INFORMATION ABOUT

1 CROP AND POINTS

TO REMEMBER
- - - -- - - ~
- - ~ - - :.r-, .....-
- - - -

(i) TROPICAL FRUIT CROPS

1. MANGO
Information abou t aop :
* Botanical name Mangifera indica L.
* Also called as ,,,,,
Symb ol of love, King of Fruit s, Natio nal
fruit ~f India , Pride fruit of India and
Bath room fruit
* Family Anac ardia ceae
* Chromosome No. 2n = 40
* Origin Sout h East Asia
* Soil Sand y loam y
** Tem
pH
pera ture requ irem ent :
5.5 - 6.8
24-27°C
* Important varieties Bane shan , Bang anap alli, Neel um,
Amr apall i, Dash ehar i, Mall ika, Kesa r,
Sind hu, Alph onso and Ratna.
Propagation Vene er graft ing
* Bota nical ly fruit Drup e
* Edib le portion Meso carp
* Fertilizer dose 700:400:750 g NPK / plant .
*
 FRUIT SCIENCE A COMPETITIVE VISION
2

* Yield 8-10 ta/ ha

* Physiological disorders Spongy tissue, Black tip, Soft nose, Jhumka
and Chlorosis
* Pests Leaf hopper, Stone weevil, Fruit fly Stem
borer and Mealy bug
* Diseases Powdery mildew, Anthracnose and Leaf
spot

Points to Remember
* strawberry, .
Polyembryonic varieties of Mango - Simmonds, Higgins, Pico, Sabre, Saigon
Combodiana, Terpentione, Apricot & Carabao from Abroad.
* InCarotenoid
spongy tissue affected mango -Starch is higher and Ascorbi~ acid
'pigment, Amylase & Invertase activities are lower. '
* contains-
Black tip of mango is due _to deleterious effect of brick kiln fumes which
S02., Acetylene & Co 2•

* Hog plam (Spondias cythera}- Anacardiaceae family

* mango
Deshehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay green are- S
varieties . e1f incompatable
* Dwarfism mango correlated with - High phl ml
in is
phenolies in apical buds and lower stomata} ;e _xylem ratio, higher
surface. ens1ty on abaxial leaf
* Fruit size of mango follows- Transgressive
* In mango skin colour is medi ah:)rl l-. ... - , segregation
 5. Langra UP
6. Zardalu Bihar
7. Himsagar WB
8. Malgoa Goa
9. Ramkela Punjab f J.ZS,
* PKM-1 is a cross between - Chinnasuvarnarekha x Neelunt (
Periakulam, TN)
* PI<M-2 is a cross between - Neelum x Mulgoa (FRS, Periakulatn, rrJ)

2. BANANA
Information about crop:
* Botanical name Musa paradisica L. d rn's
* Also called as
. f radise, A a
Tree of w1Sdom, Tree o pa
fig, Apple of paradise and Plwt
0
f virtue

Family Musaceae
* Chromosome No. 2n = 22, 33, 44
* Origin South East Asia
* Soil Sandy loamy
* pH 5.5 - 6.8
* Temperature requirement 23-27°C
* Important varieties G-9, Rasabale, Yelakki bale, Rajapuri,
* Karibale, Boodubale, Kempubale
Propagation Suckers
* Botanically fruit . Berry
* Edible portion Mesocarp and endocarp
* Fertilizer dose 175:105:220 g NPK /plant.
* Yield 18-25 ta/ ha
* Physiological disorders Degrain, Neer vajhaf and Kotta vajhai
* Pests Pseudostem weevil, Rhizome weevil and
* Aphid
* Diseases Yellow ~igatoka, Panama wilt, Bunchy top,
Moko disease and Finger tip
 ..4. PAPAYA
Information abo ut crop:
* Bot anic al nam e Carica papaya L.
* Als o call ed as •• Wo nde r frui t of trop ics and sub trop ic 5 ,
Bac kyar d frui t and Breakfa:5t frui t

* Fam ily Car icac eae

* Chr omo som e No.

' 2n = 18

* Ori gin Trop ical Ame rica

* Soi l San dy loam y

l :ln«Ci I t!i!i Ca 7=
INFORMATION ABOUT CROP AND POINTS TO REMEMBER 13

* pH 5.5 - 6.8
* Temperature requirement 20-22°C
* Important varieties Sunrise, wilder, sunset, Coorg Honey
Dew, Solo, Co-1, Co-2, Co-3, Co-4 Pusa
Nanha, Pusa gaint and Red lady

* Propaga tion
Botanica lly fruit
Seeds

* Edible portion
Berry

* Plant Nature
Mesocar p

* Fertilize r dose
Dioecious

* Yield
450:250:200 g NPK / plant.

