MATM111

Coverage: PATTERNS
- Are regular, repeated or recurring
1. Nature of Mathematics forms or designs.
2. Language of Mathematics
3. Sets, Relation and Functions Fibonacci Sequences
4. Fundamentals of Logic - Leonardo Fibonacci discovered the
5. Problem-solving sequence.
Mathematics - The sequence begins with one. Each
subsequent number is the sum of the
- It is formal system of thought for
two preceding numbers.
recognizing, classifying, and
- Thus the sequence begins as follows:
exploiting of patterns.
What is Math about? 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144….
- Numbers, symbols, Notations
- Operations, Equations, functions 1+1 = 2, 1+2 = 3, 2+3 = 5, 3+5 = 8, 5+8 =
- Process 13…
Where is Math?
- It is everywhere.
What it is for?
- To help us unravel the puzzle of
nature, a useful way to think about
nature.
- Organize patterns and regularities as
well as irregularities.
- To help us control weather and
epidemics
- Provides new questions to think
about.
How is mathematics done?
- With Curiosity
- With eagerness for seeking patterns
Fibonacci Spiral
and generalizations
- Constructed by placing together
- With desire to know the truth
rectangles of relative side lengths
- With trial and error
- Without fear of facing more questions equaling Fibonacci numbers.
and problems - Fibonacci numbers have geometric
Who uses Math? applications.
- Mathematicians: pure and applied - A spiral can then be drawn starting
- Scientist : natural and social from the corner of the first rectangle of
- Practically EVERYONE side length 1, all the way to the corner
Why is it important to know? of the rectangle of side length 13.
- It puts order in disorder.
- It helps us become better persons
- It helps us make the world a better
place to live on.

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Golden Ratio Mathematical Language and Ratio

Importance of language:
- In mathematics and the arts, two - It facilitates communication and
quantities are in the golden ratio. clarifies meaning
- If the ratio between the sum of those - It allows people to express themselves
quantities and the larger one is the and maintains their identity.
same as the ratio between the larger - It bridges the gap among people from
one and the smaller. varying origins and culture without
prejudice to their background and
upbringing.

- In this case, we refer to a very Characteristics of mathematical Language:

important number that is known as the - Precise (able to make very fine
golden ratio. distinctions or definitions)
- The golden ratio is a mathematical - Concise (able to say things briefly)
constant approximately 1.6180339887. - Powerful (able to express complex
Recall: thoughts with relative ease)
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,
377, 610, 987, 1597, ... EXPRESSION
- When we divide one of the Fibonacci - A name given to mathematical object
numbers to the previous one, we will of interest
get results that are so close to each - Number, set, function, ordered pair,
other. matrix
- Moreover, after the 13th number in the MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
sequence, the ratio will be fixed at - Must state a complete thought
approximately 1.618… - A mathematical sentence can be true,
false or sometimes true/sometimes
233 / 144, 377 / 233, 610 / 377, 987 / 610, 1597 false
/ 987, 2584 / 1597…
- 233 yun 13th number, tas pag dinivide
mo yon. 233 ÷ 144 = 1.618… lahat ENGLISH VS MATHEMATICS
magiging 1.618… yun sagot simula sa
13th number, yun fixed na ratio which
is 1.6180339887.

Vitruvian Man
- This illustrates that the human body is
proportioned according to the golden
ratio.
- Leonardo Da Vinci has long been
associated with the golden ratio.
- An American researcher, Jay
Hambridge, established that the
golden ratio can also be found in the
human body.

