Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 32 (2022) 100940

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/segan

An advanced control and protection integration scheme for microgrids

∗
Saad Alzahrani a,b , , Khalil Sinjari a , Joydeep Mitra a
a
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Assir, Saudi Arabia

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The increasing trend in integrating intermittent distributed energy resources (DERs) into AC microgrids
Received 28 February 2022 presents operational challenges in stability and protection. In islanded microgrids with power elec-
Received in revised form 2 September 2022 tronic interfaces, protection poses a major challenge due to the reduced level of short circuit currents
Accepted 22 September 2022
resulting from inverter output capabilities. However, traditional protection schemes that are utilized
Available online 3 October 2022
in distribution systems are no longer appropriate to protect the microgrid in the presence of different
Keywords: levels of fault currents. This paper develops an integrated control and protection framework based on
Fault current limiters state observer and fault current limiter (FCL) devices. The state observer has been developed to detect
Fault current and identify the faults that occur within multiple protection zones. In addition, controlled switches,
Microgrid consisting of FCLs, have been utilized to limit the fault currents and provide rapid switching during
Protection
the faults, thereby improving system reliability. An adaptive control and protection integration scheme
State observer
proposed in this paper has been applied to islanded microgrid configuration and is demonstrated to be
an effective means to protect the system and maintain the voltage and frequency within an acceptable
range with the capability of power continuity during both transient and persistent faults.
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Many strategies and several solutions for stability analysis and
protection of microgrid issues have been studied widely in the
A microgrid framework comprises a distribution system con- literature. Most of the research has been focused on the stability
figuration containing loads and distributed energy resources studies individually, while there are some researchers who have
(DERs) that can be operated in a controlled, coordinated way combined their approaches with the effectiveness of stability and
in two modes — grid-connected or islanded [1]. DERs supply or protection combinations to improve the robustness of proposed
absorb power by a combination of different resources, such as methods in practice. In [4], some examples of including voltage
photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine generation (WTG), and energy and frequency dependency besides primary control approaches
storage systems (ESS). All of these renewable energy technologies for microgrid stability have been demonstrated, while integra-
have to implement specific control strategies and be interfaced tion of control and protection systems of photovoltaic microgrids
with power electronic converters to regulate their output power, have been proposed in [5,6]. Three layered hierarchical control
voltage and frequency. However, protection still poses a major
architecture with different control strategies have been imple-
challenge for power quality, stability and reliability. On the one
mented to evaluate the combination of control and protection
hand, most inverters are not designed to tolerate fault currents
approach in [7]. There are other methods, such as those proposed
and can trip in the event of a fault, causing stability issues [2].
in [8,9] that could be applied to mitigate the fault current such
On the other hand, fault currents produced by inverters tend to
as modifying the protection system, limiting the capacity of dis-
be low, making it hard for relays to detect the fault and provide
appropriate protective responses [3]. Therefore, the conventional tributed generation, or using fault ride-through. However, these
protection schemes which provide appropriate solutions for tra- solutions would increase the cost and make the protection system
ditional distribution system would not be suitable to pick up the more complex. Authors in [10] propose two protection schemes
small contribution of fault currents in microgrid configuration. In of HIF detection and directional protection. A communication
addition, voltage and frequency in microgrids tend to fluctuate link in both methods can sometimes affect the reliability, and
more due to natural variability in power resources compared to directional methods have a limit in protecting the microgrid
traditional synchronous generators. under dual operation modes. Utilizing the magnitude and angle
of negative sequence impedance to detect the direction of asym-
∗ Corresponding author. metrical faults has been proposed by [11]. However, different
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Alzahrani), [email protected] topologies of microgrid operation are not considered. Authors
(K. Sinjari), [email protected] (J. Mitra). in [12] present a dynamic adaptive over-current relaying (AOCR)

