19-1566; Rev 2; 1/01

Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2

Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
General Description Features

MAX1645/MAX1645A
The MAX1645 are high-efficiency battery chargers capa- ♦ Input Current Limiting
ble of charging batteries of any chemistry type. It uses the
Intel System Management Bus (SMBus) to control volt- ♦ 175s Charge Safety Timeout
age and current charge outputs. ♦ 128mA Wake-Up Charge
When charging lithium-ion (Li+) batteries, the MAX1645 ♦ Charges Any Chemistry Battery: Li+, NiCd,
automatically transition from regulating current to regu-
lating voltage. The MAX1645 can also limit line input NiMH, Lead Acid, etc.
current so as not to exceed a predetermined current ♦ Intel SMBus 2-Wire Serial Interface
drawn from the DC source. A 175s charge safety timer
♦ Compliant with Level 2 Smart Battery Charger
prevents “runaway charging” should the MAX1645 stop
receiving charging voltage/ current commands. Spec Rev. 1.0
The MAX1645 employs a next-generation synchronous ♦ +8V to +28V Input Voltage Range
buck control circuity that lowers the minimum input-to- ♦ Up to 18.4V Battery Voltage
output voltage drop by allowing the duty cycle to
exceed 99%. The MAX1645 can easily charge one to ♦ 11-Bit Battery Voltage Setting
four series Li+ cells. ♦ ±0.8% Output Voltage Accuracy with Internal
Applications Reference
♦ 3A max Battery Charge Current
Notebook Computers
♦ 6-Bit Charge Current Setting
Point-of-Sale Terminals
Personal Digital Assistants ♦ 99.99% max Duty Cycle for Low-Dropout Operation
♦ Load/Source Switchover Drivers
♦ >97% Efficiency

Ordering Information
Pin Configuration
PART TEMP. RANGE PIN-PACKAGE
TOP VIEW
MAX1645EEI -40°C to +85°C 28 QSOP
DCIN 1 28 CVS MAX1645AEEI -40°C to +85°C 28 QSOP
LDO 2 27 PDS

CLS 3 26 CSSP

REF 4 25 CSSN

CCS 5 24 BST
MAX1645
CCI 6 23 DHI
MAX1645A
CCV 7 22 LX

GND 8 21 DLOV

BATT 9 20 DLO

DAC 10 19 PGND

VDD 11 18 CSIP

THM 12 17 CSIN
Typical Operating Circuit appears at end of data sheet.
SCL 13 16 PDL

SDA 14 15 INT
SMBus is a trademark of Intel Corp.
QSOP

________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1

For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at
1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
MAX1645/MAX1645A

DCIN, CVS, CSSP, CSSN, LX to GND....................-0.3V to +30V VDD, SCL, SDA, INT, DLOV to GND.........................-0.3V to +6V
CSSP to CSSN, CSIP to CSIN ...............................-0.3V to +0.3V THM to GND ...............................................-0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V)
PDS, PDL to GND ...................................-0.3V to (VCSSP + 0.3V) PGND to GND .......................................................-0.3V to +0.3V
BST to LX..................................................................-0.3V to +6V LDO Continuous Current.....................................................50mA
DHI to LX ...................................................-0.3V to (VBST + 0.3V) Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
CSIP, CSIN, BATT to GND .....................................-0.3V to +22V 28-Pin QSOP (derate 10.8mW/°C above +70°C).........860mW
LDO to GND .....................-0.3V to (lower of 6V or VDCIN + 0.3V) Operating Temperature Range ...........................-40°C to +85°C
DLO to GND ...........................................-0.3V to (VDLOV + 0.3V) Storage Temperature.........................................-60°C to +150°C
REF, DAC, CCV, CCI, CCS, CLS to GND.....-0.3V to (VLDO + 0.3V) Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C

Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDD = +3.3V, VBATT = +16.8V, VDCIN = +18V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at
TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
DCIN Typical Operating Range VDCIN 8 28 V
DCIN Supply Current IDCIN 8V < VDCIN < 28V 1.7 6 mA
DCIN Supply Current Charging
8V < VDCIN < 28V 0.7 2 mA
Inhibited
When AC_PRESENT DCIN rising 7.5 7.85
DCIN Undervoltage Threshold V
switches DCIN falling 7 7.4
LDO Output Voltage VLDO 8V < VDCIN < 28V, 0 < ILDO < 15mA 5.15 5.4 5.65 V
VDD Input Voltage Range
8V < VDCIN < 28V 2.8 5.65 V
(Note 1)
When the SMB res- VDD rising 2.55 2.8
VDD Undervoltage Threshold V
ponds to commands VDD falling 2.1 2.5
0 < VDCIN < 6V, VDD = 5V, VSCL = 5V,
VDD Quiescent Current IDD 80 150 µA
VSDA = 5V
REF Output Voltage VREF 0 < IREF < 200µA 4.066 4.096 4.126 V
BATT Undervoltage Threshold
When ICHARGE drops to 128mA 2.4 2.8 V
(Note 2)
PDS Charging Source Switch
VPDS-OFF VCVS referred to VBATT, VCVS falling 50 100 150 mV
Turn-Off Threshold
PDS Charging Source Switch
VPDS-HYS VCVS referred to VBATT 100 200 300 mV
Threshold Hysteresis
PDS Output Low Voltage, PDS
IPDS = 0 8 10 12 V
Below CSSP
PDS Turn-On Current PDS = CSSP 100 150 300 µA
PDS Turn-Off Current VPDS = VCSSP - 2V, VDCIN = 16V 10 50 mA
PDL Load Switch Turn-Off
VPDL-OFF VCVS referred to VBATT, VCVS rising -150 -100 -50 mV
Threshold

2 _______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

MAX1645/MAX1645A
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDD = +3.3V, VBATT = +16.8V, VDCIN = +18V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at
TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
PDL Load Switch Threshold
VPDL-HYS VCVS referred to VBATT 100 200 300 mV
Hysteresis
PDL Turn-Off Current VCSSN - VPDL = 1V 6 12 mA
PDL Turn-On Resistance PDL to GND 50 100 150 kΩ
CVS Input Bias Current VCVS = 28V 6 20 µA
ChargingVoltage() = 0x41A0 16.666 16.8 16.934
ChargingVoltage() = 0x3130 12.492 12.592 12.692
BATT Full-Charge Voltage V0 V
ChargingVoltage() = 0x20D0 8.333 8.4 8.467
ChargingVoltage() = 0x1060 4.150 4.192 4.234
ChargingCurrent() =
2.798 3.008 3.218 A
0x0BC0
BATT Charge Current (Note 3) I0 RCS = 50mΩ
ChargingCurrent() =
61.6 128 194.4 mA
0x0080
DCIN Source Current Limit VCLS = 4.096V 4.714 5.12 5.526
RCSS = 40mΩ A
(Note 3) VCLS = 2.048V 2.282 2.56 2.838
VBATT = 1V,
MAX1645 20 128 200
BATT Undervoltage Charge RCSI = 50mΩ
mA
Current VBATT = 1V,
MAX1645A 61.6 128 194.4
RCSI = 50mΩ
BATT/CSIP/CSIN Input Voltage
0 20 V
Range
Total of IBATT, ICSIP, and ICSIN;
Total BATT Input Bias Current -700 700 µA
VBATT = 0 to 20V
Total of IBATT, ICSIP, and ICSIN;
Total BATT Quiescent Current -100 100 µA
VBATT = 0 to 20V, charge inhibited
Total of IBATT, ICSIP, and ICSIN;
Total BATT Standby Current -5 5 µA
VBATT = 0 to 20V, VDCIN = 0
CSSP Input Bias Current VCSSP = VCSSN = VDCIN = 0 to 28V -100 540 1000 µA
CSSN Input Bias Current VCSSP = CCSSN = VDCIN = 0 to 28V -100 35 100 mA
CSSP/CSSN Quiescent Current VCSSP = VCSSN = 28V, VDCIN = 0 -1 1 µA
Battery Voltage-Error Amp DC
From BATT to CCV 200 500 V/V
Gain
CLS Input Bias Current VCLS = VREF/2 to VREF -1 0.05 1 µA
Battery Voltage-Error Amp From BATT to CCV, ChargingVoltage() =
0.111 0.222 0.444 µA/mV
Transconductance 0x41A0, VBATT = 16.8V
Battery Current-Error Amp From CSIP/SCIN to CCI, ChargingCurrent() =
0.5 1 2 µA/mV
Transconductance 0x0BC0, VCSIP - VCSIN = 150.4mV
Input Current-Error Amp From CSSP/CSSN to CCS, VCLS = 2.048V,
0.5 1 2 µA/mV
Transconductance VCSSP - VCSSN = 102.4mV
CCV/CCI/CCS Clamp Voltage
VCCV = VCCI = VCCS = 0.25V to 2V 150 300 600 mV
(Note 4)

