Hindawi

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Volume 2022, Article ID 2411848, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2411848

Research Article
Investigation of Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure
Analysis of AA7075/SiC/B4C-Based Aluminium
Hybrid Composites

HassabAlla M. A. Mahmoud,1 P. Satishkumar ,2 Yenda Srinivasa Rao ,3

Rohinikumar Chebolu,4 Rey Y. Capangpangan ,5 Arnold C. Alguno,6 Mahesh Gopal ,7
A. Firos ,8 and Murthi C. Saravana 9
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Dhahran Al Janoub, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
2
Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
3
Mechanical Engineering, Swamy Vivekananda Engineering College, Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, India
4
Mechanical Engineering AUCE(A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
5
Department of Physical Science and Mathematics, College of Science and Environment, Mindanao State University, Naawan,
Misamis Oriental, Marawi, Philippines
6
Department of Physics, Mindanao State University, Lligan Institute of Technology, Lligan City, Philippines
7
Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wollega University, Post Box No. 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia
8
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, India
9
Mechanical Engineering, United Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Mahesh Gopal; [email protected]

Received 4 June 2022; Accepted 5 July 2022; Published 22 July 2022

Academic Editor: Pudhupalayam Muthukutti Gopal

Copyright © 2022 HassabAlla M. A. Mahmoud et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of an MMC based on AA 7075 and strengthened through silicon carbide (SiC) as
well as boron carbide (B4C) elements were studied. The (SiC + B4C) combination was used in various weight percentages of 4, 8,
12, and 16% to create the hybrid composites utilizing the traditional stir casting procedure. XRD and SEM measurements were
used to investigate the dispersion of the reinforced particles. For example, microhardness, impact strength, and ultimate tensile
strength were measured on hybrid composites at room temperature. The density and porosity of the materials were also studied.
The researchers found that increasing the weight percentage of the (SiC + B4C) mixture resulted in a small drop in % elongation.
However, hybrid composites comprising 16% (SiC + B4C) weight reduction showed some decrease in hardness and tensile
strength. Equated to unreinforced alloys, the hardness and tensile strength of hybrid composites rise by 8% and 21%, respectively.
Reinforcement also resulted in a decrease in impact strength and density, as well as an increase in porosity.

1. Introduction and structural applications, where high-stress resistance is

critical, 6082 T6 tweaked AA provides good mechanical
Metal matrix composites (AMCs) made of aluminium have qualities and high strength [2]. Aluminium composites have
gained popularity in recent decades because of their amazing undergone a great deal of development in the last few decades
qualities such less weight, higher strength, modulus of to improve their qualities [3].
elasticity, exceptional restraining, and good wear resistance. Hybrid aluminium AMCs are the next generation of
When the number of reinforced particles in a matrix com- AMCs, and they have the ability to fulfill the growing demands
position grows, ductility often suffers [1]. In transportation of high-tech applications in the future [4]. Additionally,
2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

