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! : ,. ;;. -tl t Jl;<lJl
- J

L::)=- r*e 0..-\f.. (t)

:\ - - l. - -.!l
3;:> JJ<D 5rae.jl o!! .}

- --=--'
LA\ ailj\" j

3;i:. :*,- i-Ul oUXt" ti.,i *:*i'

i:.-. - - i=._ jrill ,Lpilill r\:ijl
i*-'-' :---,-- r,;Jll ,-.a,-;'r\ .rJt iit!
-. . - ! .-: t:1+* (Chadic) q:tr;.il
 d.J.e..

Introduction

j.----".^' <J! iL-.-11 dXl J*!" dt' al--.rJ;r a$l a.-lJ\

.\fro-asratic ) ,--*i .;\r c-,UUt AoJ-"J L-$]\ Z__r-ilt Gr-l..J

.'(languages

':+JL.J\
J-F\Jl(;j L-r^J\ a,It -*;:.:

,L-K-;-r-! a;J
'r)[\p \\"..-r\.. (t)
-r\..) *"iri\ L"."J\ ;.,tX\al-- :oLJ-r- Jlal*r,\ "-\.6 f*iJ
tl\,,o'rl e-p.J k"r'--, \:
f a(f-ff U ot, (.6 .; r...
^":*lf
;-. -r:jy (.6.tl rr..-r...) a"<"-)Kf ri.rf*lf L-r"aL\a,JJ\a\..J
.r^r a:"bJ\;r*'!t qfa; Jl*f-;t a(Uf

:gL4<.,.)\-,J ,-:\l}! 0..-\r.. (r)

{^i-t oiJ ,4:J ;a., a-.a\SL;J oU)\:-\ :.+L ;ri-oJ\ "j,o .}
,i (Neo-Vtiddle Egyptian) ";r-,rll ,rLdI ",-ya\l 4ilJ\",_oj

arJ-+ J.5 ,L-r,I\ ii.Ul ;t+ "{-LJ\ +U\ .:,UIl" \j.i

.(Hamito-Semitic languages) # '
3 (Cushitic) "=:ts'.u!' Lr*( (Scmirict+L-lr iuJJr ,ir*iy;-!r:uJJr
.i-a--"i\r L"rr-)t,
suljl .l,."lj Jj!}ly -r,ff Uj,.;i JUr;,, ;!L. ;s j (Berber) ;-r,]\ JU,J]\ ,jiri'r\ o;Jl iiL.
.!r:l j (Omoticl;.;--_.'- :; .:5:14 o.r:.- (Chadic) a:rL:Jt
' Peust 1999, 21 -32: and Loprieno 1995, 5-8.
 +.=r.alt +7alJl

,r"-, JF.: e j
-S\ ai-Ul" U; -p ;;t; 1,,+K*)KJ\ .rt_r\ L-r.,oI\ LJJI,,
:l-s ,,;ju--l ,-g\) rtfurx
.(Late Middle Egyptian) ";,;i-t I ,;L.;)\ L_r"aI\
.i*r(t;;t,

,L-K.o oU ...l)G :r\l r*, (0.-.,. .rr 0.. (f )

. -; --bc , JuJl ,1.-Jl
a=-;U\ ,+,-Jlf.)\ ,f \i; ,^a-,
; '>;W ;JiiJl .f,6 +
:.J=-- = i,crlrL^--.l crL;KI\ g +,\r'ir fKll a.;Ji L-r"aJ.\ ;.;Jll Jl-r.;-l py ,i-;,rc\l
. = j., .j+C o--_,g = 7.? 4lUl\ g- c^; {,i\:,]! ,'r}\ p-. c^} +!.r\) L.;\:Yl
- = --: " -C-: Lr-a = yr ,\;i i* a,sL:J\ atlf d oK ira,t^-J\ a;lJ\ ,rs:).(OU;]ty
L .t-.^.:Jl
:-.*l\*i.J

') -...,; JKi 9-t;i c-K; rc-,'!\-J\ ,ro c.,:\, dir$ 3U! &"!f J!rd\ j
r_. ,)_. (; .p, .r.(9 ;:tJJ\" Airru\ .in .:..*e i.y$, ,\ \* i._rKfr sej-At
, f -..,r; JK:i .(Old Coptic) "i..r,J\
(c.c)

.t (r) o'-.p.,i o.
a
ll- ,L-K." crLJ g),j/,tLi.J :p \Y..-(0. (f )
-) (: (0.-0.
,. (i1rx .r^o .^-.--o\1 rr.*
il (;)
rJ1r
ea*-J.\ ort;\ ;rliJ\,-,.A +
rv. -(o' rrt p\o) ,}Iil/\ !l\
ttK,5.U (\i"r"r 1\-r;.:-\ ..j"U ra^*_*-.
i i {;.i),(.r) r \r..-v.. cXj *+,j+""iJ\ JiIt 6t-r;u.-l ,_3i\ r;.-,lJ\ t!-dt Je \1di,
i
(Or*-=-f t)
(\i"rn ior 6\c.);l.J.i
x,S-- '(: r \v..-\r..
- Luru;'it j
t-) ./u(\ ,y;-7"5,;-iiry
-.isl:i J+iJ\ LI\ i-,,
i 'J: (Or.-.- tt)
.L"F r\c ;.^LJl ail\ Jlr,-$.I\
"..
 arJ-q.

a.tJJ\ dJ\ J4 J4 4r-.)Jl ai-Ijl til-t (J.a-a r)J\

.J , \;:
-t
*
L
., ,.
};! fii.*l tbe\ G- aJ^JJ\ iJJl ,'l-r.;u--l r--1\ s\f.-;-rj .iL-^::: \[,::-t
.i**KJr;;r,

oaA\ i;) otiKlliij eUKJ.ldiJ

or-*JlUJ
i.!rJl io*rl l,--as+-:Jl

.- a- J, \Kii
(r.p)r (0.6) (;'1); (0.6) (:'6): (o.g) U'-J-

(:.p): (o .p) .:., i

(a.:.7) (r (r'r ) Jr 4--j JK:i .2.,i 0..-\f..

r)
(r'r)

(a':'p) (,),(*),(i) (r) (.) :0.--p-,i 0..

\1" ._;v
(7:'7) (,s) (,-s ) (r) p (0.-0.

(s),(c) (o) (g),(o) (;) p V..-(0.

<.
(g),(o) (.i.t-) (.j.L),(i) (1.1),(o) 6
\t..-v..
(or.="-.tt)

,(..r),(o) (.i.L) (.i.t_) JK.:i ,(L.L) ,'

\V"-\t" //t, / '

-> -?-- v
-
--rlSJ\;* !..-i
'
;
(.}.r ) (;);r;;L (Or"-.*f.t)
 ii+r.all++lJl

daJ€JIUJ o\.iKll,uiJ erUKIl&J

,.}r.:-;lldiJ
--.!\ J.^aiJl 4.!,Jl i *rl L.ardJl

r and Phonology ,(..=s),(o (.-,.r_) (..b.L) (t t) \!\-

(.j,.t_ (..:r.=-*tt)

€-i- ;;l ,i ;, -"Jl J" (i.L) (.-}.t-) (.i.L) (r.r) s'Jt6--v..

