Analytic geometry

Exercises

to)𝟑𝒂 b)𝒂 +𝒃 c)𝒂 −𝒃 d)[𝒂 +𝒃 ] e)|𝒂 −𝒃 |

1.- 𝑎=2𝑖+𝑎𝑗 𝑏=−𝑖+𝑎
a)
−4𝑗3𝑎 =3(2𝑖 +𝑎𝑗 )𝟑𝒂=𝟔𝒊+𝟏𝟐𝒋 b)𝑎 +𝑏 = <2𝑖 +(−1),+4𝑗 +𝑎𝑗 >𝒂 +𝒃 =𝒊 +𝒋 c)𝑎 −𝑏 =21−(−𝑖 )+𝑎𝑗
𝒂−𝒃=𝟑𝒊
2.- a= (1,1) b= (2,3)
a) 3a; 3(1,1) b) a+b; a= (1,1) b= (2,3) c) ab; a= (1,1) b= (2,3)
3a= 3,3 a+b= (1+2), (3+1) ab= (1-2), (3-1)
a+b= 3.4 ab= -1.2
d) |a+b|; a+b= 3.4 e) |a+b|; ab= -1.2
|a+b|=√(3)2+(4)2 = √9+16 = √𝟐𝟓 |a+b|=√(−1)2−(2)2 = √1−4 = √−𝟑
3. 𝑎=<4,0>,𝑏=<0,−5>
𝑎) 3𝑎=3<4,0>=<12,0> 𝑏) 𝑎+𝑏=<4+0,0+(−5)>=<4,−5> 𝑐) 𝑎−𝑏=<4−0,0−(−5)>=<4,5>

𝑑)⌈𝑎+𝑏⌉=|<4,−5>|=√16+25=√4 1 𝑎+𝑏|=|<4,5>|=√16+25=√4 1
4. a= (1/6i – 1/6j) b= (1/2i +5/6j)
a) 3(1/6i – 1/6j) = 1/2i – 1/2j b) (1/6i – 1/6j) + (1/2i + 5/6j) = 2/3i + 2/3j
c) (1/6i – 1/6j) - (1/2i + 5/6j) = 1/6i – 1/6j - 1/2i - 5/6j = -1/3i – j
d) (1/6i – 1/6j) + (1/2i + 5/6j) = |2/3i + 2/3j |
e) (1/6i – 1/6j) - (1/2i + 5/6j) = 1/6i – 1/6j - 1/2i - 5/6j = -1/3i – j = |1/3i + j|
5.- a = - 3i + 2j, b= 7j
a) 3a b) a + bc) a – b
3a = 3 ( -3i + 2j) a + b = <- 3i, 2j +7j > a – b = < -3i, 2j – 7j >
3a = -9i + 6j a + b = -3i + 9j a – b = - 3i – 5j
d) │a + b │ e) │a – b │
│a + b │= √3² + 9² = √9+81 =√100 = 10 │a – b │= √3² - 5² = √9 + 25 = √34
6. a= <1.3>, b= -5a
a) 3(1,3) = (3,9)
R= (3.9)
b) a+b
<1,3> + (-5(1,3))
<1,3> + (-5,-15)
<1,3> (-5,-15)
(-4,-12)
R= (-4,-12)
c ) <1,3> - (-5(1,3)) <1,3> - (-5,-15) <1,3> (5,15) (6,18) R= (6, 18)
d) |<1,3> + (-5(1,3))| |<1,3> +(-5,-15)| |<1,3> (-5,-15)| |-4,-12| R= |-4,-12|
e) |<1,3> - (-5(1,3))|
|<1,3>- (-5,-15)|
|<1,3> (5+15)|
|6.18| R=|6.18|

7.- 𝒂=−𝒃 ,𝒃= −𝟐 𝒊−𝟗 𝒋

a) 3𝑎 =3 (+2𝑖 ,+9𝑗 ) 3𝑎 =6𝑖 +27 𝑗
b) 2+( −2 )+9+(−9 )=0
c) 2𝑖 +9𝑗 −( −2𝑖 +9𝑗 ) 2𝑖 +9𝑗 +2𝑖 +9𝑗𝑎−𝑏 =4𝑖 +18 𝑗

