Transportation - movement of goods and people Water Pipelines - probably the most

from place to place or from one point to another common

Engineering - art or science of making practical B) Air Transportation - movement of passengers

application of the knowledge of pure sciences and freight by any conveyance that can sustain
controlled flight; provides vital connectivity on
Transportation Engineering - application of a national, regional, and international scale;
technology and scientific principles any mode of helps generate trade, promote tourism, and
transportation create employment opportunities

COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION C) Land Transportation - movement of people,

OPERATIONS AND NETWORK (RIV) animals or goods from one location to another
location on land
A) Road Users - drivers, passengers,
pedestrianTransportatio etc. who use the streets 2 Categories:
and highways 1. Road Transport
2. Railway Transport
Human Element - most complex element of
the traffic system D) Maritime Transportation – also called as
Fluvial Transport or Waterborne Transport;
B) Transportation Infrastructure or Roadways - transport of people or goods via waterways
system of public works designed to facilitate
movement DISCIPLINES IN TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING (GP2T)
Physical Components on Transport
Infrastructure: A) Transportation Planning - involves the
1. Bridges development of a transport model which will
2. Tunnels accurately represent both the current as well as
3. Pavements future transportation system
4. Rail Tracks
5. Culverts True: It can influence everything from
6. Wharfs business to recreation to quality of life
7. Aprons
8. Pipes 3 Cs: Comprehensive, Cooperative and
Continuing process
C) Vehicle – means of transportation
B) Geometric Design - deals with physical
TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS (MLT) - set proportioning of other transportation facilities;
of links, nodes, and means that represent the includes the cross-sectional features, horizontal
infrastructure alignment, vertical alignment and intersections

A) Means of Transportation - different kinds of C) Pavement Analysis and Design - deals with the
transport facilities used for moving goods and structural design of roads, both (bituminous or
people from one location to the other; bus, train, flexible pavements and concrete or rigid
airplane, ship, car pavements)

B) Transportation Link - linear spatial object that 1. Structural Design - ensures the
describes the geometry and connectivity of a pavement has enough strength to
transport network between two points withstand the impact of loads

True: The increase in concentration of 2. Functional Design - emphasizes on the

business economies helps improve riding quality
performance and increases productivity.
3. Drainage Design - protects the
C) Transport Terminal or Nodes - central and pavement from damage due to water
intermediate locations; any location where infiltration
freight and passengers either originates,
terminates, or is handled in the transportation D) Traffic Engineering - covers a broad range of
process engineering applications with a focus on the
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION (PALM) - safety of the public, the efficient use of
different ways of transportation or transporting transportation resources, and the mobility of
people or goods people and goods; involves a variety of
engineering and management skills, including
A) Pipeline Transportation - long-distance design, operation, and system optimization
transportation of a liquid or gas through a
system of pipes OTHER IMPORTANT DISCIPLINES IN
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (FIAPE)
 D) Road transport saves time
A) Public Transportation or Mass
Transportation - study of the transportation E) Speed of movement is directly related with the
system that meets the travel need of several severity of accidents.
people by sharing a vehicle
F) Road transport is the only means of transport
B) Financial and Economic Analysis that offers itself to the whole community alike.

True: Transportation facilities require large HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF

capital investments. Financial evaluation HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
tries to quantify the return from a project.
Rome/Romans - pioneers in road construction
C) Environmental Impact Assessment
Foot - first mode of transport
True: Transportation, in spite of its benefits
to the society is a major contributor to the Animals - next major mode of transport, for next
above concern. major mode of transport

Primary Impacts: invention of Wheel - Mesopotamian civilization;

1. Fuel Consumption led to the development of animal drawn vehicles
2. Air Pollution
3. Noise Pollution Assyrian Empire - earliest authentic record of road

D) Accident Analysis and Reduction Roman Roads - earliest large-scale road

construction
Transportation - One of the silent killers of
humanity French Roads - next major development in the
road construction occurred during the regime of
E) Intelligent Transport System Napoleon

DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY (SEE) British Roads - British engineer John Macadam

introduced what can be considered as the first
SUSTAINABILITY - ability to be maintained at a scientific road construction method.
certain rate or level; focuses on meeting the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of Modern Roads - follows Macadam's construction
future generations to meet their needs method

