CSIR NET, GATE, UGC NET, SLET, IIT-JAM, TIFR, JEST, JNU, BHU, MCA and MSc ENTRANCE

EXAMS

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PART A

1. Two basis of R3 are E = {e1, e2, e3} = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} and

S = {u1, u2, u3} = {(1, 0, 1), (2, 1, 2), (1, 2, 2)}

 1 2 1
then the change -of-basis matrix P from E to S is 0 1 2 .
 1 2 2

 1 3 3   1 0 0
2. The triangular form of matrix A   0 1 2  is  0 1 0  .
 
 0 3 4   0 0 1
   

3. A function f twice differentiable and satisfying the inequalities | f(x) | < A, | f ” (x)| < B,
in the range x> a where A and B are constants then |f’ (x) | < 2 AB .

 1 2 0   1 1 0 
   
4. The invertible matrix of matrix A   1 1 2  is  0 1 2  such that P–1AP is
 0 1 1  0 0 1
   

triangular.

 1 1 2  1 1 1  1 0 0
5. 
If A  1 2 1  . and matrix P =  1 1 0  , then P AP   0 2 0 
   1

 0 0 3  2 1 1 0 0 3
   

 1 1 1 0 1 0
6. The triangular form of matrix A =  1 1 1 is  0 0 1  .
 1 1 0  0 0 0
   

n  1
7. The sequence   is Unbounded.
 n 

8. A function f : R  R is defined as follows:

f(x) = 2x2 + 3x + 4, if x  (–, 1) and f(x) = kx + 9 – k, if x  [1, ]

If this function is differentiable on the whole real line, then the value of k must be 7.

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 3
 1, 0x
4
9. Function  is continuous on (0, ).
2
2sin x 3 
x
 9 4

10. Two basis of R2 are S = {u1, u2} = {(1, 2), (3, 5)} and S' = {v1, v2} = {(1, –1), (1, –2)},

 8 11
then the change of basis matrix P from S to the “new” basis S’ is  .
3 4 

PART B

1
11. E is a non measurable subset of [0, 1]. Let P = E  { : n  N} and
n

1
Q = { : N} where E0 is the interior of E and E is the closure of E, then P is
n

measurable but not Q.

12. If a  b mod n. then g.c.d (a, n) = gcd(b, n).

1 1
13. The series   k  2
k 

is convergent.

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
   
0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0
14. Matrix A in the Jordan form is  .
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
0 1
1 1 1 1
  –1 –1
0 0 0 0
15. The rational canonical form of matrix A . is .
 0 0 1 0
 
 0 1 1 0

16. The two basis for R2, B = {(1, –1), (0, 6)} and C = {(2, 1), (–1, 4)} then the transition
 2 1/ 2
matrix from C to B is   .
 1 1/ 2

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17. The standard basis for p3, B = {1, x, x2} and the basis C = {p1, p2, p3} where p1 = 2,

2 0 0
p2 = –4x, p3 = 5x2 – 1, then the transition matrix from C to B is  0 4 0  .
 1 0 5 

18. Let T be the linear operative on R2 defined by T(x, y) = (4x – 2y, 2x + y). then the
 1 0
matrix of T in the basis {f1=(1, 1), f2 = (–1, 0)} is   .
 0 1

2 0
19. The null space of the matrix A    is {0}.
 4 10 

4 0 1
20. 
The diagonal form of Matrix A  1 6 2  is [–1, –6, 5].
 5 0 0 

PART C

21. If V be the vector space of polynomials t over R of degree  3, and D : v  v be the

0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0 
differential operator defined by D p  t   p  t  .
d 
is
dt 0 0 0 3
 
0 0 0 0

22. The transition matrix P from the basis {ei} to the basis {fi} and the transitions matrix q

from the basis {fi} to the basis {ei} when {e1 = (1, 0), e2 = (0, 1)} be a basis of R2

 1 1  0 1 
and {f1 = (1, 1), f2 = (–1, 0)} are p    ;q   .
 1 1 1 0 

23. A matrix A over R has (x – 7)5 and (x – 7)2 as its characteristic and minimal
polynomial over R respectively. A possible Jordan canonical form is given by )
7 1
7
7 1
7
7.

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24. If G is a group and a, x  G , then O(a) = O(x-1ax).

