Oral communication

-comes from the two latin words `communis` or noun and `communicare` or verb which means
commonality and to make common respectively.

Communication comes in many forms;

>verbal ( language, sounds)- is then use of language and spoken words
>aural (listening, and hearing) -involves the transmission of information through the auditory sensory
system
>non-verbal (facial expression , body language, gestures, and posture) - entails communicating by
sending usually reinforce verbal communication
> written (journal, email,and text message) - is conveyed through written symbols such as language

Basic elements of communication

>communication - is the process of conveying information between two or more people
>communication process- is the systematic flow of steps that we follow in order to archieve
effective and successful communication.

example : teacher: channel lecture: message students: receivers

> source- the source of communication transaction is the originator of the message
> message - a message is an idea, a concepts ,or an emotion that a personal desires to share to
another person
> channel - a channel is the means or medium of communication by which the speakers message
moves the receiver or listener.
> receiver - the receiver gets the message chaneled by the source of information. In a one way
communication process, he is in the communication
> noise - noise in any interference in the communication process

Physiological noise
> physiological noise is created by barriers within the sender or receiver.

An example of this is the challenges of the listener to hear clearly because of his hearing
problems. On the other hand talking too slow or faster, on the speaker’s side, is an example of
physiological noise.

Psychological noise
>psychological noise is the mental interferance in the speaker or the listener. Example are
preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, and sarcasm.

1.Preconceived ideas
It is when other people think that they already know something. Preconceived ideas include
biases, prejudices, and closed-mindedness.

2. Wandering thoughts
Have you ever tried talk about a certain idea and then along the way, you are already talking
things that are not related and out of the topic? Well, that is actually a challenge in
communication.

Semantic noise
>semantic noise occurs when the speaker and listener have different meaning systems. In other
words, when people come from different backgrounds, different cultures and have different
languages.

Context
>communication happens in a particular communication situation where the elements of the
process work in a dynamic interrelation. This situation is referred to as the context- the when and
where of communication event. Communication contexts vary depending on the need,
purpose,number of communicators and the ways exchange is taking place.

Conceptualizing communication
1. Communication is a process
2. Communication is transactional
3. Communication is symbolic

What are the critical elements of a good communication?

A. Ethos
- it is the characteristic which makes you credible in front of the audience
B. Pathos
- this characteristics targets the emotion of the audience. As a speaker,it is important to
have emotional bonds to the audience by talking about the things that matters to the or those
which they interested in, so that you make them captivated.
C. Logos
- logos is logic. Everybody has a sense of reason, that is why it is very important that you
speech has integrity and validity by presenting facts and not just merely opinions.

What is communication breakdown?

> A communication breakdown occurs when communication is incomprehensible to one party or
entirely absent between two people.
> communication breakdown is otherwise known as “the silent treatment”. Refusing to
communicate is one of the most common forms of communication breakdown.

Communication Barrier
> A communication barrier is anything that prevents you from receiving and understanding the
message used to convey the information, idea, and thought.

Emotional Barrier
>emotional state, at particular points of time also,can also affects communication. If the receiver
feels that communicator is angry, he could possibly interpret the information to be negative, no
matter what the message is.

What is communication breakdown?

> a communication breakdown is occurs when communication is incomprehensible to one party
of entier absent between two people.

Eye contact - eye contact is very much important because it suggests that you’re truthful,
engaging, and approachable.
Nodding - is one of the most universally understood human gestures.

3.Provide feedback - our personal filters, assumptions, judgements, and beliefs can distort what
we hear .
4. Understand the speaker’s point - interrupting is a waste of time.
5. Respond Appropriately - active listening is a model for respect and understanding.

Cultural barrier - “cultural is the pattern of taken for-granted assumptions about how a
given collection of people should think, act, and feel as they go about their daily affairs”

>cultural is a great influence to people in a certain society - like the way talk,they dress up, their
sense of taste, and even the way the make decisions and interpret the world.