A) Environmental or Planet - Managing the SCOPE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

effects of human activities
Highway Engineering - science and technology
B) Economic or Profit - Managing the financial associated with road engineering
transactions
C) Social or People - Allowing human activity to
proceed in such a way that social relationships
between people and the many different cultures
around the world are not adversely affected

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD TRANSPORT

True: Road transport is one of the

most common modes of transport
True: Of all the modes of transport,
road transport is the nearest to the
people

A) Roads used various types of road vehicles like

passenger cars, buses, trucks, two or three
wheeled automobiles, pedal cycles and animal
drawn vehicles.
HIGHWAY PLANNING
B) Road transport requires a relatively small Planning is considered as a pre-requisite before
investment for the government. attempting any development program in the present
era
C) Road transport completely offer freedom to road
users to transfer the vehicles from one lane to CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS AND
another HIGHWAY TYPES
General Classifications: adopt” and also to “provide and authorize the
conversion of roads and highways from one
A) All-weather roads - negotiable during all category to another”
seasons of the year, except at major river
crossings
B) Fair-weather roads - traffic may be interrupted
during monsoon season

Classifications based on the type of

Carriageways or Road Pavements:

A) Paved Roads - roads with a hard pavement

surface
B) Unpaved Roads - roads without a hard
pavement; Earth roads and gravel roads
Methods of Classifying Roads:
Classifications based on the type of Pavement A) Traffic Volume or Flow - roads are classified as
Surfacing: heavy, medium and low volume road
B) Load transported or Tonnage - roads may be
A) Surfaced Roads - Road pavements with any classified as class L II etc. or class A, B etc. and
type of bituminous surface or cement concrete the limits may be expressed in terms of tons per
B) Un-surfaced Roads - roads which are not day
provided with bituminous or cement concrete
surfacing are called un-surfaced roads Classification of Highways According to System:
A) National Roads – Public Roads; Classified as
Philippine Highway Network - a network of Primary and Secondary roads
national roads owned and maintained by the B) Provincial Roads - These are roads connecting
Department of Public Works and Highways one municipality to another, with the terminal to
(DPWH) and organized into three classifications be the public plaza; plus roads extending from
according to their function or purpose: national one municipality or from a provincial or
primary, secondary, and tertiary roads. national road to a public wharf or railway
station
Executive Order (E.O) No. 483, s. 1951, C) City Roads - Roads / streets within the urban
“Establishing the Classification of Roads” - for the area of a city not classified as provincial or
purpose of classifying and establishing the limits of national roads.
public roads and fixing the responsibility for the D) Municipal Roads - Roads / streets within the
proper maintenance of the roads built or to be built, poblacion area of a municipality not classified
and upon the recommendation of the National as provincial or national roads.
Transportation Board. E) Barangay Roads - Roads located outside the
poblacion area of a municipality or urban area
Republic Act (R.A.) No. 917 or "Philippine of a city and those outside industrial,
Highway Act of nineteen hundred fifty-three" - an commercial or residential subdivision
Act to provide for an effective highway F) Tourism Road - marketed as particularly suited
administration, modify apportionment of highway for tourists
funds, give aid to the provinces, chartered cities, G) Farm to Market Road - roads linking the
and municipalities in the construction of roads and agriculture and fisheries production sites,
streets, and for other purposes coastal landing points and post-harvest facilities
to the market and arterial roads and highways
E.O. No. 113, s. 1955, "Establishing the
Classification of Roads" Road Classification According to Primary Function:

E.O. No. 124, s. 1987, the Department of Public A) Expressways - These are divided arterial
Works and Highways (DPWH), through the highways for through traffic, with full or partial
Secretary, was given the power to classify roads and control of access and generally with grade
highways based on “objective criteria it shall separations at major intersections.
B) Parkways - arterial highways for non-
commercial traffic with full or partial control of
access, usually located within a park or a ribbon
of park-like development.