25. The group (R * × R, O), where R * = R – {0} and (a, b) O(c, d) = (ac, bc + d), then
the identity element and the inverse of (a, b) are (1, 0) and

(a–1, -ba–1), respectively.

a b
26. If G is a group of all 2 × 2 matrices   where (ab – bc)  0 and a, b, c, d are
 c d

integers modulo 3, relative to matrix multiplication, then the number of elements in G

is 81.

lim  cosec x 
1/ log x
27. x 0
equals to 1/e.

28. Let f: G H be a group homomorphism from a group G into a group H with kernel
K. If the order of G, H and K are 75, 45 and 15 respectively, then the order of the
image f(G) is 5.


29. In the set Q be rational numbers define  a follows for ,, Q,    
3

If Q+, Q–1, Q* respectively denote the sets of positive or negative and non-zero
rationals, then the pair  Q*, is an abelian group.

30. If S = Z, the set of all integers; a * b = a + b 2, then * is binary operation on the given
set S.

PART D

31. The equation whose roots are of opposite sign of the equation x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 =

0 is x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 = 0

2x  1
32. The value of lim is log 2 .
1  x 
1/ 2
x 0
1

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1
33. Sequence {an}, a1 > 0 an1  an   n diverges to .
an

1
34. Lim sin 0
x a xa

35. f(x), g(x) are differential on (a, b) and are continuous on [a, b] and

f(a) = –f(b) = 0 then a point c k (a, b) such that

f'(c) + f(c) g'(c) = 0

36. There exists a non-abelian group each of whose subgroup is normal.

37. If G is a group of order 10 then it must have a subgroup of order 5.

bc
38. The zero of two multiplicity of ax3 + 3bx2 + 3cx + d is .
2  ac  b 
2

39. There is no element in the ring Zp which has its own inverse.

40. Let A be a real symmetric matrix and f(x) a polynomial with real coefficient. Then
f(A) is also real symmetric.

ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer T F T T T T F T T T T T F T T
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Answer F F F T T T F T T T F T T T T
Question 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Answer T F T F T T T F F T

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HINTS AND SOLUTION

1. TRUE

Write v = (1, 3, 5) as a linear combination of u1, u2, u3 or equivalent, find [v]s. One

way to do this is to directly solve the vector equation v = xu1 + yu2 + zu3, that is,

 1  1 2  1
 3   x  0   y  1  z  2 
       
5   1 2 2

or x + 2y + z = 1

y + 2z = 3

x + 2y + 2z = 5

Hence the matrix P from E to S is

given by

 1 2 1
0 1 2 
 
 1 2 2

2. FALSE

The characteristic polynomial of A is

 1 3 3
  1 2     1    2 
2
0
0 3 4

Hence the eigenvalues of A are 1, 1, 2. Since the first column of A is already of the
required form (with the eigenvalue 1 in the leading place), we process directly to
triangularize the submatrix

 1 2 
B 
 3 4 

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The eigenvalues of B are 1, 2, To find an eigenvector of B corresponding to the

eigenvalue 1, we solve the system of equations

(B – I) X = 0

 2 2   x1 
i.e.     0
 3 3  x 2 

 1
which yields x1 = x2. Hence   is an eigenvector of B corresponding to eigenvalue
 1

1. So let

 1 0 0
 
U  0 1 0
 0 1 1
 

 1 0 0
 
Then U1   0 1 0 
 0 1 1 
 

 1 6 3 
 
and U1AU   0 1 2 
0 0 2
 

3. TRUE

Let x> a, and h a positive number; then

h2 n
f (x + h) = f (x) + hf ’ (x) + f (x +  h)
2!

h2
or hf’ (x) = f(x + h) - f (x) - fn (x +  h).
2!

h2
 | hf’ (x) | = | f(x + h) - f (x) - fn (x +  h) | .
2!

h2
< | f (x + h) | + | -f (x) | + | - fn (x +  h) |
2!

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1 2
<A+A+ h B [using the gives relations]
2

2A Bh
or | f ’ (x) | <    (h), say .
h 2

Now | f ’ (x) | is independent of h and also less than  (h) for all values of h. Hence
| f ’(x) | must be less than least value of  (h). For maxima or minima of  (h), we
have

2A Bh A
0 =  ’ (h) =  or h =  2 B
h 2  

> 0 when h = 2   .
4A A
and  '' (h) =
h3
B

Hence the least value of  (h)

1 B B A
= 2A.  A  + 2 .2  B  = 2 (AB) .
2    

Thus. | f ‘ (x) | < 2 (AB) .

