GEED 10083

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

Topic No. 1: General Concepts and
Historical Development

DR. GLORINA P. OROZCO

 TOPIC NO. 1
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Topic Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss the interrelationships of science, technology and
society
2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect
society.
3. Identify the paradigm shifts in history through the historical
development of Science and Technology
4. Create their own “e-museums” showcasing the major
scientific and technological artifacts through the different historic
periods in the world and in the Philippines.
5. Cite some Philippine indigenous artifacts of science and
technology still in use or still in existence.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
1.A The Interrelationships of Science, Technology and
Society

Evolution of Science and Technology within the context of

Man’s Needs:
1. Survival
1. Survival 2. Convenience
1. Survival
2. Convenience 3. Fame, Money
and Power
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ Science and technology came about when man came into
existence but not in their present forms.
➢ Both were necessary to man’s survival as they are now.
➢ The direction of their development depended on the needs of
society as it also evolved.
➢ From the use of science and technology to meet their basic
needs for survival to making life more convenient or easier and
comfortable.
➢ At present, both are already deeply embedded in society from
the individual level to the global level as they are not only
necessary for survival and life convenience but are instruments
now for the quests for fame, money and power.
 TOPIC NO. 1
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
History of the relationship of science and technology
within the society
Ancient times:

SCIENCE
SOCIETY
SOCIETY
TECHNOLOGY
 TOPIC NO. 1
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ Man is by nature curious wanting to know about his
environment and what is happening around him. This
was the early form of science.
➢ Driven also by his survival needs for food, shelter,
medicine and clothing, he has to learn what to use for
these and how to obtain them. Making implements and
using them to obtain what was needed was the early
form of technology.
➢ There was no relationship of science and technology
this time as it is in their forms now.
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Start of Formal Science and Technology :

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

SOCIETY
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ During the earlier time of formal science and
technology there was a sort of balance of the
influences among science, technology and society.
➢ Society’s needs gave direction for the quest for
knowledge and technics in which in turn the
knowledge and technics discovered and made or
manufactured changed the way of life in societies.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

1.B An Overview of the Impacts of Science

and Technology on society
Present Time
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

SOCIETY
 TOPIC NO. 1
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ At present, science and technology are so
intertwined. Science provides the theories and
principles for technology.
➢ In turn, technology provides the processes,
machines and other technological artifacts for science.
➢ A product now a days, like your shoes clothes is a
product of both science and technology.
➢ People at present buy or use technological
product with sound scientific basis.
 TOPIC NO. 1
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Issues at present in the interrelationships among
science, technology and society:
a. Due to the race and quest for money, fame and
power, there is now a distortion in the relationship
among these three. This results to a great pressure
and great influence of science and technology on
all levels of society from the individual to the global
level.
b. The race for more products and innovations has
also taken a great toll on the environment in terms
of depletion and degradation of resources and the
environment.
 TOPIC NO. 1
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ There are also a lot of emerging ethical dilemmas as
well as moral and legal issues emerging from Artificial
intelligence and the information technology.
➢ John J. Reiley Center for Science, Technology and Values
of Notre Dame came out with a listing of ten emerging
dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology for
2018. ( refer to Quinto, 2019, pages 5-6, or you may
search for this in other e-sources)
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
(WORLD HISTORY)
1.C History of Science and Technology:
(World History) refer to: Technology timeline:
by Chris Woodford
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html
➢ This will lead you to a time line of at least familiar products of
science and technology with some of which are still in use.
➢ In the last column,You can click to learn about the product or
the technology.
➢ You will be able to see how science and technology are now
intertwined or interdependent on each other in the making of
a product.
 DATE INVENTION
Pre-Historic Time Humans make the first tools from stone, wood, antlers, and
10 million years ago bones.
1–2 million years ago Humans discover fire.
8000– 9000 BCE Beginnings of human settlements and agriculture.

6000– 7000 BCE Hand-made bricks first used for construction in the Middle
East.
Ancient Times
4000 BCE Iron used for the first time in decorative ornaments.
3500– 5000 BCE Glass is made by people for the first time.