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX1645/MAX1645A

(Circuit of Figure 1, VDD = +3.3V, VBATT = +16.8V, VDCIN = +18V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at
TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
DC-TO-DC CONVERTER SPECIFICATIONS
Minimum Off-Time tOFF 1 1.25 1.5 µs
Maximum On-Time tON 5 10 15 ms
Maximum Duty Cycle 99 99.99 %
LX Input Bias Current VDCIN = 28V, VBATT = VLX = 20V 200 500 µA
LX Input Quiescent Current VDCIN = 0, VBATT = VLX = 20V 1 µA
BST Supply Current DHI high 6 15 µA
DLOV Supply Current VDLOV = VLDO, DLO low 5 10 µA
Inductor Peak Current Limit RCSI = 50mΩ 5.0 6.0 7.0 A
DHI Output Resistance DHI high or low, VBST - VLX = 4.5V 6 14 Ω
DLO Output Resistance DLO high or low, VDLOV = 4.5V 6 14 Ω
THERMISTOR COMPARATOR SPECIFICATIONS
VTHM = 4% of VDD to 96% of VDD,
THM Input Bias Current -1 1 µA
VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V
Thermistor Overrange Threshold VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, VTHM falling 89.5 91 92.5 % of VDD
Thermistor Cold Threshold VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, VTHM falling 74 75.5 77 % of VDD
Thermistor Hot Threshold VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, VTHM falling 22 23.5 25 % of VDD
Thermistor Underrange
VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, VTHM falling 6 7.5 9 % of VDD
Threshold
Thermistor Comparator
All 4 comparators, VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V 1 % of VDD
Threshold Hysteresis
SMB INTERFACE LEVEL SPECIFICATIONS (VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V)
SDA/SCL Input Low Voltage 0.6 V
SDA/SCL Input High Voltage 1.4 V
SDA/SCL Input Hysteresis 220 mV
SDA/SCL Input Bias Current -1 1 µA
SDA Output Low Sink Current VSDA = 0.4V 6 mA
INT Output High Leakage VINT = 5.65V 1 µA
INT Output Low Voltage IINT = 1mA 25 200 mV
SMB INTERFACE TIMING SPECIFICATIONS (VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, Figures 4 and 5)
SCL High Period tHIGH 4 µs
SCL Low Period tLOW 4.7 µs
Start Condition Setup Time
tSU:STA 4.7 µs
from SCL
Start Condition Hold Time
tHD:STA 4 µs
from SCL
SDA Setup Time from SCL tSU:DAT 250 ns
SDA Hold Time from SCL tHD:DAT 0 ns

4 _______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

MAX1645/MAX1645A
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDD = +3.3V, VBATT = +16.8V, VDCIN = +18V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at
TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
SDA Output Data Valid from SCL tDV 1 µs
Maximum Charge Period
Without a ChargingVoltage() or tWDT 140 175 210 s
Charging Current() Loaded

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDD = +3.3V, VBATT = +16.8V, VDCIN = +18V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Guaranteed by design.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN MAX UNITS
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
DCIN Typical Operating Range VDCIN 8 28 V
DCIN Supply Current IDCIN 8V < VDCIN < 28V 6 mA
DCIN Supply Current Charging
8V < VDCIN < 28V 2 mA
Inhibited
When AC_PRESENT DCIN rising 7.85
DCIN Undervoltage Threshold V
switches DCIN falling 7
LDO Output Voltage VLDO 8V < VDCIN < 28V, 0 < ILDO < 15mA 5.15 5.65 V
VDD Input Voltage Range
8V < VDCIN < 28V 2.8 5.65 V
(Note 1)
When the SMB res- VDD rising 2.8
VDD Undervoltage Threshold V
ponds to commands VDD falling 2.1
0 < VDCIN < 6V, VDD = 5V, VSCL = 5V,
VDD Quiescent Current IDD 150 µA
VSDA = 5V
REF Output Voltage VREF 0 < IREF < 200µA 4.035 4.157 V
BATT Undervoltage Threshold
When ICHARGE drops to 128mA 2.4 2.8 V
(Note 2)
PDS Charging Source Switch
VPDS-OFF VCVS referred to VBATT, VCVS falling 50 150 mV
Turn-Off Threshold
PDS Charging Source Switch
VPDS-HYS VCVS referred to VBATT 100 300 mV
Threshold Hysteresis
PDS Output Low Voltage, PDS
IPDS = 0 8 12 V
Below CSSP
PDS Turn-On Current PDS = CSSP 100 300 µA
PDS Turn-Off Current VPDS = VCSSP - 2V, VDCIN = 16V 10 mA
PDL Load Switch Turn-Off
VPDL-OFF VCVS referred to VBATT, VCVS rising -150 -50 mV
Threshold
PDL Load Switch Threshold
VPDL-HYS VCVS referred to VBATT 100 300 mV
Hysteresis
PDL Turn-Off Current VCSSN - VPDL = 1V 6 mA

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX1645/MAX1645A

(Circuit of Figure 1, VDD = +3.3V, VBATT = +16.8V, VDCIN = +18V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Guaranteed by design.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN MAX UNITS
PDL Turn-On Resistance PDL to GND 50 150 kΩ
CVS Input Bias Current VCVS = 28V 20 µA
ERROR AMPLIFIER SPECIFICATIONS
ChargingVoltage() = 0x41A0 16.532 17.068
ChargingVoltage() = 0x3130 12.391 12.793
BATT Full-Charge Voltage V0 V
ChargingVoltage() = 0x20D0 8.266 8.534
ChargingVoltage() = 0x1060 4.124 4.260
ChargingCurrent() =
2.608 3.408 A
0x0BC0
BATT Charge Current (Note 3) I0 RCSI = 50mΩ
ChargingCurrent() =
15.2 240.8 mA
0x0080
DCIN Source Current Limit VCLS = 4.096V 4.358 5.882
RCSS = 40mΩ A
(Note 3) VCLS = 2.048V 2.054 3.006
BATT Undervoltage Charge
VBATT = 1V, RCSI = 50mΩ 20 200 mA
Current
BATT/CSIP/CSIN Input Voltage
0 20 V
Range
Total of IBATT, ICSIP, and ICSIN;
Total BATT Input Bias Current -700 700 µA
VBATT = 0 to 20V
Total of IBATT, ICSIP, and ICSIN;
Total BATT Quiescent Current -100 100 µA
VBATT = 0 to 20V, charge inhibited
Total of IBATT, ICSIP, and ICSIN;
Total BATT Standby Current -5 5 µA
VBATT = 0 to 20V, VDCIN = 0
CSSP/Input Bias Current VCSSP = VCSSN = VDCIN = 28V -100 1000 µA
CSSN Input Bias Current VCSSP = VCSSN = VDCIN = 28V -100 100 µA
CSSP/CSSN Quiescent Current VCSSP = VCSSN = 28V, VDCIN = 0 -1 1 µA
Battery Voltage-Error Amp DC
From BATT to CCV 200 V/V
Gain
CLS Input Bias Current VCLS = VREF/2 to VREF -1 1 µA
Battery Voltage-Error Amp From BATT to CCV, ChargingVoltage() =
0.111 0.444 µA/mV
Transconductance 0x41A0, VBATT = 16.8V
Battery Current-Error Amp From CSIP/CSIN to CCI, ChargingCurrent() =
0.5 2 µA/mV
Transconductance 0x0BC0, VCSIP -VCSIN = 150.4mV
Input Current-Error Amp From CSSP/CSSN to CCS, VCLS = 2.048V,
0.5 2 µA/mV
Transconductance VCSSP - VCSSN = 102.4mV
CCV/CCI/CCS Clamp Voltage
VCCV = VCCI = VCCS = 0.25V to 2V 150 600 mV
(Note 4)
DC-TO-DC CONVERTER SPECIFICATIONS
Minimum Off-Time tOFF 1 1.5 µs
Maximum On-Time tON 5 15 ms
Maximum Duty Cycle 99 %

6 _______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

MAX1645/MAX1645A
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDD = +3.3V, VBATT = +16.8V, VDCIN = +18V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Guaranteed by design.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN MAX UNITS
LX Input Bias Current VDCIN = 28V, VBATT = VLX = 20V 500 µA
LX Input Quiescent Current VDCIN = 0, VBATT = VLX = 20V 1 µA
BST Supply Current DHI high 15 µA
DLOV Supply Current VDLOV = VLDO, DLO low 10 µA
Inductor Peak Current Limit RCSI = 50mΩ 5.0 7.0 A
DHI Output Resistance DHI high or low, VBST - VLX = 4.5V 14 Ω
DLO Output Resistance DLO high or low, VDLOV = 4.5V 14 Ω
THERMISTOR COMPARATOR SPECIFICATIONS
VTHM = 4% of VDD to 96% of VDD,
THM Input Bias Current -1 1 µA
VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V
Thermistor Overrange Threshold VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, VTHM falling 89.5 92.5 % of VDD
Thermistor Cold Threshold VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, VTHM falling 74 77 % of VDD
Thermistor Hot Threshold VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, VTHM falling 22 25 % of VDD
Thermistor Underrange
VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, VTHM falling 6 9 % of VDD
Threshold
SMB INTERFACE LEVEL SPECIFICATIONS (VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V)
SDA/SCL Input Low Voltage 0.6 V
SDA/SCL Input High Voltage 1.4 V
SDA/SCL Input Bias Current -1 1 µA
SDA Output Low Sink Current VSDA = 0.4V 6 mA
INT Output High Leakage VINT = 5.65V 1 µA
INT Output Low Voltage IINT = 1mA 200 mV
SMB INTERFACE TIMING SPECIFICATIONS (VDD = 2.8V to 5.65V, Figures 4 and 5)
SCL High Period tHIGH 4 µs
SCL Low Period tLOW 4.7 µs
Start Condition Setup Time
tSU:STA 4.7 µs
from SCL
Start Condition Hold Time
tHD:STA 4 µs
from SCL
SDA Setup Time from SCL tSU:DAT 250 ns
SDA Hold Time from SCL tHD:DAT 0 ns

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX1645/MAX1645A

(Circuit of Figure 1, VDD = +3.3V, VBATT = +16.8V, VDCIN = +18V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Guaranteed by design.)

PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN MAX UNITS

SDA Output Data Valid
tDV 1 µs
from SCL
Maximum Charge Period
Without a ChargingVoltage() or tWDT 140 210 s
Charging Current() loaded

Note 1: Guaranteed by meeting the SMB timing specs.

Note 2: The charger reverts to a trickle-charge mode of ICHARGE = 128mA below this threshold.
Note 3: Does not include current-sense resistor tolerance.
Note 4: Voltage difference between CCV, and CCI or CCS when one of these three pins is held low and the others try to pull high.

Typical Operating Characteristics

(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = 20V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

LOAD-TRANSIENT RESPONSE LOAD-TRANSIENT RESPONSE

(BATTERY REMOVAL AND REINSERTION) (STEP IN LOAD CURRENT) LDO LINE REGULATION
MAX1645 toc01 MAX1645 toc02
16V 4A 5.60

MAX1645 toc03
ILOAD = 0
VBATT

14V 2A 5.55
VBATT

12V 0 5.50
CCS
1A 5.45
IBATT

VLDO (V)
IBATT

0 2A 5.40
CCI
CCI CCI
1.5V
VCCV/VCCI

5.35
VCCV/VCCI

CCV CCI CCV

1V 1V 5.30
CCI CCI CCS CCS
CCV
0.5V 5.25

0 5.20
BATTERY REMOVED 2ms/div BATTERY INSERTED 1ms/div 5 10 15 20 25 30
ChargingVoltage() = 15000mV ChargingCurrent() = 3008mA VDCIN (V)
ChargingCurrent() = 1000mA VBATT = 16V
LOAD STEP: 0A TO 2A
ISOURCE LIMIT = 2.5A
REFERENCE VOLTAGE
LDO LOAD REGULATION REFERENCE VOLTAGE LOAD REGULATION vs. TEMPERATURE
5.60 4.100 4.110
MAX1645 toc06
MAX1645 toc04

MAX1645 toc05

5.55
4.105
4.098
5.50
4.100
5.45 4.096
VLDO (V)

VREF (V)
VREF (V)

5.40 4.095

5.35 4.094
4.090
5.30
4.092 4.085
5.25

5.20 4.090 4.080

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
LOAD CURRENT (mA) LOAD CURRENT (µA) TEMPERATURE (°C)

8 _______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)

MAX1645/MAX1645A
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = 20V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

EFFICIENCY vs. BATTERY CURRENT EFFICIENCY vs. BATTERY CURRENT

(VOLTAGE-CONTROL LOOP) (CURRENT-CONTROL LOOP) OUTPUT VI CHARACTERISTICS
100 100 0.001

MAX1645 toc08
MAX1645 toc07

MAX1645 toc09
A
95 B 95 A

DROP IN BATT OUTPUT VOLTAGE (%)

B
90 90
0.01
85 85
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)

80 80
75 75 0.1
70 70
65 65
1.0
60 60
55 A: VDCIN = 20V, ChargingVoltage() = 16.8V 55 A: VDCIN = 20V, VBATT = 16.8V ChargingVoltage() = 16,800mV
B: VDCIN = 16V, ChargingVoltage() = 8.4V B: VDCIN = 16V, VBATT = 8.4V ChargingCurrent() = 3008mA
50 50 10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
BATTERY CURRENT (mA) ChargingCurrent() (CODE) LOAD CURRENT (mA)

BATT VOLTAGE ERROR CURRENT-SETTING ERROR

vs. ChargingVoltage() CODE vs. ChargingCurrent() CODE
0.3 5

MAX1645 toc11
MAX1645 toc10

4
0.2 3
BATT VOLTAGE ERROR (%)

BATT CURRENT ERROR (%)

2
0.1
1
0 0
-1
-0.1
-2
-3
-0.2
IBATT = 0 -4 VBATT = 12.6V
MEASURED AT AVAILABLE CODES MEASURED AT AVAILABLE CODES
-0.3 -5
0000 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
ChargingVoltage() (CODE) ChargingCurrent() (CODE)

SOURCE/BATT CURRENT vs. LOAD CURRENT SOURCE/BATT CURRENT vs. VBATT

WITH SOURCE CURRENT LIMIT WITH SOURCE CURRENT LIMIT
3.5 3.5
MAX1645 toc13
MAX1645 toc12

3.0 3.0
IIN
SOURCE/BATT CURRENT (A)
SOURCE/BATT CURRENT (A)

IIN
2.5 2.5

2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5
VCLS = 2V ILOAD = 2A
RCSS = 40mΩ VCLS = 2V
1.0 IBATT 1.0 IBATT
VBATT = 16.8V RCSS = 40mΩ
SOURCE CURRENT LIMIT = 2.5A ChargingVoltage() = 18,432mV
0.5 0.5 ChargingCurrent() = 3008mA
ChargingCurrent() = 3008mA
ChargingVoltage() = 18,432mV SOURCE CURRENT LIMIT = 2.5A
0 0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
LOAD CURRENT (A) VBATT (V)

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
Pin Description
MAX1645/MAX1645A

PIN NAME FUNCTION

1 DCIN DC Supply Voltage Input

2 LDO 5.4V Linear-Regulator Voltage Output. Bypass with a 1µF capacitor to GND.

3 CLS Source Current Limit Input

4 REF 4.096V Reference Voltage Output

5 CCS Charging Source Compensation Capacitor Connection. Connect a 0.01µF capacitor from CCS to GND.

6 CCI Battery Current-Loop Compensation Capacitor Connection. Connect a 0.01µF capacitor from CCI to GND.

Battery Voltage-Loop Compensation Capacitor Connection. Connect a 10kΩ resistor in series with a 0.01µF
7 CCV
capacitor to GND.