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2022.100940
2352-4677/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S. Alzahrani, K. Sinjari and J. Mitra Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 32 (2022) 100940

response of inverter interfaced distributed energy resources has

Nomenclature been proposed in [19]. Basically, a microgrid operates in two
di
Derivative of current with respect to modes: grid connected and islanded; thus voltage and frequency
dt
time control will be handled in different scenarios. It will follow the
x̂˙ State estimate of observer grid reference set in case of interconnected operation or follow
the resource which sets in a voltage source mode [20]. In case of
x̃˙ Derivative of state error
fault at any zone in the islanded microgrid network, all resources
ẋ State derivative
will contribute with a rated fault current which may exceed the
x̂ State estimate rated current of inverters and may affect the voltage and fre-
ŷ State observer output quency stability of the system. Many studies have been proposed
A, B, C Parameters of protection zone and several solutions have been suggested. However, the need for
AC Alternating current robust and reliable solutions still exists.
CB Circuit breaker In this paper, an integrated framework is developed and
DC Direct current demonstrated for integrated control and protection based on
DG Distributed generator utilization of single state observer and FCLs. This approach will
e Error help the microgrid to detect and mitigate the contribution of
fault currents. The single state observer has been used as a
f Frequency
fault detector for multiple protection zones, and the FCLs are
FCL Fault current limiter
connected in series with power inverters to mitigate the extreme
Ie Residual current
fault currents and to prevent the interruption of DGs during the
Io Output current of inverter faults. The proposed framework is applied to islanded microgrid
Iinv.r Rated current of inverter configuration, and is shown to be effective in protecting the
Iomax Maximum output current microgrid system during transient or persistent faults.
Irated Rated current The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2
Ithr Threshold current presents an overview of control and protection consideration in
k Control gain microgrids. Section 3 demonstrates the control and operation of
L Line inductance distributed generation in isolated microgrids. The proposed adap-
n Number of protection zones tive integration of control and protection framework is developed
and discussed in Section 4. Section 5 presents case studies and
R Line resistance
results while Section 6 provides some concluding remarks.
u Input state of observer
V Voltage of the system 2. Consideration of control and protection in microgrids
Vi , Vj Terminal voltages of zone
VL Inductor voltage 2.1. Voltage and frequency regulation
Vo Output voltage of inverter
VR Resistor voltage Voltage and frequency have an essential influence on power
x State variable system operation, although under normal operation conditions,
y Output state their values must remain within acceptable limits around the
Zfcl Impedance of FLC nominal values. In conventional power systems, synchronous
x̃ State error power generators set the nominal values of voltage amplitude
and frequency with proper control and equipment to respond to
∆x̂˙ Additive part of error
any variation. By adjusting the generator field current, reactive
power output of the generator is controlled, which helps to
control the terminal voltage of the generators [21,22].
In addition, automatic voltage regulator (AVR) equipment is
scheme independent of external controllers. This approach is
usually installed at power plants to maintain the voltage levels
based on the independent use of external controllers, which
in check at the generator terminals. The frequency is controlled
increases complexity, is costly, and a greater number of relays is
required. Authors in [13] propose a protection approach utilizing to maintain an adequate balance between the consumed and
directional over current and distance relays. However, in this ap- generated active powers [21,22].
proach, a minimum bandwidth is required to link the protection Microgrids incorporate distributed energy resources such as
relays. This framework is effective for a microgrid supported by photovoltaic systems, wind energy conversion systems and en-
synchronous generators. Authors in [14] propose a multi-level ergy storage systems. All these technologies have variable output
protection scheme based on logic coordination. This approach power that has to be controlled properly. The interfacing power
has been applied to a meshed physical system in both modes electronic devices include control systems to regulate the output
of operation. However, this approach may not be suitable for power, voltage and frequency. Since microgrids operate in grid-
different topologies of microgrid. Additionally, the coordination connected or islanded mode, different strategies and schemes
logic increases the complexity. An integrated adaptive protection have been developed to meet the requirements of normal op-
and control strategy is proposed in [15]. This approach is based on eration. In the presence of renewable energy resources, voltage
a centralized controller and Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). and frequency require to be maintained within acceptable limits.
The authors of [16–18] have studied different schemes of fault de- In normal operation, the microgrid is operated in parallel with
tection in distribution systems and AC microgrid-based inverters. the utility grid. Therefore, the grid regulates the operating voltage
The protection of systems with embedded DGs has been studied and frequency of an overall system. In contrast, if the microgrid
in [5,19]. Authors of [5] propose a different layer hierarchical gets isolated for any disturbance, the local control in the mi-
protection system to improve fault ride-through capability in a crogrid must maintain the voltage and frequency to a nominal
photovoltaic microgrid system. Utilization of low voltage ride- reference value and share the active and reactive powers among
through and current limiter characteristics to explore the fault all the distributed generation units.
2
S. Alzahrani, K. Sinjari and J. Mitra Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 32 (2022) 100940

of power converters. Consequently, using external FCL devices

can potentially mitigate the fault currents without updating the
control of power converters.

