Differential Notations and

Trigonometric Functions
(MAT060 - Calculus with Analytic Geometry I)

1st Semester, 2022-2023

JEAN M. CABARO, PhD

Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City
[email protected]
Differential Notations
Differential Notations

Let c be a constant and let u = f (x ) and v = g (x ) be functions of x such that

du dv
f 0 (x ) = and g 0 (x ) = both exist. Then the following table provides the
dx dx
rules of differentiation using differential notations:
 d (c )
=0 d (c ) = 0
dx
n
d (x )
= nx n−1 d (x n ) = nx n−1 dx
dx
d (cu ) du
=c d (cu ) = cdu
dx dx
d (u + v ) du dv
= + d (u + v ) = du + dv
dx dx dx
d (uv ) dv du
=u +v d (uv ) = udv + vdu
dxu  dx
du
dx
dv
d v +u u  vdu − udv
v = dx dx d =
dx n v2 v v2
d (u ) du
= nu n−1 d (u n ) = nu n−1 du
dx dx
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

The derivative of trigonometric functions may be obtained using the 3-Step Rule
for finding the derivative of a function.
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

The derivative of trigonometric functions may be obtained using the 3-Step Rule
for finding the derivative of a function.

For instance, if f (x ) = sin x, then f 0 (x ) may be found using the following steps:

(i ) f (x + h) − f (x ) = sin(x + h) − sin x
= sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x ,
by addition formula for sine function.
 f (x + h) − f (x ) sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
(ii ) =
h h
sin x · (cos h − 1) + cos x · sin h
=
h
1 − cos h sin h
= − sin x · + cos x ·
h h
  
f (x + h) − f (x ) 1 − cos h sin h
(iii ) lim = lim − sin x · + cos x ·
h →0 h h →0 h h
= (− sin x ) · 0 + (cos x ) · 1
= cos x .

Thus,
f 0 (x ) = cos x .
Theorem. The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions are as
follows.
Theorem. The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions are as
follows.
1. Dx (sin x ) = cos x 4. Dx (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
Theorem. The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions are as
follows.
1. Dx (sin x ) = cos x 4. Dx (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
2. Dx (cos x ) = − sin x 5. Dx (sec x ) = sec x tan x
Theorem. The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions are as
follows.
1. Dx (sin x ) = cos x 4. Dx (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
2. Dx (cos x ) = − sin x 5. Dx (sec x ) = sec x tan x
3. Dx (tan x ) = sec2 x 6. Dx (cot x ) = − csc2 x
Theorem. The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions are as
follows.
1. Dx (sin x ) = cos x 4. Dx (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
2. Dx (cos x ) = − sin x 5. Dx (sec x ) = sec x tan x
3. Dx (tan x ) = sec2 x 6. Dx (cot x ) = − csc2 x
If u is a differentiable function of x. Then the above formulas maybe rephrased
as follows:
Theorem. The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions are as
follows.
1. Dx (sin x ) = cos x 4. Dx (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
2. Dx (cos x ) = − sin x 5. Dx (sec x ) = sec x tan x
3. Dx (tan x ) = sec2 x 6. Dx (cot x ) = − csc2 x
If u is a differentiable function of x. Then the above formulas maybe rephrased
as follows:

1. Dx (sin u ) = cos uDx u 4. Dx (cot u ) = − csc2 uDx u

Theorem. The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions are as
follows.
1. Dx (sin x ) = cos x 4. Dx (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
2. Dx (cos x ) = − sin x 5. Dx (sec x ) = sec x tan x
3. Dx (tan x ) = sec2 x 6. Dx (cot x ) = − csc2 x
If u is a differentiable function of x. Then the above formulas maybe rephrased
as follows:

1. Dx (sin u ) = cos uDx u 4. Dx (cot u ) = − csc2 uDx u

2. Dx (cos u ) = − sin uDx u 5. Dx (sec u ) = sec u tan uDx u
Theorem. The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions are as
follows.
1. Dx (sin x ) = cos x 4. Dx (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
2. Dx (cos x ) = − sin x 5. Dx (sec x ) = sec x tan x
3. Dx (tan x ) = sec2 x 6. Dx (cot x ) = − csc2 x
If u is a differentiable function of x. Then the above formulas maybe rephrased
as follows:

1. Dx (sin u ) = cos uDx u 4. Dx (cot u ) = − csc2 uDx u

2. Dx (cos u ) = − sin uDx u 5. Dx (sec u ) = sec u tan uDx u
3. Dx (tan u ) = sec2 uDx u 6. Dx (csc u ) = − csc u cot uDx u
Example.
Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
Example.
Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
1. f (x ) = sin 3x 2
Example.
Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
1. f (x ) = sin 3x 2
Solution: f 0 (x ) = cos 3x 2 · 6x = 6x cos 3x 2 .
Example.
Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
1. f (x ) = sin 3x 2
Solution: f 0 (x ) = cos 3x 2 · 6x = 6x cos 3x 2 . This example is similar to the
statement
Example.
Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
1. f (x ) = sin 3x 2
Solution: f 0 (x ) = cos 3x 2 · 6x = 6x cos 3x 2 . This example is similar to the
statement
Dx (sin 3x 2 ) = cos 3x 2 Dx (3x 2 ) = 6x cos 3x 2 .
Example.
Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
1. f (x ) = sin 3x 2
Solution: f 0 (x ) = cos 3x 2 · 6x = 6x cos 3x 2 . This example is similar to the
statement
Dx (sin 3x 2 ) = cos 3x 2 Dx (3x 2 ) = 6x cos 3x 2 .