8 GND Ground

9 BATT Battery Voltage Output

10 DAC DAC Voltage Output

11 VDD Logic Circuitry Supply Voltage Input (2.8V to 5.65V)

12 THM Thermistor Voltage Input

13 SCL SMB Clock Input

14 SDA SMB Data Input/Output. Open-drain output. Needs external pull-up.

15 INT Interrupt Output. Open-drain output. Needs external pull-up.

16 PDL PMOS Load Switch Driver Output

17 CSIN Battery Current-Sense Negative Input

18 CSIP Battery Current-Sense Positive Input

19 PGND Power Ground

20 DLO Low-Side NMOS Driver Output

21 DLOV Low-Side NMOS Driver Supply Voltage. Bypass with 0.1µF capacitor to GND.

22 LX Inductor Voltage Sense Input

23 DHI High-Side NMOS Driver Output

24 BST High-Side Driver Bootstrap Voltage Input. Bypass with 0.1µF capacitor to LX.

25 CSSN Charging Source Current-Sense Negative Input

26 CSSP Charging Source Current-Sense Positive Input

27 PDS Charging Source PMOS Switch Driver Output

28 CVS Charging Source Voltage Input

10 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting

MAX1645/MAX1645A
Detailed Description Input Current Limiting
The MAX1645/MAX1645A limit the current drawn by the
The MAX1645/MAX1645A consist of current-sense
charger when the load current becomes high. The
amplifiers, an SMBus interface, transconductance
devices limit the charging current so the AC adapter
amplifiers, reference circuitry, and a DC–DC converter
voltage is not loaded down. An internal amplifier, CSS,
(Figure 2). The DC–DC converter generates the control
compares the voltage between CSSP and CSSN to the
signals for the external MOSFETs to maintain the volt-
voltage at CLS/20. V CLS is set by a resistor-divider
age and the current set by the SMBus interface. The
between REF and GND.
MAX1645/MAX1645A feature a voltage-regulation loop
and two current-regulation loops. The loops operate The input source current is the sum of the device cur-
independently of each other. The voltage-regulation rent, the charge input current, and the load current. The
loop monitors BATT to ensure that its voltage never device current is minimal (6mA max) in comparison to
exceeds the voltage set point (V0). The battery current- the charge and load currents. The charger input cur-
regulation loop monitors current delivered to BATT to rent is generated by the DC-DC converter; therefore, the
ensure that it never exceeds the current-limit set point actual source current required is determined as follows:
(I0). The battery current-regulation loop is in control as
ISOURCE = ILOAD + [(ICHARGE · VBATT) / (VIN · η)]
long as BATT voltage is below V0. When BATT voltage
reaches V0, the current loop no longer regulates. A where η is the efficiency of the DC-DC converter (typi-
third loop reduces the battery-charging current when cally 85% to 95%).
the sum of the system (the main load) and the battery
VCLS determines the threshold voltage of the CSS com-
charger input current exceeds the charging source cur-
parator. R3 and R4 (Figure 1) set the voltage at CLS.
rent limit.
Sense resistor R1 sets the maximum allowable source
Setting Output Voltage current. Calculate the maximum current as follows:
The MAX1645/MAX1645A voltage DACs have a 16mV
IMAX = VCLS / (20 · R1)
LSB and an 18.432V full scale. The SMBus specifica-
tion allows for a 16-bit ChargingVoltage() command (Limit V CSSP - V CSSN to between 102.4mV and
that translates to a 1mV LSB and a 65.535V full-scale 204.8mV.)
voltage; therefore, the ChargingVoltage() value corre-
sponds to the output voltage in millivolts. The The configuration in Figure 1 provides an input current
MAX1645/MAX1645A ignore the first four LSBs and use limit of:
the next 11 LSBs to control the voltage DAC. All codes
IMAX = (2.048V / 20) / 0.04Ω = 2.56A
greater than or equal to 0b0100 1000 0000 0000
(18432mV) result in a voltage overrange, limiting the LDO Regulator
charger voltage to 18.432V. All codes below 0b0000 An integrated LDO regulator provides a +5.4V supply
0100 0000 0000 (1024mV) terminate charging. derived from DCIN, which can deliver up to 15mA of
current. The LDO sets the gate-drive level of the NMOS
Setting Output Current
switches in the DC-DC converter. The drivers are actu-
The MAX1645/MAX1645A current DACs have a 64mA
ally powered by DLOV and BST, which must be con-
LSB and a 3.008A full scale. The SMBus specification
nected to LDO through a lowpass filter and a diode as
allows for a 16-bit ChargingCurrent() command that
shown in Figure 1. See also the MOSFET Drivers sec-
translates to a 1mA LSB and a 65.535A full-scale cur-
tion. The LDO also supplies the 4.096V reference and
rent; the ChargingCurrent() value corresponds to the
most of the control circuitry. Bypass LDO with a 1µF
charging voltage in milliamps. The MAX1645/
capacitor.
MAX1645A drop the first six LSBs and use the next
six LSBs to control the current DAC. All codes above VDD Supply
0b00 1011 1100 0000 (3008mA) result in a current This input provides power to the SMBus interface and
overrange, limiting the charger current to 3.008A. All the thermistor comparators. Typically connect VDD to
codes below 0b0000 0000 1000 0000 (128mA) turn the LDO or, to keep the SMBus interface of the
charging current off. A 50mΩ sense resistor (R2 in MAX1645/MAX1645A active while the supply to DCIN is
Figure 1) is required to achieve the correct CODE/cur- removed, connect an external supply to VDD.
rent scaling.

______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MAX1645/MAX1645A

ADAPTER IN
R13
D4 1k P1
1N4148 PDS FDS6675 D1
CVS 1N5821
R14
C5 DCIN 4.7Ω
1µF C23 CSSP
0.1µF C1 C2
C20, 1µF 22µF 22µF
R1
C19, 1µF 0.04Ω
MAX1645A
REF CSSN
R15
C7 R3 LDO 4.7Ω
1µF 100k
LOAD
CLS C6
R12
1µF
D3 33Ω
R4
1N4148
100k
BST
GND
DLOV
DAC C16
C8 CCV 0.1µF
0.1µF C14
R5 DHI
N1 0.1µF
10k
CCI FDS6680
C9
LX
0.01µF
C10
0.01µF
CCS
C11 DLO L1
N2 D2
0.01µF 22µH
FDS6612A 1N5821
PGND

R11
1Ω
CSIP
C18
0.1µF
R2
C24 0.05Ω
R16
0.1µF
1Ω
CSIN
PDL
P2 C3
C4
FDS6675 22µF
22µF

BATT

R7 R6 BATTERY
10k 10k
THM
C13
1.5nF
VDD HOST
C12 R8
1µF R10
10k R9 10k
10k
SCL
SDA

INT

Figure 1. Typical Application Circuit

12 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting

MAX1645/MAX1645A
BST
MAX1645/MAX1645A
CSSP DHI DHI
CSS
LX
CSSN GMS
LVC DC-DC

CLS
DLOV

CSIP DLO DLO

CSI
PGND
CSIN GMI

BATT
CCS
CCI
CCV
GMV
CVS
BATT

PDL PDS PDS

PDL

VDD DCIN

SCL VL LDO
SDA
INT DACI
SMB

REF REF
DACV
GND

THM TEMP DAC

Figure 2. Functional Diagram

______________________________________________________________________________________ 13
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
Operating Conditions that monitors the battery-to-charger communications as
MAX1645/MAX1645A

The MAX1645/MAX1645A change their operation a Level 2 SMBus charger. The MAX1645/MAX1645A
depending on the voltages at DCIN, BATT, VDD, and are SMBus slave devices and do not initiate communi-
THM. Several important operating states follow: cation on the bus. They receive commands and
• AC Present. When DCIN is > 7.5V, the battery is respond to queries for status information. Figure 3
considered to be in an AC Present state. In this con- shows examples of the SMBus Write-Word and Read-
dition, both the LDO and REF will function properly Word protocols, and Figures 4 and 5 show the SMBus
and battery charging is allowed. When AC is pre- serial-interface timing.
sent, the AC_PRESENT bit (bit 15) in the Each communication with these parts begins with the
ChargerStatus() register is set to “1.” MASTER issuing a START condition that is defined as a
• Power Fail. When DCIN is < BATT + 0.3V, the part is falling edge on SDA with SCL high and ends with a
in the Power Fail state, since the charger doesn’t STOP condition defined as a rising edge on SDA with
have enough input voltage to charge the battery. In SCL high. Between the START and STOP conditions,
Power Fail, the PDS input PMOS switch is turned off the device address, the command byte, and the data
and the POWER_FAIL bit (bit 13) in the bytes are sent. The MAX1645/MAX1645As’ device
ChargerStatus() register is set to “1.” address is 0x12 and supports the charger commands
as described in Tables 1–6.
• Battery Present. When THM is < 91% of VDD, the
battery is considered to be present. The MAX1645/ Battery Charger Commands
MAX1645A use the THM pin to detect when a battery ChargerSpecInfo()
is connected to the charger. When the battery is pre- The ChargerSpecInfo() command uses the Read-Word
sent, the BATTERY_PRESENT bit (bit 14) in the protocol (Figure 3b). The command code for
ChargerStatus() register is set to “1” and charging ChargerSpecInfo() is 0x11 (0b00010001). Table 1 lists
can proceed. When the battery is not present, all of the functions of the data bits (D0–D15). Bit 0 refers to
the registers are reset. With no battery present, the the D0 bit in the Read-Word protocol. The
charger will perform a "Float" charge to minimize MAX1645/MAX1645A comply with level 2 Smart Battery
contact arcing on battery connection. "Float" charge Charger Specification Revision 1.0; therefore, the
will still try to regulate the BATT pin voltage at 18.32V ChargerSpecInfo() command returns 0x01.
with 128mA of current compliance.
• Battery Undervoltage. When BATT < 2.5V, the bat- ChargerMode()
tery is in an undervoltage state. This causes the The ChargerMode() command uses the Write-Word
charger to reduce its current compliance to 128mA. protocol (Figure 3a). The command code for
The content of the ChargingCurrent() register is unaf- ChargerMode() is 0x12 (0b00010010). Table 2 lists the
fected and, when the BATT voltage exceeds 2.7V, functions of the data bits (D0–D15). Bit 0 refers to the
normal charging resumes. ChargingVoltage() is unaf- D0 bit in the Write-Word protocol.
fected and can be set as low as 1.024V. To charge a battery that has a thermistor impedance in
• VDD Undervoltage. When VDD < 2.5V, the VDD sup- the HOT range (i.e., THERMISTOR_HOT = 1 and THER-
ply is in an undervoltage state, and the SMBus inter- MISTOR_UR = 0), the host must use the Charger
face will not respond to commands. Coming out of Mode() command to clear HOT_STOP after the battery
the undervoltage condition, the part will be in its is inserted. The HOT_STOP bit returns to its default
Power-On Reset state. No charging will occur when power-up condition (“1”) whenever the battery is
VDD is under voltage. removed.