.1 , .il rt' - -t,
-- -; --.1-i t{f )l td-\.4Jl (;r-t*"tt)
J -; i i-y^..Lr;.JJ &,LJl

t,ar-r..rJ\
4++X\

j*.:jr ,l+L"!, * d\ a.-"$rl {+4X\ d q+Jt {+d)lr'i,j

EI L a-cr*i d;J..,Jl .rr\t;a..n uf ,-1;3rri j."'lr ,!- t*,ri .;n,
(L*-,a*iLabs,U\il) LUt ,4",fF'o*ti rF .x
=*+i, ,--;Jl L-Ut o*;i
g .,,"*il\ ./U(\ W) ,-; .jJ\ &'r\ a.+{X\ ,J U,i 5.}\ e
r.--r --i-.-> q- c^iLb\; ,Uf
6!t ,r"Jl Jrt+ ^r.';t .r 'kj'it gs,QFeJUJ\ -'-Jl
-> Ji -- *( i"--aJr".1-rJ\ ;rc
,.grJlrtiJ\ g \jU$\ri5'Jf i"*tll dp 4i*+;l oK a441J\

- .(lr A-Ju?,-Il
" l rr ,r\a=all\
lt
c;r+)l -l
*.\4 ,JJ\ ,;;ru +.-..iJl A.+lJl d .i6*
.-illrt lUi 5-Lir oi-r, ,3-\:.11 JlJl &t4 F: (o^"/\r L*F!K
a.+{.Ul -:L:-c\ "r*, ;.c. Grl.I\ ,l"J\ .lu-. LU, L-r^,.-l\ ;.a+X\

:,r xl. l3 , ,r ,iL q,+'\tJ:- '

..J.i; i2*r.1 , ;+1 jk J{' .Shisha-Halevy 1991 ,r-tr\ '

 s4a)t.; ;-5- ir-
sUiJ.aJb {r+'Xl,;r"X t J.4iJ I
irlrl\ .:---
Chapter 1: Alphabet and Phonology ,(,j).(:)
(.i:)
dl J-lr" if of,-" ;l q!.,J\ +l1Jr Oi a/ f"]\ ,.ib
L-r..aI\ (-.:)
> ,*\ [3 *! r , Lu ;*Jr Jl ,L-J\ ',-" -i<i t+i yt {.:*ijl
-J

.---<;9iiF;\ JI)L.*J\ j" Je:.rK 6J\ LA\ aiU anLJ\

tq.**'xt

Alphabet

rrrtL (L-r^,.1\ 4.{X\ e J:r 4) es-r a* ,*W\1,Gr-

f; Jl" r+,J Lij f i;r,j f i\ S g,J- ,:i\*2,i Uf u*4lr-*rJl C*
:l
r,cJ\
YJ)Y-
)^;\\ l "-
GJ+)l d-l-:'ll .:-.+- *i
,5-i
u.irlt6tr ..lr.lt-t 6ui 5-F .>i* .3.-
*lr aadJl :L=\ * _-:;
a

:i:>
a lals, l'l \ c\ alpha LiJ\

B tbt ? beta 1-

r lol
,E'
t' gamma L,*

Lar ton 1000. l3 ,rlil,g.a'i' Jr* '

.,:r1" ."+ i ru *r "i.- -;'l
-. i i-u i-.eL;" .Ir -'- '. ' '
 __.:\ J..aiJl .ir:i-411++IJl

.-fr-r .5-,
*,.ltjlr i-irJt-t
*rll
phi j. tdt delta U;
khi o lel
e epsilon, ei6 ..5l,JrL4l
psl I -. -
,
^-^:l \ l-r 6q \ r ...9 J..
\-9 JU ,ll stigma
t-ilIe 921 \^-Ji Z lzl ) zeta

shai (j:,u! 11 /et f eta \il

iai esU o Itl + lhl theta I- l

hore G-;9 l, el lyl,lil; ljl iota 1-

!:
il.iandja \.-.:t
K tw kappa \*)
-d

\ ilt I
r.J lambda \d
kr ima LJ M lml mu. mi6
r
tl 9 N lnl flU, n1 ,f.*]
o Y' J.
I

z lW + lsl .J"*J ksi JI

3 . ,-!Jl -:. -lt ---;s
.JJ\ o lol omlcron
/i
O;-,)v-nl

:- _.=':
i.-
;;:L\: --!;r-- (t) T lpl (-) p1 )
lrl ) rho
-:;.-> ,-;
P
€ef 5e L

.r-->- :--r z-li a^u\ C lsl u" slgma L".*"

_1u-\
:.P .il .Ll .tl rM cX r(. cl rll cf rQ T Itl Cr tau yu

Y, oY lwl, lul upsilon ,'t J-.--,:\

u
Steintlor{T 1951. I I

\(
 o$J-Jb a1*+trI',jr'!t ;;lt

,5-t
.-'rll
*rlljlJ ..fr-r
0 lpl + lhl -b+u phi

x lkl + lhl r*-J khi J

Y lpl + lsl psi .t'J
(D lol q omega h*ri
(r) lsl shai ^1.
(i,q

q tft fai r-su o it,- h .:-

? tht A hore *:P l, el ly,l. i: -r ;
x lcl ,
(u:i djandja q.? K k
Itl + lll J.
+ t--l
x I

6 lkvl kyima 15 M im

t Itl + lyl (> 'v ti N n

';fis-,e J! uiLJl crrl\ *..is o rO

,(Monophonemic letters) c,l,Jt a1:Li Jsr (r) T tp

lr
.:s)\?tr\, r l^;;1-9 o_* ,f,-;r}\"b.t' *-.r 6 l*- P

ls,
rd cI- rB,a. :i-;-'i\.-gL-I\ .-}^;.rl i+cr-J\ "f-",,\-a-i(;u {.-tJJ\ C

.6 r-2( cl rQ rCp r(D cJ cT cC cp ifl rO cN rM cX cK cl sH cf, cG T Itl

Y, oY

'Reintges 2001, 16. usteindorfl 1951. ll

 rj..a;Jl
--.f ;J*.r,4JlA+.g-Ul

/t.
>J -t!l . 'Lll oln J-t)\ \-ii;.^.\r i-._-;,,*KJl ,: EE Qizra.y r r_..-'
-:j-j

Q_.Y_r x_l Zt )\ .(;n-'lf ,r-^) ij:r ;'*KJt + 1L:\-r 9i, ,* 6 _: x s g : g

=li
-*t t -,
n o iLKJ\ ,: ,JU + + j!'\^' 15ar o\*KJt * qb .j! e ;r F:
,.*i\:rg,j.,LKJI
: . t t/tt . .
4;\.:,ll oLKJt e? erl\rr{-\J-Ljl) jtl\ J^tu]\3r {-r, }^-'Jt
-_.- ; J;r) JL..UJI ,-.2, O lJ_.>

.(ir _-
a.N(;-. ir, :u,*}y gr* f:tr<.-rl\ .f i+ j\t r;r
a.ni
)i gr^pahs ) +,r..I\ o. .l\
!''g-" r'aoyr'rr ir ti+ lloyui ,Nr 1* \j*, r.rr ,"\,i"
, :_ -t:-F 4>J)jJ\ JS)\
;j* S-J:IL\ -;; ,i a.nznee :r'r r--!r.4 .-tr li! c \--er> .r .i+ 9U , Z J-.r
.",*r,.,-" a.NcHBe

_:; r-^ 3\-c.ti.l-, ef

i J ,=- Jr- Jr-,i,";';\" ,(Biphonemic letters) ojr".!\ a..:[: ij_- (, )

i
i . -;;" elopM
'("-dr--:" .-'l\ ;ifi,o!.-'!t nJLi .r:r L- Jo iJ--ilr i_qi; j ---

,:: .- ;UL'j; Oy ,;-j._-j-_*-o:

-.:_> _,:o ri,(gold) "!-i" Z = r*c 0 = n+U

t" ----:-. il-a: J,a" #:) x = K+t t = r*r
Y = n*c e = T+e

cr)oxt '(g . r) ;!J*. X rr ,J,.-: c;;.)U o)L j

"\,.J\
cgre-roco'r' (rrv -.., a-,-.)\;, J\ Fl aoo)\ $;-t': ' }3"
n."jiL-"'i\" Nerg)HK
r" .i+ N6XHK r"L:b;^"

'Layton 2000, 13, n. 5; Stcindorff 1951, 18.

 crWJ"^Jb q*+il,&i1 J.aiJl i=-J

'.(!l,ra,rc);!rJ -G $ !r#\ 'i,6

.
9,}1 L' :_.-'- ::
I rr : :
__.: j
-
,(3*!l \,*) ;- --: : ('
u)\,3.-'!r +;\:e c,L5J\ i qtr 0'u a, Y_: x_: z e1)\
ur" ,({"i*ili L-r"J\ ailJ\ s..) J"-'Jr i.r.-.. crLKJ\ + 9U t +.:\:9 oL*( J :-=,-*
+lU -r -.=
.L-r"4f \ri +U;f Jr-'i\ c,\j c.,LKJ\ i e .:r ;.iUJ\;*(- ip-.>.->-

a.r.rx.;, \i* a.rri li

-._>
j-
,(Digrams .i Digrpahs) +.:'J.l .-!. -l\
t ta.-l ,l: J
;)U.--; ij -L\.f ;#t." i*, ,f ;;\r t' --a-)j-l\
u:)\
dL\ 6_* \1* yl a.nzuue :ll -. i j-

'oalr,I\
c3lMe i.K d /i/ 'U\ or F [i, gUlj-J er
"'+"
G-d o),a" F) "., *!" ;-.K i
/j/ ,u\ *_r- J5 ,\ :',;\r\" :(Bipho:--':.,- -::

."'j,;, ;?" eropla,(" -|r.cu .!',1

J ..!l 1;r ..) _*- ; '= --.t-,_
-_(1 -
noye :"lr-i" ;.^K 3 ltl 1\)\ -r F \L ;Uli-y oY
rJ J lwl 1\r)\ -:,., F-:i,(gold) "\--!"
tt \ ,, - r !! -
4.rt/ irc
rl -r.'L, d-K z
." ;;'i;J" oyofi,(".!rr,:. eb-a) J g.o"
F:) x

qoxt (-l,Jt ,(rp - Ti _---*

gleroor* (rrv --, j*:--- !

A t. - i -'
. .;-j - lir

n
Layton 2000. l6 'Lalton 200U. 13. n. 5: St.'rni,,r' . -:
--.:\J..a.i.Jl ii.r1-rJl;r{-Ul

r. -)--> .r 'i+ fi5 '(;y..r'Jr) ..i-irtf ;];

\ _-: .:-- TefePfa.Cla.
Phonology
.r':* I-IOJNI- :N u!r.-

. , 1 t- t
a*t aJ\ eJJ\ Oiil ,gr,
),,i;"5;:f +;,Ll\ o!r,-ir,-!:
_.)2,. ru-,-a

- _-. ::, u/
,
O.*2-!
\lr - -t-
iJL .:-r--;l\ ;u,\ -,J, "tQL \a o-r-.a ur" r-jr !_r o+^ oJ
._L^,a ) i doug;
a-Ll\ ,:!.ri **\:,
f^: JtJt, .,lL!J\ * ,* 3.".o ;xljJl
C."-. .-. .\e :al:ri
, -: ,-r -l'-t
,.= _*. -:, Ll ODr)

-\ + -r _L.4 t' ?uj{

isUfto\r,-'J\
';" tsb.nTlze,;..I,:ri Consonantal phonemes
,i

-: --r :2LJ \-'P ts;t ,:g): tb r-rr.- Ji (.?)

-r F ,5\ 1A1 5U4 B
t ltt. -i
.i-,* J\.-Nl ,t,ltJ
Y\a- /vai/ sa.r '":v crr.- Jr gi lvl *[i OK ci Reintges
! z , r ;-: -!l v.,^ i* ,";.o" eqco -ri lBtu :tl .ir .r .i-" [;i 9! .",,'r"
.(2 - \-*i.I i-5 !-" ,i-"i" coq-re yi coure ,"r)-\1)" xerqe yi :(a.-rae

(T?e :) oc :il-i-"\
tt.*i*

'€lleeTe =) eeNee're lvall 1\ Tbal/ ea.X,"a--b)" lvokl j /bok/ scur ,i[,i

a.f ;.eOC ," rrrA\" ."ji"
' {TiI€PoYC}.\HM:)
r, ),
g) S or ri ;r*I;' (6) *r- F A\ 1g1 JLi I-
. rEJl qtr c>,}\ \r.6 j!3
9U f..lt ,.;11.:LKJI i r(go i.K
!_- _:. :::r K/ JJdr
Rcintges 2004, 18-27,JI
1r._rt ;S-":,;}t t*;r +l'
---r" KHLIG:i.Il,i " Reintges 2004, 18.

'' Kasser 199ta. 33a.

" Reintges 2004, 20-21.
Lambdin 19113, 1 ,t j"i ts Lambclin
.siJr i;J
'o Sreindorff l95l . 15- I 6.
 sqiJ-Jb 44'11,.Jr'lt ;;t t

ti+ fi5
,"-d)\-o" a.KO ;." )j-u a.rcu :K .-br-- ;f .;-*'l:
.,*, ,.-'JU !"d.\l^-e" TeK€PI-a,clo if ti+ Tel-ePra.Cla. ?5-,:
'":''e" uoyNr
\o (( z
.-," 'i+ r..royr.ri :N .-!r--

c,LKJl ,j ftr gU .d ri (.,) *r 3l. q\ tdt &i-

J"^.'i\+UJi

.";!" a.tra.toc."\-lig" le ,41:ri

oLKJ\ +t-t cz,.-t ,-ri (;) -r F 6\ 121 3[i

*
."iu)r*" a.NzHBe ,'.!;J\ i-KJ\ trc U J,-'r\ 4J[]

."ulr.^r" zcDoN r"'r7.9" Ba.[TlZe :i.l:ri

{*) s@) ltl 64\ r of:,r,:yJ\gB Jr

lhl ts;e ,i=): :b
-'- : -
LtiJlc,LKlt 3
Y1
px;+is,a-^t^;Jb 4nU\oUKlt.i f! /vai/ sa.t '-:\' -.: > -r, ;
-r .-4.\ rro-lJ ;rr+Jt ;t-ri LU) ?: r ii) \
ir i+ !rr-4.^>tt ?q(D _.' ?BU) e.
-'-r
.(e + i,+ a"-K
C .*ri" coqre -. ctru . t .---

,(+u;t) ";j.,b" exrlrc ,"6", JJ\" (-ree :) oe :;.k i

(ergooy :) eoooy ,";-rJ\" (rgenee-re :) eeneere lvall ,\ /bal aa-\. ---r- '.

orepoyca,xu}.l,(+U;t) "dLr" a.ra.ooc r"r,r.tJ\"

(-r3exnrc :) oexnrc,";.Ari" (-rgrepoyca.xnr.a :)
."'L.r\"

.k J)o )\ (cl) *r J, +i lkl iEi K

"'*)" p,i" ra.2 :

K(D.",VJ J.-4 KHM. :elii "Reintges 2004. 18.

LJ " Kasser l99la. 33a.

" Reintges 2004.20)1.