2. f (x ) = cos5 x
Example.
Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
1. f (x ) = sin 3x 2
Solution: f 0 (x ) = cos 3x 2 · 6x = 6x cos 3x 2 . This example is similar to the
statement
Dx (sin 3x 2 ) = cos 3x 2 Dx (3x 2 ) = 6x cos 3x 2 .

2. f (x ) = cos5 x
Solution: Note that f (x ) = cos5 x = (cos x )5 . So,
Example.
Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
1. f (x ) = sin 3x 2
Solution: f 0 (x ) = cos 3x 2 · 6x = 6x cos 3x 2 . This example is similar to the
statement
Dx (sin 3x 2 ) = cos 3x 2 Dx (3x 2 ) = 6x cos 3x 2 .

2. f (x ) = cos5 x
Solution: Note that f (x ) = cos5 x = (cos x )5 . So,

f 0 (x ) = 5(cos x )4 Dx (cos x ) = 5 cos4 x (− sin x ) = −5 cos4 x sin x .

3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
Solution: Note that f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x ) = [sec(2x )]2 + csc(2x ).
3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
Solution: Note that f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x ) = [sec(2x )]2 + csc(2x ).
Thus,
3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
Solution: Note that f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x ) = [sec(2x )]2 + csc(2x ).
Thus,

f 0 (x ) = 2 sec(2x )Dx [sec(2x )] + [− csc(2x ) cot(2x )Dx (2x )]

3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
Solution: Note that f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x ) = [sec(2x )]2 + csc(2x ).
Thus,

f 0 (x ) = 2 sec(2x )Dx [sec(2x )] + [− csc(2x ) cot(2x )Dx (2x )]

= 2 sec(2x )[sec(2x ) tan(2x )]Dx (2x ) − csc(2x ) cot(2x ) · 2
3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
Solution: Note that f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x ) = [sec(2x )]2 + csc(2x ).
Thus,

f 0 (x ) = 2 sec(2x )Dx [sec(2x )] + [− csc(2x ) cot(2x )Dx (2x )]

= 2 sec(2x )[sec(2x ) tan(2x )]Dx (2x ) − csc(2x ) cot(2x ) · 2
= 2 sec(2x ) sec(2x ) tan(2x ) · 2 − 2 csc(2x ) cot(2x )
3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
Solution: Note that f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x ) = [sec(2x )]2 + csc(2x ).
Thus,

f 0 (x ) = 2 sec(2x )Dx [sec(2x )] + [− csc(2x ) cot(2x )Dx (2x )]

= 2 sec(2x )[sec(2x ) tan(2x )]Dx (2x ) − csc(2x ) cot(2x ) · 2
= 2 sec(2x ) sec(2x ) tan(2x ) · 2 − 2 csc(2x ) cot(2x )
= 4 sec2 (2x ) tan(2x ) − 2 csc(2x ) cot(2x ).
3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
Solution: Note that f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x ) = [sec(2x )]2 + csc(2x ).
Thus,

f 0 (x ) = 2 sec(2x )Dx [sec(2x )] + [− csc(2x ) cot(2x )Dx (2x )]

= 2 sec(2x )[sec(2x ) tan(2x )]Dx (2x ) − csc(2x ) cot(2x ) · 2
= 2 sec(2x ) sec(2x ) tan(2x ) · 2 − 2 csc(2x ) cot(2x )
= 4 sec2 (2x ) tan(2x ) − 2 csc(2x ) cot(2x ).

4. f (x ) = x 3 tan 3x
3. f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x )
Solution: Note that f (x ) = sec2 (2x ) + csc(2x ) = [sec(2x )]2 + csc(2x ).
Thus,

f 0 (x ) = 2 sec(2x )Dx [sec(2x )] + [− csc(2x ) cot(2x )Dx (2x )]

= 2 sec(2x )[sec(2x ) tan(2x )]Dx (2x ) − csc(2x ) cot(2x ) · 2
= 2 sec(2x ) sec(2x ) tan(2x ) · 2 − 2 csc(2x ) cot(2x )
= 4 sec2 (2x ) tan(2x ) − 2 csc(2x ) cot(2x ).

4. f (x ) = x 3 tan 3x
Solution: Applying ‘Derivative of a Product’, we have

f 0 (x ) = x 3 · (sec2 3x · 3) + tan 3x · (3x 2 ) = 3x 3 sec2 3x + 3x 2 tan 3x .

