UNIT 9 SHAPE AND SPACE 9 323

SHAPE AND SPACE 9

Hipparchus of Nicaea (190–120 BC) was a Greek mathematician
and astronomer who is widely understood to have been the
first scientist to produce trigonometric tables. Today we use
calculators to find these ratios, but for many years these ratios
were found from tables that required precise calculation.
Astronomers use trigonometry to find the distances to nearby
stars and other celestial objects.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
◼ Use Pythagoras’ Theorem in 3D ◼ Use trigonometry in 3D to solve problems

BASIC PRINCIPLES

Hypotenuse h Opposite a
b
side o
x
c
Adjacent side a

◼ Trig ratios: ◼ Pythagoras’ Theorem: a2 + b2 = c2

opp opp adj
   ​tan x = ____
​   ​  sin x = ​ ____ ​  cos x = ​ ____ ​​
adj hyp hyp
◼ Identify the hypotenuse. This is the longest side: the
side opposite the right angle. Then the opposite side
is opposite the angle. And the adjacent side is
adjacent to (next to) the angle.

3D TRIGONOMETRY
B
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN 3D
Z
The angle between a line and a plane is identified by dropping a perpendicular
line from a point on the line onto the plane and by joining the point of contact to the
point where the line intersects the plane.

In the diagram, XYZ is a plane and AB is a line that meets the plane at an angle θ. X θ P
BP is perpendicular from the top of the line, B, to the plane. P is the point of A
contact. Join AP. The angle θ, between the line and the plane, is angle BAP in the
right-angled triangle ABP.
Y

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 324 SHAPE AND SPACE 9 UNIT 9

A
EXAMPLE 1 ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. B

Find to 3 significant figures D

SKILLS a length EG C 5 cm
ANALYSIS b length CE
E F
c the angle CE makes with plane EFGH (angle CEG).
3 cm
H 10 cm G

a Draw triangle EGH. E

 sing Pythagoras’ Theorem

U
EG2 = 3____
2
+ 102 = 109 3 cm

EG = √​​ 109 ​​
EG = 10.4 cm (3 s.f.) H G
10 cm

C
b Draw triangle CEG.
 sing Pythagoras’ Theorem
U
5 cm
CE2 = 5____ 2
+ 109 = 134
CE = √ ​​ 134
 ​​CE = 11.6 cm (3 s.f.) θ
E G
109 cm

c Let angle CEG = θ

​tan θ = ____5  ​ ⇒ θ​= angle CEG = 25.6° (3 s.f.)
​  ____
√
​ 109 ​

KEY POINTS
When solving problems in 3D:
◼ Draw clear, large diagrams including all the facts.
◼ Redraw the appropriate triangle (usually right-angled) including all the facts. This simplifies
a 3D problem into a 2D problem using Pythagoras’ Theorem and trigonometry to solve for
angles and lengths.
◼ Use all the decimal places shown on your calculator at each stage in your working to
avoid errors in your final answer caused by rounding too soon.

EXAMPLE 2 VWXYZ is a solid regular pyramid on a rectangular base

WXYZ. WX = 8 cm and XY = 6 cm.
SKILLS The vertex V is 12 cm vertically above the centre of the base.
V
ANALYSIS
Find
a VX
b the angle between VX and the base WXYZ (angle VXZ)
Y
c the area of pyramid face VWX. Z
6 cm
W
8 cm X

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 UNIT 9 SHAPE AND SPACE 9 325

a Let M be the mid-point of ZX. By Pythagoras’ Theorem on triangle ZWX V

Draw WXYZ in 2D. ZX2 = 62 + 82 = 100
ZX = 10 cm ⇒ MX = 5 cm
Z Y Draw triangle VMX.
V is vertically above the
M 6 cm mid-point M of the base. 12 cm
By Pythagoras’ Theorem on
W 8 cm X triangle VMX
 VX2 = 52 + 122 = 169
VX = 13 cm M X
5 cm

b Angle VXZ = Angle VXM = θ

​ 12 ​ ⇒ θ​= 67.4° (3 s.f.)

​tan θ = ___
5
⇒ Angle VXZ = 67.4° (3 s.f.)

c Let N be the mid-point of WX.