3. Distributed generation control in isolated microgrids

In the framework of microgrid operation, AC microgrid is

mainly integrated by two types of voltage source inverters (VSI)
that represent DG control in voltage source mode (VSM) or current
source mode (CSM). In grid-connected mode, all connected sources
Fig. 1. Inverter voltage control mode. would be operated in CSM, following the grid reference. However,
in stand-alone operation, at least one source has to be operated in
VSM to set the nominal reference for other sources. This scenario
of control strategy can be achieved with different control schemes
such as master–slave and central control.

• Voltage Source Mode (Grid Forming)

In this stage, the power inverter provides a voltage source
support to the microgrid and a set reference voltage for
other inverters that operate in the current mode of oper-
ation. A multi-loop control strategy with an inner current
control loop and an outer voltage control loop is adopted
Fig. 2. Inverter current control mode. for the voltage source shown in Fig. 1. In this study, a fixed
value of voltage has been considered for simplicity.
Table 1 • Current Source Mode (Grid Feeding)
IEEE 1547 voltage and frequency standard [26]. In this stage, power inverters in current control mode regu-
Voltage Trip time late their output current and supply specific real and reac-
(pu) (s)
tive power depending on the system loads. The voltage level
1.2 (OV2) 0.16 in this source is set up by the inverter which sets as a master
1.1 (OV1) 1.00
0.88 (UV1) 2.00
in voltage source mode. Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of
0.5 (UV2) 0.16 current control inverter.
Frequency range Trip time
(Hz) (s) 4. Adaptive control and protection scheme
62 (OF2) or 56.5 (UF2) 0.16
61 (OF1) or 58.5 (UF1) 300 4.1. State observer model

Fault detection is an important function of a protection system

In microgrid configuration, a three-layer control comprises because all systems are subject to fault unexpected events. An
primary, secondary and tertiary control levels. The primary con- observer-based fault detection technique has been utilized in this
trol structure is locally implemented by a droop control method research. The basic function of the observer is to reconstruct the
at each DG unit to stabilize the local voltage and frequency outputs of the system from the local measurements with help of
disturbances which occur due to islanding. The droop control the observer, and to use the estimation error as a residual value
scheme emulates the behavior of a synchronous generator, in to detect the faults [27].
which the frequency drops with an increase in load. The primary A single observer-based fault detection technique is imple-
control stabilizes the voltage and frequency of the microgrid; mented in such a manner as to protect multiple zones of the
however, it usually leads to voltage and frequency offsetting. microgrid. The observer has been designed based on the instan-
Therefore, the secondary control scheme is needed to restore the taneous measurement of voltages and currents of the protection
zones. Therefore, in case of fault, only the faulted zone will draw a
voltage and frequency to acceptable values. The advanced layer
residual output on the observer. Some local measurements of in-
is tertiary control, which optimizes the operating cost, power
puts and outputs are needed to design the observer model. Hence,
market and power flow of the microgrid system [23,24]. IEEE
the microgrid system has been divided into multiple zones. DGs
1547 standard [25] has recommended the voltage and frequency
and loads have been considered out of the zone. However, loads
ranges and specified the trip time as shown in Table 1.
can be inside the zone, but their values should be taken into
account when designing the observer model since the load value,
2.2. Fault current contribution of inverters
in this case, would appear in the residual of the observer.
Fig. 3 represents the protection zone of single feeder in the
During a disturbance, the fault current may change due to the
microgrid system. R and L are the resistance and inductance
presence of DGs in the system. A distribution network consists
of the line feeder between two buses. The shunt impedance is
of synchronous generators that tend to contribute a large fault
neglected due the short length in the microgrid system. The two
level in the network. However, generators can control the fault
end voltage measurement Vi and Vj are defined as inputs states
currents seen by protective devices. Microgrids on the other hand,
and the measured line current represents as an output state.
are connected to a DGs based power converter. However, the
In normal operation, the state space model of the physical
absence of inertia in DGs poses a major challenge to respond to
system can be represented as follows:
fault currents. Therefore, many solutions have been proposed in
the literature to mitigate the impact of fault currents. Most of the ẋ = Ax + Bu
(1)
suggested schemes have been developed to improve the control y = Cx
3
S. Alzahrani, K. Sinjari and J. Mitra Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 32 (2022) 100940

Fig. 3. Single protection zone.