'5Ibid., 14.
'' steindodf 1951. t5-16
_-.:rJ."aijt 4Jl"*4J1++JJl

T .t ir-- )\ (J) ;r Jr,Si ltl JEi

-;i
."c^.9 !r!" ).xoy ,", s" xo 'atii
.m e:- ri(r);- J, *i/mr _ti! t-l

0 t. t/
."9,i NIM."96l" Y}, ,;-li^\
aa

.n,_-r;yi(o) *r lnl 6$i

"f-,"si
.ttt+- !r-" NHB ,"a-?a,' N),:aJJ-^i

,Q:") lslQ) lkl$rJt dI" jr<ry .:yJ\ *tr Jr

s
;-J-i.J\ .:,LKJI Yi Y--
iL, ,J..il +;\:; ;-,LKjl .! qE,.l!
.cyr#,.!rr* j+
;:!iJl a--KJ\) "fLt" (rcoyp :) zoyp ,;J:"i
"
r*" cyt{a,zlc ,(+U:*) "*.-+" ca.pZ .'t(;,r-^-J\
.(+Lr)
.p.er s\ (+) *r, J-,=si lpl
"pi
Y .",)i" Tln c('*l=j-" tan."IJ..b" na.i,oJ,:ri
.r *r- 1\ (r) Jr J, gi lrl 3!i-
."r3-i" polrc[,",-.g-?" plMe c"-1" po ,ab.i

.s
-r=yi(r.) *r- J. gi lsl *fi
."i\;" cNa.T,"g\s\" cN).y.";i con :i-L.i

'uLayton 2000. l6
 crFJ-Jb {r+", l'.lr'It ;.^;.ll

.tJ)- )\ (o) -;.= J, *i 1t1 iYi - -j> .

Ko)T ("&-r" lnocroxoc (";F" MHr ,;,1:^i

.d
11" .-:-> ;
lhl : Q) lpl ci;At r o;(., d,/\ jL, .r- *r

c,LKJ\ ,j ;tr ,j"-'lt a;Ura c-,LKJ\ i Ftr riU ,(-)

l--j>.
.? : t iL) \
;r i+ ;+JJl
,""p\" (n3cos:) Qcou,"o,.rJ\" (nao:) Qo ,ilii
.(+ur) "r*<.-" coQoc,(+[r) ".r\:,f" rpa.QH .(;"),s;(;) k -------:
(i) a*u\ ;'*.( i :-..
,(-d) th1 , /k/ &ra\ ;,+ J_,3r.-yJ\9r.:r
i!.,al\ c,LKl\ * 9L, ,J.,'r\ +;Lr1 c-,LKll i lA.E i\i
.?: K i!,}' ," .j* ;--t^ilI i*( ) "_ > ('

" ru-1 CYIIIZIC ', ;- - -

xPlcroc ,".4.6.f ,*.:" (t<3ot\tK =) xola.flK :iJii
.(+[:r) "t-\r" MoNtxoc ,(+Ur) "ar* ,Cf*"
.''(5.[) "A1o" (pore:) pox .I1
t-
-.
>

/s/: (*) lpl isAt r .r;(.., ,'yJ\ gtr Jr . ,'\ J Tb.n.

c,LKlr * Sruy J,-Y\ +[] .:LKJ\ + qtr +! ,(r-) .i -)-> _.

';:l.;J\
. if Po)K?'
-=
J(:JI \r.ei "&) "a*i" fr-ryifrc q!"aJ\ i-KJ\ ,-t ..j\i
/ t
.S ---'-> -.
-.
.(&-ae

!-eB Clt}.T.
-

, Till 1955, 41
'u Layton 2000, l6
:', ,3r'lt,-lnaJt
;r{r.4J1i,a+IJl

!.- .- i*.Y-iL r:;i t( Yyxn .(+._r) ")-t'_t'" fa.Luoc ,;J:"i

, 2<))

S ; €U r"j^r" o)cK .(+ur)

" (:,. i- ) a.6lc r";rb--6"
.fish i5 * sh +r ri (;) *r J5 ,ji /S/ j.E ;
.'r*=t (;.>u-"l"

',- ."'rW" o)oile,'({*- clo)q,"-\.-c" <9a, [ui

Lambdir-5+
->_:- ichurch i.K j .f J,-ri(.r) *r F ,e\ 61 gla
".cute i..K ."g:" cl.loq ,"r))" ecu r"ja .gr" gt ,+):-.i
.h Jr- ri (r) .:;- F +\ 1n1 3pi
."ii" torB,"i.-.*i" tMor,"rjj" tHr :LL^i

child a-5 g ch g-.- ri (Js) Jr 'F" +i

lel Sti
.(-o! o16)
."lS-x,aO-" xoi."jG" xco ,+J;.^i
(o) ltl '"l""-lt I .,c ).a*l- c,J\
-r-
jUs ;J
Y-- -J--
jt- tt
.;r-:\, .:'JL..l (.r) /S/ I
g j .-reyi(6) .r- Ji...jldoK ciLambclinr5i
a-.K i tu 5r J,4,a-L * *rriOK ci ejrrluclge i.K
'n.tune

.cute +5,: cu $-r-_,itSJ p,,- J. *i lkv I ib,"

.ttLI.=-" 6Hn€ ,tt-\r" 6lx ,"'*r" 6lNe :a!-.i

I'
Lambdin 1983. xi
 crUJ-Jb {*+'i1,,1-r'!t j.-ilt

;icuco ,";\, re;i oe '':K.-!r> ir {+ 9\i [U=i

(rc10 u p a) o.roa.pa. :
+rr; \ c,LKJ t
A \a\) r " jA r" o)cK
(5orcqta(a) rootua.ze ,";.,\" (d,rcLs) a.6lc ,";;\.:.-!"
.fish J -i :i ..--- -.
'""-r*\ rj2u''1"
.")-o" 0)r.I\I: -' -g
ch3r- 1\ (.+) $r Ji".ild gK ciLambdinrii
i -:--
5 ,- .,.,. +-iL, Y'
JY cu Y'J l-''')s e tchurch ,..K j
-l .,' r'!i oK ci p -.

,r.autg
i"-l . ,) Ctlr\:. . r;

,Q) lvl sG,) ltldr#ldt' or<-:,l ,:>'A\gu Jr + .h --- -'- -

. \- ?(t)TB. - -- .

& cr ",7(9i, r\.j,#\li, r*(*,.:A

1,"L;" (rue:) tpre: L;;4*f,;J1 crLKJl i i\i
lr
. 62.t-l

u,3" i-Kl\ c.iK \:!trub ;,A*aJ\ c,\*KJ\ tt+ * (}!

> -* r.
*;\t;1
crg:ir.U;f ) -r u;,. ,,:Jl ;\rL a;r.-.-, (erri) t
,"L:r4J\" (-rioyla.ra. :) toyaa.ra. :(zrl -- 6"4\
,"i-$\" (rera.\ :) +a^,"g)LJ\" (rerputln :) fpHr.ru
."g;-uJ\" (rerco-re :) fco-re

"?o!";*K J (g).re J, +i fil #(sry or el

,-/1
.yes i.K ey e91\ .Cute 4-D j Cu j_> -. _

."L1,=.-" 6Hni."-

"Reintges 2004,22.
'osteindorff 1951,17
"Lambdin 1983, xi. '8 Larnbdin 1983. xi

(\
J-:1 _t"4ijl i.r r*+dl a2.a.lJl

eloM ,".Ji" elo)T,i*K}\ ail+ j :td-,.;r J+ 9!