Language Barrier
>communication becomes difficult in situations where people don’t understand each other’s
language.

What are the various strategies in order to avoid communication breakdown?

> the key to effective communication isn’t simply articulating what you mean when mean it.

Active Listening - is a communication technique used in counseling,training, and conflict

resolution.

How to be an Active Listener?

1. Pay attention; give the speaker your undivided attention. Focus on the conversation and
put aside distracting thoughts. Also, avoid being distracted by environmental factors like
side convesation.
2. Show that you are listening. Use the soften approach:

Smile - smiling allows you to perceived as a happy person. It is important to wear a smile in
approaching other because it radiates positive energy.
Open - at some point, your perspective might differ from the perspective of other that is why it is
important to open your heart and mind to the ideas and perspectives of other people.

Forward Lean - learning forward towards someone who is speaking indicates interest and
attentiveness.

Touch - it can be used express a number of message professional (handshake), congratulatory

(high-five) or threatening ( a push ).

Word Choice - we should take note that we have various cultures around the globe. everyday ,
we are interacting with different people who came from different cultures and background. It is
very important to consider our choice of words in communicating.

Consider your tone - how you deliver your message is more important than your message itself.
Even thought you have a good news but your way or tone in delivering such is so aggressive or
sounds offensive, then there could be a possibility that you might be misinterpret by your listener.

Observation - observation gives you the opportunity to connect with other effectively. Through
this, you can see how people act, talk and feel. By that, you can have an idea on how to connect
and run the conversation effectively.

Culture - according to saundra hybels and richard weaver, culture is the ever-changing values,
social and political relationship, and worldview created and shared by a group of people bound
together by a combination of factors which includes common history, geographic location,
language, social class, and/or religion.

Gender - gender cultures are the set of behavior or practices associated with masculinity and
femininity. Men and women differ in the way they act, behave and communicate.

Social Status - social status refers to the relative rank or standing that an individual has in the
eyes of others.

2 Types of social status

a. Ascribed Status is determined at birth. It is a position in the society that is obtained

involuntary.
b. Achieved Status is a position that a person holds in the society as a result of the
application of their knowledge,skills, ability, and talent. It could be an achievement,
position or rank in the community.

Religion - karl marx (1818-1883) saw religion as descriptiveand evaluative. He noted that social
and economic situation shape how we form and regard religions and what is religious. For marx,
the fact that people tend to turn to religion more when they are facing economic hardships or that
the same religious demonations is practiced differently id different communities would seem
perfectly logical.
Development Model of intercultural Sensitivity
- The DMIS offers a structure that explores how people experience cultural difference
(bennett and bennett 2004)

1. Denial - the individual does not recognize cultural differences

2. Defense - the individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by

them, resulting in either a superior view on own cultural or an unjustified high regard for
the new one.

3. Minimization - although individuals see cultural differences, they bank more on the
universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences

4. Acceptance - the individuals begins to appreciate important cultural differences in

behaviors and eventually in value.

5. Adaption - the individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspectives

6. Inegration - individuals start to go beyond their own cultures ad see themselves and their
actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.

EARTH AND SCIENCE ( LESSON 1)

What is universe?
- The universe or cosmos contains all galaxies, starts, and planets.
- Our solar system is located in the milky way galaxy,which is one of many galaxies in the
universe
- So far there are 51 galaxy that has been discovered but there are an estimated number of
about 100 to 200 billion in all

Cosmology - is the branch of science that studies the origin, evolution and fate of the universe

What are the theories behind the origin of the universe?

1. Big bag 2. Steady state theory 3. Pulsating universe

Big bang - is the leading explanation about how the universe began.

Steady State Theory - it states that the universe has been present ever since and therefore has
no beginning and no end.

Pulsating Universe - it combines both the big bang and the big crunch as a part of a cyclic
event.
The theory, which is more commonly known as the oscillating or cycling universe theory,
postulate that the universe goes through regular cycles of expansion and destruction.