4. TRUE

 1 2 0 
Given matrix A   1 1 2 
0 1 
 1

The characteristics equation of matrix A is

A  I  0

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1  2 0
1 1   2 0
0 1 1 

(  1)2 (  1) = 0

The eigenvalues of A are 1, 1, –1. It is easily seen that

2
 
X   0  is a solution of (A – I) X = 0
1 
 

2
hence  0  is an eigenvector of A corresponding to eigenvalue 1.
1 
 

Let us take

 2 0 0
 
U   0 1 0
1 0 1 
 

 2  0 0
Since  0  ,  1  ,  0  are linearly independent, U is invertible.
 1   0   1 
    

By using elementary column operations, it is easily seen that

 1/ 2 0 0 
 
U1   0 1 0 
 1/ 2 0 1 
 

 1 1 0 
Hence U1AU   0 1 2 
0 1 
 0

which is the required triangular form.

5. TRUE

The characteristic polynomial of A is

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1  1 2
f      1 2   1
0 1 3

= 3 – 62 + 11 – 6 = ( – 1) ( – 2) ( – 3).

Therefore, 1, 2, 3, are the eigenvalues of A. If X1, X2, X3 are eigenvectors

corresponding to 1, 2, 3 respectively. Then P = (X'1, X'2, X'3) is the required matrix.

a
Now X   b  must satisfy
c 
 

1 1 2  a  a
    
1 2 1  b   1 b 
0 1 3   c 
  c   

Therefore, a + b + 2c = a, –a + 2b + c = b and b + 3c = c.

 1
These equations give b = –2c, and a = –c. Thus   2  for any nonzero number
 1
 

[Here = –c] is an eigenvector corresponding to 1. Choosing a arbitrarily, say 1,

1
we have X1   2  . Similarly,
 1
 

1  1
   
X2   1 , X3   0 
1  1
   

1 1 1
Therefore P   2 1 0  .
1 1 
 1

 1 01  1 0 0
then P1   2 2   
2  and P–1 AP   0 2 0  .
 1 2 3  0 0 3
   

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6. TRUE

 1 1 0
 
A   1 1
2
0  and A3 = 0. Hence A is nilpotent, with minimum polynomial of A,
 0 0 0 


q(t) = t3. Hence the triangular form of A is the Jordan Canonical form of A which is
0 1 0
 
 0 0 1 .
0 0 0
 

7. FALSE

n 1 1
Xn = = 1+
n n

n  N,1  Xn (bounded below)

n  N,2  Xn (bounded above)

 n  1
  is bounded sequence.
 n 

8. TRUE

Here, given functions are

f(x) = 2x2 + 3x + 4, if x  (–, 1)

and f(x) = kx + 9 – k, if x  [1, )

 Lf'(x) = Rf' (x)

Now, Lf(x) = 2x2 + 3x + 4

 Lf'(x) = 4x + 3 at x = 1

Lf'(1) = 4 × 1 + 3 = 7

Now, Rf(x) = kx + 9 – k

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 Rf'(x) = k  Rf'(1) = k

Lf'(1) = Rf'(1)

 7k

9. TRUE

 3
 1, 0x
4
f(x) = 
2sin  2x  , 3  x  
  9 
  4

We have, lim f  x   1
3
x
4

 2x 
lim f  x   lim 2sin    1
x
3 x 
3
4
 9 
4

3
So, f(x) is continuous at x = .
4

f(x) is continuous at all other points.

10. TRUE

We have

 1  1 3  x  3y  1
 1  x 2  y 5 or yielding x = –8, y = 3
      2x  5y  1

 1  1 3  x  3y  1
 2  x 2  y 5  or yielding x = –11, y = 4
      2x  5y  2

Thus

v1  8u1  3u2  8 11

and hence P   .
v 2  11u1  4u2 3 4 

Note that the coordinates of v1 and v2 are the columns, not rows of the chance-of-

basis matrix P.

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11. TRUE

E is a non-measurable subset of [0, 1]

P = Eo   : n  N
1
Let
 n 

P = E   : n  N
1
and
n 

Here Eo is the interior of E, i.e. Eo < E

and E is the closure of E, i.e. E  E

Hence, P is measurable but not Q.

12. TRUE

Let d = g.c.d (a, n)

 d/ | a, d | n, but n | a  b

 d|a – b, d|a

 d|a – (a – b) = b

 d|b, d|n

Let c|b, c|n  c|b, c|a – a as n|a – b

 c|a – b + b = a

 c|a, c|n

 c|d as d = g.c.d(a, n)

 g.c.d(b, n) = d.