* Pests
60-75 ta/ ha

* Disease s
White fly, Mealy bug and Aphid

* Leaf curl,- Ring spot and Mosaic virus,

Damping off, Foot rot and Anthracn ose
Points to Remember
* Carica quercifolia is the hardiest of all the species of papaya
* Pot planting and suitable high density planting variety - Pusa Dwarf and
Pusa Nanha
* Seed treabnen ts with- Thiourea
papaya seed germinat ion.
100-200 ppm or GA3 200 ppm improve s

* Papaya cultivar produce no male plants - Solo sunrise

* Spacing for production of papain varieties - x m
1.6 1.6
* Satellite chromosome in papay~ controls - Maleness
* Yellow pigment in papaya is - ~aricaxanthin
* Enzyme present in dried latex of papaya is (Papain) - Pepsin
* ofCarica papaya can successfully cross with Fl which of the follow·
papaya - Carica cauliflora & Carica monoica
* Dwarf mutant cultivar of papaya (1.25 x 1.25 m spacing)
* Dwarfness in papaya is controlled by - Recessive gene
* Genotypes of the sex reversing male papaya - mmRR, mm
* Improvement in papaya is done mainly through - Inbreedin
* Outer layer of papaya seed which hinder germination is --.
* Papaya variety resistant to wind - Pusa Giant
,
·
* Papaya was introduced in India by portugues during - • 1
* The ~ghes~ pa~ain yielding variety of papaya is _ l; Co-6
.

* Hybnd denvative and not the inbred lines of papaya - •

* Inbred line of papaya - Co-6 C,
 t cau sed by 1-'hytophthora aphanidennatum and
Rhizoctonia
ects you ng & old trees
* Flowers are bor ne as - Axillary pan icle
* See d rate of pap aya - 250-300 g/ha
* Rec om men ded spa cing for pus a Nan ha is -
* 1.25 x 1.25 m (6000 plants/ha)
Fro st is the mo st limiting factor in pap aya cult
* The var iety of pap aya is true bre edin g cultivar
ivation in - N - India

* Ind uce d pol ypl oid y in pap aya don e by - Ho

in the wor ld - Solo
lf Mayer (1949)

5. SAPOTA
Information about crop:
* Bot ani cal nam e Achras sapota L.
* Als o cal led as Chi kku and Sapodilla
* Fam ily Sap otac eae
* Chr om oso me No. 2n = 26
* Ori gin Tropical America
* Soi l Alluvial or San dy loamy
1c pH
*
.I

Tem per atu re requirement

5.5 - 6.8
11-34°C
* Important v arieties : Kalipatti, Cricket ball, Kirth bha rthi , Guthi,
Co-1, Co-2, Co-3, PKM-1, PKM-2, PKM-3,
DHS-1 and DHS-2
Propagation
* Bot ani call y fruit
App roa ch gra ftin g

* Berry

* Edi ble portion

Flo wer ing Nature
Mesocarp
Pro tog yny
* Pla nt Nat ure Dioecious
* Fertilizer dos e .400:160:450 g NPK /pla nt.
* Yie ld 2000-2500 frui ts/p lan t
* Phy siol ogi cal disorder
* Cock's comb
lo rHUI I ~vlt:l "L,C: /-\ vVIV l r L.. I I I I " ._ • ·-· - • •

* Pests : Chiku mot h or Leaf web ber, Mea ly Bug ,

Bark eati ng cate rpill ar, Fru it Bor er and
Scales
* Diseases : Leaf spot, Wilt or Die back, Soo ty mou ld
and Flat limb

Points to Remember
* Flowers of sapota are - ugh - wind
Prot ogy nou s
* Pollination is mediated throed by - Botryodiplodia theobromae
(An emo phil ous)
* Fasciation or flat leaf caus
* Rootstocks for sapota - (Manilkara hexandra)-Most conu n nl
Khi mi
kauk i)
Ada m's app le (M
0
Y use d
Mahua (Madhuca latif olia )
Mee t tree (Bassia langifolia)
* Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) is used in sapota to control - Bud
borer
* The prod uct prep ared from sapo ta latex is - Chicklet
* Cock's com b is a physiological disorder associated with -
Sapota
* Dwa rf variety of sapo ta is - PKM-3 (Suitable for HDP)
* Commercial met hod of prop agat ion is - Inarching
* Sap ota cult ivat ion was take n up for the first time in - MH , 1898
-;nam e Gho lwa d
.
VtlJage
*.-~~Sapota is also know as - Sap odil la
*· Fruit drop is due to -
7 seed inco mpa tibil ity
* Exotic varieties are - Alan o, Hassia, Mak ok & Mol ix
Var ietie s Parents
rn_ 1 t Ball x Ova l
 INFORMATION ABOUT CROP ANO POINTS TO REMEMBER 17
'
* Sapota fruit follows - Double sigmoid growth curve
* Kirth Bharti Cricket ball are popular cultivars of - Andra Pradesh b\P)
&