Hence, by applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL), a circuit rela-

tionship for the protection zone is described in Eq. (2):
−vi + vR + vL + vj = 0
di
Ri + L + vj − vi = 0 (2)
dt
di −R (Vi − Vj )
= i+
dt L L
di
If x = i, then, ẋ = dt and the output y = i = x, and input
u = vi − vj . Therefore, parameters of state space model of (1)
will be:
−R
A=
L
1 (3)
B=
L Fig. 4. State observer model.
C =1
The observer model is developed as follows:
Let x̂ be the state estimate, and (y − ŷ) be the output error; Hence, k has been designed with desired eigenvalue to make the
then, the observer with additive part as an error is observer stable.
The residual value will be,
x̂˙ = Ax̂ + Bu + ∆x̂˙ (4)
e = −CA−1 Lfl0 (11)
∆x̂˙ = k(y − ŷ), where k is the gain, and ŷ = C x̂. Then, the output
error will be where fault flo act on the output error according to the observer
e = y − ŷ dynamics [SI − (A − kC )]−1 .
= y − C x̂ (5)
4.2. Proposed framework
= C (x − x̂)
The state observer would be In power system applications, the microgrid has to be con-
trolled to operate in two different modes — grid-connected and
x̂˙ = (A − kC )x̂ + Bu + ky (6) standalone mode. The microgrid, in a normal case of operation,
Fig. 4 shows the model of state observer based microgrid protec- is connected to operate in parallel with the utility grid. However,
tion zone. It can be noticed that the e residual can be obtained in cases of unplanned events, such as faults in medium voltage
from the difference between estimated and measured output (MV) networks or by emergency maintenance requirement, the
currents. microgrid should be isolated to operate in standalone mode [6].
˙ If the real system
Let the state error x̃ = x – x̂; then x̃˙ = ẋ – x̂. For all possible operating conditions, the microgrid should be
and model parameters in (3) are identical. Hence, equipped with a reliable protection system to protect the equip-
ment against extreme fault currents and to reduce the risk of in-
x̃˙ = (A − kC )x̃ (7) stability in the system. In islanded mode, the protection becomes
more challenging since the microgrid networks are mostly sup-
In this model, the error vanishes asymptotically. Using the pole
plied by distributed generation interfaced with inverters, which
placement method, value of k should be chosen such that real
are restricted by a limitation on output current. Therefore, when
part of every [λ(A − kC )] is negative, where λ is an eigenvalue.
faults occur, the level of fault currents are small, and the present
Therefore,
conventional protection systems cannot detect the small values
−R of fault current. Additionally, it may not differentiate between the
A − kC = −K (8)
L load or fault currents.
λI − (A − kC ) = 0 (9) To overcome and present a solution to previous challenges of
islanded microgrid protection, the adaptive integration of control
λ = (A − kC ) (10) and protection framework has been proposed in this research.
4
S. Alzahrani, K. Sinjari and J. Mitra Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 32 (2022) 100940

Fig. 5. Proposed protection framework.

Fig. 6. Basic structure of FCL.