1 ​​× base × perpendicular height
Area of triangle VWX = ​​ __
2
1 ​​× WX × VN V
  = ​​ __
2
  = ​​ 1 ​​× 8 × VN
__
2

Draw triangle VNX in 2D. 13 cm

By Pythagoras’ Theorem on triangle VNX

132 = 42 + VN2
VN2 = 13 ____− 4 = 153
2 2
____
VN = √ ​​ 1 ​​× 8 × √
​​ 153 ​​ ⇒ Area of VWX = __ ​​ 153 ​​ = 49.5 cm2 (3 s.f.) N
4 cm
X
2

EXERCISE 1 Give all answers to 3 significant figures. A

B

1▶ ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. D
6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th C
8 cm
Find
a EG
E F
b AG
4 cm
c the angle between AG and plane EFGH (angle AGE).
H 11 cm G

S T

2▶ STUVWXYZ is a rectangular cuboid.

V
Find U
a SU
b SY
c the angle between SY and plane STUV (angle YSU). 21 cm
W X

15 cm

Z 11 cm Y

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 326 SHAPE AND SPACE 9 UNIT 9

L M
3▶ LMNOPQRS is a cube of side 10 cm. 10 cm
Find O
a PR N
b LR
10 cm P Q
c the angle between LR and plane PQRS (angle LRP).

S 10 cm R

A B
4▶ ABCDEFGH is a cube of side 20 cm. 20 cm
Find
D
a CF C
b DF
20 cm E F
c the angle between DF and plane BCGF (angle DFC)
d the angle MHA, if M is the mid-point of AB.
H 20 cm G

5 ▶ ABCDEF is a prism. The cross-section is a right-angled triangle. E

All the other faces are rectangles.
Find 4m

a AC A D
b AF F
c angle FAB 1m
d the angle between AF and plane ABCD (angle FAC).
C
B 2m

6 ▶ 
PQRSTU is an artificial ski-slope where PQRS and RSTU T
are both rectangles and perpendicular to each other.
360 m
Find P S
a UP
U
b PR
60 m
c the angle between UP and plane PQRS
R
d the angle between MP and plane PQRS, if M is the Q 180 m
mid-point of TU.
D
7 ▶ 
ABCD is a solid on a horizontal triangular base ABC.
Edge AD is 25 cm and vertical. AB is perpendicular to AC. 25 cm
Angles ABD and ACD are equal to 30° and 20° respectively. 30°
A B
Find
a AB
20°
b AC
c BC. C
S
8 ▶ 
PQRS is a solid on a horizontal triangular base PQR. S is
vertically above P. Edges PQ and PR are 50 cm and 70 cm
respectively. PQ is perpendicular to PR. Angle SQP is 30°. P 30°
Q
50 cm
Find
a SP 70 cm
b RS
c angle PRS.

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 UNIT 9 SHAPE AND SPACE 9 327

EXERCISE 1* 1 ▶ 
PABCD is a solid regular pyramid on a rectangular base ABCD. P
AB = 10 cm and BC = 7 cm. The vertex P is 15 cm vertically
above the centre of the base.
6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
Find
C
a PA D
b the angle between PA and plane ABCD 7 cm
A
c the area of pyramid face PBC. 10 cm B

P
2 ▶ 
PQRST is a solid regular pyramid on a square base QRST
where QR = 20 cm and edge PQ = 30 cm.
Find 30 cm
a the height of P above the base QRST
S
b the angle that PS makes with the base QRST T
c the total surface area of the pyramid including 20 cm
Q
the base. 20 cm R

S M T
3 ▶ 
STUVWXYZ is a cuboid. M and N are the mid-points of
ST and WZ respectively.
V
Find angle U
a SYW 10 cm
b TNX W
X
c ZMY. N 6 cm
Z 16 cm Y

A B
4 ▶ 
ABCDEFGH is a solid cube of volume 1728 cm3. P and Q are
the mid-points of FG and GH respectively.
C
D
Find
a angle QCP
E F
b the total surface area of the solid remaining after pyramid
PGQC is removed. P

H Q G

5 ▶ A church is made from two solid rectangular blocks with V

a regular pyramidal roof above the tower, with V being

40 m above ground level.
A
a Find VA.
b Find the angle of elevation of V from E. F

30 m 18 m
Tiles cost £250 per m2.
c How much will it cost to cover the tower roof in tiles?
E
20 m
B 10 m C 30 m D

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 328 SHAPE AND SPACE 9 UNIT 9

6 ▶ 
A hemispherical lampshade of diameter 40 cm is hung from a point by four
chains that are each 50 cm in length. If the chains are equally spaced on
the circular edge of the hemisphere, find
a the angle that each chain makes with the horizontal
b the angle between two adjacent chains.