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Examples: if it is English/ mathematical 2. 𝑥𝑥 + 2 < 𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 1 + 2 < 1 - 3

sentence or not x=1 =3<4
1. Cat – NO
2. 2 - NO 3. 𝑓𝑓(2) = 3
3. The cat is black. – YES (ST/SF) a) f(x) = x + 1
4. 1 + 2 = 4 – YES (False) f(2) = 2 + 1
5. 5 – 3 - NO f(2) = 3
6. 5 – 3 = 2 – YES (True)
7. The word cat begins with the letter k.- b) f(x) = x – 1
YES (False) f(2) = 2 – 1
8. X - NO f(2) = 1
9. x = 1 – YES (ST/SF)
10. x – 1 = 0 – YES (ST/SF) ALGEBRAIC TRANSLATION
11. t + 3 - NO - The skill in translating mathematical
12. t + 3 = 3 + t – YES (True) phrases and sentences into expressions
13. x + 0 = x – YES (True) and equations are useful in solving
14. 1 · x = x – YES (True) worded problems.
15. Hat sat bat. – NO
- Pag nandoon yun complete thought,
sentence na yon.
- Sa mathematical sentence basta may =
(equal symbol) sentence na yon.
- Yun true/false nayan, if totoo ba talaga yun
nasa sentence na yon, Example yun “The
cat is black”. Lahat ba ng pusa sa buong
mundo is black?? Hindi, may ibat ibang
kulay yun pusa pero meron din naman
black cat. Kaya sagot nya sometimes true Examples:
and sometimes false. Tsaka yun number 4 - The difference between a and b
“1+2 = 4”, bakit siya false?? Try mo =a–b
icalculator, ang sagot dapat dyan is 3. Kaya - The difference between twice m and n
false sya. = 2m – n
- The quotient of a number and five
𝑥𝑥
=5
TRUTH OF SENTENCE - The sum of a and b divided by their
- Mathematical sentences may either be difference
true, false, sometimes true/false 𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
= 𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏
Examples:
1. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2) - T - Three times the sum of a number and five
2. 𝑥𝑥 + 2 < 𝑥𝑥 − 3 - F = 3(x + 5)
3. 𝑓𝑓(2) = 3 – ST/SF - Eleven more than seven times of a number
= 7x + 11
- Jay’s age 6 years ago if he is x years old
1. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2) now = x – 6
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥

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SET, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Example:

SET S = {white, yellow, red, blue}
- a collection of well-defined objects A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2 ways of representing a set: C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 4}
1. The Roster Method n(S) = 4
- Used to represent a set by listing each n(A) = 5
element of the set inside a pair of n(C) = 4
braces. Commas are used to separate - Ito yung cardinal number, bibilangin
the elements. mo lang kung ilan yun elements.
2. Set-Builder Notation - Sa letter C, bakit 5 lang sya? Kasi
- Used to represent a set, by describing nakikita nyo sa elements may dumoble
its elements. na number, pag dumoble yun number,
Example: isa lang yon. Kahit may tatlong 1 sa set.
S = {white, yellow, red, blue} Isa lang bilang doon. Kaya naging 5.
S= {x/ x is a color of Philippine Flag} (sana magets nyo lol)
- Note: {1, 2, 3…} Infinite set tawag
- Yun nasa taas roster method twag dyan, dyan. Continuous sya.
basta yun naka specified isa isa.
- Set builder notation naman yun nasa Equal Sets and Equivalent Sets Two sets
baba, in sentence sya at dinedescribe - Equal if and only if they have exactly
nya yun elements. the same elements.
- x/x – basa dyan “x such that x” - Two sets are equivalent if and only if
they have the same number of
Example ulit: elements.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Examples:
A = {x/x 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀, x ≤ 5} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
- 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 – “Natural numbers”, C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 4}
- 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 – “Whole Numbers”
A and B – Equivalent
B and C – Equal
EMPTY SET/NULL SET ( { } , ∅ ) - Equivalent yun A and B kasi parehas
- is the set that contains no elements. sila ng bilang, sa A may 5 na elements,
sa B 5 din. Kahit magkaiba sila ng
elements pero parehas sila ng
numbers(bilang) of element kaya
CARDINAL NUMBER OF A FINITE EQUIVALENT.
SET - Equal yun B and C kasi same sila ng
- The number of elements in the set. element, same sila ng laman sa set.
- The cardinal number of a finite set A (tandaan nyo pag may dumoble na
is denoted by the notation n(A). number, isa pa rin yun bilang doon
kaya yun C, 5 yun laman)
- EQUIVALENT – same number of
elements (yung bilang nila isat isa)
- EQUAL – same elements (yun laman
nila parehas)