The framework is based on utilizing a single state observer that

operates as a fault detector for multi-zone protection. The state
observer has used a local measurement of the terminal voltage at
each end and line currents of each zone to find an instantaneous
Fig. 7. Proposed control and protection scheme.
value of residual currents Ie . In case of faults at any zone, the
residual currents appear in the difference between the measured
line currents and estimated values-based observer. Fig. 5 shows
the structure of proposed protection scheme [28]. The flowchart of the proposed adaptive control and protection
To achieve the adaptation feature and to reduce the load shed- algorithm is shown in Fig. 7, which describes the control actions
ding and source interruptions, FCL devices have been integrated annotated in Fig. 8.
with the state observer. As shown in Fig. 3, FCLs have been con-
nected in series with each inverter based DGs and have two states 5. Case studies & results
of operation. The basic representation of FCL shown in Fig. 6.
The FCL switches are controlled based on the residual values 5.1. System configuration
that are instantaneously received from state observer. Upon the
occurrence of fault with 1 to 2 cycles of time delay, all FLCs will be A multi-node islanded microgrid configuration system is con-
triggered to work in state 1 by increasing their impedances to the sidered to verify the proposed framework scheme. As shown
maximum value. On the other hand, when the fault gets cleared, in Fig. 9, a four-bus radial islanded microgrid system has been
FCLs will be deactivated to work in state 0 with minimum value connected with three feeder segments and supplied with three
of impedances as illustrated in expression (12). DGs connected at bus 1, bus 2 and bus 3. Each DG is comprised
of a RES source, voltage source inverter and FCL device to limit
State 0 = |Zfcl |min , if Io < (1.5 to 2)Irated
{
|Zfcl | = (12) extreme fault current. The configuration has a local load at each
State 1 = |Zfcl |max , otherwise
bus and a tie line (normally open) between bus 2 and bus 3. The
where Io is the measured output current of inverter and Irated is tie line provides an alternative path in case of persistent fault at
the maximum output currents of inverter. any feeders. DG 1 is operating in a voltage source mode to set a
The values of impedances of FCLs devices are specified based reference voltage for DG 2 and DG 3 which are operating with
on the maximum rated currents of each inverter, and given constant output currents. The system parameters are illustrated
by Eq. (13). in Table 2.
The islanded microgrid network is divided into protection
Vo
|Zfcl | = (13) zones as shown in Fig. 9.
Iomax The following cases have considered one protection zone to
where Vo is the output inverter nominal voltage in normal con- test the validity and feasibility of the proposed solution. The
dition and Iomax is the maximum output current of inverter. control logic of proposed scheme is shown in Fig. 8. However,
5
S. Alzahrani, K. Sinjari and J. Mitra Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 32 (2022) 100940

Fig. 8. Control logic of proposed scheme.

Fig. 9. Microgrid under study.

Table 2
Parameters of the system.
Frequency 60 Hz
DC voltage of PVs 777 V
Rated kVA 100
Rated voltage 380 Vl.l
Line impedance 0.01 + j0.12
C 6 µF
L 3 mH
Load1 10 kW
Load2 10 kW
Load3 15 kW
Load4 20 kW

the implementation of this approach will provide the same per-

formance at any feeder segment. Fig. 10 shows the voltage at bus Fig. 10. Voltage at bus 1 in normal case (No fault).
1 in the normal operation. As shown in the test system Fig. 9,
three phase fault (F1) is applied in the feeder segment between
bus 1 and bus 2 and satisfactory performance has been found as change their normal status due the nature of applied faults. Fig. 11
shown below. shows the voltage of the system in faulted case. The voltage value
was slightly reduced but it is not mandatory to isolate any of
5.1.1. Low impedance fault DGs according to IEEE standard in Table 1. On the other hand,
A low impedance fault (LIF) is defined as a bolted fault. It Fig. 12 shows the level of the phase output current during the
is a short circuit that allows a high value of fault current to low impedance fault. Fig. 13 shows the level of fault current in
flow. Three phase low impedance fault was applied at t = 0.1 case of FCL failure. In this case, all DGs will be isolated.
s as transient event. The low impedance fault draws high fault
currents in the first cycle as shown in Fig. 12. The residual
current Ie was detected by the observer and suppressed almost 5.1.2. High impedance fault
immediately since all FCLs are triggered to their maximum value A high impedance fault (HIF) is defined as a fault that restricts
of impedances and deactivated with one cycle thereafter. the flow of fault current. In this case the fault conditions are the
In this case, as described in the algorithm in Fig. 7, the two same as in the previous case, but with one difference: this is
end circuit breakers of faulted zone and a tie line would not a high impedance fault. As the inverters output current depend
6
S. Alzahrani, K. Sinjari and J. Mitra Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 32 (2022) 100940

Fig. 11. Voltage at bus 1 in faulted case. Fig. 14. Current transition during high impedance fault.

Fig. 15. Output and residual currents.