HIGHWAY TYPES
A) 2-Lane Highways
B) 4-Lane Undivided Highways
C) Divided Highways

Six Recognizable Stages In Motor Vehicle Travel:

1. main movement
 2. transition
3. distribution
4. collection
5. access
6. termination

CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS
MAP - derived from the word “mappa” meaning
napkin, cloth, or sheet — just as we now speak of
map or topographic sheet; a graphic representation
of all of a portion of the earth’s surface or other
celestial body, by means of signs and symbol

A) Planimetric Maps - presentation of the earth's

surface in the two horizontal dimensions only

B) Topographic Maps - a representation of the

earth’s surface in three dimensions; used in the
design and planning of engineering projects
where information is needed regarding land
forms gradients, and elevations

Topography - refers to all the identifiable

features of the earth’s surface, weather
natural or artificial, which can be assigned in
specific position, measured on the basis of LETTERING on MAPS
three coordinates: x, y, and z.
Planimetry - measured in x and y, recording A considerable proportion of the information
only position and not the vertical extent of a presented on a map is conveyed by the lettered
particular feature names. It is most often that a map is judged by the
quality of the lettering on it.
C) Thematic Maps - made to deal with a specific
theme or subject, usually against some skeletal Three Styles of Letters Commonly Used for
topographic background; data is frequently in Engineering Plans and Maps:
the form of statistical information and can be
plotted in map form rather than in graph form A) Reinhardt Letters - single-stroke letters (the
thickness of lines in the letters is the same as the
D) Computer-Generated Maps - Electronic width of the single pen-line with which the
computers are now used to store cartographic letters are drawn); most easily and rapidly
information in digital form that can be processed made and standard practice for field notes
and retrieved in graphic form and notations on maps and drawings
B) Gothic Letters - The Gothic alphabet is
E) Photomaps - reproduction of an aerial generally used is classified as “sans serif”
photograph or a mosaic (an assembly of (without serifs); used for titles and in identifying
photographs) on which grid lines, contours, hypsographic names such as mountains, valleys
boundaries, placenames, and marginal and hills
information have been added or overprinted C) Roman Letters - used when diversity is
desirable and where elegance and beauty are
MEDIAN ARROWS (True, Grid, or Magnetic important considerations
Meridian)
MAP TITLES
Titles should be constructed that they will readily
catch the eye. The space occupied by the title
should be in proportion to the size of the map. Titles
on engineering drawings usually appear in the lower
right-hand corner of the sheet.

MAP SCALES
Scale refers to the relationship which the distance
between any two points on the map bears to the
corresponding distance on the ground.

A) Equivalence Scale - Scales may be expressed

as an equivalence or by words and figures. Such
expressions as 1 inch = 1 mile, 1 centimeter = 1
kilometer, and 3 inches = 200 feet, are
expressions of equivalence scales. Maps
intended for the design of engineering
 constructions are commonly plotted to this type MAP OR TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS -
of scale. drawings on the face of the map which are arranged
in the same horizontal relationship
Map Distance Unit = Ground Distance Unit
(different units) Semiotics - general theory of signs and
symbols or the study of signs and symbols
B) Scale Ratio (SR) or Representative Fraction and their use or interpretation
(RF) - The topographic maps prepared by most
mapping agencies are plotted to so-called Legend - every map contains a legend
“natural scales” which are expressed as ratios. showing the symbols used and what they
The scale of a map can be expressed as a ratio, represent
such as 1:5000, or as a fraction, as 1/5000. In
either case, 1 unit on the map corresponds to Types of Symbols
5,000 units on the ground. They must have the
same units Symbols are the graphic language of maps and their
size, shape, location and color all have special
significance.