SMBus Interface ChargerStatus()

The MAX1645/MAX1645A receive control inputs from The ChargerStatus() command uses the Read-Word
the SMBus interface. The serial interface complies with protocol (Figure 3b). The command code for Charger
the SMBus specification (refer to the System Status() is 0x13 (0b00010011). Table 3 describes the
Management Bus Specification from Intel Corporation). functions of the data bits (D0–D15). Bit 0 refers to the
Charger functionality complies with the Intel/Duracell D0 bit in the Read-Word protocol.
Smart Charger Specification for a Level 2 charger. The ChargerStatus() command returns information
The MAX1645/MAX1645A use the SMBus Read-Word about thermistor impedance and the MAX1645/
and Write-Word protocols to communicate with the bat- MAX1645A’s internal state. The latched bits, THERMIS-
tery being charged, as well as with any host system TOR_HOT and ALARM_INHIBITED, are cleared when-

14 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ever BATTERY_PRESENT = 0 or ChargerMode() is writ-

MAX1645/MAX1645A
ten with POR_RESET = 1. The ALARM_INHIBITED sta-
tus bit can also be cleared by writing a new charging
current OR charging voltage.

a) Write-Word Format
LOW HIGH
SLAVE COMMAND
S W ACK ACK DATA ACK DATA ACK P
ADDRESS BYTE
BYTE BYTE
7 bits 1b 1b 8 bits 1b 8 bits 1b 8 bits 1b
MSB LSB 0 0 MSB LSB 0 MSB LSB 0 MSB LSB 0
Preset to ChargerMode() = 0x12 D7 D0 D15 D8
0b0001001 ChargingCurrent() = 0x14
ChargerVoltage() = 0x15
AlarmWarning() = 0x16

b) Read-Word Format
LOW HIGH
SLAVE COMMAND SLAVE
S W ACK ACK S R ACK DATA ACK DATA NACK P
ADDRESS BYTE ADDRESS
BYTE BYTE
7 bits 1b 1b 8 bits 1b 7 bits 1b 1b 8 bits 1b 8 bits 1b
MSB LSB 0 0 MSB LSB 0 MSB LSB 1 0 MSB LSB 0 MSB LSB 1
Preset to ChargerSpecInfo() = Preset to D7 D0 D15 D8
0b0001001 0x11 0b0001001
ChargerStatus() =
0x13

Legend:
S = Start Condition or Repeated Start Condition P = Stop Condition
ACK = Acknowledge (logic low) NACK = NOT Acknowledge (logic high)
W = Write Bit (logic low) R = Read Bit (logic high)

MASTER TO SLAVE
SLAVE TO MASTER

Figure 3. SMBus a) Write-Word and b) Read-Word Protocols

______________________________________________________________________________________ 15
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MAX1645/MAX1645A

MOST SIGNIFICANT
START ADDRESS BIT (A6) A5 CLOCKED A4 CLOCKED A3 CLOCKED
CONDITION CLOCKED INTO SLAVE INTO SLAVE INTO SLAVE INTO SLAVE

SCL

tHD:STA tLOW tHIGH

SDA

tSU:STA tSU:DAT tHD:DAT tSU:DAT tHD:DAT

Figure 4. SMBus Serial Interface Timing—Address

R/W BIT ACKNOWLEDGE MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT

CLOCKED BIT CLOCKED OF DATA CLOCKED
INTO SLAVE INTO MASTER INTO MASTER

SCL

SDA SLAVE PULLING

SDA LOW

tDV tDV

Figure 5. SMBus Serial Interface Timing—Acknowledgment

16 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting

MAX1645/MAX1645A
Table 1. ChargerSpecInfo()
BIT NAME DESCRIPTION

0 CHARGER_SPEC Returns a “1” for Version 1.0

1 CHARGER_SPEC Returns a “0” for Version 1.0

2 CHARGER_SPEC Returns a “0” for Version 1.0

3 CHARGER_SPEC Returns a “0” for Version 1.0

4 SELECTOR_SUPPORT Returns a “0,” indicating no smart battery selector functionality

5 Reserved Returns a “0”

6 Reserved Returns a “0”

7 Reserved Returns a “0”

8 Reserved Returns a “0”

9 Reserved Returns a “0”

10 Reserved Returns a “0”

11 Reserved Returns a “0”

12 Reserved Returns a “0”

13 Reserved Returns a “0”

14 Reserved Returns a “0”

15 Reserved Returns a “0”

Command: 0x11

______________________________________________________________________________________ 17
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MAX1645/MAX1645A

Table 2. ChargerMode()
BIT NAME DESCRIPTION
0* = Allow normal operation; clear the CHG_INHIBITED flip-flop.
0 INHIBIT_CHARGE 1 = Turn off the charger; set the CHG_INHIBITED flip-flop.
The CHG_INHIBITED flip-flop is not affected by any other commands.
1 ENABLE_POLLING Not implemented
0 = No change.
1 = Change the ChargingVoltage() to 0xFFFF and the ChargingCurrent()
2 POR_RESET
to 0x00C0; clear the THERMISTOR_HOT and ALARM_INHIBITED flip-
flops.
3 RESET_TO_ZERO Not implemented

0* = Interrupt on either edge of the AC_PRESENT status bit.

4 AC_PRESENT_MASK
1 = Do not interrupt because of an AC_PRESENT bit change.
0* = Interrupt on either edge of the BATTERY_PRESENT status bit.
5 BATTERY_PRESENT_ MASK
1 = Do not interrupt because of a BATTERY_PRESENT bit change.
0* = Interrupt on either edge of the POWER_FAIL status bit.
6 POWER_FAIL_MASK
1 = Do not interrupt because of a POWER_FAIL bit change.

7 Not implemented

8 Not implemented

9 Not implemented
0 = The THERMISTOR_HOT status bit does not turn off the charger.
1* = The THERMISTOR_HOT status bit does turn off the charger.
10 HOT_STOP
THERMISTOR_HOT is reset by either POR_RESET or
BATTERY_PRESENT = 0 status bit.
11 Not implemented

12 Not implemented

13 Not implemented

14 Not implemented

15 Not implemented

Command: 0x12
*State at chip initial power-on (i.e., VDD from 0 to +3.3V)

18 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
Table 3. ChargerStatus()

MAX1645/MAX1645A
BIT NAME FUNCTION
0* = Ready to charge Smart Battery.
0 CHARGE_INHIBITED 1 = Charger is inhibited, I(chg) = 0mA.
This status bit returns the value of the CHG_INHIBITED flip-flop.
1 MASTER_MODE Always returns “0”
0 = Battery voltage is limited at the set point.
2 VOLTAGE_NOT_REG
1 = Battery voltage is less than the set point.
0 = Battery current is limited at the set point.
3 CURRENT_NOT_REG
1 = Battery current is less than the set point.
4 LEVEL_2 Always returns a “1”

5 LEVEL_3 Always returns a “0”

0* = The ChargingCurrent() value is valid for the MAX1645.
6 CURRENT_OR 1 = The ChargingCurrent() value exceeds the MAX1645 output range, i.e.,
programmed ChargingCurrent() exceeds 3008mA.
0 = The ChargingVoltage() value is valid for the MAX1645.
7 VOLTAGE_OR 1* = The ChargingVoltage() value exceeds the MAX1645 output range, i.e.,
programmed ChargingVoltage() exceeds 1843mV.
0 = THM is < 91% of the reference voltage.
8 THERMISTOR_OR
1 = THM is > 91% of the reference voltage.
0 = THM is < 75.5% of the reference voltage.
9 THERMISTOR_COLD
1 = THM is > 75.5% of the reference voltage.
0 = THM has not dropped to < 23.5% of the reference voltage.
1 = THM has dropped to < 23.5% of the reference voltage.
10 THERMISTOR_HOT
THERMISTOR_HOT flip-flop cleared by BATTERY_PRESENT = 0 or writing a “1” into
the POR_RESET bit in the ChargerMode() command.
0 = THM is > 7.5% of the reference voltage.
11 THERMISTOR_UR
1 = THM is < 7.5% of the reference voltage.
Returns the state of the ALARM_INHIBITED flip-flop. This flip-flop is set by either a
watchdog timeout or by writing an AlarmWarning() command with bits 11, 12, 13, 14,
12 ALARM_INHIBITED or 15 set. This flip-flop is cleared by BATTERY_PRESENT = 0, writing a “1” into the
POR_RESET bit in the ChargerMode() command, or by receiving successive
ChargingVoltage() and ChargingCurrent() commands. POR: 0.
0 = The charging source voltage CVS is above the BATT voltage.
13 POWER_FAIL
1 = The charging source voltage CVS is below the BATT voltage.
0 = No battery is present (based on THM input).
14 BATTERY_PRESENT
1 = Battery is present (based on THM input).
0 = DCIN is below the 7.5V undervoltage threshold.
15 AC_PRESENT
1 = DCIN is above the 7.5V undervoltage threshold.

Command: 0x13
*State at chip initial power-on.

______________________________________________________________________________________ 19
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
Table 4. ChargerCurrent()
MAX1645/MAX1645A

BIT NAME FUNCTION

0 Not used. Normally a 1mA weight.

1 Not used. Normally a 2mA weight.

2 Not used. Normally a 4mA weight.

3 Not used. Normally an 8mA weight.

4 Not used. Normally a 16mA weight.

5 Not used. Normally a 32mA weight.

0 = Adds 0mA of charger-current compliance.
6 Charge Current, DACI 0
1 = Adds 64mA of charger-current compliance, 128mA min.
0 = Adds 0mA of charger-current compliance.
7 Charge Current, DACI 1
1 = Adds 128mA of charger-current compliance.
0 = Adds 0mA of charger-current compliance.
8 Charge Current, DACI 2
1 = Adds 256mA of charger-current compliance.
0 = Adds 0mA of charger-current compliance.
9 Charge Current, DACI 3
1 = Adds 512mA of charger-current compliance.
0 = Adds 0mA of charger-current compliance.
10 Charge Current, DACI 4
1 = Adds 1024mA of charger-current compliance.
0 = Adds 0mA of charger-current compliance.
11 Charge Current, DACI 5
1 = Adds 2048mA of charger-current compliance, 3008mA max.
0 = Adds 0mA of charger current compliance.
12–15
1 = Sets charger compliance into overrange, 3008mA.