Fig. 12. Phase output current in case of low impedance fault.

the performance of the proposed protection approach under dif-

ferent system conditions, including load changes and faults. The
proposed combination control and protection framework can be
utilized to improve the reliability, stability, and power qual-
ity of AC microgrids. This paper reported preliminary work on
protection of several zones in a microgrid using a single ob-
server. Further investigation is in progress, toward improvement
of this approach as well as use of autonomous controls. These
advancements will be reported in due course.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-

Fig. 13. Output current in case of FCLs failure.
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

on the load values, and the loads in this work are assumed to Data availability
be fixed, the total output currents of all DGs would not exceed
the maximum of load currents. Therefore, the residual current
The authors can share data upon request.
has appeared in the state observer and all FCLs are triggered at
t = 0.1 s. Since the fault is persistent, the system has recovered
after a few cycles. Fig. 15 shows residual and load currents in case Acknowledgment
of high impedance fault. As the fault is persistent, feeder between
bus 1 and bus 2 is isolated and the tie line is closed thereafter. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the
Fig. 14 shows the transition of load currents in faulted zone. MSU Foundation, King Khalid University (KKU), and the Saudi
Arabian Cultural Mission (SACM).
6. Conclusion
References
This work proposes an integration based on utilizing state
observer integrated with FCLs as a protection framework. This [1] S. Parhizi, H. Lotfi, A. Khodaei, S. Bahramirad, State of the art in research
approach addresses the dual objectives of detecting and limiting on microgrids: A review, IEEE Access 3 (2015) 890–925.
the first peak of contribution fault currents in different cases. The [2] A.R. Fereidouni, B. Vahidi, T.H. Mehr, The impact of solid state fault current
limiter on power network with wind-turbine power generation, IEEE Trans.
state observer functions as a fault detector for multiple protection
Smart Grid 4 (2) (2012) 1188–1196.
zones. FCLs were implemented as protective sectional-based DGs [3] E. Sortomme, S. Venkata, J. Mitra, Microgrid protection using
to mitigate the fault currents and provide rapid switching during communication-assisted digital relays, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 25
the transient and persistent fault. Simulation results demonstrate (4) (2009) 2789–2796.