D) | 2𝑖 +9𝑗 +( −2𝑖 −9𝑗 )| | 2𝑖 +9𝑗 −2𝑖 −9𝑗 | | 2𝑖 −2𝑖 +9𝑗 −9𝑗 | |𝑎 +𝑏 |=0
E) | 2𝑖 −9𝑗 −( −2𝑖 −9𝑗 )| | 2𝑖 +9𝑗 +2𝑖 +9𝑗 | | 4𝑖 +18𝑗 | |𝑎 −𝑏 |=4𝑖 +18 𝑗
8.- a =‹7.10› b=‹1.2›
a) 3‹7.10› = ‹21.30› b) ‹7.10›+‹1.2› = ‹8.12› c) ‹7.10›-‹1.2› = ‹6, 8›
d) │ ‹7.10›+‹1.2› │ = ‹8.12› e) │ ‹7.10›-‹1.2› │ = ‹6.8›

a) 4a – 2b and b) – 3a -5b
9. a = {1, -3} b = { -1, 1}
a) 4(1, -3) = 4i – 12j b) -3(1, -3) = -3i+9j
-2(-1, 1) = 2i – 2j -5(-1,1) = 5i-5j
---------------------- ---------------------
6i – 14j 2i+4j
10.- A= I+JYB=3I-2J
a) 4.a = 4 ( i+j) = <4,4>= 4i+4j -2b = -2(3i-2j)= <-6,4> = -6i+4j
4a-2b = <4-(-6),4-4> = <10,0> = 10i-0j
b) -3.a =-3 (i+j)=<-3,-3> -5.b= -5(3i-2j)= <-15,10>= -15i+10j
-3a-5b= <-3-(-15),-3-10>= <12,-13> = 12i-13j

11. a= i - jb=-3i + 4j
a) a) 4(1, -1) = 4i – 4j b) -3(1, -1) = -3i + 3j
2(-3, 4) = -6i – 8j 5(-3, 4) = -15i – 20j
10i – 12j 12i + 17j
12. a=<2.0> b=<0.3>
a) 4<2,0> = <8,0> b) -3<2,0> = <-6, 0>
2<0,3> = <0, 6> 5<0,3> = <0, 15>
<8, -6> <-6, -15>
13. 𝑎=(4,10) 𝑏=−2(1,3)
a) 4𝑎 =4(4,10)= ⦑ 16.40 ⦒ 2𝑏 =−2(1,3)=(−2.−6)
2(−2,−6)=⦑−4,−12⦒
4𝑎−2𝑏=⦑16-(-4),40-(-12) ⦒=⦑20,52⦒
b) −3𝑎 (4,10)= ⦑ −12,−30 ⦒ 5𝑏 =−2(1,3)=(−2,−6)

5𝑏(−2,−6)=⦑−10,−30⦒
−3𝑎−5𝑏=⦑−12—10),−30—30⦒=⦑−2,0⦒

14.- a=<3.1> + <-1.2>, b= <6.5> - <1-2>

a) <2i + 3j> b) <5i + 7j>
a) 4(2i + 3j) – 2(5i + 7j)= 8i + 12j – 10i – 14j= -2i - 2j
b) -3(2i + 3j) – 5(5i + 7j) = -6i – 9j -25i -35j= -31i – 44j

In problems 15-18 find the vector P1P2. Graph P1P2 and its corresponding position
vector.

15. P1(3,2) P2(5,7).

To obtain position vector we do the following operation.