3500 BCE Humans invent the wheel.

~2500 BCE Ancient Egyptians produce papyrus, a crude early version of
paper.
3000– 600BCE Bronze Age: Widespread use of copper and its important
alloy bronze.
c1700 BCE Semites of the Mediterranean develop the alphabet.
1000 BCE Iron Age begins: iron is widely used for making tools and weapons
in many parts of the world.
600 BCE Thales of Miletus discovers static electricity.
62 CE Hero of Alexandria, a Greek scientist, pioneers steam power.
Middle Ages
~600 CE Windmills are invented in the Middle East.
700–900 CE Chinese invent gunpowder and fireworks.
800–1300 CE Thanks to inventors such as the Banū Mūsā brothers and al-Jazari,
the Islamic "Golden Age" sees the development of a wide range of
technologies, including ingenious clocks and feedback mechanisms
that are the ancestors of modern automated factory machines.
1206 Arabic engineer al-Jazari invents a flushing hand-washing machine,
one of the ancestors of the modern toilet.
1450 Johannes Gutenberg pioneers the modern printing press, using
rearrangeable metal letters called movable type.
16th Century Gerardus Mercator helps to revolutionize navigation with better
1530s mapmaking.
1590 A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen makes the first
compound microscope.
17th Century Galileo Galilei builds a practical telescope and makes new
1609 astronomical discoveries.
1650s Christiaan Huygens develops the pendulum clock (using Galileo's
earlier discovery that a swinging pendulum can be used to keep
time).
1687 Isaac Newton formulates his three laws of motion.
18th Century Gottfried Leibniz pioneers the binary number system now used in
1703 virtually all computers.
1769 Wolfgang von Kempelen develops a mechanical speaking
machine: the world's first speech synthesizer.
19th Century Italian Alessandro Volta makes the first battery (known as a
1800 Voltaic pile).
1827 Joseph Niepce makes the first modern photograph.
1850s Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization: a way of preserving food
by heating it to kill off bacteria.
20th The first electric vacuum cleaner is developed.
Century
1901
1906 Willis Carrier pioneers the air conditioner.

1908 American industrialist and engineer Henry Ford launches the Ford Model T,
the world's first truly affordable car.
1920s John Logie Baird develops mechanical television
Philo T. Farnsworth invents modern electronic television.
1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs launch the Apple I: one of the world's first
personal home computers
1997 Electronics companies agree to make Wi-Fi a worldwide standard for
wireless Internet.
21st Apple revolutionizes music listening by unveiling its iPod MP3 music player.
Century The Wikipedia online encyclopedia is founded by Larry Sanger and Jimmy
2001 Wales.
2010 3D TV starts to become more widely available.

2016 Three nanotechnologists win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for building
miniature machines out of molecules.
2019 Google claims to have achieved "quantum supremacy"—with a quantum
computer that calculates faster than a conventional one.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

➢ It is through these products that science also make use of to

come out with scientific principles or theories.

Assignment 1a:
For the top inventions in the world:
Top 10 Inventions That Could Save the Planet:
https://youtu.be/Js6_Um2oWjI

Summarize the video & make your reflections.

Top 10 Inventions That Could Save the Planet:
https://youtu.be/Js6_Um2oWjI
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1.D History of Science and Technology: Philippine
History
( Refer to Prieto, et.al, 2019, pp. 3-8)
A. Ancient time
➢ There is a limited literature about science and
technology in the Philippines before its first
colonization by Spain. Archeological findings though
showed that they had used stone tools to metal tools.
Thus the early Filipinos they mined copper, iron, gold
and bronze.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

➢ It was also revealed that they were into weaving,

handicrafts, shipbuilding and farming, and production of
their own herbal medicines.
➢ They had their own alphabet, weights and measurement
systems as well as their own calendar.
➢ Thus with their products they engaged in trading
relations with nearby Asian neighbors like China.
➢ All these of their very own, could now be considered
their indigenous science and technology.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
B. Spanish Period
• Education
➢ -Introduced formal education, putting up schools
some of which are in existence now, the oldest of
course is University of Santo Tomas. It was in the
schools where Filipinos were taught how to read and
write, mathematics and of course religion.
➢ -It was in the universities where science and
technology were introduced through the medical and
engineering courses.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ Engineering and Technology: their contribution in this
area in on the building of the Churches, government
establishments, bridges, roads and forts.
➢ Agriculture: a more advanced agricultural practices
were also introduced.
➢ Galleon trade: opened the influx of foreign products
and “know-hows” to the country.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
C. American Period
The Americans took off from what already was there in the
country.
➢ Education: public education system. UP was put up this time.
➢ Setting up of science and technology agencies
-Bureau of Government laboratories in July, 1901 for the purpose
to study tropical diseases and laboratory projects then was
replaced by the Bureau of Science in 1905 becoming the primary
research center of the country.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ -National Research Council of the Philippines was
established.
❖ Others:
➢ -Science at this time was focused or directed
towards agriculture, food processing, forestry,
medicine, and pharmacy.
➢ -Technology was not given a lot of consideration due
to the free trade policy with the US.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
D. Post Colonial Period ( Literature for this period is
presented according to the presidential terms)
❖ President Marcos :
-Science was given importance as stated in the
Amended 1973 constitution wherein in terms of
national development, advancement in science and
technology shall be given priority.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ Aligned to this, is the focus on science education, thus,
he directed the DepEd and NSDB to revitalize science in
public high schools with providing science-teaching
equipment for a period of 4 years. Established other
campuses of the Philippine Science High School in Visayas
and Mindanao.
➢ Promoted scientific research and invention in a
presidential decree.
➢ Establishment of PAGASA (Phil. Atmospheric,
Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration) and
NAST (National Academy of Science and Technology)
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
❖ President Cory Aquino
➢ -Replaced the NSTA ( National Science and
Technology Authority ) to what it is today as DOST (
Department of Science and Technology)
➢ -Highlighted the role of science and technology by
making it one of the three priorities to implement the
Philippine development plan ( 1987-1992)
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