researchers have experimented with creating hybrid metal problem is reduced while solidifying a molten matrix due to
matrix composites by combining two or more reinforcing its low density [14]. An initial investigation of the
materials, in an effort to get better mechanical qualities, such as (SiC + B4C)-reinforced AA6082 hybrid composites’ micro-
increased dimensional stability and improved heat and cor- structure and mechanical characteristics was carried out.
rosion resistance for the final invention [5]. A number of Many different techniques, including liquid state produc-
researchers have explored the mechanical properties of a range tion, stir casting, intrusion, and squeeze casting, can be
of hybrid composites. As per the proportion of strengthening utilized to make composites. The stir casting process is the
in the metal matrix increases, tensile strength, stiffness, and most commonly used technique for composite
porosity all improve. However, when the proportion of re- manufacturing because it can generate complex shapes at a
inforcement rises, the composite’s impact energy and density low cost. Using a graphite crucible to melt a molten matrix
both fall significantly. Ultrasonic cavitation solidification was metal requires 10–15 minutes of vigorous stirring in order to
used in [6] to create a hybrid composite utilizing AA6061 as a produce a homogeneous composite [15]. When it comes to
base metal and (SiC + B4C) as reinforcement. They found that liquid state manufacturing, stir casting is the most easy and
the porosity boosted the hardness and tensile strength of the cost-effective process. Another benefit of the stir casting
alloy. When [7]used a traditional stir casting method to create technology is its capacity to produce composites with a
a hybrid composite, they used an aluminium alloy containing volume proportion of up to 30%. [16–18]. The swirling
boron carbide (B4C) and graphite reinforcing particles (Gr). motion of the particles in the stir casting process enhances
For better strength, hardness, and wear resistance, researchers the chemical interactions between the matrix and rein-
added B4C to the matrix, but the material became more brittle forcing particles [19]. Experimental data on microhardness,
as a result. Alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3) were created via impact strength, elongation percentage, and tensile strength
powder metallurgy, and the strengthening mechanism was of stir-cast hybrid metal matrix composites were collected
discovered to be the most important strength mechanism [20].
[8, 9]. The solidification of a substance is linked to the program
of dislocations inside that material. Strengthening mecha- 2. Materials and Experimentation
nisms must be introduced to limit dislocation movement and
thus boost the material’s strength in order to improve material 2.1. Base Material. A 6 mm thick AA7075 plate was chosen
attributes like yield strength. Researchers evaluated the wear as as the basis material in this study. The matrix alloy’s
well as the mechanical characteristics of reinforcement chemical and mechanical properties are listed in Tables 1
combinations on the surface of composites for wear [10]. An and 2. At a temperature of roughly 180°C, the alloy was
increase in microhardness is attributed to the occurrence of artificially aged to achieve the T6 state. Table 3 lists the
silicon carbide and alumina particles in hybrid composites specifics of the SiC and B4C particles utilized as rein-
made of Al, SiC, and Gr. SiC and Al2O3 reinforcement forcement in this study. The particles used in this investi-
added to aluminium hybrid composites boosted tensile gation were 35 μm in diameter. By adding 4, 8, 12, and 16wt
strength and hardness while decreasing the elongation % of the (SiC + B4C) mixture in equal proportions, we were
percentage, according to a study by Davis et al. [11]. It was able to create Al-SiC-B4C hybrid composites.
found that the ultimate tensile and hardness of hybrid
composites made with boron carbide particles and calcium
carbide with the main alloy of AA 6063 were improved, 2.2. Composite Fabrication. The specimen was prepared
while the impact strength was somewhat reduced. A two- employing the standard stir-casting method. Figure 1 depicts
step stir casting procedure was used to create a dual- the experimental setup employed in this study. For the
reinforced particle AA composite in [12]. LM-13 AA was production of each sample, a graphite crucible was used to
used in the experiments. Silicon carbide and zircon sand melt 1000 grams of aluminium in an electric furnace with an
(ZrSiO4) particles were used in the study. The composites argon environment at 8000°C. As a way to improve the
outperform the unreinforced alloy in terms of wear resis- matrix alloy’s wettability with reinforcements, magnesium
tance, according to the authors. (2 wt%) was infused into the molten metal. Magnesium is
It is stated in the literature that several researchers have considered a better wettability agent for SiC. To oxidize the
evaluated the mechanical and structural properties of surface of the B4C particles, they were baked for 3–4 hours at
composite materials using SiC, Gr. Ca2O3, ZrSiO4, TiC, and a temperature of 2000°C in a baking oven. Using a graphite
Al2O3. There has been no study done on AA6082 to make stirrer set to 400 rpm for roughly 10 minutes, this preheated
hybrid composites employing (SiC + B4C) as reinforcement. powder was fed into the molten metal at a consistent feed
Aluminum and silicon carbide (SiC) particles are chemically rate using SiC. This ensured a uniform distribution of the
compatible and create strong bonds in the matrix [13]. There powder throughout the metal. A 300 mm long, 80 mm wide,
are a number of advantages to using SiC as a reinforcement and 40 mm deep injection mold was utilized to pour the
in AMCs because of its outstanding workability, easy ma- liquid combination.
chining, and inexpensive cost. B4C must be added to alu- The hybridized composite was allowed to harden at
minium composites in order to increase their mechanical ambient temperature before being taken from the mold and
qualities. B4C is a great reinforcement material because of its subjected to various mechanical tests. Samples containing
high rigidity and hardness, as well as its low density. Because 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% (SiC + B4) were prepared using the
of B4C and aluminum’s similar densities, the settling same procedure.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

Table 1: Chemical arrangement of AA7075.

Component Magnesium Silicon Manganese Iron Copper Zinc Aluminium
(wt%) 2.5 0.08 0.04 0.3 1.5 5.6 Remaining

Table 2: Mechanical properties of AA7075.

Tensile strength (MPa) Density (g/cm3) Vickers hardness (HV) % elongation (%)
228 2.81 175 17

Table 3: Particulars of SiC and B4 C particulate.