UtI'lr'S
."b\5" Ta.elo ,$-r-,u *r * )\ t" j"
. --. ;i.-:I\ *.i j
,--!.,I1
\ el(DT.f 'i+ icor ';rLKJ\ ql+ i -^%3- \" \j:\:
,.3
.(o1'.co cu cr) il-et i5r-,'-
J.1,*\lI' t,* *, i'g e" eroop _* {+ ioop .".,i"
, ,^ 1 -1'.t
- _* J,-' 4/ !98^r ys i'a^\rS" Ttrio [:Ly ra.eto .";.o.:" plleru :el E]\c
.car;-.K ,i r..ra.eru ,i;i er -LJ- (ro -o p\) qrrlf o!".)f
tt.".*' ni;i uer,"LT,a'o}-c" rqa.in
'--" ?).n:Ali"i

. ) -. -i 6,' :l^'i
"l-!" i-K j G) *r J- *i lw I Cp:^ er oy
"!i-
.west i*K g w.:9;i
.dog

e.": "
Cot'r :i.[,i oyl,"aiti" oyoM 'i-KJ\
q\+ g !r^;,*r J+ +!
\' l
."di" eloyc, JSr*-,ipr rr* ;i r"-,.-g"
_-. --- ui O.22^)

j o -r_> (+ut ) .i-^L^.all {r+'J\ *t ,-rE ,\; l r-! o:", l'ls-}t

-.i
,l
r"."ii"
,...-ir, - rz ? ,t
a..KJ\ "r-!"
I
a-.K j (i) .r_,,- ,l- ,H: (J'ir)
i ?Q)rt:ij;r\
4"d.I\ .+1 (rLs-r) a;rUa, 1r+ EJ\;.'U4
;..aJ ? r)'-l t-9 > oY
--.gJ))
ree;i cocu Ji oo yi a.a.) (vocalic gemination)
tx'tl ,-J YY'J)
r oo:c
- "i

;:" IIOYB :Al:ri ..: ,, (;\U)

, i.
g)oor 6"-J+" lia'arl {p\a.p :i,Il"i
.ttt)\-o"
i' rFy,;K" (.ri.-r;) 75o'op7
--:--.:-"a-s,- (e)r

.hee ;*5 :.i ee:iY,J- J.i

- i-- -^- j el yied

" steindorff
-:--;*Kl\tuU,1. 1951. 1.1

j a rr-
".lL\" bcachtcn +U'il;.-KJlj apply': +I+)1i-KJl Jj" J!! "

(f
 s$r-Jb !,+11,;rlt .p;ll

-/
dr-2'4.1
:',
Ol;,.r)l €lOM c"-;
Vocalic phonemes

J:-r: (o ,e,a.) ;gae aSr.-. e-Lr Jt ^frx.tt ,:tlt *;c: el0)T .r" f.a
.(oy,co,H,r) iL-r"t Sr,.-" i1-e:.
tt- , /"
Ja e-? ,\"rV";--K 3 (\) -r J, ,5i lal Cbi r-pq ! a-ol)
l_) r

.car i.K o\ ua,ettt :i

.".1LJ" xa.c ,"+" a.e c"rLE ,.-4L" fla.n :ibi

(( t ))- t/ .

o rr
"f ;..K
- t/ g. i-er> t..":"
i.K j (iJl) J5 .."ei lol Sbi
-r->lq
JY
4J'.(.);>

.dog
4 . /l)\
oY}., D
.";vjl" corn ,"{-1" poMne ,"ii" cott ,a.Ili
I

"(-.i) t';" i.K ,j (t) *r & €\ 16l eEi

.hope i.K j o e_r-;i (+U\i)

."Jo" ccoo)e ,"3i ,8" Bo)x ,"g9;i" fo)n :i.Ii-oi

" " ..K * (:) u_r- J, gi lul 3[i U)y er oY

.food i.K j oo 3r- ri

l-royt :''?-\ ,j?" MoyN ,"g-l!" NoyB :i,Ili

."-')\.o"

"3,"r" a^K
+ (...s) *-r F q\ 1i1 gua as:t e-? (e)r

.[gs i.5 gee!r- j

t\+ g er9;{
.!-, ,t (( - l;;
r";"I-c" elMe ,"r".a--i" etNe:c-,LKJ\
.
L1
: .. ),
!";r-.-" pt,"Li"
Lt< l;t
xl :l EJ\i ,-JbJ oLKJ\ tU d; " Steindorff 1951. l4
i ,Jj'il,-[4iJl
;i*.r.4Jl ;,r'.c!l

iphthongs) +.:.-I1 ol."oYl

,";p-l" Moelr :el -:{ Uq.U .oLKJ1 Jl^d:-! j
: ;- --e J L;r,J.l o5..)r c3lMe :l .-1Gj ,,j',"-! i'p" (crne t!!) cerNe
o\'_. f et) -drx-".;a jU], ."t'\.r1"

-,-t- .o;:!-iJ\ dl*_r- ,i(+UU ".^.j" t.K J (g) o.- J. gi lcl JEi
".air a..K g ai 3r- 1\ hate a..K j a -r_r-

."1Vo." gHsc ,".-L" tHT r";-rls-" MHT :i.b.i

g e -sr )'\ ",.+" i.K ,: (;r*<Jl) J, ,Si lel 3fi

.very i*(
"Jt " pcoMe ,"*;i" co)t{e :';\" BeKe :ak^i

..t;; {.lL;\ c-,LKl\g orA.-!}t \r} J'r, Y

a+iJ\ c,LKJ\* * _,i € or> ir .i+ .j\i (q-i

c,LKJ\ j lfF\ *:)\ gap -t1l\ ,.trl) {.rU!
,(+[r*) u,*-" BuM]. y ti+ ByMa. ,(t, -o {JU\
noXeplet y .i+ noLyuer ;';\" B€Ke {a ;." "you
r.
-r_._.> -.-! oy er- t:t (+[;*) "j.rL"
\?rl)l re er -) a.ypcoue el
ii
,: J, *i '" gti 1u1 oK ci Reintges gl.;
."_S-. _;: \ruii" (eoyua.:)
".(+U_.1+) "6)Lr" eyxH :";.-i" frinf +U'J\ ;--KJ\
-,j-C ('ra.oruoy =) -ra.eruy
.
-
.ry - -.i-t oLr,
+.-ci\ * -Hs re ,-.!r.- :yJ\ \ir lel
"}:",jld
.(rr -o a*a'J\ 4t C\rLr\) .j,/\
.',-L" spiit 4u!t i-Kj\ J a + F j]:! "
a.5 i(.)u* r:" ii':J -b--!s!Jr -j i.' Ji" d + (f ) i-r :oJ1 lrr 6!: +i,,,! "
":!+ C
"Jv"
- :r)\,u Plumely re,i'J'" 'uReintges 2004,26.

(t
 crU-r-J! {*+'1 l,..1rlt..j.-;.lt

'(Diphthongs) +.:.ll,l\...'Jl ,"62}." l'to€lr

-t .-' t","*=iro!".\t ,t Cs-t ;;Lc d L.yfJl cr1r".'!f CtlMe :l *:3-
"f
.(7w7 oyri fil ei !r^:-,-;,.,, jEl!
:+'il {-.J)jJt o6",.,Yl 3o i};ll dl..Sy,
e3$l old\ ilrt
a. + €l a.(e)r Ca.elN -J
e + er e(e)r neipcoue J+\ U-o

u f er u(e)r tti e-.r

o + el o(e)r oerK j:t .".Fr" Po)l le ..':> cr,

a. + (o)y a.y NIY .l

J
(>!) .L-b +-_- -:
e + (o).i ey neYCoN ^-o;\
v a*u\ ;L-( YiH.c-
u + (o)y Hy" CNHY ;F) c,LKJ\ 3 {---:- r-,--
<u + (o)y 0)oy27 ca.Pa.6ooYo) J-,;:i-,i ,(+[_:t) "-,"-" BHI r\ -, '-
.
rloxeMel
-* )-t lltr'r\.'l::*- .