X2- X1 = 2 Y2 – Y1= 5 We are left with the result

(5)-(3) = 2 (7)-(2) = 5 <2i, 5j>

16. Find the vector P ₁ P ₂ . graph P ₁ P ₂ and its corresponding position vector .

P ₁ (-2, -1) P ₂ (4, -5)

A
*X ₂ - X ₁ = * Y ₂ - Y ₁ =
5
4 V
4 – (-2)= 6 -1 – (-5) = 4 3
2
R= < 6i, 4j> 1 1 23456
x
- - - - - - -
P -
-
-
-
- P
-

17. Find the vector P1P2 ⃗ . Graph P1P2 ⃗ and its corresponding position vector.
17. P1 (3, 3) P2 (5, 5) P1P2 ⃗ = <2i, 2j>
6
P2 – P19
5
(5, 5) – (3, 3) 4
3
X1 = 3 Y1 = 3 2
X2 = 5 Y2 = 5 1
0
X2 – X1 = 5 – 3 = 2i Y2 – Y1 = 5 – 3 = 2j 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

<2i, 2j>

18.- P1 (0, 3), P2 (2, 0).

P 1 ( 0 ,3 ) P 2 ( 2 , 0 ) 2−0=2
 X 2− X 1
0−3=−3
Y 2−Y 1
¿<2 i ,3 j> ¿

19. Find the end point of the vector P 1 P 2 = 4i + 8j if its initial point is (-3,10).
4i + 8j=¿ P fx – (-3), P fy−¿ 10¿
P fx+¿ 3= 4 Pfy−¿ 10= 8
Pfx = 4−¿ 3 Pfy = 8+¿ 10
P fx = 1 P fy = 18

R= V P1P2 = (1.18)

20. Find the initial point of the vector p1p2= (-5, -1) if its end point is (4, 7).
we
p1 can write the vector p1p2 as op2 - op1 with op1 being the position vector of the point
then: op1 = op2 - p1p2 = (4, 7) - (-5, -1) = (9, 8)
(9, 8) are the coordinates of the initial point.

21.- Determine which of the vectors are parallel with: a=4i+6j.

a) -4i-6j c) 10i+15j e) 8i+12j
b) -i-3/2j d) 2(ij)-3(1/2i-5/12j) f) (5i+j)-(7i+4j)

a) ijkjk
4i+6j 4i 6j 0k 6j 0k
= = 0i+0j+0k - (0i+0j-24k)= 0i+0j-0k
-4-6 -4i -6j 0k -6j 0k

b) ijkjk
4i+6j 4i 6j 0k 6j 0k
= = 0i +0j+0k - (0i-0j-6k)= 0i-0j-0k
-i-3/2j -i -3/2j 0k -3/2j 0k
 c) ijkjk
4i+6j 4i 6j 0k 6j 0k
= = 0i+0j+0k - (0i+0j+60k)= 0i+0j+0k
10i+15j 10i 15j 0k 15j 0k

d) ijkjk
4i+6j 4i 6j 0k 6j 0k
= = 0i+0j-0k - (0i-0k-6k)= 0i-0j+0k
-i-3/2j -i -3/2j 0k -3/2 0k

e) ijkjk
4i+6j 4i 6j 0k 6j 0k
= = 0i+0j+0k + (0i+0j+48k)= 0i+0j+0k
8i+12j 8i 12j 0k 12j 0k

f) ijkjk
4i+6j 4i 6j 0k 6j 0k
= = 7i+0j+0k + (0i+4j+11k) (5i+j) – (7i+4j) 5i+j 7i+4j 0k 7i+4j 0k =
0i+0j+0k

22.Determine a scalar c such that

A = 3i + c j and B = -i + 9j. Be parallel

We put only the coordinate coefficients

A(3+c)

B (-1+ 9)

To be parallel they must fulfill this function

U (U1, U2) V (V1, V2)
UV= U1 = U2
V1 = V2
A(3+c) B (-1+ 9)
U (U1, U2) V (V1, V2)

We replace
AB= 3 = C
-1 = 9

We do the operation (clearance)

C= 3
9
RESULT

C= 3
9
23. Find a+(b+c) for the given vectors.

a=( 5.1 ), b=( -2.4 ), c=( 3.10 ). R=< 1.14 >

Ø SOLUTION
u (b+c) b=( -2.4 ), c=( 3.10 ).
b+c=( -2.4 ), c=( 3.10 ).
b+c= < -2 + 3 >,< 10+4 >
b+c= < -2 + 3 >,< 10+4 >
b+c= < 1, 14 >

u a+(b+c) a=( -2.4 ), b+c=( 1.14 ).