Mean particle size Hardness Density Melting point
Reinforcement
(μm) (kg/mm2) (g/cm3) °C

SiC 35 2,800 3.20 2,700

B4C 35 2450 2.52 2,450

Direction of flow
Stirrer movement
Delivery pipe
Mixing chamber
(Argon gas + Powder)
Valve
Supporting rod
Heating chamber
Argon gas cylinder Graphite stirrer
Melted powder

Figure 1: Diagram of experimental arrangement.

2.3. Measurements. Microstructural investigation was per-

formed by producing cylindrical samples with 6 mm di-
ameters and 20 mm heights. The microstructure samples
depicted in Figure 2 were used in the research. An SEM was
utilized to examine the microstructure of the Al-SiC-B4C
mixture. Keller’s Reagent (HF/HF/HCl/HNO3/H2O) and 4%
AI 7075
Emery paper (400, 600, and 1000 grades) were utilized to (SiC + B4C)
etch samples using Keller’s Reagent (H2O). Nikon’s Eclipse
MA-100 optical microscope and JOEL’s JSM-6510LV
scanning electron microscope were utilized for the micro-
structure study.
All samples were subjected to a 15-second microhardness
test on a Vickers hardness testing method and a force of 1 kg.
The hardness of small cuboids was determined using an
8% 12%
electric discharge machine. Samples were indented by a di- (SiC + B4C) (SiC + B4C)
amond indenter, which had square bases and an angle of 136°
between them. The Charpy tests, which used specimens
56 × 10 × 10 mm in size, with notch depths of 3 mm, tip radius
of 0.30 mm, and angles of 45°, were performed on impact
testing machines using these specimens. As shown in Figure 3,
the samples used in this study are schematically depicted. All
specimens were evaluated three times for hardness and impact
strength in order to acquire an average result.
The hybrid composites’ tensile behaviour was examined 16%
and tested in accordance with the ASTM-E8 standard. (SiC + B4C)
Temperatures ranged from 25°C to 30°C and relative hu-
midity ranged from 40 to 60% during the tests on the
universal testing equipment. Using the schematic diagram
indicated in Figure 4(a), the flat specimens with a thickness Figure 2: Samples for microstructure evaluation.
4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Direction of blow 45°

10

10

8
22

28

Striking distance
Figure 3: Diagram of specimen for impact strength.

LC parallel test length

Lo gauge length
b

R
t Cross - Section So

(a)

AI 7075

4% (SiC + B4C)

8% (SiC + B4C)

12% (SiC + B4C)

16% (SiC + B4C)

(b)

Figure 4: Tensile test. (a) Diagram and (b) sample.

of 6 mm were machined to match the dimensions of the 3. Results and Discussion

schematic diagram. Figure 4(b) shows the tensile test
specimens. 3.1. XRD and Microstructural Study. By using XRD patterns,
The mass and volume of a sample were utilized to cal- Figures 5(a)–5(e) depict the matrix alloy and hybridized
culate the density of the specimen. Equation (1) can be used composites. The prominent peaks in the XRD data belong to
to determine the density by using the measurements of mass aluminium, which is the parent material. Hybrid com-
and volume: posites’ lower peaks show their SiC and B4C content. At
the goniometer receiving slit station, the diffractometer
g mass
de nsity  . (1) uses a graphite curved single crystal monochromator to
cm3 volume select CuK radiation (λ  1.54A). During the XRD inves-
The following equation can be used to determine the tigation, a diffraction angle (2θ) of 20–1100 was main-
specimen’s porosity using a straightforward relationship: tained. Figures 5(a)–5(e) depict the occurrence of Si,
d Al4C3, and Al3BC, all of which were found in the final
porosity  1 − , (2) samples. The hybrid composites’ Al3BC and Al4C3 max-
da ima, on the other hand, were incredibly low. In an electric
whereas d is the mass of the specimen and da is the density of furnace, aluminium and boron carbide interacted directly
the base material. to produce Al3BC and Al4C3 [21–23].
It will be possible to account for even closed porosity Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show scanning electron micro-
using this straightforward approach. scope images of silicon carbide and boron carbide particles,
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

4800 Al 4800 Al
Al Al
Relative Intensiy (a.u)

Relative Intensiy (a.u)

3600 3600

2400 2400

B4C
1200 1200 SiC
Si Si
Al3BC Al4C3

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2θ (degree) 2θ (degree)
(a) (b)

4800 Al 4800 Al
Al Al
Relative Intensiy (a.u)

3600 Relative Intensiy (a.u) 3600

2400 2400
B4C B 4C
SiC SiC

1200 1200 Al3BC Al4C3

Si Si
Al3BC Al4C3

0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2θ (degree)
2θ (degree)
(c) (d)