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UNIVERSAL SET Set Operations

- the set of all elements that are being INTERSECTION OF SETS
considered - the set of elements common to A and
COMPLEMENT OF SET A B
- denoted by A’ is the set of all elements - A∩B = { x/ x ∈A and x ∈B}
of the universal set that are not
elements of A. Examples:
Example: Let A = {1, 4, 5, 7}, B ={ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and
C = {3, 6, 9}.
Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, Find a. A ∩ B b. A ∩ C
S= {2, 4, 6, 7}, and a.) A ∩ B = {4, 5}
T = {x/x <10 and x the odd counting b.) A ∩ C = { }
numbers}.
Find a). S’ and b). T’ UNION OF SETS
- the set that contains all the elements
a) S’ = {1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10} that belong to A or to B or to both
b) T’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} - AUB = { x/ x ∈A or x ∈B}
= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Examples:
Subset of a Set Let A = {1, 4, 5, 7}, B={2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and
- Set A is a subset of set B, (A ⊆ B) C= {3, 6, 9}.
denoted by A B if and only if every Find a. A U B b. A U C
element of A is also an element of B. a.) A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
Proper Subset of a Set b.) A U C = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
- Set A is a proper subset of set B,(A ⊂ B)
denoted by A B, if every element of A is Example:
an element of B and A ≠ B. A movie company is making plans for future
The Number of Subsets of a Set A set with movies it wishes to produce. The company has
n elements has 2n subsets. Example: 22 = 4 done a random survey of 1000 people. The
results of the survey are shown below. 695
Examples: people like action adventures. 340 people like
a.) {a, b} comedies. 180 people like both action
22 = 4 adventures and comedies.
{a, b}, {a} , {b}, { }
- Lahat yan subset, pero yun naka Of the people surveyed, how many people:
underline hindi Proper subset. Kasi a. like action adventures but not comedies?
yan yung kamukha/kaparehas ng = 695 – 180 = 515
given na yon. b. like comedies but not action adventures?
= 340 – 180 = 160
c. do not like either of these types of movies?
= 1000 – (515 + 160 + 180) = 145

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RELATION - The set of all second coordinates of the

- a set of ordered pair of mathematical ordered pairs is the range of the
quantities. function.
a) The domain of a relation is the set of - In symbol, y = f(x) is read as “y is a
first coordinates of the ordered pairs of function of x” where y is the dependent
that relation. variable and x is the independent
b) The range of a relation is the set of variable.
second coordinates of the ordered
pairs of that relation. Examples:
c) The graph of a relation is the set of Function –
points in the plane that correspond to • (1, a), (2, b), (3, c)
the ordered pairs of that relation • (1, a), (1, a), (2, b)
Not Function –
Types of relation: • (1, a), (1, b), (2, c)
a) One-to-one relation
- bawal mauulit un domain, kung uulit
man yun domain dapat parehas pa rin
yun range nya. (1, a), (1, a)
- Hindi sya function kasi umulit yun
b) One-to-many relation domain nya tas iba pa yung range nya.
(1, a), (1, b)
- Okay lang maulit yun range, si domain
lng yun titingnan natin.

c) Many-to-one relation Examples:

d) Many-to-many
relation

FUNCTIONS
- A function f is a special type of a relation
such that no two ordered pairs of the
set have different second coordinates
corresponding to the same first
coordinate.
- The set of all the first coordinates of the
ordered pair is the domain of the
function.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC: Implication