a+(b+c)=( 5,1 ), c=( 1,14 ).
a+(b+c)= < 5+ 1 >,< 14+1 >Y
a+(b+c)= < 6, 15 > (b+c) b=( -2,4 ), c=( 3,10 ).
a+(b+c£=( -2.4 ), c=( 3.10 ).
a(b+c)= < -2 + 3 >,< 10+4 >
a(b+c)= < -2 + 3 >,< 10+4 >
a(b+c)= < 1, 14 >

In Problem 24, find a + (b + c) in the given vector.

a) a= ‹1,1› b= ‹ 4,3 › c= ‹ 0,- 2 ›
R= ‹ 1,1 › + ( ‹ 4, 3 › + ‹ 0, - 2 › ) = ‹ 4, 3 › + ‹ 0,- 2 › = ‹ 0,- 6 ›

25.Find the unit vector

a) In the same direction from to
b) In the opposite direction to <2,2>

√
a) iiiii❑ (2)2 +(2)2 = √ 8

→
1 → 1
μ = a = = (2,2)
llall a √8
llall

2 2 → → →
μ=( , ¿ ll ll μ = = √ 8 ( μ ) =√ 8 (2,2) verification
√8 √8 a a a

b) to <2,2>
 → ❑ 2
ll ll = √ (2) +(2)2 = √ 8
a

1 → 1 2 2
μ= = (2,2) = ( , )
llall a √8 √8 √8

26. Teacher, I will attach this problem to the email because they sent it to me via Excel.

27.

→
→
v
a=¿ o ,−5> u = →
⌊v ⌋

⌊ a ⌋=❑√ ¿ ¿

→ 1 0 −5
u ¿ ¿ 0 ,−5>¿ ¿ ¿ , ¿ ¿< 0 ,−1>¿
5 5 5

→
b) −1 ° u ¿< (−1 )( 0 ) ,(−1)(−1)>¿

→
−u =¿ 0 , 1>¿

28. A= In the same direction as a:

¿ 1 ,−❑√ 3>¿=lal=❑√ 12+ ¿

a 1 √3
=( ,- )
lal 2 2

b= in the opposite direction of a:

a= ←1 , ❑√ 3>¿
lal= √ ¿
lal= √ 4
lal=2

29.- Normalize the vector a+b when a=<2.8> and b=<3.4>

Step 1 perform a+b

a+b= <2+3,8+4>
a+b= <5.12>

Step 2 normalize the result

2,8 3+4
|a+b|= ❑ ,
√(5) +(12) √(5)2 +(12)2
2 2 ❑

Result
2 ,8 3+4
|a+b|= ,
13 13

30. Normalize the vector 2a-3b given when a=<2.8> and b=<3.4>.
a=¿ 2 , 8>b=¿ 3 , 4> ¿
2 a=2<2 ,8> ¿< 4 , 16>3 b=3<3 , 4≥¿ 9 , 12>¿

2 a−3 b=¿ 4−9 , 16−12≥←5 , 4> ¿

−5 4 −5 ❑√ 41 4 ❑√ 41
|2 a−3 b|= ❑ , = ,
√ (−5 ) +( 4 ) √ (−5 ) +( 4 )
2 2 ❑ 2 2 41 41

31.- In problems 31 and 32, find the vector b that is parallel to the given vector a and has
the indicated magnitude.