The big crunch states

> the big crunch states that at a certain point in time, it will stop expanding and collapse into
itself, pulling everything with it until it eventually turns into the biggest black hole ever, is one of
the scenarios predicted by scientist in which the university may end.

What is the solar system?

- Our solar system consists of an average star we call the sun and the planets.

What are the theories on the origin of solar system?

- Theory of vortices
- Nebular hypothesis
- Laplace’s nebular theory
- Leclerc - buffon idea
- Chemical composition analysis
- Solar nebular disk model (SNDM)

Theory of votices
- Postulated that the space was entirely filled with matter in various states, whirling about
the sun like vortex.
Nebular hypothesis
- Is the theory, thin, dim clouds of dust and gas out in the cosmos would collapse on
themselves under the force of gravity.
Laplace’s nebular theory
- It is a theory that states a slowly rotating nebula (a cloud of vast gas and dust)collapsed
under gravity forming an oblate spheroid due to the increase in it’s spin rate.
Leclerc-buffen idea
- Georger - louis leclerc and comte de buffon conceived the idea that a comet collided with
the sun sending matter off to form the planets.
Chemical composition analysis
- It was harold urey who initially studied the the meteorites and their chemical analysis.
Solar nebular disk model (SNDM)
- According to this model, our star system was formed 4,568 billion years ago when small
part of giant molecular cloud experienced a gravitational collapse.

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

What is personal development?

- Convers activities that improve awareness and identity, develop talents and potential,
build human capital and facilitate employability, enhance the quality of life and contribute
to the realization of dreams and aspiration.
What is self awareness?
- It Is about understanding your own needs, desires, failings, habits,and everything else that
makes you think about your self.

Why is knowing yourself so important?

- Well, it is because knowing and understanding yourself part would help you to make
much better decisions and it will improve your dedecision making habits.

Self concepts
- refers to your awareness of yourself. It is the construct that negotiates these two selves.
- In other words, it cannotes first the identification of the idea self as separated from others,
and second, in the actual self that you engage in.

PRE CALCULUS

What is the definition of circle?

- The locus of the point that move such that its distance from a fixed point called the center
is constant. The constant distance is called the radius, r of the circle.

How to remember the reactivity series?

Please potassium
Stop soduim
Calling calcium
Me magnesium
A aluminum
Careless (carbon)
Zebra zinc
Instead iron
Try tin
Learning lead
How (hydrogen)
Copper copper
Saves silver
Gold gold

What is electron? - an electron is that sub-atomic or fundamental particle which carries one until
negative charge and has mass nearly 1/1840th of that hydrogen atom.
What is proton? - hydrogen gas is taken in the discharge tube, the anode rays are found to be
made up of positively change particles having one until positive charge and mass nearly equal to
that hydrogen atom.

ELEMENTS OF SHORT STORY( 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM PHILIPPINES)

CHARACTER - people,animal, or imaginary creatures that take part in the action of the story

Plot - the sequence of events in the story.

Explosion - the begging of the story where in the characters and the setting are shown and
introduce.

Rising Action - is the events that increase the tension these events lead the climax. Conflict is
being shown in here too.

Climax - the highest point of interest or turning point in the story. The most intense,exciting, or
important point of the story.

Falling Action - it is when the tension decreases and everything begins to settle down. It shows
what happens to the character after the conflict is resolved.

Resolution/Denoument - gives the finals outcome of the story. Can also reveal the theme of the
story.

Settings - the time and place in which the events of the story occur. Without an interesting
setting, the story may not be successful.

Conflict - a problem or the struggle between two or more opposing force.

Theme - the main message that the reader can take from the story.

Mood - the feeling that a poem creates in a reader. It can be positive or negative.

What is literature?
- It is form latin word “littera”meaning “letters” and referring to an acquaintance with the
written word. It is the written work of the specific culture, sub-culture, religion, philosophy
of thestudy of such written work which may appear in poetry or in prose.