Command: 0x14

20 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
Table 5. ChargingVoltage()

MAX1645/MAX1645A
PIN BIT NAME FUNCTION

0 Not used. Normally a 1mV weight.

1 Not used. Normally a 2mV weight.

2 Not used. Normally a 4mV weight.

3 Not used. Normally an 8mV weight.

0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
4 Charge Voltage, DACV 0
1 = Adds 16mV of charger-voltage compliance, 1.024V min.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
5 Charge Voltage, DACV 1
1 = Adds 32mV of charger-voltage compliance, 1.024V min.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
6 Charge Voltage, DACV 2
1 = Adds 64mV of charger-voltage compliance, 1.024V min.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
7 Charge Voltage, DACV 3
1 = Adds 128mV of charger-voltage compliance, 1.024V min.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
8 Charge Voltage, DACV 4
1 = Adds 256mV of charger-voltage compliance, 1.024V min.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
9 Charge Voltage, DACV 5
1 = Adds 512mV of charger-voltage compliance, 1.024V min.
0 = Adds 0mA of charger-voltage compliance.
10 Charge Voltage, DACV 6
1 = Adds 1024mV of charger-voltage compliance.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
11 Charge Voltage, DACV 7
1 = Adds 2048mV of charger-voltage compliance.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
12 Charge Voltage, DACV 8
1 = Adds 4096mV of charger-voltage compliance.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
13 Charge Voltage, DACV 9
1 = Adds 8192mV of charger-voltage compliance.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
14 Charge Voltage, DACV 10
1 = Adds 16384mV of charger-voltage compliance, 18432mV max.
0 = Adds 0mV of charger-voltage compliance.
15 Charge Voltage, Overrange
1 = Sets charger compliance into overrange, 18432mV.

Command: 0x15

______________________________________________________________________________________ 21
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MAX1645/MAX1645A

Table 6. AlarmWarning()
BIT BIT NAME DESCRIPTION

0 Error Code Not used

1 Error Code Not used

2 Error Code Not used

3 Error Code Not used

4 FULLY_DISCHARGED Not used

5 FULLY_CHARGED Not used

6 DISCHARGING Not used

7 INITIALIZING Not used

8 REMAINING_TIME_ ALARM Not used

9 REMAINING_CAPACITY_ ALARM Not used

10 Reserved Not used

0 = Charge normally
11 TERMINATE_ DISCHARGE_ALARM
1 = Terminate charging
0 = Charge normally
12 OVER_TEMP_ALARM
1 = Terminate charging
0 = Charge normally
13 OTHER_ALARM
1 = Terminate charging
0 = Charge normally
14 TERMINATE_CHARGE_ ALARM
1 = Terminate charging
0 = Charge normally
15 OVER_CHARGE_ALARM
1 = Terminate charging

Command: 0x16

22 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
ChargingCurrent() (POR: 0x0080) sets the ALARM_INHIBITED status bit in the

MAX1645/MAX1645A
The ChargingCurrent() command uses the Write-Word MAX1645/MAX1645A if D15, D14, D13, D12, or D11 of
protocol (Figure 3a). The command code for Charging- the Write-Word protocol data equals 1. Table 6 summa-
Current() is 0x14 (0b00010100). The 16-bit binary num- rizes the Alarm-Warning() command’s function. The
ber formed by D15–D0 represents the current-limit set ALARM_INHIBITED status bit remains set until the bat-
point (I0) in milliamps. However, since the tery is removed, a ChargerMode() command is written
MAX1645/MAX1645A have 64mA resolution in setting with the POR_RESET bit set, or new ChargingCurrent()
I0, the D0–D5 bits are ignored as shown in Table 4. AND ChargingVoltage() values are written. As long as
Figure 6 shows the mapping between I0 (the current- ALARM_INHIBITED = 1, the MAX1645/MAX1645A
regulation-loop set point) and the ChargingCurrent() switching regulators remain off.
code. All codes above 0b00 1011 1100 0000 (3008mA)
result in a current overrange, limiting the charger current Interrupts and Alert Response Address
to 3.008A. All codes below 0b0000 0000 1000 0000 The MAX1645/MAX1645A request an interrupt by
(128mA) turn the charging current off. A 50mΩ sense pulling the INT pin low. An interrupt is normally request-
resistor (R2 in Figure 1) is required to achieve the cor- ed when there is a change in the state of the
rect CODE/current scaling. ChargerStatus() bits POWER_FAIL (bit 13),
BATTERY_PRESENT (bit 14), or AC_PRESENT (bit 15).
The power-on reset value for the ChargingCurrent() reg- Therefore, the INT pin will pull low whenever the AC
ister is 0x0080; thus, the first time a MAX1645/ adapter is connected or disconnected, the battery is
MAX1645A is powered on, the BATT current regulates inserted or removed, or the charger goes in or out of
to 128mA. Any time the battery is removed, the dropout. The interrupts from each of the ChargerStatus()
ChargingCurrent() register returns to its power-on reset bits can be masked by an associated ChargerMode()
state. bit POWER_FAIL_MASK (bit 6), BATTERY_PRE-
ChargingVoltage() (POR: 0x4800) SENT_MASK (bit 5), or AC_PRESENT_MASK (bit 4).
The ChargingVoltage() command uses the Write-Word All interrupts are cleared by sending any command to
protocol (Figure 3a). The command code for the MAX1645/MAX1645A, or by sending a command to
ChargingVoltage() is 0x15 (0b00010101). The 16-bit the AlertResponse() address, 0x19, using a modified
binary number formed by D15–D0 represents the volt- Receive Byte protocol. In this protocol, all devices that
age set point (V0) in millivolts; however, since the set an interrupt will try to respond by transmitting their
MAX1645/MAX1645A have 16mV resolution in setting address, and the device with the highest priority, or
V0, the D0, D1, D2, and D3 bits are ignored as shown in most leading 0’s, will be recognized and cleared. The
Table 5. process will be repeated until all devices requesting
The ChargingVoltage command is used to set the bat- interrupts are addressed and cleared. The MAX1645/
tery charging voltage compliance from 1.024V to
18.432V. All codes greater than or equal to 0b0100 150.4
1000 0000 0000 (18432mV) result in a voltage over-
range, limiting the charger voltage to 18.432V. All codes
below 0b0000 0100 0000 0000 (1024mV) terminate
AVERAGE (CSIP-CSIN) VOLTAGE
IN CURRENT REGULATION (mV)

charge. Figure 7 shows the mapping between V0

(the voltage-regulation-loop set point) and the 102.4
ChargingVoltage() code.
The power-on reset value for the ChargingVoltage() reg-
ister is 0x4880; thus, the first time a MAX1645/
MAX1645A are powered on, the BATT voltage regulates 51.2
to 18.432V. Any time the battery is removed, the
ChargingVoltage() register returns to its power-on reset
state. The voltage at DAC corresponds to the set com- 6.4
pliance voltage divided by 4.5.
AlarmWarning() (POR: Not Alarm) 0x0080 0x0400 0x0800 0x0BC0 0XFFFF
The AlarmWarning() command uses the Write-Word 128 1024 2048 3008 65535
protocol (Figure 3a). The command code for
AlarmWarning() is 0x16 (0b00010110). AlarmWarning() Figure 6. Average Voltage Between CSIP and CSIN vs. Charging
Current() Code
______________________________________________________________________________________ 23
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MAX1645/MAX1645A

18.432V

16.800V

VREF = 4.096V
VDCIN > 20V

12.592V
VOLTAGE SET POINT (V0)

8.400V

4.192V

1.024V

0 0x0400 0x106x 0x20Dx 0x313x 0x41A0 0x4800 0xFFFF

ChargingVoltage() D15–D0 DATA

Figure 7. ChargingVoltage() Code to Voltage Mapping

MAX1645A respond to the AlertResponse() address DC-to-DC Converter

with 0x13, which is their address and a trailing “1.” The MAX1645/MAX1645A employ a buck regulator with
a boot-strapped NMOS high-side switch and a low-side
Charger Timeout NMOS synchronous rectifier.
The MAX1645/MAX1645A include a timer that termi-
nates charge if the charger has not received a DC-DC Controller
ChargingVoltage() or ChargingCurrent() command in The control scheme is a constant off-time, variable fre-
175sec. During charging, the timer is reset each time a quency, cycle-by-cycle current mode. The off-time is
ChargingVoltage() or ChargingCurrent() command is constant for a given BATT voltage; it varies with VBATT
received; this ensures that the charging cycle is not ter- to keep the ripple current constant. During low-dropout
minated. operation, a maximum on-time of 10ms allows the con-
If timeout occurs, charging will terminate and both troller to achieve >99% duty cycle with continuous con-
ChargingVoltage() and ChargingCurrent() commands duction. Figure 8 shows the controller functional
are required to restart charging. A power-on reset will diagram.
also restart charging at 128mA.

