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Conic Section

This document provides information about conic sections and specific types of conic sections including circles, parabolas, and their key properties and equations. It defines conic sections as curves formed by intersecting a double-napped right circular cone with a plane. Specific types of conic sections like circles and parabolas are defined based on the angles between the intersecting plane and cone. Examples are provided to derive the equations of circles and parabolas based on given point conditions.

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23 views

Conic Section

This document provides information about conic sections and specific types of conic sections including circles, parabolas, and their key properties and equations. It defines conic sections as curves formed by intersecting a double-napped right circular cone with a plane. Specific types of conic sections like circles and parabolas are defined based on the angles between the intersecting plane and cone. Examples are provided to derive the equations of circles and parabolas based on given point conditions.

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sumirmalhotra06
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MANTHAN ACADEMY

Ch 11 Conic Section [NOTES]

INTRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTION θ1 = θ2 Parabola

 Conic sections or conics are the curves


obtained by intersecting a double-napped
right- circular cone with a plane.
 The concept of conic sections is widely used
in astronomy, projectile motion of an
object, etc.
0 ≤ θ 2 < θ1 Hyperbola
 The example of conic sections are circle
(Figure I), ellipse (Figure II), parabola
(Figure III) and hyperbola (Figure IV).

 Different types of conics can be formed by


intersecting a plane with a double-napped  The conic sections obtained by cutting a plane
cone (other than the vertex) by different with a double-napped cone at its vertex are
ways. known as degenerated conic sections.
 If θ1 is the angle between the axis and the  If θ1 is the angle between the axis and the
generator and θ2 is the angle between the generator and θ2 is the angle between the
plane and the axis, then for different plane and the axis, then for different conditions
conditions of θ1 and θ2, we get different of θ1 and θ2, we get different conics. These are
conics. These are described in the table described in the table shown below.
shown below.
CONDITION CONIC FORMED
FIGURE
CONDITION CONIC FIGURE
θ1 < θ2 ≤ 90°Point
FORMED
θ2 = 90° Circle

θ1 =θ2 Line

θ1 < θ2 < 90° Ellipse

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XI | Conic Section

0 ≤ θ2 < θ1 Hyperbola Hence the center is at (-a, -b) and


the radius of the circle

Example 2 Find the equation of the circle that


passes through the points (1, 11), (−11, −5) and (3,
9). Also find center and radius of circle.

Solution :
Let the center of the circle be at (h, k) and the
radius of the circle be r.
CIRCLES We know that the distance between the center of
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that a circle and a point on it is equal to the radius of
are equidistant from a fixed point in the the circle.
plane. Since it passes through the point (1, 11),
 The fixed point is called the centre of the
circle.
 The fixed distance is called the radius of the
circle.
Since it passes through the point (−11, −5),

Since it passes through the point (3, 9),

 The equation of a circle with radius r units and


centre at (h, k) is given by the equation
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we
get,
 The equation of a circle with radius r units and 24h + 32k = −24
centre at origin (0, 0) is given by the ⇒ 3h + 4k = −3 … (4)

equation. Subtracting equation (3) from equation (2), we


get,
SOLVED EXAMPLES: 28h + 28k = −56
⇒ h + k = −2 … (5)
Example 1 Find the centre and the radius of the
Multiplying equation (5) by 3, and then subtracting
circle.
this result from equation (4), we get,
Solution :
k=3
Given eq. of circle is
Substituting the value of k in equation (5), we get
h = −5
Which can be written as
So, the center of the circle is at (−5, 3).

Now, on completing the squares within Substituting the values of h and k in equation (1),
the parentheses, we obtain we get,

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XI | Conic Section

So, the radius of the given circle is 10 units. Thus,


the equation of the circle is, Let the given circles touch each other externally
Example 3 Show that the circles, at point P.
Clearly, P will be on the line segment O1O2, and

touch each externally. Also find the point of


So, the coordinates of P are
contact.

Solution :
Equation of the first circle C1 is PARABOLA
 A parabola is defined as the set of all points in
a plane which are equidistant from a fixed line
and a fixed point (not on the line) in the plane.
 If the fixed point lies on the fixed line, then the
resulting set of points is a straight line. This
Hence, radius r1 of this circle= 10 units, and the straight line passes through the fixed point and
center O1 is at (−11, −2) is perpendicular to the fixed line. This is the
Equation of the second circle C2 is degenerated case of a parabola.
 There are four possible orientations
of a parabola.

Direction Right
Eq. y2=4ax
Hence, radius r2 of this circle= 15 units, and the Focus (a, 0)
center O2 is at (9, 13). Vertex (0, 0)
Two circles touch each other externally if the sum
Eq. of dir. x = -a
of their radii is equal to the distance between their
centers. LR 4a
We can prove that circles C 1 and C2 touch other Axis +ve x-
externally if we can prove O1O2 = r1 + r2. Now, axis
Direction Left
Eq. y2=-4ax
Focus (-a, 0)
Vertex (0, 0)
Eq. of dir. x=a
Therefore, the given circles touch each other
LR 4a
externally, which is shown in the following figure:
Axis -ve x-
axis

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XI | Conic Section

Direction Upward whether the parabola opens upward or downward.


Eq. x2 = 4ay Since the parabola passes through (−3, 10), which lies
Focus (0, a) in the second quadrant, it must open upward. Thus,
the equation of the parabola is of the form x2 = 4ay.
Vertex (0, 0)
As the parabola passes through the point (−3, 10), we
Eq. of dir. y = −a have
LR 4a
(−3)2 = 4a (10) ⇒
Axis +ve y-axis
Direction Downward Hence, the equation of the required parabola is

Eq. x2 = −4ay
Focus (0, −a)
Vertex (0, 0)
Eq. of dir. y=a
LR 4a
Axis -ve y-axis

SOLVED EXAMPLES:
Example 1: Find the equation of a parabola
whose vertex is at (0, 0), passing through the
point (−3, 10) and symmetrical along the:
1. X – Axis 2. Y – Axis
Solution :
Since the parabola is symmetric about the
x-axis, and has its vertex at the origin, the
equation is of the form y2 = 4ax or y2 =
−4ax, where the sign depends on whether
the parabola open towards right or left.
Since the parabola passes through (−3, 10),
which lies in the second quadrant, it must
open towards left. Thus, the equation of
the parabola is of the form y2 = −4ax. As
the parabola passes through the point (−3,
10), we have
(10)2 = −4a (−3) ⇒
Hence, the equation of the required parabola
is
Since the parabola is symmetric about the y-axis, and
has its vertex at the origin, the equation is of the
form x2 = 4ay or x2 = −4ay, where the sign depends on

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