7 ▶ The angle of elevation to the top of a church tower is Church

tower V North
measured from A and from B.
From A, due South of the church tower VC, the angle C
of elevation VAC = 15°. From B, due East of the
25°
church, the angle of elevation VBC = 25°. 15°
AB = 200 m. Find the height of the tower.
A 200 m B
East

8 ▶ 
An aircraft is flying at a constant height of 2000 m. It is flying T
Path of
due East at a constant speed. At T, the aircraft’s angle of plane
elevation from O is 25°, and on a bearing from O of 310°.
R
One minute later, it is at R and due North of O.
West
RSWT is a rectangle and the points O, W and S
are on horizontal ground. 2000 m
W North
Find
a the lengths OW and OS
b the angle of elevation of the aircraft, ​∠​ROS S East
c the speed of the aircraft in km/h.
25°

O 310°

ACTIVITY 1

SKILLS The diagram shows a cuboid.

The diagonal of the cuboid has length d.
ANALYSIS

a Show that c
id =a +b +c
2 2 2 2 d
ii ​sin θ = ________
​   
________ c  ​​ where θ is the angle between the
​√ ​a​​  2​ + ​b​​  2​ + ​c​​  2​ ​
diagonal and the base. b
b For a cube of side a and diagonal d, show that a
i the total surface area A = 2d2
​  ​d​​  __​  ​​
3
ii the volume ​V = ___
__ 3 ​√ 3  ​
√
2
__
​  ​ ​​ where ​ϕ​is the angle between the diagonal and the front edge.
iii ​sin ϕ =  ​ 
3

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 UNIT 9 SHAPE AND SPACE 9 329

EXERCISE 2 REVISION 12 cm
D C
1▶ ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.
6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th a Calculate the length of diagonals A B
i FH ii BH iii FC iv CE. 14 cm
b Find the angle between the diagonal DF and the plane EFGH.
c Find the angle between the diagonal GA and the plane ABCD. H G
d Find the angle between the diagonal CE and the plane AEHD. 9 cm
E F

2▶ The diagram shows a cuboid.

The base EFGH is in a horizontal plane and triangle
AEG is in a vertical plane. A D
B
a Work out the length of AG. C 7 cm
b Calculate the angle that AG makes with
E
the plane EFGH. H
10 cm
Give all your answers correct to 3 s.f. F 15 cm G

V
3 ▶ 
The diagram shows a pyramid with a square base. The vertex, V,
is vertically above the centre of the base.
40 cm
Calculate
a the length AC
C
b the height of the pyramid D
c the angle that VC makes with BC
d the angle that VC makes with ABCD.
A 30 cm B

4 ▶ 
The diagram shows a ski slope. B C
DE = 300 m, AD = 400 m, CE = 100 m.
Find
a the angle that CD makes with ADEF F
E
b AE
c the angle that CA makes with ADEF.
A D

5▶ A vertical pole, CP, stands at one corner of a rectangular, horizontal field. P

AB = 40 m, AD = 30 m, angle PDC = 25°
Calculate
a the height of the pole, CP D 25°
C
b the angle of elevation of P from B
30 m
c the angle of elevation of P from A.
Give all your answers correct to 3 s.f. A 40 m B

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 330 SHAPE AND SPACE 9 UNIT 9

EXERCISE 2* REVISION
F
1 ▶ 
The diagram shows a prism. The cross-section
is a right-angled triangle. All of the other faces A
6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
are rectangles.
12 cm
AB = 12 cm, BC = 9 cm, CD = 16 cm
E
Calculate B
a the length of AD
9 cm
b the angle that AD makes with the plane BCDE D
c the angle that AD makes with the plane ABEF. 16 cm
C
Give all your answers correct to 3 s.f.
V

40 cm
2 ▶ 
A doll’s house has a horizontal square base ABCD
and V is vertically above the centre of the base. H E
Calculate G F
a the length AC 80 cm
b the height of V above ABCD
c the angle VE makes with the horizontal
D C
d the total volume.
50 cm
A B

3 ▶ 
The diagram shows a rectangular-based pyramid.
The vertex, V, is vertically above M, the centre of
the base, WXYZ. The base lies in a horizontal plane. V
WX = 32 cm, XY = 24 cm and VW = VX = VY = VZ = 27 cm. 27 cm
N is the mid-point of XY. Z Y
Calculate
M N 24 cm
a the length of WY
b the length of VM W
32 cm X
c the angle that VY makes with the base WXYZ
d the length of VN
e the angle that VN makes with the base WXYZ.
Give all your answers correct to 3 s.f.