13. FALSE

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By a well known theorem we know that if  an converges and if  bn diverges then

  an  bn  diverges.

1 1 1 1
Here the series k diverges and 2
k
converges then the series   k  2
k 

is

divergent.

14. TRUE

The characteristic polynomial of A is (I – A) = 4. Hence A4 = 0, i.e. A is nilpotent.

Moreover, by computation A3  0 so that the minimum polynomial of A is

q(t) = t4. Hence the Jordan canonical form of A is given by

0 1 0 0
 
. 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
 
0 0 0 0

15. TRUE

The characteristic polynomial of A is (x – 1) x(x2 + x + 1) and since the factors are

non-square it is also the minimum polynomial of A. Hence the rational canonical
form is C  x   C  x  1  C  x2  x  1 where C(q(x)) is the companion matrix of q(x). In

block matrix notation this can be expressed as

16. FALSE

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Write the vectors from C as linear combination of the vectors from B. Here are those
linear combinations

1
(2, 1) = 2(1, –1)   0,6 
2

1
(–1, 4)   1,  1   0,6 
2

The two coordinate matrices are then,

 2 
 2,1B   
1/ 2

 1 
 1,4  B   
1/ 2

 2 1 
and the transition matrix is given P   
1/ 2 1/ 2

17. FALSE

Since B is the standard basis vectors writing down the transition matrix will be

2 0 1 
P  0 4 0 
0 0 5 

Each column of P will be the coefficients of the vector from C. Since those will also
be the coordinate of each of those vectors relative to the standard basis vectors.
The first row will be the constant terms from each basis vectors, the second row will
be the coefficient of x from each basis vector and third column will be the coefficient

of x2 from each basis vector.

18. FALSE

We have T(f1) = T (1, 1) = (2, 3)

= 3(1, 1) + (–1, 0)

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= 3f1 + f2

T(f2) = T (–1, 0) = (–4, –2)

= 2(1, 1) + 2(–1, 0)

= –2f1 + 2f2

3 2 
Hence T f   
1 2 

19. TRUE

2 0
Since A   
 4 10 

to find the null space of A we will need to solve the following system of equations

 2 0   x1  0
4 10   x   0 
  2  

 2x1 = 0, –4x1 + 10x2 = 0

we have given this in both matrix form and equation form. In equation form it is easy

to see that the only solution is x1 = x2 = 0. In terms of vectors form R2. The solution

consists of the single vector {0} and hence the null space of A is {0}.

20. TRUE

The characteristic equation of matrix A is

4 0 1
A  I  0  1 6   2  0
5 0 0

 (4 – ) [(6 + )] + 1(6 + )5 = 0

 (6 + ) [(4 – ) + 5] = 0

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 (6 + ) (4 – 2 + 5) = 0

 (6 + ) (1 + ) (5 – ) = 0

i.e.  = –6, –1, 5

and we know that if we change a matrix in a diagonal form then the diagonal entries
are equal to the eigen values of A. Hence the diagonal form of A is (–1, –6, 5).

21. TRUE

D(1) = 0 = 0 + 0t + 0t2 + 0t3

D(t) = 1 = 1 + 0t + 0t2 + 0t3

D(t2) = 2t = 0 + 2t + 0t2 + 0t3

D(t3) = 3t2 = 0 + 0t + 3t2 + 0t3

22. FALSE

f1 = (1, 1) = (1, 0) = (0, 1) = e1 + e2

f2 = (–1, 0) = – (1, 0) + 0.(0, 1) = –e1 + e2

Hence the transition matrix P from the basis {ei} to the basis {fi} is

 1 1
P 
 1 0 

e1 = (1, 0) = 0(1, 1) – (–1, 0) = f1 – f2

e2 = (0, 1) = 1(1, 1) + (–1, 0) = f1 + f2

Hence the transition matrix q from the basis {fi}

back to the basis {ei} is

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 0 1
q 
 1 1

Observed that p and q are inverse

 1 1  0 1  1 0 
pq     I
 1 0  1 1  1 1 

or by observation: If p and q are change of basis matrix then p = q–1 be hold.

23. TRUE

Since the characteristic polynomial of A is (x – 7)5 the characteristic 7 should occur

5 times along the leading diagonal of a possible Jordon-Canonical Form J of A.