6. PINEAPPLE
Information about crop:
Botanical name Ananas comosus L.
* Also called as Heaven fruit and Symbol of Friendship
* fruit
Family Bromeliaceae
* Chromosome No. 2n = 50
* Origin Brazil
* Soil Sandy_loamy
* pH 5.5 - 6.8
* Temperature requirement 22-32°C
* Important varieties Amritha, Kew, Mauritius cl!ld Queen
* Propagation Slips, Crown and Suckers
* Botanically fruit Berry
* Plant Nature Dioecious
* Fertilizer dose 600:400:600 g NPK / plant.
** Yield 40-50 ta/ ha
Physiological disorders .. Sun scald~ Fasciation, Crown without fruit
.

* .....
and Internal browning
Pest Mealy bug
* Diseases Heart rot, Yellow spot and Base rot
* Remember
Pointsto
* Pineapple exhibits - Vegetative parthenocarpy and Self incompatibility
* The active constituent present in pineapple is - Bromelin
* Pineapple introduced in India -- 1548
* Type of fruit is - Syncarpous / Sorosis
* Pineapple is a - Monocotyledonous, Monocarpic, CAM & Herbaceous
fruit plant .
* Ancestor of cultivated pineapple is - Brazilian pineapple (A microstachys)
 ~ tlea l is a - Climacteric fruit
* Shape of Narendra Beal-1 is - Oblong and. Narendra Beal-2 is Spbedcal
in sha pe
* There is no systematic or regular plantation of Beal except lJP · in .-

10 . AVOCADO
lnfonnation about crop:
* Botanical name
* Also called as :
Persea americana L.
Butter fruit, Alligator pea r, 21 st cen tur y
Fru it and Fruit of New wo rld
* Family Lau rac eae
* Chromosome No . 2n = 24
* Or igin Cen tral America
* Soi l Sandy loa m or All uvi al soils
** pH 5-7
Tem per atu re requirement : 15-34°C
* Im por tan t varieties : Hass, Fuerte, Lula, Green and Pol loc k
* Pro pag atio n : Seeds
* Bot ani cal ly fruit Ber ry
* Fer tili zer dos e 200:75:20 kg NP K /ha .
* Yie ld : 100-500 fruits / tree
 TS TO REMEMBER 23
INFORMATION ABO UT CROP AND POIN

* Phy siol ogu cal diso rde r : Dry Neck

* Pes ts Fru it-s pot ting bug , Que ens lan d frui t fly,
and Red -ba nde d thri ps
* Dis eas es Bac teri al spo t rot, An thra cno se and
Cer cos por a spo t

Points to Remember
* Typ e of dich oga my in avocado is - Protogy
nous

* Dry nec k is a physiological diso rder of - Avocad

o

* Fru it of avo cad o is single seed ed - Berry

* The infl ores cen ce in avo cad o is com pou nd pan
as - Pro tog yno us diu rna lly synchrono
icle of raceme whi ch is term ed
us dichogamy (PDSD)
* Avo cad o also called as - Alligator pear, 2ist
wor ld, But ter fru it
century fruit, Fruit of Ne w

* Ric h in fat con tent - 26.4%

* Avo cad o frui t · ene rgy valu e is twice as muc
h as - Banana fruit
* Optimum tem per atu re for flower induction - <25°C
* PDS D is first rep orte d by - Bergh (1969)
* Fue rte is a hyb rid betw een - Mexican & Gua
temalan

* Wo rld fam ous cult ivar is - Hass

disc olo ura tion is due to - Polyphenol oxid
ase enz ym e (PPO) >

esocarp
* Maxican
M
race s _ Gotfried, Duk e, Pernod
.

_-* Gua tem alan race s _ Taylor, Linda, Queen,

Benit
_._ r com e - Salinity prob1em
x Pollock can ove din ess
_._ dlin are resistant to - ' Root rot and cold •har
Duk e See g ped fruits
X
_._ _ Gre en colour, pear sha .
Gua tem alan typ e . .
x
till"ues till mat urit y m frui t dev elop
men t _ Avocado
_._ • • .
x
.
Cell deVIS1on con
d d to Ind ia from - Snl ank a