5. g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1)
5. g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1)
Solution: Note that g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1) = [cot(2y − 1)]4 .
5. g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1)
Solution: Note that g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1) = [cot(2y − 1)]4 .
Thus,
5. g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1)
Solution: Note that g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1) = [cot(2y − 1)]4 .
Thus,

g 0 (y ) = 4[cot(2y − 1)]3 · [− csc2 (2y − 1) · 2]

5. g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1)
Solution: Note that g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1) = [cot(2y − 1)]4 .
Thus,

g 0 (y ) = 4[cot(2y − 1)]3 · [− csc2 (2y − 1) · 2]

= 4 cot3 (2y − 1)[−2 csc2 (2y − 1)]
5. g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1)
Solution: Note that g (y ) = cot4 (2y − 1) = [cot(2y − 1)]4 .
Thus,

g 0 (y ) = 4[cot(2y − 1)]3 · [− csc2 (2y − 1) · 2]

= 4 cot3 (2y − 1)[−2 csc2 (2y − 1)]
= −8 cot3 (2y − 1) csc2 (2y − 1).
 √
6. h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z
 √
6. h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z
√ 1
Solution: Note that h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z = 3z 2 sec(2z ) 2 . Thus,
 √
6. h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z
√ 1
Solution: Note that h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z = 3z 2 sec(2z ) 2 . Thus,
√ √ √
 
0 2 1 − 21
h (z ) = 3z · sec 2z tan 2z · (2z ) · 2 + sec 2z · 6z
2
 √
6. h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z
√ 1
Solution: Note that h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z = 3z 2 sec(2z ) 2 . Thus,
√ √ √
 
0 2 1 − 21
h (z ) = 3z · sec 2z tan 2z · (2z ) · 2 + sec 2z · 6z
2
√ √ 1 √
= 3z 2 sec 2z tan 2z · (2z )− 2 + 6z sec 2z
 √
6. h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z
√ 1
Solution: Note that h(z ) = 3z 2 sec 2z = 3z 2 sec(2z ) 2 . Thus,
√ √ √
 
0 2 1 − 21
h (z ) = 3z · sec 2z tan 2z · (2z ) · 2 + sec 2z · 6z
2
√ √ 1 √
= 3z 2 sec 2z tan 2z · (2z )− 2 + 6z sec 2z
√ √
3z 2 sec 2z tan 2z √
= √ + 6z sec 2z .
2z
 p
7. f (x ) = 3
sin2 (3x 2 + 1)
 p
7. f (x ) = 3
sin2 (3x 2 + 1)

Solution: Observe that

q 1 2
f (x ) = sin2 (3x 2 + 1) = sin2 (3x 2 + 1) 3 = [sin(3x 2 + 1)] 3 .
3


Thus,
 p
7. f (x ) = 3
sin2 (3x 2 + 1)

Solution: Observe that

q 1 2
f (x ) = sin2 (3x 2 + 1) = sin2 (3x 2 + 1) 3 = [sin(3x 2 + 1)] 3 .
3


Thus,
2 1
f 0 (x ) = [sin(3x 2 + 1)]− 3 · cos(3x 2 + 1) · 6x
3
 p
7. f (x ) = 3
sin2 (3x 2 + 1)

Solution: Observe that

q 1 2
f (x ) = sin2 (3x 2 + 1) = sin2 (3x 2 + 1) 3 = [sin(3x 2 + 1)] 3 .
3


Thus,
2 1
f 0 (x ) = [sin(3x 2 + 1)]− 3 · cos(3x 2 + 1) · 6x
3
4x cos(3x 2 + 1)
= 1
[sin(3x 2 + 1)] 3
 p
7. f (x ) = 3
sin2 (3x 2 + 1)

Solution: Observe that

q 1 2
f (x ) = sin2 (3x 2 + 1) = sin2 (3x 2 + 1) 3 = [sin(3x 2 + 1)] 3 .
3


Thus,
2 1
f 0 (x ) = [sin(3x 2 + 1)]− 3 · cos(3x 2 + 1) · 6x
3
4x cos(3x 2 + 1)
= 1
[sin(3x 2 + 1)] 3
4x cos(3x 2 + 1)
= p .
3
sin(3x 2 + 1)
Exercise. Find the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on
differentiation for trigonometric functions.
√
1. f (x ) = 2 sec x 2. f (x ) = 4 + x 2 tan(3x )
3. f (x ) = x 2 csc(2x ) 4. f (x ) = x 2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x
4
sec (2x ) p
5. f (x ) = 6. f (x ) = 3 cos2 (2x + 1)
cos(2x )
cos 2x
7. f (x ) = cos3 3x cot2 2x 8. y =
1 + sin
p 2x
+ sin2 3x
x  3
1
9. y = x 3 tan2 10. f (x ) = √ .
2 1 + x2
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the derivative of the following:
√ tan(1 − 2x )
1. f (x ) = 4 cos 4x − + 3 csc2 (1 − 2x ) + csc π2
5
sec(2t 2 + 3t − 3)
2. g (t ) =
(2t 2 + 3t − 3)
r
3 cot(x + 4)
3. F (x ) =
 3 sinx
4. D sec (1 − 2x )