24 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting

MAX1645/MAX1645A
10ms

S
RESET CSSP ADAPTER IN

BST
CSS R1 LDO
IMAX MAX1645/MAX1645A
4.0V R Q CSSN
BST

DHI
R Q DHI CBST
CCMP
LX
CHG

S Q
IMIN
0.25V DLO L1
DLO
1µs

ZCMP CSIP
0.1V
CSI R2
CSIN
LVC GMS
BATT

COUT
GMI BATTERY
RFC
70k

GMV
RFI
20k
DACV
CONTROL
DACI
CLS
ON

CCS CCI CCV

Figure 8. DC-to-DC Converter Functional Diagram

______________________________________________________________________________________ 25
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MOSFET Drivers
MAX1645/MAX1645A

The low-side driver output DLO swings from 0V to DLOV. 1000

DLOV is usually connected through a filter to LDO. The
high-side driver output DHI is bootstrapped off LX and
100
swings from VLX to VBST. When the low-side driver turns

RESISTANCE (kΩ)
on, BST rises to one diode voltage below DLOV.
10
Filter DLOV with an RC circuit whose cutoff frequency
is about 50kHz. The configuration in Figure 1 intro-
duces a cutoff frequency of around 48kHz. 1

f = 1 / 2πRC = 1 / (2 · π · 33Ω · 0.1µF) = 48kHz

0.1
Thermistor Comparators -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Four thermistor comparators evaluate the voltage at the
THM input to determine the battery temperature. This TEMPERATURE (°C)
input is meant to be used with the internal thermistor
connected to ground inside the battery pack. Connect Figure 9. Typical Thermistor Characteristics
the output of the battery thermistor to THM. Connect a • THERMISTOR_HOT bit is set when the thermistor
resistor from THM to VDD. The resistor-divider sets the value is <3kΩ. This is a latched bit and is cleared by
voltage at THM. When the charger is not powered up, removing the battery or sending a POR with the
the battery temperature can still be determined if VDD is ChargerMode() command. The MAX1645 charger is
powered from an external voltage source. stopped unless the HOT_STOP bit is cleared in the
Thermistor Bits ChargerMode() command. The MAX1645A charger
Figure 9 shows the expected electrical behavior of a is stopped unless the HOT_STOP bit is cleared in the
103ETB-type thermistor (nominally 10kΩ at +25°C ±5% ChargerMode() command or the RES_UR bit is set.
or better) to be used with the MAX1645/MAX1645A: See Table 7.
• THERMISTOR_OR bit is set when the thermistor • THERMISTOR_UR bit is set when the thermistor
value is >100kΩ. This indicates that the thermistor is value is <500Ω (i.e., THM is grounded).
open or a battery is not present. The charger is set to Multiple bits may be set depending on the value of the
POR, and the BATTERY_PRESENT bit is cleared. thermistor (e.g., a thermistor that is 450Ω will cause both
• THERMISTOR_COLD bit is set when the thermistor the THERMISTOR_HOT and the THERMISTOR_UR bits
value is >30kΩ. The thermistor indicates a cold bat- to be set). The thermistor may be replaced by fixed-
tery. This bit does not affect the charge. value resistors in battery packs that do not require the
thermistor as a secondary fail-safe indicator. In this
Table 7. Thermistor Bit Settings
THERMISTOR CONTROLLED
DESCRIPTION WAKE-UP CHARGE
STATUS BIT CHARGE

REG_UR and RES_HOT Under Range Not allowed by MAX1645 Not allowed by MAX1645

RES_UR and RES_HOT Under Range Allowed for Timeout Allowed by MAX1645A
Period by MAX1645A
RES_HOT Hot Not Allowed Not Allowed

(None) Normal Allowed for Timeout Allowed

Period
RES_COLD Cold Allowed for Timeout Allowed
Period
RES_OR and RES_COLD Over Range Float Charge* Not Allowed

*See Battery Present item under Operating Conditions for more information.

26 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting

MAX1645/MAX1645A
VCC
+12V, -12V SYSTEM DC (UNREGULATED) / VBATTERY SYSTEM
POWER POWER
SUPPLY CONTROL
AC

VBATTERY DC (UNREGULATED) AC-DC

CONVERTER
(UNREGULATED)

SAFETY
SYSTEM HOST SMART SIGNAL MAX1645A
(SMBus HOST) BATTERY
SMART BATTERY
CHARGER

CRITICAL EVENTS CHARGING VOLTAGE/CURRENT

BATTERY DATA/STATUS REQUESTS REQUESTS SMBus
CRITICAL EVENTS

Figure 10. Typical Single Smart Battery System

case, it is the responsibility of the battery pack to manip- time. This allows the charger to achieve dropout perfor-
ulate the resistance to obtain correct charger behavior. mance limited only by resistive losses in the DC-DC
converter components (P1, R1, N1, R2; see Figure 1).
Load and Source Switch Drivers The actual dropout voltage is limited to 300mV between
The MAX1645/MAX1645A can drive two P-channel CVS and BATT by the power-fail comparator (see
MOSFETs to eliminate voltage drops across the Operating Conditions).
Schottky diodes, which are normally used to switch the
load current from the battery to the main DC source:
• The source switch P1 is controlled by PDS. This P- Applications Information
channel MOSFET is turned on when CVS rises to Smart Battery Charging
300mV above BATT and turns off when CVS falls to System/Background Information
100mV above BATT. The same signal that controls A smart battery charging system, at a minimum, con-
the PDS also sets the POWER_FAIL bit in the sists of a smart battery and smart battery charger com-
Charger Status() register. See Operating Conditions. patible with the Smart Battery System Specifications
• The load switch P2 is controlled by PDL. This P- using the SMBus.
channel MOSFET is turned off when the CVS rises to A system may use one or more smart batteries. Figure 10
100mV below BATT and turns on when CVS falls to shows a single-battery system. This configuration is
300mV below BATT. typically found in notebook computers, video cameras,
Dropout Operation cellular phones, or other portable electronic equipment.
The MAX1645/MAX1645A have a 99.99% duty-cycle Another configuration uses two or more smart batteries
capability with a 10ms maximum on-time and 1µs off- (Figure 11). The smart battery selector is used either to

______________________________________________________________________________________ 27
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MAX1645/MAX1645A

AC
VCC
+12V, -12V SYSTEM DC (UNREGULATED) / VBATTERY
POWER NOTE: SB 1 POWERING SYSTEM
SUPPLY SB 2 CHARGING
AC-DC
CONVERTER
(UNREGULATED)

SMART BATTERY 1 SMART BATTERY 2

SAFETY

SMBus

SAFETY
SIGNAL

SIGNAL

SMBus
VBATT

VBATT
SMBus
MAX1645A
SYSTEM HOST
SMART BATTERY SAFETY SIGNAL SMART
(SMBus HOST)
SELECTOR VCHARGE BATTERY
CHARGER

CRITICAL EVENTS
BATTERY DATA/STATUS REQUESTS SMBus

Figure 11. Typical System Using Multiple Smart Batteries

Table 8. Smart Battery Charger Type connect batteries to the smart battery charger or the
system, or to disconnect them, as appropriate. For
by SMBus Mode and Charge Algorithm each battery, three connections must be made: power
Source (the battery’s positive and negative terminals), the
SMBus (clock and data), and the safety signal (resis-
CHARGE ALGORITHM SOURCE tance, typically temperature dependent). Additionally,
SMBus MODE the system host must be able to query any battery so it
MODIFIED FROM
BATTERY can display the state of all batteries present in the system.
BATTERY
Figure 11 shows a two-battery system where battery 2
Slave only Level 2 Level 3
is being charged while battery 1 is powering the sys-
Slave/Master Level 3 Level 3 tem. This configuration may be used to “condition” bat-
Note: Level 1 smart battery chargers were defined in the ver- tery 1, allowing it to be fully discharged prior to
sion 0.95a specification. While they can correctly interpret recharge.
smart battery end-of-charge messages, minimizing over-
charge, they do not provide truly chemistry-independent Smart Battery Charger Types
charging. They are no longer defined by the Smart Battery Two types of smart battery chargers are defined: Level 2
Charger Specification and are explicitly not compliant with this and Level 3. All smart battery chargers communicate
and subsequent Smart Battery Charger Specifications. with the smart battery using the SMBus; the two types
differ in their SMBus communication mode and whether
they modify the charging algorithm of the smart battery