.. t i
:O ,;r-- \3J\o r-JL{ cH;l e yi J:)\ o! oy O- trl
a.
.. ,
b.Nel eYMa, s u.)
I>.
-irr
,fl (a. oypoJMe er -) a.yp<or.ae €l
ta
r J.>o ,'\6
')-
v
t /r,
(ne ovn :) NeYN ,"gK'" J) \r*ji" (eoyr..ra. =)

." ,''$-1" (ra.etHoy : ) -ra.eruy

i--( ? (.)r- u- .i.:i:- ,4i ;:-

- -
.Plumely I 948. 5 ;r.;-. :' n\ arlt "u Plumely rs:.'!'" 'uReintges 2004,26.

a^
 ,__.f t
_L"aiJl ii-!r.4ll 4r.J\

:zt- 3,: *;cJ -r:

- v- i,aL; cr\,.)\.c
_: -- .'_.a)_)jlr.Ljl)
;.i
Special marks
:-- :,r :og 1:
'a
c.,L)\J\ .i,o,ra+ iail.,-di g .:[").J\ ra", 61;-:*i
J.A\
1- j iu'; (rtt --o:l"ro\1
6\-r;:-.)\ Js,r;i f^a-.; .(a.ii'J\ A4ill Jr) rJs a"*i ^l
.:r--_.=;1\ 3
( .dlnl\J:")
- jJ :it' J''J\qU *
:(Supralinear stroke) (-) i';i)\ tt :il (r)
b.i2err =) ee ,(eq<ga,r.r :)
:.:L\-r;,:,-l;rc LAy ,i.!J\ {;JJl ,J a.)c Aid qo;'lt {!,iJ\
; .:- .) -o
-\o
- oyo )F.) dp /*J ,;<-tJl ,J)\ JC (; -i
:Y,n) ";E-c" axfp
) "----.rj\" Na. za.ppa. Ql stgo ..l; U 4""d\ ,-y;\ ,1.:-, ,'n(schwa) J;,; !r,--
''.(r.'tt r{) .bottle u+/ !\ i-Kl\
,";)y)" qer.r-rrit1r.r-r :e .--of Q.atj ,! .t1L. aJi'rl a!l\
."Jt" (geur:) enr,"d!*" (eppo =) ppo
Lrcumflex) (^ ) r")\,Jl (t)
(;.:-:;rtJL ,i ip;'lt a4*J\ 6L,;u.-\ -r*o \,oL*, siL4 oLKJI .ran
,
=i 0 43 :e u-!r-
'-' j, ' Jo6,'rU-,'*l-i
J v-J
-- .J

eN* teN (^JJ Ju:;t.'i)

.L. 16

ta
MNc J MCN t>

N (""+X.+ S;\:i) eN
'(-' 'J
(1rUa-,U \:-.-* a:r!) o4
llnQ ,J-.*b il:l-,) ... J_.n fineq Ai.a + M]\.-!,.-)
(..LJl.
\l-'\i "a\I\
- .f-
:..1 (neq q(xt

.ia/ i+J\ .i:r+':J\ jn;;'^

(1
 s$-r-Jb qr+'!f '.1r')
t
;*;lt

i.y<, \*ri J" J-sl ;LSJr e': ip t;.;

"K.:,
|Lra" (rncoyc :) rc ,(tr -." cr!L,"':*'J\ ):\);i
,)::\) :\-rc\f ;,,c ra*J !r+'r\ Jsr
ii -C Oe
."r-!" (ova =) a. ',.-,\--i"o)l #i + Lv (rtt-o ,\-^r'il
i',::tr j-.- -,o
f1- f,o-ifir*j,.r\-t-r-bJ\g -)
cqq\ i' -f" J-.=3,.-d--.;l\.--ell.e,", fjt,;}.JltU + ,(Sua:.--:.:::
"'.(cou =) co,(ger.r:) ae,(eqcga.n =)
l I . r-
: q)- L. I -Url;rr I : -r-l r . i_:^:_ :t_
--

of )F) C
.(rr :(( ;) "rE" ra.a.l ,(t. :v o,:{) "6Li-c" a.xlp -
tpoveHN ,(tv 'v o,:.1)
"aoorD\" Na. za.ppa. QlstCr:-, -r ; ->i- i- r-;

'\.(r.:tt;t)
.,t';g)" qeNT j qfir e -..-
. _- i2€l.iI
"'(Circumflex) (^) {,)J\ (r)

.-isj ,i ip;!r oLrr-, , ->:- --;

;i.:4 Jr ee c,\!rbJ\ ,-* r) (;r:\:.:'JL *)
."Ji" 6l,"oL" oyS. :;J qr*, ,5LVi,rVs F: r#-r;.p L.,,
uN (

MN l_i

(C'+X
N
-ri 'r i - rr

MnQ taJ-'-b fr.t)... - +i

(1tltgr": j.,-
'n Plumely 1948, 8.

'oLayton 2000,32; and Plisch 1999, 3.

" Layton 2000, 34.

" Ibid., 16.

(v
--rJt,t^4iJ1 41.\.r"4Jl i++!l

"',(DiaeresisriTrema) (' ) oLU;J\ (r)

CS
;ac Q-.rLu 3r cr-eo oUr!;l\ ,pn g \jr[ -i4
rYl r

-_:-<5.,'i/\ o.=LJl if Urrll o!-'Jf p\) "6yr;-" or"a jL; L) l.{K! ,$)fu
(nucleus) "5r" e na.ior ,"'g,o" (erpe =) ipe ,"\i,-o" (na.er :) na.i
-. {;* '(rc -.o
:. ronset) "!\+" *o ." rr*rn" ucuycuc ,"3i" (na.elco-r =)
C+\
-.--. Icoda) ":-to.;r";;c C!nJ.\

-tj ^; ) oLKJ\ .p1

.,'7;/\g d;-L
:i.[.\

;;Il ;,.KJI

q0JT (l)(l)7

(L)n (t)n

YP xe
b. a.Na.g)

llb.(D

o Ocqe

qe
l r).P Ma.PTYPoc

T\'
Dt-)C

TBT TBT " Ibid.

" Reintges 2004. 11.

(A
 i--l

eEr ,' '.:+4

Syllables
'^9 \-4ji--b o . :\' . I '1>
:- rJ !
J4e-JJ

,5 o6-", .f\ t\ &; r a^K u( Jr<:: (ai#l o.=Ul y ^"rrlt\ o!.-.a': i-

,9-t46 ,\1:\,Kr^u6r.o 614, (nucleus) "5t"Or 17,;- na.l0)T ( ):-n ,ia

L-

e-# ss,\-3\: ((L \ir., ;r=;, (onset) "{\+" J" g!;ll

.t1,sl: [5L \3r,, ir.-;t (coda) "il..iii"Jo
C!;Il
cry.r, is ta-(t,iU(\ C;=-L.r; irs'J.:LKJ\ .-;n
.t't;*t*6=L
:i.J.:^\

dJ*.c-lj,Jl ,iul -5;r ,![iIl A.KJI

T o) (l) (l)(DT (l)(DT

n -
o'--61
ll
(r) (l)n (l)n

X e xe xe
-o '-o-6lr I a, a. a.Na.(l)

(t) N a. N}.(l)

(r) ;/t lol o crlcqe

c9 e qe

P M a, MIP Ma.PTYPOC

T Y TY

C P o POC

BT T lel 're-r TSr " Ibid.

