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Lecture 2

1) The document covers key concepts in functions including even and odd functions, increasing and decreasing functions, and inverse functions. 2) An even function satisfies f(-x) = f(x) and an odd function satisfies f(-x) = -f(x). Functions can also be increasing if f(x1) < f(x2) when x1 < x2, or decreasing. 3) The inverse of a one-to-one function f is defined as f^-1(y) = x if and only if f(x) = y, and has the property that its domain is the range of f and its range is the domain of f.

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Renad Saafan
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9 views

Lecture 2

1) The document covers key concepts in functions including even and odd functions, increasing and decreasing functions, and inverse functions. 2) An even function satisfies f(-x) = f(x) and an odd function satisfies f(-x) = -f(x). Functions can also be increasing if f(x1) < f(x2) when x1 < x2, or decreasing. 3) The inverse of a one-to-one function f is defined as f^-1(y) = x if and only if f(x) = y, and has the property that its domain is the range of f and its range is the domain of f.

Uploaded by

Renad Saafan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics for Engineers (1)

Lecture 2
➢ Even and odd functions

➢ Increasing and decreasing functions

➢ Inverse functions
Even and odd functions

A function 𝑓 is an even function if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 for all 𝑥


and is an odd function if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 for all 𝑥.

The geometric significance of an even function is that


its graph is symmetric with respect to the 𝑦-axis, while
the graph of an odd function is symmetric about the
origin.
Even and odd functions

An even function An odd function


Even and odd functions

Example 1 Determine whether each of following


functions is even, odd or neither even nor odd.

a 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2,
1
b 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥−2
,
c ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5.
Even and odd functions
Solution

a Even as 𝑓 −𝑥 = 4 − −𝑥 2 = 4 − 𝑥2 = 𝑓 𝑥 .

b Neither even nor odd as 𝐷𝑔 = ℛ − 2 which is not


1
symmetric about zero. Also 𝑔 −𝑥 = which is
−𝑥−2

1 −1
neither equal to 𝑔 𝑥 = nor equal to −𝑔 𝑥 = .
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

c Odd as ℎ −𝑥 = −𝑥 3
+ −𝑥 5
= −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 5 = −ℎ 𝑥 .
Increasing and Decreasing functions

A function 𝑓 is called increasing on an interval 𝐼 if


𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑓 𝑥2 whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in 𝐼.
Increasing and Decreasing functions

A function 𝑓 called decreasing on 𝐼 if

𝑓 𝑥1 > 𝑓 𝑥2 whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in 𝐼.


Increasing and Decreasing functions

Example 2 Determine whether each of following


functions is increasing or decreasing.

a 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 + 3𝑥 ,
b 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 − 3𝑥 ,
1
c 𝑟 𝑥 =
𝑥−2
,

d ℎ 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2.
Increasing and Decreasing functions
Solution
a Increasing as ∀ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 = ℛ. If 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 , then
𝑓 𝑥1 = 2 + 3𝑥1 < 2 + 3𝑥2 = 𝑓 𝑥2 .
b Decreasing as ∀ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐷𝑔 = ℛ. If 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ −𝑥1 > −𝑥2 ,
then
𝑔 𝑥1 = 2 − 3𝑥1 > 2 − 3𝑥2 = 𝑔 𝑥2 .
c Decreasing as ∀ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐷𝑟 = ℛ − 2 .
1 1
If 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑥1 − 2 < 𝑥2 − 2 ⟹ > , then
𝑥1 −2 𝑥2 −2

1 1
𝑟 𝑥1 = > = 𝑟 𝑥2 .
𝑥1 − 2 𝑥2 − 2
Increasing and Decreasing functions

d 𝐷ℎ = −2,2 which is symmetric about zero. Since the


power of 𝑥 is even, then we divide the domain into two
symmetric sets:

∀ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ −2,0 . If 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ −𝑥12 < −𝑥22 , then

ℎ 𝑥1 = 4 − 𝑥12 < 4 − 𝑥22 = ℎ 𝑥2 ⟹ Increasing.

∀ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 0,2 . If 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ −𝑥12 > −𝑥22 , then

ℎ 𝑥1 = 4 − 𝑥12 > 4 − 𝑥22 = ℎ 𝑥2 ⟹ Decreasing.


Inverse functions
Definition A function 𝑓 is called a one-to-one function if
it never takes on the same value twice; that is,
𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥2 whenever 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 .

𝑓 is one-to-one 𝑔 is not one-to-one


Inverse functions
Horizontal Line Test A function is one-to-one if and only
if no horizontal line intersects its graph more than once.

𝑥 2 is not one-to-one 𝑥 3 is one-to-one


Inverse functions
Definition Let 𝑓 be a one-to-one function with domain
𝐴 and range 𝐵 . Then its inverse function 𝑓 −1 has
domain 𝐵 and range 𝐴 and is defined by

𝑓 −1 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦
for any 𝑦 in 𝐵

CAUTION Pay close attention to the notation. Notice


1
that 𝑓 𝑥 does not mean
−1
. We write the reciprocal
𝑓 𝑥
of 𝑓 𝑥 as:
1 −1 .
= 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥
Inverse functions

Note that
domain of 𝑓 −1 = range of 𝑓
range of 𝑓 −1 = domain of 𝑓

Example 3 If 𝑓 1 = 5, 𝑓 3 = 7, and 𝑓 8 = −10.


Find 𝑓 −1 7 , 𝑓 −1 5 , and 𝑓 −1 −10 .
Inverse functions

Solution From definition of 𝑓 −1 we have 𝑓 −1 7 = 3,


𝑓 −1 5 = 1, and 𝑓 −1 −10 = 8.
Inverse functions
How to find the inverse function of a one-to-one
function 𝒇 ?

STEP 1 Write 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
STEP 2 Solve this equation for 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦 (if possible).
STEP 3 To express 𝑓 −1 as a function of 𝑥, interchange 𝑥
and 𝑦.
The resulting equation is 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥 .

Example 4 Find the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 5.


Inverse functions

Solution First we write 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 5, then solve for 𝑥:


3
𝑥3 = 𝑦 + 5 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 5.
Then interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦 write the inverse function:
3
𝑦= 𝑥+5
3
⟹ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 5.
Inverse functions
Note that The graph of 𝑓 −1 is obtained by reflecting
the graph of 𝑓 about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Inverse functions
Example 5 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 𝑥 = −1 − 𝑥 and its
inverse function using the same coordinate axes.

Solution
1. Find the domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥 .
2. Get 𝑓 −1 𝑥 .
3. Sketch either 𝑓 or 𝑓 −1 and reflect it about the line
𝑦 = 𝑥.
Inverse functions
Inverse functions
Remark Although the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is not
one-to-one and therefore does not have an inverse
function, we can turn it into a one-to-one function by
restricting its domain.

𝑦 = 𝑥2, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 0,2
Exercise
Determine whether the following function is even, odd
or neither. Also, determine the intervals where it is
increasing or decreasing

2
𝑓 𝑥 =5+
4 − 𝑥2

Determine whether the following function is one-to-


one and if so, find its inverse
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 5 − 3𝑥

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