A) Point Symbols - any kind of mark that by its

C) Graphical Scale or Bar Scale - a line graphic characteristics refers more to a place
subdivided into map distances corresponding to than it does to a line or area. It may represent:
convenient units of length on the ground 1. Dot - a city
2. Circle - the population of a locality
Classification of Map Scales 3. Triangle - a control station for a
A) Large-Scale Maps – Are those having scales of triangulation system
1:2,000 or larger and with contour intervals
ranging from 0.10 to 0.20 meters. B) Line Symbols - most versatile and widely used
B) Medium-Scale Maps – Are maps having scales in cartography; most common use of lines on
ranging from 1:2,000 to 1:10,000 and with maps is in portraying rivers, roads (show
contour intervals ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 exactly where it lies on a map), or
meters. They are also referred to as intermediate boundaries(may be employed to separate unlike
scales. areas); at a smaller scale it may be drawn to
C) Small-Scale Maps – Are maps having scales of show that two places are connected by a road
1:10,000 or smaller and with contour intervals
ranging from 5 to 2,000 meters. On other types of maps, traffic movement,
commodity flow, and migration are commonly
Rule-of-Thumb: “The map with the features drawn represented by lines of varying widths or graded
larger on it has the larger scale” visual importance and are generally called
"Flow Lines."
COLORS USED IN MAPS
Represented by: solid, dashed, or dotted
COLOR - used to emphasize certain features and to
attract attention for items of important significance C) Area Symbols - portray different types of
cartographic details such as bodies of water,
1. Black – Is used for all man-made or cultural vegetation, and various ground features. Such
features, political subdivisions, place names, grid features are illustrated by variations in color and
lines, and letterings on the map. pattern. The colors used can be either dark or
2. Blue – Is used for water or hydrographic features light, subdued or brilliant
such as reservoirs, rivers, lakes, canals, marshes,
ponds, and wetlands. Emphasis of Symbols
3. Green – Is used as a surface tint or cover overlay
for wooded areas and other forms of vegetation. It is A) Line Thickness and Color - To insure
suited to show such features as trees, grass, legibility, line weights used for all symbols
orchards, vineyards, forests, meadows, and crop. should always be of sufficient thickness. Bold
4. Brown – Is used to show relief or height features, lines are considered when portraying large or
and the configuration of the ground surface such as major features. When maps are drawn using
those portrayed by contours, contour numbers, different line weights or color, the map drawn
hachures, cuts and fills. becomes more interesting and easier to read.
5. Red – Is used to emphasize important roads and B) Size - It is always best to keep the size of
public land subdivision lines. symbols in proportion to the drawing or it may
6. Pink – Is used as a surface tint to portray built-up be varied with the scale of the map. Symbol
urban areas and the area sizes may be varied to indicate importance of a
coverage of large cities. feature.
7. Gray – A color used sometimes in place of C) Shape - Man-made objects have regular shapes,
brown. straight lines, and smooth curves. The shape of
natural features is irregular. Geometrically
shaped symbols such as circles, triangles, and
 squares are more commonly used to represent
features .
D) Pattern –
E) Shading - Shading of the symbols will add
dominance and allow emphasis to be given to
different features or to clarify a confusing layout
of symbols
MAP TITLES - the most important item in the title
is the name of the tract or feature which the map
represents, and this item should be given the most
emphasis. readily catch the eye. Lettering should be
simple in style rather than ornate

NOTES AND LEGENDS - given in maps to assist

in interpreting a drawing; They should be as brief as
possible, but at the same time should include
sufficient information

Legends – explains the meanings of the symbols

since other symbols used may not be standard

Notes - should cover special features pertaining to

the individual map

DUPLICATION AND REPRODUCTION OF

MAPS

A) Stenciling - an inexpensive duplicating system;

Drawings, letterings, and other map details are
cut into the stencil by hand with a stylus or by
the keys of a typewriter

Stencil Correction Fluid - When stencil

sheets are used, drafting mistakes can be
corrected and redrawn by painting-out with
an opaque material called a stencil
correction fluid

B) Direct Contact Positives – Uses Diazo

Machine. The drawing is placed face-up on a
printing paper sensitized with light sensitive
diazo compounds and exposed to the sun or any
ultraviolet light.

C) Direct Contact Negatives - A commonly

employed form of copying at the same scale as
the original is the standard blue-print process.

D) Photocopy Process - This process yields prints

in negative form on sensitized paper, without the
necessity of any intermediate film step.
Produces quality copies at desired sizes on
dimensionally stable materials thus making it
suitable during map compilation.

E) Xerography - one of the world's most

successful duplication systems. It was
developed by Xerox Corporation of America.
This is a dry process which does not involve
chemical solutions.

F) Micrographics - available in rolls, film

mounted aperture cards, and microfiche.
Microfiche is a sheet of transparent film, about
100 by 150 mm, which contains many small
microfilm strip set in rows.