* Avo cad o mtr o

. uce
Pol lina tion m avo ca
do is chiefly med iate d by - Hon ey bee

* 11 . TAMARIND ,
 * Crushed leaves is us ed _for curing - Ch
icken pox, Ringworm &
Acidity is du e to - Oxa Scabies
lic acid
Ca ra m bo la is us ed as a
substitute for - Tamarin
Major pr ob le m is - Het d
erostyly
1. A. carambola - White
marked w ith purple flowe
2. A. bilimbi - Redish pu rp r
le colour flower, produce gh
like fruits, also called cu erkin-
* Carambola is a - N on -cl
cumber tree

* Caram.bola is also called

imacteri'c fruit

* G ol de n st ar is the variety
as - Star fruit
of - Carambola
(ii) SUBTROPICAL FRUIT
CROPS
1. CITRUS
Information about crop:
* Botanical name Citrus spp. L.
* Also called as N im bu
* Family Rutaceae
* Chromosome No. 2n = 18
* Origin North-East regions
* Soil Sandy loamy
I
** TepHmperatu 5.5 - 6.8 I

.1
re requirement 24 -2 7° C
* Important varieties V1.kra m , Pr am al in i, Lisbon, Eu re ka ,
Satsuma, Satgudi, Coorg ~a d . J ff
n arm, a a,
Valencia and Saisharabath
1
.I
 28 FRUIT SCIENCE A COM PETITIVE VISIO~

* Pro pag atio n : T- bud din g and See ds

* Bot ani call y frui t Hes piri diu m

* Edi ble por tion Juicy pla cen tal hai rs

* Fer tili zer dos e ·· 700:400:750 g NP K /pl ant .

** Yie ld
Phy siol ogi cal diso rde rs
18-20 ta/ ha
Fre nch ing , Gra nul atio n, Fru it dro p and
Fru it crac kin g

* Pes t : Lea f min or, Fru it suc kin g mo th, Lea

We bbe r and stem bor er
f

* Dis eas es
Ant hrac nos e, Leaf spo t, Wil t, Cit rus can kar
and Citr us dec line
Points to Remember
* juic
Cit rus frui t is
mod ifie d ber ry called - 'He spe ridi um ' wit h
y pla cen tal hair s. edi ble por tion as
* res
Cit rum elo is
a cross betw een - Trifoliate
ista nt roo tsto ck wh ich is imm une to tris
orange
x Gra pe fruit is an ultr a
.
phy top hth ora . Gummos1s, exc ess sa 1n1ty teza , tole ran t to exo car t·
1· . d
* Citrus nobilis Natural tangor
is a -
an cold . is,

* develo
Kin now man dar in - Kin g (Ci trus
·tru
nobilis)
•
wil low lea f (Citrus
x . .d )
ped by Dr. H . B. Frost, c1 s exp enm ent stat . e 1icio sa
in 193 5 · ion Riv ersi de Cal "f .
* ' 1
orrua
Gre eni ng in citr us is cau sed by - MLO's The vec
Citrz) tor is citrus psy lla (Dia h .

* Ho ng Kon g kum qua t (Fortunella hindsi) is a

T np • 101"d
P orzna ·
- Tet rap loid , Tah itili tn . ·

* Inc iden ce of gra nul atio n, is mo re on vig oro

gra fted on Rou gh lem on and Jalandhar Kha
~ -
us roo tsto cks - E.g. Blo od R
e 1s a-

*. Low aux in con tent due to zinc deficiency and

este rase 's acti vity fav our s -Granulation.
tti.
hig h pec tin due to low
ed
.
..>., "R ::i n uou r lim e is thP mn c f
pec tin ~
1
 * - - - .. x 1ercaud
.n .aLJU l
Soft see d vari etie s - Jyoti, Gan esh , Bassein seed
* Har d seed vari etie s - Khandhari and Alandi
less and Paper she ll

* Wo nde rful intr odu ctio n from - USA

* Sirin intr odu ctio n from - Iran

4. GU AV A
Information about crop:

* Bot anic al nam e

Psidium guajava L .
* Als o call ed as
App le of the Tropics
. * Fam ily
Myr tace ae
* Chr omo som e No.
2n = 22
* Ori gin
Tro pica l Am eric a
* Soi l
San dy loam y
* pH 4.5-7.5

* Tem per atu re req uire men t : 24-27°C

* Important var ietie s Sard ar, Alla hab ad Safe da, Koh ir Safeda,
Ark a Mri dula , Ark a Am ulya and Lalit

* Propagation : Air layering

* Bot anic ally fruit Berry

* Edi ble portion Tha lam us and peri carp

* Fertilizer dos e 360:180:180 g NPK /pla nt.

* Yie ld
Phy siol ogic al disorders
18-20 ta/ ha
t Bronzing
*
* Pes ts Fru it fly, Sq1le inse cts, Bar k eati ng
caterpillar and Mea!y bug

* Dis eas es Wilt, Anthracnose, Fruit cankar and Leaf

spo t