7
S. Alzahrani, K. Sinjari and J. Mitra Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 32 (2022) 100940

[4] M. Farrokhabadi, C.A. Cañizares, J.W. Simpson-Porco, E. Nasr, L. Fan, P.A. [22] R. Majumder, B. Chaudhuri, A. Ghosh, R. Majumder, G. Ledwich, F. Zare,
Mendoza-Araya, R. Tonkoski, U. Tamrakar, N. Hatziargyriou, D. Lagos, et al., Improvement of stability and load sharing in an autonomous microgrid
Microgrid stability definitions, analysis, and examples, IEEE Trans. Power using supplementary droop control loop, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 25 (2)
Syst. 35 (1) (2019) 13–29. (2009) 796–808.
[5] L. Chen, S. Mei, An integrated control and protection system for [23] F. Zheng, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Lın, M. Guo, Low voltage ride-through
photovoltaic microgrids, CSEE J. Power Energy Syst. 1 (1) (2015) 36–42. capability improvement of microgrid using a hybrid coordination control
[6] J.P. Lopes, C. Moreira, A. Madureira, Defining control strategies for strategy, J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 11 (3) (2019) 034102.
microgrids islanded operation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 21 (2) (2006)
[24] B. Li, Y. Li, Z. Bo, A. Klimek, Design of protection and control scheme
916–924.
for microgrid systems, in: 2009 44th International Universities Power
[7] E. Espina, J. Llanos, C. Burgos-Mellado, R. Cárdenas-Dobson, M. Martínez-
Engineering Conference (UPEC), IEEE, 2009, pp. 1–5.
Gómez, D. Sáez, Distributed control strategies for microgrids: An overview,
[25] T.S. Basso, R. DeBlasio, IEEE 1547 series of standards: interconnection
IEEE Access (2020).
[8] M. Quraan, M. Abu-Khaizaran, S. Favuzza, F. Massaro, et al., Control of issues, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 19 (5) (2004) 1159–1162.
solid-state fault current limiter for DG-integrated distribution systems, [26] D.G. Photovoltaics, E. Storage, IEEE standard for interconnection and
in: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical interoperability of distributed energy resources with associated electric
Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems power systems interfaces, in: IEEE Std, 2018, pp. 1547–2018.
Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), IEEE, 2017, pp. 1–5. [27] M. Esreraig, J. Mitra, Microgrid protection using system observer and
[9] P. Piya, M. Ebrahimi, M. Karimi-Ghartemani, S.A. Khajehoddin, Fault ride- minimum measurement set, Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 25 (4) (2015)
through capability of voltage-controlled inverters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 607–622.
65 (10) (2018) 7933–7943. [28] S. Alzahrani, K. Sinjari, J. Mitra, An integrated control and protection
[10] S. Gopalan, V. Sreeram, H. Iu, Y. Mishra, An improved protection strategy scheme for microgrids, in: 2021 International Conference on Smart Energy
for microgrids, in: IEEE PES ISGT Europe 2013, IEEE, 2013, pp. 1–5. Systems and Technologies (SEST), IEEE, 2021, pp. 1–6.
[11] A. Hooshyar, R. Iravani, A new directional element for microgrid protection,
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 9 (6) (2017) 6862–6876.
[12] R. Jain, D.L. Lubkeman, S.M. Lukic, Dynamic adaptive protection for distri-
Saad Alzahrani received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from Al Baha
bution systems in grid-connected and islanded modes, IEEE Trans. Power
University, Saudi Arabia, in 2012 and the M.S. degree from Michigan State
Deliv. 34 (1) (2018) 281–289.
University, East Lansing, MI, USA, in 2021. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D.
[13] B. Bak-Jensen, M. Browne, R. Calone, R.C. González, A. Craib, G. Donnart,
degree with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan
D. Dumitrascu, M. Engel, R. Hanuš, H. Hoidalen, et al., Protection of
State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. His research interests include power
distribution systems with distributed energy resources, 2015.
system protection and control, microgrids, and multiagent systems.
[14] X. Liu, M. Shahidehpour, Z. Li, X. Liu, Y. Cao, W. Tian, Protection scheme
for loop-based microgrids, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 8 (3) (2016) 1340–1349.
[15] H. Laaksonen, D. Ishchenko, A. Oudalov, Adaptive protection and microgrid
control design for hailuoto island, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 5 (3) (2014)
Khalil Sinjari received the bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from the
1486–1493.
University of Mosul, Iraq in 2002 and Master’s degree in electrical and computer
[16] S.F. Zarei, H. Mokhtari, F. Blaabjerg, Fault detection and protection strategy
engineering from Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA in 2015. He
for islanded inverter-based microgrids, IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power
is currently a Ph.D. student at Michigan State University. His research interests
Electron. 9 (1) (2019) 472–484.
include reactive power, electric vehicles and vehicle to grid (V2G), microgrid
[17] S.F. Zarei, M. Parniani, A comprehensive digital protection scheme for
controls, and smart grids.
low-voltage microgrids with inverter-based and conventional distributed
generations, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 32 (1) (2016) 441–452.
[18] M.A. Jarrahi, H. Samet, T. Ghanbari, Novel change detection and fault
classification scheme for ac microgrids, IEEE Syst. J. 14 (3) (2020) Joydeep Mitra received the B.Tech. (Hons.) degree from the Indian Institute of
3987–3998. Technology, Kharagpur, India, and the Ph.D. degree from Texas A&M University,
[19] S. Brahma, N. Pragallapati, M. Nagpal, Protection of islanded microgrid College Station, TX, USA, both in electrical engineering. He holds the title of
fed by inverters, in: 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting MSU Foundation Professor of Electrical Engineering at Michigan State University,
(PESGM), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–5. East Lansing, MI, USA, and is the Director of the Energy Reliability and Security
[20] N. Cai, J. Mitra, A multi-level control architecture for master-slave orga- Laboratory and a Senior Faculty Associate with the Institute of Public Utilities.
He is co-author of the book, Electric Power Grid Reliability Evaluation: Models
nized microgrids with power electronic interfaces, Electr. Power Syst. Res.
and Methods and of IEEE Standard 762. His research interests include reliability,
109 (2014) 8–19.
planning, stability, and control of power systems. He was a recipient of the
[21] J.M. Guerrero, M. Chandorkar, T.-L. Lee, P.C. Loh, Advanced control archi-
2019 IEEE-PES Roy Billinton Power System Reliability Award and the 2020 Merit
tectures for intelligent microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and hierarchical
Award from the International Society for Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power
control, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 60 (4) (2012) 1254–1262. Systems (PMAPS).