• Logic allows us to determine the validity of - Say P and Q are propositions.
arguments in and out of mathematics. - The proposition 𝑃𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄𝑄 (If P then Q) is
• Illustrates the importance of precision and called an implication.
conciseness of the language of mathematics. - P is called the hypothesis and Q is called
the conclusion.
Proposition • P implies Q
- a statement which is either true (T) or • Q if P
false (F). • Q is implied by P
- Bawal sometimes true o sometime • P only if Q
false. True or False lng yun magiging
sagot.
Examples:
• 9 is a prime number – Proposition
• 4 + 6 = 10 – Proposition
• It’s raining today. – Not

Truth Table
- a table that shows the truth value of a Conditional statements
compound statement for all possible - P and Q are propositions. Given the
truth values of its simple statements. impication 𝑃𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄𝑄,
 its inverse is ¬𝑃𝑃 ⇒ ¬𝑄𝑄,
Negation  the converse is 𝑄𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃𝑃,
- P is a proposition.  its contrapositive is ¬𝑄𝑄 ⇒ ¬𝑃𝑃
- The negation of P means not 𝑃𝑃 and is
denoted by ¬𝑃𝑃

Example: What is the negation of the

statement:
• √2 is a rational number.
= √2 is not a rational number.

Logical Operators
Examples:
- P and Q are propositions.
If this book is interesting, then I am staying
1. (Conjunction of P and Q) 𝑃𝑃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑄𝑄 ,
at home.
denoted by 𝑃𝑃 ∧ 𝑄𝑄
1. ¬𝑃𝑃 ⇒ ¬𝑄𝑄
2. (Disjunction of P and Q) 𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑄𝑄 ,
- If this book is not interesting, then I am
denoted by 𝑃𝑃 ∨ 𝑄𝑄
not staying at home.
2. 𝑄𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃𝑃
- If I am staying at home, then this book
is interesting.

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3. ¬𝑄𝑄 ⇒ ¬𝑃𝑃 Tautology

- If I am not staying at home, then this - is a statement that is always true.
book is not interesting. Contradiction
- is a statement that is always false.
Bi-conditional Contingency
- P and Q are propositions. - is a statement that is neither a tautology
- The proposition 𝑃𝑃 ⟺ 𝑄𝑄 (P if an only nor a contradiction.
Q) is called a biconditional statement.
- It is equivalent to (𝑃𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄𝑄) ∧ (𝑄𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃𝑃) Example:
¬p ˅ [ q ˅ ( p → ¬q ) ]

p q ¬p ¬q
T T F F
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T

p → ¬q q ˅ ( p → ¬q ) ¬p ˅ [ q ˅ ( p → ¬q ) ]
F T T
T T T
T T T
T T T

Examples: =Tautology
Write the following in the symbolic form
using P,Q,R for the statements and the
symbols ¬, ∧,∨, ⟺, ⇒ where
QUANTIFIERS
P: The sun is shining. - used to described the variable/s in a
Q. It is raining. statement.
R: The ground is wet. • Universal quantifier means “for all”, “for
every” written denoted by ∀
a. If it is raining, then the sun is not shining. • Existential quantifier means “there exist”,
Q ⇒ ¬P “for some “written denoted by ∃
b.It is raining and the ground is wet.
Q∧R
c. The ground is wet if and only if it is
raining and the sun is shining.
R ⟺ (Q ∧ P)
d.The sun is shining or it is raining.
P∨Q

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 MATM111

PROBLEM SOLVING Example of Problem solving:

Pat has red tiles and black tiles. Pat uses the
Problem
tiles to make a square shapes. He made the
- is a situation that confronts the learner ,
following:
that requires resolution, and for which
the path to the answer is not
immediately known.
Drill/Exercise
- a situation that requires a solution but
the method is clear and the way to the
answer is easily seen.
Problem solving
- There is an obstacle that prevents one Pat made a shape with 64 tiles. How many
from seeing a clear path to the answer were black? How many were red?
Answer: 28 Red tiles and 36 Black tiles
(inductive reasoning)
Inductive Reasoning
- Is a process of reaching a general
conclusion (conjecture) by examining
specific examples
- Specific to general
Deductive Reasoning
- Is the process of reaching to a
conclusion(conjecture) by applying
general assumptions, procedures or
principles
- General to specific
- So lahat ng tiles is 64. Unahin muna natin yun
redtiles or un nasa labas. 8 x 8 = 64. So need natin
Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy ng 8 sa taas, baba, left and right para maging 64
- Understand the Problem yun tiles. Eh bakit may 6 sa left and right? Yun
- Devise a plan naka red na ballpen is 6. Pero pag sinama mo yun
- Carry out the plan black na tiles sa taas at baba, magiging 8 sya.
Kaya 8 parin yun left and right. Kasi yun inuna ko
- Review the solution sa taas at baba. Tas dadagdagan ko nlng yun nasa
left and right.
- Kasi ganto yan (hirap mag explain lol), kung
idadagdag mo ng 8 yun left and right, magiging
10 nayon. Pag magaadd ka na sa left and right
dapat bilang na or kasama nay un dalawang tiles
sa baba at taas.
- So para makuha mo yun loob, plus mo lng lahat
nun tiles sa labas dbale 28. Tas minus mo lng sa
total which is yun 64. So yun black tiles is 36.

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Example:
A sequence of four figures is shown below.
If the figures were continued, how many
circles would be there in figure 10?
Answer: 19 circles (inductive reasoning)

- A - muna, si Maria uuwi siya pagtapos ni

banker, pero mas mauuna sya umuwi kaysa kay
dentist. So prang ganito “Banker – Maria –
Dentist” si banker muna tas maria tas si dentist
huli. So hindi Banker at Dentist si Maria i-X
nyo na yung dalawa kay maria.
- B – the last to get home daw, balikan natin yun
letter a, diba ang huling umuwi ay si dentist.
Kaya possible na dentist sya. PERO hindi pa
sure na dentist kasi wala pang binabangit kay
- Yung pattern nya is plus two lagi or chef. Kaya possible na chef sya or dentist. Tas
yun huli is not an editor. So i-X na natin kay
odd numbers siya, so 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,
Sarah yun editor at banker. Bakit pati
13, 15, 17, 19
banker? Kasi dba nga last to get home, eh si
Example: banker, snabi sa letter a na sya yun mauunang
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah umuwi. Eh ang snasabi ni letter b is un huling
umuwi. Doon lng tayo magfofocus!
and Brian has a different occupation (editor,
- C – si dentist at sarah sabay daw sila umuwi,
banker ,chef or dentist). From the following
dba sa letter b nakita natin na pwede si sarah
clues, determine the occupation of each yun dentist or chef. So sinabi na ni letter c na
neighbor. “dentist AND sarah” ibigsabihin ibang tao yan
a. Maria gets home from work after the si dentist, hindi si sarah, so sagot is Chef si
banker but before the dentist. Sarah. so dapat naka x na lahat sa chef except
b. Sarah, who is the last to get home from kay sarah. at nalaman nadin natin na si Maria
work, is not an editor. ay Editor. Kasi nun letter a hindi dentist at
c. The dentist and Sarah leave for work banker si maria , at nalaman na natin sa letter c
at the same time na si sarah yun chef, so x na lahat yun chef
d. The banker lives next door to Brian. except kay sarah. so natira nlng kay maria is
Editor.
Answers:
- D – ang natitira nlng natin is banker at dentist,
 Sean is the Banker
brian and sean. Nakikita nyo sa sentence na
 Maria is the Editor banker lives next door to brian, so magkaibang
 Sarah is the Chef tao yan si banker at brian. So sino si banker?
 Brian is the dentist Dba dalawang tao nlng yun d natin alam, so
(Deductive Reasoning) binangit dyan si brian, kaya yun banker is sean.
At natira nlng, is dentist kay brian.