Since (x – 7)2 in the minimal polynomial of A, we must start with a 2 × 2 Jordon

7 1
black in J i.e., in the first Jordan block in J. The Jordan blocks must occur is
7

non increasing order along the principal diagonal.

24. TRUE

Let a  G, x  G , then

(x-1ax)2 = (x-1ax)(x-1ax)

= x-1(xx-1)ax [by associativity]

= x-1aeax = x-1(aea)x

= x-1a2x

Again let (x-1ax)n-1 = x-1an-1x, where (n-1)  N

 (x-1ax)n-1(x-1ax) = (x-1an-1x)(x-1ax)

 (x-1ax)n = x-1an-1(xx-1)ax = x-1an-1(eax)

Therefore by induction method,

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(x-1ax)n = x-1anx,  n  N

Now let O(a) = n and O(x-1ax) = m,

then (x-1ax)n = x-1anx = x-1ex = e

 O(x-1ax)  n  mn ...(1)

Again O(x-1ax) = m  (x-1ax)m = e  x-1amx = e

 x(x-1amx)x-1 = xex-1 = e

 (xx-1)am(xx-1) = e

 eame = e  am = e

 O(a)  m  nm ...(2)

(1) and (2)  n=m  O(a) = O(x-1ax)

If O(a) is the infinite, then O(x-1ax) will also be infinite.

25. TRUE

Consider the group (R * × R, )

where R * = R – {0} and

(a, b) (c, d) = (ac, bc + d) ...(i)

Note the element (a, b) of (R * × R)

 a  R *, b  R

To find identity: Let (c, d) be the identity of (R* × R) then

(a, b) (c, d) = (a, b)

 (ac, bc + d) = (a, b)

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 ac = a ...(i)

and bc + d = b ...(ii)

by Eq. (i) ac = a

 ac – a = 0

 a (c– 1) = 0.

since a  R *  a  0 so, c = 1

Now by Eq. (ii) bc + d = b

 bc – b + d = 0

 b(c – 1) + d = 0

 d=0 (since, c = 1)

Thus identity is (1, 0)  (R* , R)

Now let (c, d) be inverse of (a, b), then (c, d) (a, b) = identity

 (c, d) (a, b) = (1, 0)

 (ac, bc + d) = (1, 0) (by definition of )

 ac = 1 ...(iii)

and bc + d = 0 ...(iv)

by Eq. (iii) ac = 1  c = a–1

by Eq. (iv) bc + d = 0

 bc = – d

 d = – bc

= – b (a–1)

= – ba–1

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Hence, identity elements are (1, 0)

and inverse of (a, b) is (a–1, – ba–1).

26. FALSE

a b
Here, it is given that G is group of all 2x2 matrices   where  ad  bc   0 and
 c d

a b
a,b,c,d are integers modulo 3, So, if   , then a,b,c,d  0,1,2 = A (say).
 c d

Since a, b,c,d can take three values there are 3 x 3 x 3 = 81, 2 x 2 matrices in act
with element in A. If ab = bc = 0, since ab = 0 in five ways (i.e. for five pairs of value
of a and b) and bc = 0 in five ways.

There are 5 x 5 = (25) different ways in which ad and bc are simultaneously zero.

If ad  bc  0

ad  0 means either ad = 1 or 2

Now ad = 1 in two ways and bc = 1 in two ways.

Therefore, both ad and bc are 1 simultaneously in 2 x 2 = (4) ways

Similarly, ad = bc = 2 in 4 different ways. Hence, there are eight ways in all in which
ad  bc  0 .

 Total number of matrices in the form of ad - bc = 0 is 25 + 8 = (33)

 Total number of matrices in the form of

ad  bc  0

i.e, 81 - 33 = 48

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27. TRUE

log cosec x  cot x

Let log p = lim
x 0
lim

log x x 0 1/ x

x 1
= – lim
x 0
  lim
x 0 sec 2 x
  1 (By L’ Hospital’s rule )
tan x

 p = e-1 = 1/e

28. TRUE

Here, It is given that f : G H is group homomorphism from a group G-into a group
H, with kernel K.

 By given condition that O(G) = 75

O H  45, O K   15

 By first fundamental theorem

G
We have f  G 
K

 O  f  G   O  G
K

 

O  G
O f  G 
75
  5
O K  15

29. TRUE

Here, it is given that Q is the set of rational numbers which is defined as follows


for a, b  Q and    
3

To prove it as abelian group, it must satisfy the following properties.