-Alongwith the declaration RA 6655 the Free

Secondary Public Education Act, was the program of
1998 was the “ Science for the Masses” program.
❖ President Fidel Ramos
- Established STAND ( Science and Technology Agenda
for national Development ) to propel the country as
vehicle in propelling the country to a NIC ( New
Industrialized Country) status by the year 2000
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ -Passed RA 8439 “Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel” in 1997 to give recognition
and incentives to scientists and technologists for their
contributions
➢ Science &Technology Scholarship Law 1004
-3,500 scholarships were granted to students who were
interested in taking up science and technology related
courses
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
❖ President Joseph Estrada

-Two major legislations signed during his term were:

a. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

b. Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 – law on computer

hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses
from the internet driven new economy
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
❖ President Gloria Arroyo
➢ -Strengthened STI ( Science, Technology and Innovation)
by strengthening Schools like the Science High Schools.
➢ -RA 9376 ( Bio Fuel Act) to lessen the dependence on
fossil fuels
➢ -Drought free rice production was encouraged this
time.
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
❖ President Benigno C. Aquino
➢ -RA 10601: To improve the agriculture and fisheries
sector through mechanization
➢ -RA 10068 : Organic Agricultural Act
➢ -RA 19844 (DICT Act): The Department of
communication and Informations Technology will take
charge of planning, developing and promoting the
National ICT development agenda
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1.E Indigenous Science and Technology

➢ Highlighted in literature as an indigenous technology is

the Banaue rice terraces but there are other indigenous
groups in the Philippines with their own indigenous
technologies.
➢ Indigenous: Means original or native to a certain area or
region… & are still in existence.
➢ Its contribution to present day science and technology is
that it provided the springboard for innovation.
 ASSIGNMENT 2: GROUP E-MUSEUM
Per group, choose at least minimum of 15 artifacts which you
are going to organize into your e-museum as follows:
(1) Philippine Science and Technology Museum (From Pre-
historic to present including the Philippine indigenous
technology)
(2) Covid-19 Science & Technology Museum
(3) Other Advances in Pure Science Museum
(4) Advances in Computer & Cybertechnology (2 groups)
(5) Advances in Engineering Museum (2 groups)
STS GROUP RUBRICS FOR E-MUSEUM
Criteria for Grading G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6

Relevance
Content
Technical Validity &
Organization
Innovativeness
Clarity
Preparedness
Time Management
TOTAL POINTS /30

Name/ Group # of Evaluator

BIOLOGY 105: GENERAL ECOLOGY Rubrics
Title of Paper:
Name of Presenters: Date/Time:

CRITERIA Novice (0-1 pt) Accomplished (2-3) Excellent (4-5) Score

RELEVANCE The topic is briefly defined and remotely The topic is defined but not clearly understood The topic is identified, clearly understood and is
related to the theme. and is still relevant to the theme. highly relevant to the theme.

CONTENT Displays an incomplete understanding of the Displays a complete and accurate understanding Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the
important concepts and generalizations and of the important concepts or generalizations. important concepts or generalizations and
has some notable misconceptions. includes new insights
TECHNICAL VALIDITY & Ideas may not be focused or developed; the The main idea is evident,but the organizational Ideas are clearly organized,
ORGANIZATION main purpose is not clear. structure may need to be strengthened; ideas may developed, and supported to
not always flow smoothly. achieve a clear purpose.

INNOVATIVENESS Visuals go well with the report, but there are Satisfactory use of visuals and manner of The group uses outstanding and appropriate
too few and the report seems "text-heavy". presentation, although at times, some are medium and material for the visual aids.
distracting.

PREPAREDNESS The slides are simply read by the lecturer. The presentation is appealing, but may contain The presentation is appealing and easy to follow.
The discussion is difficult to hear or unclear information. Some appeal to audience and It draws in the audience and keeps their attention.
understand and the flow of information is distractors kept to a minimum. Lecturer is completely prepared.
confusing.
TIME MANAGEMENT Became on-line late &started the report late. Took time to set up the report Started & ended the report on time
TOTAL /30
 LEARNING RESOURCES
• Prieto, Nelia G.,Vega,Violeta A. Filipe, Elizabeth F. and Meneses,
Julius L. (2019 ). Science, Technology and Society. LORIMAR
Publishing Inc.
• Quinto, Edward Jay M., Nieva, Aileen Domondon. ( 2019).
Science,Technology, and Society: Outcome-Based Module. C & E
Publishing, Inc.
• Top 10 Inventions That Could Save the Planet:
https://youtu.be/Js6_Um2oWjI
• https://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html
• https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/phy03.sci.engin.desi
gn.techsociety/the-impact-of-technology-society
 Thank You!
Please do your assignment
and be ready for a quiz next
meeting