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Inductive reasoning C. Counterexample

- a statement is a true statement
- The process of reaching a general
provided that it is true in all case. If
conclusion by examining specific
you find one case for which a
examples.
statement is not true, called a
- A conclusion based on inductive
counterexample, then the statement is
reasoning is called Conjecture. – may
a false statement.
or may not be correct.
A. Predicting a Number Example:
Example: use inductive reasoning to predict
the next number in each of the following lists. 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 > x
a. 12 > 1 = 1 > 1
b. −12 > -1 = 1 > - 1
c. 02 > 0 = 0 > 0
d. 22 > 2 = 4 > 2

- hahanapan mo lng false statement yun

true statement or yun nasa given.
- Parang ano yan, lagi may x, itry mo sa
lahat ng number, like 1, 2, -1, 0 etc…
tas pag may nahanap kang false
statement or mali na sagot. Yon, tawag
B. Making a conjecture doon counterexample.
Ex: Complete the below procedure for several
different number. Use inductive reasoning to Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
make a conjecture about the relationship Note: when you use inductive reasoning, you
between the size of the resulting number and have no guarantee that your conclusion is
the size of the original number. correct.

Consider the following procedure: Deductive Reasoning

Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add - The process of reaching a conclusion
6 to the product, divide the sum by 2 and by applying assumptions, procedure or
subtract 3. principles.
- 5, 40, 46, 23, 20 A. Establishing a conjecture
- 7, 56, 62, 31, 28 Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add
- 9, 72, 78, 39, 36 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2 and
- The resulting number is four times subtract 3.
of the original number. - 5, 40, 46, 23, 20
- Kasi tingnan nyo, 5 x 4 = 20, 7 x 4
- 7, 56, 62, 31, 28
=28.
- Tingnan nyo lagi yun relationship
- 9, 72, 78, 39, 36
ng original number (or yun unang Use deductive reasoning to show that the
number) sa result. following procedure produces a number that is
four times the original number.

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- Ang deductive, dba general to specific. So x + y = 35

binigay na saatin yun yun clue/ sagot, ang x + 14 = 35
gagawin lang natin ipakita or ispecify na x = 35 – 14
tama yun magiging sagot nya x = 21 (pigs)
- Kung kanina making, ngayon establishing.
Si inductive – specific to general, binigay na
Check:
saatin yun given, so hahanapin nlng natin
yun sagot(general) si deductive – general to x + y = 35
specific. Binigay na satin yun clue or yun 21 + 14 = 35
sagot(general), so ispespecify nlng natin
kung paano nangyare or paano nakuha yun 2x + 4y = 98
sagot na yon 2(21) + 4(14) = 98
B. Logic Puzzles 42 + 56 = 98
- Same example sa maria, sarah, sean, - Gagawa kayo ng equation dyan para
brian. Balikan nyo nlng lol makuha nyo yun sagot.
- Tas sa huli dapat icheck kung tama ba tlg
yun nakuha nyo
- (d ko na explain to, kaya nyo na yan
Polya’s Problem solving strategy
HAHAHA. Chat nyo nlng ako kung d
Example: nyu gets.)
The number of ducks and pigs in the field is
35. The total number of legs among them is 98.
Assuming each duck has exactly two legs and
each pig has exactly four legs. Yon, naka 12 pages ako sa math dahil sa
explanation kong mahaba hahaha sana
Let:
nakatulong yun explanation ko sainyo. Kung d
x – ducks nyo pa rin gets yun mga yan, chat nyo nlng ako
y – pigs video call nlng tayo hahaha. Kung gusto nyo
makabisado ng madali yun truth table, may gawa
x + y = 35 akong video! Nasa drive lng natin 2 videos yon
2x + 4y = 98 total of 20mins. Kayaaa natin tooo. Goood Luck!!
- Aki
2[ x + y = 35] 2
2x + 4y = 98

2x + 4y = 98
2x + 2y = 70
2y = 28

2𝑦𝑦 28
=
2 2

y = 14 (ducks)

12 | P a g e