'o Reintges 2004.17.

(1
 iJ_J.:rJl A++IJI

AJ*4-ciJl ql4l -5;r +uIl 4--sJl

C (t) c(l) C(l)TM

M T lel -rI
C 0) c(l) c(D(Dq

q -o ''c-61rI (l) CDq

P (l) o (l)oP (l)oPqP

P I lal (l)P

,ifuu F b:i

,$") :lr-.:" c-e; gU-qg, aii^ ;, dle; J.":ri

d,i" 'eWl
,-rr4 gure;^y dtu p:,i.I-ii: & 6-F 'l g;i (";;" c<u

.ilo;;r & s_* fi{"e" qoT,J*");s-u

:e-.::jll,.1#\
.' -i re
- rL"+l.i
OqJ! Q!: roy r er ,'rt>c)'Jl '"i +l
-I\ u,L L-e)
1. r
,Jua" .>\j,a\ yi glides o*Yll -t
\)\^ol
I

(JJ 3,)
..tt,
Y/ a;) L* crl,., [r
, l

-r ia yli cr-i,all
ob-.E --r' (semivowels r.(y,:^
)c lwll fil ,:VV.j:
,$tr* r*J-"'il \i,6 J=+ er+,iJ\ J, lul ) lil 6\;L;lasr-".
:d.il\i -,.l\ (r:--e ).r>{y

" Ibid., 30.

 otrJ-Jb {**'11,..1r'Xt ;;tt

fil owi,-!ro;. or Lrr+ jt: gtt q\+ g Ui t:l

,;x.IL;* ir oFs) "+,S" T).lo ,"r{" eloM :.j}\ }c lwl s

It:;n!Ll-, dt' JF) ":r.rb" Aloye r";r-3.rt" oyon,(toy -ra.

.(oyey

lil A\;Li,;r=V or.- L.o-r*, J\, i.KJ\ ql+ * Ui t:l

:';^z-\" €lNe:;j*A\.>;.a, g\4; ilU\d!
'l:r:#/\ 3; lul s
."r-.,;." orra'e

pr :,*;/\ J? lul 1 lil 6\iLi" ca,+V'--; ", \;r', li!

,tt!".oi" N0YB (tt;J-2.>"

'Ji) -dr..:" J;* _-_. l:

=i1
grr-4 JIUJ Ji-. i=:-. .i
-*j^

JttU ,i L+i --, :rr). _. r--

Ja,a. o\roi ,.i glide. .j'r-.
, lz I ',i
Jl..aD
J /
o\ rr-j
. -U i c
._i

.FF-,rJ.*\, \--r :-. --

" Ibid., 30.

 ii+.4J1+{Xl

fl- lr
L+-ll

Word stress

)r-ztJr-Je .;.^KJ\ , i ,'r,.e.. ,a;L.JV jJ\

L -r- i\ .\ "i -r,-r-:J\
J5.) Jl
-------- Y.o ;2.-

,(;;3-a'i) 13j...- * s\ (r;;-*) lii.:.i *b, r, C"ii\

tA,} JF r}uJI ,iz+ L;s;r-\J ;,p a--KJl
JiJ
,Jl\.g.sj +-.4
6it"tt a-",:,
,''. -S= Oy.-el\
e -dr-,dl .ill G-fi i(11tn syllable) -4- C+ -i
: !-_.-.^:-1 ;-,\,UI\rl:t),L'n-lt "b
"A+* Te?Nc a.K O Ne J:".ili-ii
J CnoToY,".jrl;" fla.eoy
"l_*$;5,.t;

c :i1 -\- cJt ^t;It '(Heavysyllable);l*a}l. -*

tTe ;*<, yJ -\*-Jl atil\ ;S=
\;: 5-S (o ;i e ,i a.) ,a; .!r,.;" -r sF -
-r L 'p
.*'ii" coN :"!:.. c,F;
=*-<- -L .i YJI e .-gJ\
la.l lrr- ." >i" BeKe :.p^ c.,LKJl
,t';.l + (ov;i cu ;i Hri r),_f"+ !r.--.rr.F
.".;i" co)Ne i.K d ctu Jj-.
* _J \;rLKJ\;n
.qp\(De ."-.Jl- J\ JI" enpcupre

};J.t* L; ^r1,glt C!.at) rjrJ\ fr" -:_r* a.lL.l\ *rbd\

:(.:rlJl

Reintges 2004,33-34; and Lambdin 1983, xv-xvi.

 sSJ"aJb &r+'!l,.1r'Yt ;;f t

.i-Kr3 J p'lr a*;!.;l\ ,.-i, \" 3i: ftlr;;r

.\-1,j1: tt\:i-:-i ;\r r= ;--KJ\ aiQj O (e)rt a. ;U,1\
rr*J\ ;'u,Jjr\ * i.jJ:? ffil + JU;'!\ oLhI\ oK til ).l2dJ-J,i--,( r-:-.r t
=i ----
a.t'la.pre r",.J.-3" lNAq,"irtE" o)a.qre ,,,\"aJ\
cl.;L\ Je
\:J\)

."6L".^i ,E*b"
,(*;* 11
;_-; j .J-.-- ,*J LI i-KJ\ j lL*;'lr oLkll oK \:l
=l

:--< KexeNKea ,"'iS ,V" a.ra.r,ra;lJtJ+; 1|,J.

,-tl Ic

-^i- -* ":\.e ;S= C

\il \ir:-: ,tj4 oY.-el\
e -dr-*:Il t-ef j -----.+' --:
,"-1i ;,*(\ ,!, r(tro -o L-a..A\ ;9r*J\ .)!UJ\rLr\) e+\ ' ai.a re7:le .*5

i-I,

ur:-5,5 (o; e: L ;-

."
aj" rqPAqe,".[rJ\ J!" enPcoue

rEIl
t)
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Reintges 2004,33-34. and Lanrh::: . -':l-

 -.:\ ,\.ajjl 4++lJl
^i*::Eil

t'ai3"4Jl .:!pJl
Phonological changes

Jrr;! o_e.a Jl '*i"' Q* 6l* Ct +rJt c.,!l.J\ € 4<-*3:.

r .C.r..a,--!-r-
,oc \ ix ll
:(Assimilation) aJdLIl (r)
€ p iD lt
JG',rr\q ,>r,A \i,ti- o6J;! .:,_:,,a J[i"\ Jp al:[l
'J-*l
'n.1)Kl\ ,Ui;LttJ.+J a..LJ\
"i,-6
ll --i-> rr-i Y ,A:A-
";_-JJ" ltt.ltluugte :u J)n er F -i
c-. )
.u Jlra,n (O rf cn cM) , t+\ g; N .:- ji
'.i .*") "+)\ilj JU"
.(--. \:1
^jp
:N,--i; ;i t:1;"L;\ "i$ 5J.;
-- C;-.- +l -?