4800 Al
Al
Relative Intensiy (a.u)

3600

2400
SiC B4C

1200 Al3BC Al4C3

Si

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2θ (degree)
(e)

Figure 5: X-ray diffraction forms of (a) 0%, (b) 4%, (c) 8%, (d) 12%, and (e) 16% of (silicon carbide + boron carbide) strengthened
hybridized composites.

respectively. First-generation Al 7075 grains developing molten matrix and the reinforcing particles results in the
dendritically reveal the interdendritic zone between alu- formation of aluminium. Due to the ceramic particles’ weaker
minium and silicon grains in the microstructure of the Al heat conductivity compared to Al 7075 melt, the molten
7075 silicate eutectic. The temperature mismatch between the matrix is hotter than the temperature of the ceramic particles.
6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Figure 6: (a, b) SEM images of silicon carbide and boron carbide particles.

As a result, the solidification process requires more time as a wt% increase in reinforcement occurs, which leads to a
to cool hotter particles, which in turn heats the liquid alloy rise in failure rates.
around them. When the hybrid composites were cooled
during solidification, they formed dendritic regions. In re-
3.3. Tensile Behavior of Hybrid Composites. Hybrid com-
gions where the dispersion of reinforced particles is not as
posites exhibited a surge in UTS with an increasing weight
good, the particle clusters were also detected. No cavities in
percentage of the (silicon carbide + boron carbide) mixture
the interface indicate that the interfacial connection between
in the tensile behavior when the reinforcing mixture was
particles and matrix is strong. According to [20, 24], the
present. Table 6 shows the tensile values as well as the %
reinforcing particulate can prevent dendritic development.
elongation. Figure 4(b) shows that all samples, even the
Increasing the weight percentage of reinforcement leads to
unreinforced ones, did not break at the center of the gauge
an increased degree of cluster agglomeration as well. In
length. Because the midsection of a tensile specimen is the
contrast, well-placed agglomerations in the composites can
weakest when subjected to tensile stresses, it is common for
reinforce the composite [25].
the specimen to shatter. Due to particle concentration,
defects, or minute impurities, the center may not be shat-
tered in some cases. For example, the UTS went from
3.2. Impact Strength and Microhardness. Samples of sub-
319 MPa at 0% addition to 386 MPa at 12% addition, an
strate metal AA7075 and hybridized composites are shown
increase of 21%. In terms of UTS, the hybrid composite with
in Table 4. Hybrid composites have higher hardness values
12%wt of reinforcement outperforms its 16%wt counterpart.
than their unreinforced counterparts, and this hardness rises
The increased porosity and excessive aggregation of rein-
in direct proportion to the weight percentage of rein-
forcing particles in the microstructures could be the cause
forcement added. This is in accordance with the investi-
[30]. Porosity in hybrid composites that have been cured
gation that took place previously [26]. The matrix’s hardness
reduces material strength, which is caused by the aggrega-
and resistance to plastic deformation are both improved by
tion of tiny particles.
the inclusion of hard reinforcing particles [27]. As shown in
The % elongation of hybrid composites declines as the
Figure 7, the hardness increases up to 12%wt fraction, which
weight percentage of reinforcement increases in comparison
is shown in the graph. Increasing the density of the par-
to AA7075. Figure 9 demonstrates how the UTS and
ticulate mixture within the matrix reduces the hardness of
elongation percentage change when the wt% of strength-
the SiC and B4C particles [28]. The ideal hardness of
ening in the aluminium matrix increases. With the inclusion
reinforced composites with a (SiC + B4C) mixture of 12%wt
of strengthening particles and a decrease in the ductility of
is 8% greater than the hardness of unreinforced alloys.
Al 7075 composition, the percentage elongation decrease
Table 5 summarizes the impact test findings for unre-
may be attributed to these factors.
inforced alloys and hybrid composites. As shown in Figure 8,
as compared to the unreinforced alloy, the impact strength
of composites falls as the weight percentage of particles rises 3.4. Density and Porosity. Figures 10 and 11 show the
in the metal matrix. However, despite the fact that hybrid outcome of the measurements of density and porosity.
composites’ impact strength tends to decrease, the reduction Hybrid composite density decreased after 2.7 g/cm3 at 0%
amount was quite small. One possible explanation for the (silicon carbide + boron carbide) towards 2.61% at 16%
decrease in strength is the modest change in material (SiC + B4C) addition, indicating that the inclusion of
properties from ductile to brittle caused by the reinforce- reinforcing particles in the metal matrix has little influence
ment of hard particles [29]. on density. There was a recorded 5.2% reduction in
Cracking and decohesion of reinforcing particles lead to density. With the addition of strengthening, the porosity
the loss of impact strength in composites because of mi- ranges of the strengthened hybridized composites mar-
crostructural defects. A reduction in impact strength occurs ginally rise. There is an increase in value from 0.35 to 2.14
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

Table 4: Results on microhardness.