4▶ The diagram shows a wedge. AB = 14 cm, and BC = 18 cm.

ABCD is a rectangle in a horizontal plane. F P E
ADEF is a rectangle in a vertical plane.
P is one-third of the way from E to F.
PQ is perpendicular to AD. D
A
The angle between PC and the plane ABCD is 30°. Q
30°
14 cm
Calculate the angle between PB and the plane ABCD.
Give your answer correct to 3 s.f. B 18 cm C

5 ▶ 
A cube of side 8 cm stands on a horizontal table. A hollow cone of height 20 cm
is placed over the cube so that it rests
on the table and touches the top
four corners of the cube.
__
a Show that x = 8​​√ 2 ​​  cm. 20 cm
b Find the vertical angle (the
angle of the vertex) of the cone. 8 cm

x cm

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 UNIT 9 EXAM PRACTICE 331

EXAM PRACTICE: SHAPE AND SPACE 9

10th 11th 12th 1 ABCDEFGH is a cube. 3 The diagram shows part of the roof of a new
out-of-town superstore. The point X is vertically
B
C above A, and ABCD is a horizontal rectangle in
which CD = 5.6 m, BC = 6.4 m. The line XB is
D inclined at 70° to the horizontal.
A 25 cm
X
F G

A
E H B D
Find C
6.4 m m
a length AG  [3] 5.6
b the angle between AG and the plane EFGH. [3]

2 ABCDE is a square-based pyramid.

The base BCDE lies in a horizontal plane. Calculate the angle that the ridge XC makes
AB = AC = AD = AE = 18 cm with the horizontal.  [6]
AM is perpendicular to the base.
 [Total 25 marks]
A

18 cm
E

D
M
B
15 cm

a C
 alculate the length of
i BD  [2]
ii BM  [1]
iii AM.  [3]

b C
 alculate the angle that AD makes with
the base, correct to the nearest degree.  [3]

c C
 alculate the angle between AM and the
face ABC, correct to the nearest degree.  [4]

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 332 CHAPTER SUMMARY UNIT 9

CHAPTER SUMMARY: SHAPE AND SPACE 9

3D TRIGONOMETRY ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.

A plane is a flat surface. A

B

The angle between a line and a plane is identified D

by dropping a perpendicular from a point on the C 6 cm
line onto the plane and joining the point of contact
E F
to the point where the line intersects the plane.
4 cm
B
H 9 cm G
Z
Find
a length EG
b length CE
c the angle CE makes with plane EFGH (angle CEG).
X θ P
A a Draw triangle EGH.

Y
4 cm
In the diagram, XYZ is a plane and AB is a line that
meets the plane at an angle θ. BP is perpendicular H G
from the top of the line, B, to the plane. P is the 9 cm
point of contact. Join AP. The angle θ, between By Pythagoras’ Theorem
the line and the plane, is angle BAP in the right- EG2 = 4___
2
+ 92 = 97
angled triangle ABP. EG = √
​​ 97 ​​
EG = 9.85 cm (3 s.f.)
When solving problems in 3D:
◼ Draw clear, large diagrams including all b Draw triangle CEG. C
the facts.
◼ Redraw the appropriate triangle (usually
right-angled) including all the facts. This
simplifies a 3D problem into a 2D problem 6 cm
using Pythagoras’ Theorem and trigonometry
to solve for angles and lengths. θ
E G
◼ Use all the decimal places shown on your 97 cm
calculator at each stage in your working to
avoid errors in your final answer caused by By Pythagoras’ Theorem
rounding too soon. CE2 = 6____
2
+ 97 = 133
CE = √
​​ 133 ​​
CE = 11.5 cm (3 s.f.)

c Let angle CEG = θ

​tan θ = ___6  ​ ⇒ θ​= angle CEG = 31.4° (3 s.f.)
​  ___
√
​ 97 ​

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