1. Closure : Q  is closure in Q*

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 
2. Commutativity :       
3 3
 
3. Associativity :              ,  ,,   Q *
9

4. Identity :   3    3  ,   Q *
 3 is identity elements in Q*.
9 9
5. Inverse :    3   ,   Q *
 
9
 is inverse element


  Q,,  is an abelian group.

30. TRUE

Since, addition is binary operation on the set N of natural numbers i.e, a + b  N

 a,b, N and subtraction is not a binary operation on N. S = Z, the set of all

integers, a * b = a + b2 satisfy the binary condition.

31. TRUE

The given equation is

x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0

replacing x by (–x), the required equation is

(–x)3 – 6(–x)2 + 11(–x) – 6 = 0

or, –x3 – 6x2 – 11x – 6 = 0

or, x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 = 0

32. FALSE

2x  1
lim
1  x 
1/ 2
x 0
1

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2x log2 
 f x fx 
= lim  lim  lim 
x 0 1
2 1  x 
1/ 2

  
x a g x
  
x a g' x

= 2log2 = log 4.

33. TRUE

Here an+1 > an > 0  n. Let the monotonic an be bounded. Then lim an = l(> a1 > 0).

On letting n   ,

1 1
  , i.e.  0, a contradiction.

Hence, n is unbounded above and being monotonic it diverges to .

34. FALSE

For any d > 0  n N such that

1 1
– < x1 – a   x2  a   , and so,
 
2n  2n 
2 2

1 1
x1, x2  {x : 0 < |x – a| < }  sin  sin  1  1  2 |   1.
x1  a x2  a

1
Hence, by the general principle for the existence of limits, lim sin does not exist.
x a x a

35. TRUE

Here F  x   f  x  eg x satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorems on [a, b]. So that

there exists a point c  (a, b) such that F'(c) = 0, i.e.,

f(c) = eg(c) + f(c) eg(c) = 0.

 f'(c) + f(c) g'(c) = 0, as egc   0.

36. TRUE

Consider the Quaternion group of order 8.

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G   1,  i,  j,  k, i2 = j2 = k2 = –1

and ij = –ji = k, jk = –kj = i, ki = –ik = j

Clearly G is non-abelian. By Lagrange’s Theorem, G can have proper subgroups of

orders 4 and 2 only. If H is subgroup of G of order 4,

then iG(H) = O(G)/O(H) = 8/4 = 2.

Now iG(H) = 2  H G.

Thus all subgroups of G of order 4 are normal.

The only subgroup of G of order 2 is {1, –1}, which is obviously normal in G.

Hence G is a non-abelian group each of whose subgroup is normal.

37. TRUE

By Lagrange’s theorem such a subgroup can exist. We first claim that all elements
of G cannot be order 2. Suppose it is so. Let a, b k G two different elements with
order 2.

Let H = <a>, k = <b> be the cyclic subgroups generated by a and b.

then O(H) = 2, O(K) = 2

Since all elements of G are of order 2 it must be abelian.

 HK = KH  HK is a subgroup of G.

O  H  O  K  2 2
and as O HK    4
O H  K  1

[Note H  K   e  as a  b ]

By Lagrange’s theorem O(HK) should divide O(G) i.e., 4/10 which is not true hence
our assumption is wrong and thus all elements of G   can not have order 2.

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Again since G is finite O(a)|O(G) for all a  G at least one element a  G, such that
O(a) = 5 or 10.

If O(a) = 5, then H = <a> is a subgroup of order 5.

If O(a) = 10, then H = <a2> is a subgroup of order 5.

38. FALSE

Here F(x) = ax3 + 3bx2 + 3cx + d

F'(x) = 3ax2 + 6bx + 3c

 The zero of F(x) is of multiplicity 1.

Therefore, the common divisor of F(x) and F’(x) is

2(ca – b2) x + (da – bc)

which has zero of multiplicity 1. Hence

bc  ad
x

2 ac  b2 
39. FALSE

Let a  Zp such that a2  1. Then

a2  1modp  i.e. p| (a2 – 1) = (a + 1) (a – 1).

p|a + 1 or p|a – 1, i.e. a  1modp 

or a  1modp . Hence a  1 or a  p  1
40. TRUE
Since f has real coefficients

f(At) = f(A)t. But A = At so that

f(A) = f(A)t. Hence f(A) is symmetric.

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