Terms of specimen Hardness1 Hardness2 Hardness 3 Average hardness
AA7075 170 172 168 170
AA7075 + 4% (SiC + B4C) 168 169 170 173
AA7075 + 8% (SiC + B4C) 171 173 175 173
AA7075 + 12%(SiC + B4C) 170 172 173 172
AA7075 + 16% (SiC + B4C) 168 173 172 171

Average Hardness
173 173

172

171

170

AA7075 AA7075 + 4% AA7075 + 8% AA7075 + 12% AA7075 + 16%

(SiC + B4C) (SiC + B4C) (SiC + B4C) (SiC + B4C)

Average Hardness
Figure 7: Hardness of unreinforced alloy and hybridized composites.

Table 5: Impact tests results.

Terms of specimen Test 1(Nm) Test 2 (Nm) Test 3 (Nm) Mean impact
AA 7075 9.5 9.8 9.5 9.6
AA 7075 + 4% (SiC + B4C) 9.4 9.4 9.2 9.33
AA 7075 + 8% (SiC + B4C) 8.7 8.75 8.8 8.75
AA 7075 + 12% (SiC + B4C) 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.33
AA 7075 + 16% (SiC + B4C) 7.9 7.95 7.9 7.92

10 Table 6: Results of tensile strength along with % elongation.

Terms of Ultimate tensile % %
8 specimen strength (MPa) enhancement elongation
Impact Strength (Nm)

AA 7075 319 — 8.42

6 AA 7075 + 4%
335 4.8 7.91
(SiC + B4C)
AA 7075 + 8%
4 358 12.31 7.32
(SiC + B4C)
AA 7075 + 12%
386 21.07 6.89
(SiC + B4C)
2
AA 7075 + 16%
372 16.7 6.9
(SiC + B4C)
0
0 4 8 12 16
wt % (SiC+B4C) mixture when adding 16% (SiC + B4C) to the mixture. The authors
in [31, 32] found similar results in terms of density and
Figure 8: Impact strength on variant wt% of (SiC + B4C) mixture. porosity.
8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

450 10 4. Conclusion

400
In summary, the stir casting process was employed to create
9 AA7075 reinforced with 4, 8, 12, and 16 weight percentages
of (SiC + B4C) particulates, and experimental results led to
350
the conclusions listed below:

% Elongation
8
(1) The existence of Al 7075, silicon carbide (Sic), alu-
UTS

300
minum carbide (Al4C3), ternary alumina-boron car-
7 bide (Al3BC), boron carbide(B4C), and silicon (Si) in
250
the hybridized composites was confirmed by XRD, and
6 SEM micrographs showed good dispersion of the
200 reinforced particles. As the weight percentage of
strengthening rises, so does the particle agglomeration.
150 5 (2) It went from 170 HV for an unreinforced alloy to 175
0 4 8 12 16
HV for a hybridized component with 12wt% of
wt % (SiC+B4C) mixture
strengthening in microhardness. An 8% increase in
UTS hardness was seen. There was also a minor drop in
% Elongation hardness over 12%wt of reinforcing.
Figure 9: Ultimate tensile strength and % elongation for different (3) The impact strength of hybridized composites
weight percentages of (SiC + B4C) mixture. steadily decreases as reinforcement is added at a
marginal rate.
3.0 (4) The ultimate tensile strength of hybrid composites is
significantly improved by the addition of rein-
2.5 forcement. When equated to unreinforced alloy, the
UTS increases in strength by 21%, from 318 to
386 MPa. With the addition of 16%wt strengthening,
2.0
however, the hybridized composite’s strength de-
Density (g/cm3)

creased slightly.
1.5
(5) With increasing AA matrix composition, the %
elongation was identified to be decreased as the
1.0 strengthening percentage improved.
(6) A decrease in density and an increase in porosity
0.5 were noted when reinforcing particulate was added.
At 0% SiC + B4C adding to 16% Silicon Carbi-
0.0 de + Boron Carbide in the metal matrix, the density
0 4 8 12 16 decreases between 2.7 g/cm3 and 2.61 g/cm3, and the
wt % (SiC+B4C) mixture porosity increases between 0.4% and 2.21%.
Figure 10: Density with variant weight percentage of (SiC + B4C)
mixture. Data Availability
2.5 No data were used to support this study..

2.0
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
1.5
% Porosity

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