If the ratio V/I is less than Z (the impedance of the line section being protected) the relay will trip instantly. If
V/I is greater than Z, it indicates that the fault is beyond the protected line and the relay will not trip .

Time based relays

• Instantaneous Relay: An Instantaneous Relay is one in which there is no time delay
provided intentionally. As the current coil is an inductor, there would be a certain delay
to reach the current in the coil to its maximum value. These time delays are inherent in
the instantaneous relay but no other time delay is intentionally added. These relays can
be operated in less than 0.1 sec.

• Definite Time Lag Relay: During relay coordination in electrical power system protection
scheme, there is some time intentionally required, to operate some specific relays after
some specific time delays. This delay does not depend up on magnitude of actuating
quantity. For all actuating quantity, above pick up values, the relay operating time is
constant.

• Inverse Time Lag Relay: In this type of relays, the time of operation depends upon the
magnitude of actuating quantity. If the magnitude of actuating quantity is very high, the
relay operation is very fast. In other words, the relay operating time that is time delay in
the relay is inversely proportional to the magnitude of actuating quantity.

• Inverse Definite Minimum Time Relay: IDMT relay is inverse definite minimum time
relay. It is one in which Time of operation is inversely proportional to magnitude of fault
current near pickup value and becomes substantially constant slightly above the pickup
value of the Relay. Modern IDMT relays have digital displays also where you can see the
value of the current flow. Now when the current flow exceeds the limit, the IDMT relay
starts its work. As we know the operation time of the IDMT really depends upon the
magnitude of the current. So, according to the magnitude of the current, the relay
actuates. Once the relay is actuated the circuit breaker got a signal from the relay and it
will break the circuit to turn off the power supply.
ISOLATOR IN SUBSTATION

The isolator is one type of electrical switch, used to isolate the circuit whenever the flow of current
has been disrupted. These switches are named as disconnected switches, and it works under a no-
load condition. Isolators are not inbuilt by arc-quenching apparatus, and they don’t have any particular
current-making or current-breaking capacity. In some situations, it is used to break the current
charging of the line of transmission.

Batteries
In large power stations or substations, the operation of lighting, relay system, or control circuits are
powered by batteries. These batteries are connected to a particular accumulator cell based on the
operating voltage of the particular DC circuit.

The batteries are

classified into two
types namely acid-
alkaline as well as
lead acid. Lead
acid batteries are
applicable for
substations, power
stations due to
their high voltage & very economical low voltage.
Conclusion
From the Industrial Training the constructional, working, about the Equipment’s & devices, power
and transmission management system and many more things was understood.

Training was carried out during the maintenance of the switchyard so got chance to

explore and interact to all possible Equipment’s and devices which were used in the switchyard and
also learn their maintenance procedure and procedure for placing the equipment’s and devices to
their eject locations with taking all safety measures.

The training also bridges the gap between theory and the industrial knowledge.

REFERENCES
Manual provided by Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-an-instrument-transformer-types-and-their-differences/

https://studyelectrical.com/2014/07/sulphur-hexaflouride-sf6-circuit-breaker-construction-working-
advantages.html

https://www.electrical4u.net/transmission/wave-trap-working-function-purpose-of-line-trap/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_relay

Note: all picture attached were taken by self through smartphone

Some Glimpse Of Industrial Training AT PGCL

Picture Taken at Gangtok Substation, Ranipool
CONTROL PANEL
Maintenance of SF6-Circuit Breaker

Fixed Contact Moving Contact Cleaning to put O-ring

THANK YOU