𝑎=3𝑖+7𝑗 |𝑏|=2

𝑎=3𝑘+7𝑘 𝑎=3(2),7(2)

𝑎=6,14 𝑏=6,14

32. a= ½ i – ½ j ; |b| = 3

ka= <k (1/2 i), k (-1/2 j) >

√[( ) ( ) ]
2 2 2
K −K K
|b|=3 ❑
+ = √9
❑
=4.5
2 2 4

√[( ) ( ) ]
2 2
|b|=3 ❑ √ 18 + −√ 18 =❑√ 9
2
K =(4.5)( 4)
2 2

|b|=3 ❑
√[( ) ( )]
9
2
+
9
2
=❑√ 9 K=❑√ [ ( 4.5 )( 4 ) ]

K=❑√ 18

33. -Find a vector in the opposite direction of a=(4, 10) but with length equal to 3/4

b (−3,−7.5)
Let b be a vector in the opposite direction to vector a: u= =
|b| √ 65 .25
u=√
65 .25
=(−3,−7.5)
65.25
 Unit vector in the direction
a=( 4 , 10) of the vector “b”
3
Longitud=
4
3
( 4 , 10)=(3 , 7 .5 )
4 Vector in opposite
b=−a=(−3 ,−7 . 5 ) direction to vector “a”
but with length 3/4
b=√(32 )+(7 . 52 )=√ 65 .25 b (−3,−7.5)
u= =
|b| √ 65.25
u=( √
65.25
)(−3,−7.5)
65.25
Vector magnitude

34. Given that a= < 1.1 > and b= < -1.0 >, find a vector in the same direction as a + b but
five times its length.

1. We perform the operation a + b.

a= < 1.1 > + b= < -1.0 >
a + b = < 1+(-1), 1+0 >
a + b = < 0.1> (blue vector)

2. To obtain a vector in the same direction as a + b but five times its length, we
multiply the vector by a scalar K, in this case the scalar will be 5.
5< 0,1> = < 0,5>

47. Upon finishing, a person's foot hits the ground with a force F at an angle Ɵ from mla
vertical. In Figure 11.20, the vector F is decomposed into two vector components Fg,
which is parallel to the ground, and Fn, which is perpendicular to the ground. For the foot
not to slip, the force Fg must be compensated by the opposite force Ff , of the friction; this
is Ff = -Fg.
a) Use the fact that [ Ff ] = µ| Fn | , where the symbol µ is the coefficient of friction to show
that tan Ɵ= µ. The foot will not slip for angles less than or equal to Ɵ
b) Given that µ = 0.6 for a rubber heel hitting an asphalt sidewalk, find the no-slip angle

TO)

n
∑Fx = 0 = Fg -Ff = F cos (Ɵ - - ) – Ff = FsinƟ - µ Fn = 0
2

n n
Furthermore Fn = Fsin (Ɵ - - ) = - Fsin (- – Ɵ ) = -
2 2
FcosƟ

So | Ff |= µ | Fn |

|Fsin Ɵ | – |µ( - Fcos Ɵ )| = 0

|Fsin Ɵ | – |µ Fcos Ɵ| = 0

|Fsin Ɵ | – |µcos Ɵ| = 0

sin Ɵ = µ cos Ɵ

µ = tan Ɵ

B)

0.6 = tan Ɵ -> Ɵ arctan = 30.96

48.

F 1=256.3lb
F 2=244.9 ≈245
W =−200 lb

W + F 1+ F 2=0
F 1=¿
F 1=(|−200|cos 20 ) j+ (|−200| sin20 ) j
F 2=(|F 2|cos 15 ) j + (|F 2|sin 15 ) i
F 2=(|−200|cos 15 ) i+ (|−200|sin 15 ) i
50.- a plane departs from an airport located at origin O and flies 150 mi in the
direction 20º northeast to city A. From A the plane flies 200 mi in the direction
23ºnortheast to city B. From B the plane flies 240 mi in the direction 10º southwest to
city C. Express the location of city C as a vector r equal to that shown in Figure 1.123.
Determine the distance from O to C.
❑
∑
❑
y=150 sin 20+200 cos 23−240 sin 10=¿ ¿
❑
∑
❑
y=−100.18
❑
∑
❑
x =150 cos 20+200 sin 23−240 cos 10=¿ ¿
❑
∑
❑
x =−309.4
R=❑√ (−100.18)2 +(−309.4)2
R=❑√ 10036.03+95728.36
R=325.21
❑

−1
∑
❑
y
θ=tan ❑ ❑
∑
❑
x

−1 −100.18
θ=tan
−309.4
θ ≈ 18 º