28 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting

MAX1645/MAX1645A
(Table 8). Level 3 smart battery chargers are supersets ers’ contacts. The following sections describe how to
of Level 2 chargers and, as such, support all Level 2 select these components.
charger commands.
MOSFETs and Schottky Diodes
Level 2 Smart Battery Charger Schottky diode D1 provides power to the load when the
The Level 2 or smart battery-controlled smart battery AC adapter is inserted. Choose a 3A Schottky diode or
charger interprets the smart battery’s critical warning higher. This diode may not be necessary if P1 is used.
messages and operates as an SMBus slave device to The P-channel MOSFET P1 turns on when V CVS >
respond to the smart battery’s ChargingVoltage() and VBATT. This eliminates the voltage drop and power con-
ChargingCurrent() messages. The charger is obliged to sumption of the Schottky diode. To minimize power loss,
adjust its output characteristics in direct response to select a MOSFET with an RDS(ON) of 50mΩ or less. This
the ChargingVoltage() and ChargingCurrent() mes- MOSFET must be able to deliver the maximum current
sages it receives from the battery. In Level 2 charging, as set by R1. D1 and P1 provide protection from
the smart battery is completely responsible for initiating reversed voltage at the adapter input.
the communication and providing the charging algo- The N-channel MOSFETs N1 and N2 are the switching
rithm to the charger. devices for the buck controller. High-side switch N1
The smart battery is in the best position to tell the smart should have a current rating of at least 6A and have an
battery charger how it needs to be charged. The charg- RDS(ON) of 50mΩ or less. The driver for N1 is powered
ing algorithm in the battery may request a static charge by BST; its current should be less than 10mA. Select a
condition or may choose to periodically adjust the MOSFET with a low total gate charge and determine
smart battery charger’s output to meet its present the required drive current by IGATE = QGATE · f (where f
needs. A Level 2 smart battery charger is truly chem- is the DC-DC converter maximum switching frequency
istry independent and, since it is defined as an SMBus of 400kHz).
slave device only, the smart battery charger is relatively The low-side switch N2 should also have a current rat-
inexpensive and easy to implement. ing of at least 3A, have an RDS(ON) of 100mΩ or less,
Selecting External Components and a total gate charge less than 10nC. N2 is used to
Table 10 lists the recommended components and provide the starting charge to the BST capacitor C14.
refers to the circuit of Figure 1; Table 9 lists the suppli- During normal operation, the current is carried by
Schottky diode D2. Choose a 3A or higher Schottky
diode.
Table 9. Component Suppliers D3 is a signal-level diode, such as the 1N4148. This
diode provides the supply current to the high-side
MOSFET driver.
COMPONENT MANUFACTURER PART
The P-channel MOSFET P2 delivers the current to the
Sumida CDRH127 series load when the AC adapter is removed. Select a MOS-
Inductor Coilcraft D03316P series FET with an RDS(ON) of 50mΩ or less to minimize power
loss and voltage drop.
Coiltronics UP2 series
Internal Rectifier IRF7309 Inductor Selection
MOSFET Fairchild FDS series Inductor L1 provides power to the battery while it is
being charged. It must have a saturation current of at
Vishay-Siliconix Si4435/6
least 3A plus 1/2 of the current ripple (∆IL).
Dale WSL series
Sense Resistor
IRC LR2010-01 series ISAT = 3A + 1/2 ∆IL
TPS series, The controller determines the constant off-time period,
AVX
Capacitor TAJ series which is dependent on BATT voltage. This makes the
Sprague 595D series
ripple current independent of input and battery voltage
and should be kept to less than 1A. Calculate the ∆IL
Motorola 1N5817–1N5822 with the following equation:
Nihon NSQ03A04
Diode ∆IL = 21Vµs / L
Central
CMSH series
Semiconductor Higher inductor values decrease the ripple current.
Smaller inductor values require higher saturation cur-
______________________________________________________________________________________ 29
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MAX1645/MAX1645A

Table 10. Component Selection

DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION

22µF, 35V low-ESR tantalum capacitors

C1, C2 Input Capacitors
AVX TPSE226M035R0300
22µF, 25V low-ESR tantalum capacitors
C3, C4 Output Capacitors
AVX TPSD226M025R0200

C5, C19, C20 1µF, >30V ceramic capacitors

C6, C7, C12 1µF ceramic capacitors

C8, C14, C16 0.1µF ceramic capacitors

C9, C10, C11 Compensation Capacitors 0.01µF ceramic capacitors

C13 1500pF ceramic capacitor

C18, C24 0.1µF, >20V ceramic capacitors

C23 0.1µF, >30V ceramic capacitor

40V, 2A schottky diodes

D1, D2
Central Semiconductor CMSH2-40
Small-signal diodes
D3, D4
Central Semiconductor CMPSH-3
22µH, 3.6A buck inductor
L1
Sumida CDRH127-220
30V, 11.5A, high-side N-channel MOSFET (SO-8)
N1 High-Side MOSFET
Fairchild FDS6680
30V, 8.4A, low-side N-channel MOSFET
Fairchild FDS6612A or
N2 Low-Side MOSFET
30V, signal level N-channel MOSFET
2N7002
30V, 11A P-Channel MOSFET load and source switches
P1, P2
Fairchild FDS6675
40mΩ ±1%, 0.5W battery current-sense resistor
R1
Dale WSL-2010/40mΩ/1%
50mΩ ±1%, 0.5W source current-sense resistor
R2
Dale WSL-2010/50mΩ/1%

R3, R4 R3 + R4 >100kΩ input current-limit setting resistors

R5, R7, R8, R9, R10 10kΩ ±5% resistors

R6 10kΩ ±1% temperature sensor network resistor

R11, R16 1Ω ±5% resistors

R12 33Ω ±5% resistor

R13 1kΩ ±5% resistor

R14, R15 4.7Ω ±5% resistors

30 ______________________________________________________________________________________
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
rent capabilities and degrade efficiency. Typically, a • Minimize current-sense resistor trace lengths and

MAX1645/MAX1645A
22µH inductor is ideal for all operating conditions. ensure accurate current sensing with Kelvin con-
nections.
Other Components
CCV, CCI, and CCS are the compensation points for the • Minimize ground trace lengths in the high-current
three regulation loops. Bypass CCV with a 10kΩ resistor paths.
in series with a 0.01µF capacitor to GND. Bypass CCI • Minimize other trace lengths in the high-current
and CCS with 0.01µF capacitors to GND. R7 and R13 paths:
serve as protection resistors to THM and CVS, respec- • Use > 5mm-wide traces
tively. To achieve acceptable accuracy, R6 should be
10kΩ and 1% to match the internal battery thermistor. • Connect C1 and C2 to high-side MOSFET
(10mm max length)
Current-Sense Input Filtering • Connect rectifier diode cathode to low-side.
In normal circuit operation with typical components, the MOSFET (5mm max length)
current-sense signals can have high-frequency tran-
sients that exceed 0.5V due to large current changes • LX node (MOSFETs, rectifier cathode, inductor:
and parasitic component inductance. To achieve prop- 15mm max length). Ideally, surface-mount
er battery and input current compliance, the current- power components are flush against one another
sense input signals should be filtered to remove large with their ground terminals almost touching.
common-mode transients. The input current limit sens- These high-current grounds are then connected
ing circuitry is the most sensitive case due to large cur- to each other with a wide, filled zone of top-
rent steps in the input filter capacitors (C1 and C2) in layer copper so they do not go through vias.
Figure 1. Use 1µF ceramic capacitors from CSSP and The resulting top-layer subground plane is con-
CSSN to GND. Smaller 0.1µF ceramic capacitors can nected to the normal inner-layer ground plane
be used on the CSIP and CSIN inputs to GND since the at the output ground terminals, which ensures
current into the battery is continuous. Place these that the IC’s analog ground is sensing at the
capacitors next to the single-point ground directly supply’s output terminals without interference
under the MAX1645/MAX1645A. from IR drops and ground noise. Other high-
current paths should also be minimized, but
Layout and Bypassing focusing primarily on short ground and current-
Bypass DCIN with a 1µF to GND (Figure 1). D4 protects sense connections eliminates about 90% of all
the device when the DC power source input is PC board layout problems.
reversed. A signal diode for D4 is adequate as DCIN 2) Place the IC and signal components. Keep the main
only powers the LDO and the internal reference. switching nodes (LX nodes) away from sensitive ana-
Bypass LDO, BST, DLOV, and other pins as shown in log components (current-sense traces and REF
Figure 1. capacitor). Important: The IC must be no further
Good PC board layout is required to achieve specified than 10mm from the current-sense resistors.
noise, efficiency, and stable performance. The PC Keep the gate drive traces (DHI, DLO, and BST)
board layout artist must be given explicit instructions, shorter than 20mm and route them away from the
preferably a pencil sketch showing the placement of current-sense lines and REF. Place ceramic bypass
power-switching components and high-current routing. capacitors close to the IC. The bulk capacitors can
Refer to the PC board layout in the MAX1645/ be placed further away. Place the current-sense
MAX1645A evaluation kit manual for examples. A input filter capacitors under the part, connected
ground plane is essential for optimum performance. In directly to the GND pin.
most applications, the circuit will be located on a multi-
3) Use a single-point star ground placed directly below
layer board, and full use of the four or more copper lay-
the part. Connect the input ground trace, power
ers is recommended. Use the top layer for high-current
ground (subground plane), and normal ground to
connections, the bottom layer for quiet connections
this node.
(REF, CCV, CCI, CCS, DAC, DCIN, VDD, and GND),
and the inner layers for an uninterrupted ground plane. Chip Information
Use the following step-by-step guide: TRANSISTOR COUNT: 6996
1) Place the high-power connections first, with their
grounds adjacent:

______________________________________________________________________________________ 31
 Advanced Chemistry-Independent, Level 2
Battery Chargers with Input Current Limiting
MAX1645/MAX1645A

Typical Operating Circuit

ADAPTER IN

DDS
CVS
DCIN
CSSP

MAX1645A
REF CSSN
LDO
CLS LOAD

BST
AGND
DLOV
DAC

CCV
DHI
CCI
LX

CCS
DLO

PGND

CSIP

CSIN
PDL

BATT

BATTERY

THM
VDD HOST

SCL

SDA

INT

Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.

32 ____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600

© 2001 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.