-: :_ (9 jl C J)> )1r';o-
,i 1,r,r --) 3'aX -,r; ;t:'rS
a;L>! ;1:'r5

) erDre ,"-r).+3" (ca.xr

a;J\ ;p t X,i (r.r --) Jro-;- ;tr'tf ,i (r.r-.^.)
-l
TeerH tanXoerc ,(orv ---) gJ ri (rr,r -^,) Jy-)\s
"+o)LJ\" tlpla.ou-ruc,"-. J l,.U)"
etathesis) JEJ1 .-taJl (t)
)\ :V _t e? qb + :\ r J_#
l-rc L)
..4; u-; q.b iEJ\ -J-iJ\ ,".,J\ $;*" 3t-rt.l nxoelc,"c:^Jl *" t[ nui,"n(utr
-- i tL;u -\t
;irj\ YLJ ."r-J^Ul 97+" axl-l nnoploc

co'\TTt . C(l)tITI n*-+ I

2u\Tn. t(DrT
,Ci\r,*t ls;c gJ'"
.steindodf 1951, 2l -2t,i5uf r c,rr-:t g oF,ir
.Ibid, 31-35 ,olFt :tr-'\rj ot urjl
" Katamba 1989, 80; and Bakovi6 2007,335.
: '... 1q48.6,rs,;LJur ..1rJ," 'n walters 1972. 2.
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t ,f.f uf rar+ ^":.-UJt up;r.arJ\ lJ {-, h:

nca. treoX .f '!+ nca. eeol ,B Jp B Jl p- -,-

r .. ,-,,*
... .,. l

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I .1
"oa cl .> U r)!.a
JJ.) * -:-
!'r5r,-o f*+"
."-,.
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" tj+ ppiuue
.->.-- ttptuue .f 'P J.! P Jl bGs cyW :,-. ^ ', ' . -\
(a
. iJlr,

^-ii .tr d--i u -:; rtK \ilM J!N Ler>r+i:, 'J ,+l'*L
I
nexa.q ttuua.eurHc .(fi :\Y c-^") "7l_J r-2J)" lu,.rr--ruucr)e

.(rr ,tr e-") ".i*")\il JU" .u J)7.;*, -, (.0 .Y .r .l-

,q JIC ,-s,>;# -?
49\),o! ;1-rl5 .i
L-r^.,.J\ +) qexe 'x r-rr-- J+ ii \il q J! c e)> ):4
ar-a)l '* }.,i
."\!1" (rcxe L"J^".JI,"t) ecr;xe r"'r)g3" (ca.:tr
TeelH t-luoerc

:(Metathesis) OKJ\ .Jn\ (t)

)\ *r \r,c \-.) _.,
\ J.,6J (i-KJ \
;- : i5tJ
\ \ ..>F i\ ds-Ui &**: :, iKI\ -J-iJ \
,"--r]l J.j jr" Atrt-t

YLtL
",i.^LjJ\ AiljlJ ;U,-'!t
t UJLF CDflT cl (DTII r ,\:>\ C(DTfi rl C(DflT
..-, t))
-
|

neT
..t JJb
--, )t - i
?(DTIIJT ?(DIIT
S:. :

'o Steindorff 1951, 25 " Katamba 1989, 80; and Bakor;; l

Plumt-lv 1948, 6 ,;r ;;L Ju:r Jr,f r " 'n walters 1972, 2.
 _-r!\ J,^a.ijl .-
=r,.a.ri71!l

,),1 +- neoyxa.i "e;-*.-* celre-icXere g+-+X

I€ CI <- a. oYPOMe €l ."-.i" r-roo\erixooMe tr +-+ l-l

\ <- eoYMa. )' ;----;$ lo" gtcuc yi ccocr; c<-+0)

1
i <-- f.fe Oyf.f ."'t-o.-" co3cyioca cee
",-eW_;";;?raq-rr\ ta.e (-ra.-rg) -r
t +-+

j tr -rr-- i-iL;J (t) ."3o-r" cuocricoco 6eC

=
j->.-;-rJ
-:- -:.L IL IL:JI f
'-i
- ', .', S:, , gi\ :L-X\ '(:(Contracion) 6\o:)\ (r)
6 i-_i->*\ 3) ur.r-rpe:(a-Li,irl\
t, '(aiu(\ e
q\i) L, *L rn fE))\
j
-= -C .i*-*i a-::L) (uer- 'F
,)l j-j;."y! grF i.>i- -\
r-11;-_.>Jr +) (aoui [\.-b)
."6).:" (cr;lor.-r-r j?-\ a.qeNT <- a.qeNTT

q i*4 N .Jr> OiU,-'l ,.ejJ\O'" &'i\d\ coYa.r <- coYoYa.l

--,
,"(_5i) ^:>L" o;o.r.ar.rr ,^:.c a-*;- t-ltt-ru <- tlN-ruu
=-_.
)l-l.Te :tl j;.j,td Y,J,.;:" O11;9 Li 21SYTH <* xoYrrH
....:f f:jl TeTt{a.- <-- rerNNa.-

ar:.ri.s* d;,.^i\ nefr.ra.a.q +- nefua.a.a.q

,eyia. : ,f- .f o or.- oj.- -9

\i!oy c-,rJ\

rlj\ TeYqlH <- TeoY(DH

" Steindorff 1951.23-24

 c,WJ-U Qr+'Yl,,.)-rlt ;;lt

.P\!\ neYJ(a,l <- neoYxa.l :4 !

-,r'

E', fl ).YP(l)Me el <- a. oYPoMe el

-r-i
JK,.ll eYMa. <- eoYMa,

-f.>o,'fK NCYN <- Ne oYN

:t-ti-iLter ).LJlli p;1\j r.r o9 {i',! (i)

_.; -.. =i ll -9-.- ;jtbl a,-J:+J\ ;.++Xl .3 \L CHI ir"
i)T . (-*, ..) r-l 'J.(u-tt '5_I\ .-,,',S:,,c*Jt :L.-lJt
-^:_?= j) ufir-."-\-^\-iu" (ueepe L"J^-.-J\ g) lautpe :(qJ,;:-J1
("=-(
-,__-C
toMNT ,(vr -.o r.L;\ r;>raJ\ ,U*'Jt dp"J<rJ f
i2.j"j ;sr[) (uer-
L-r^.,.J\ f ) caourl-r ," soV" (eou-r L-J^ -"Jl *) (eor.at [U-b)
."a^:),\.!" (qOUf ,
Y,J
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,\L;ulL gUrs-, Lr:-p L& T-: Jto: N urr>;iU-'J

M el* ,gr\.r" Jt' '-
*;* 3.j,- ,f 3\i Llr
LY)UY ;sJy r"(t']") a:)[" cgo.uN'r t;c;G I r. l-i

t*."(e;jr) 4:)l-:" glor.l.Te :N, qr;*?a-J-

i *1a: Y "[a;
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frJ

ar--at \_))a a>a Ic--1

:C;\ ). ' :
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rlj\ T€1

o' o'
Satzinger 2002,227 .
Steindorff 1951. 23-24
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J.^,'Jl+U;; oLKJI

Greek loan words

ilU ,U .rqJ\ oU-U\ J, ;r\,:*"'i\ ,llJJ $l o\,X\ p

+^;Gs.+U\ dl .r .)LKJI ;,,r.u(t .)r\-d--\ JiIt a+.iJl
".'/. L,Jt..4 i^.L;.t\ iJJ\ J +u;\ C,LKJ\

JJr \r .dJLl\ r.;\ j:- i_r\:'!\ t;JJ\ ..J tru\ a;lJI c.;K
!.a. a-*V tL-)J.K-'i\ qr" * u-!'rt, ,{i-U\jLi U*:-e

,tiJ'!tuJ c;Kr,C.JJJ\uXi + ai\-al\;.J t' +u;f a;.tJ\c.;K;

&) k*f-y L-.KJI 'UI;;*" \.64;;u.*o- JK Cl 4J! (4--u1\

.(-*-.".-Lti L!'
oi}Jr,JI+U\c,LKJtJr. g c,-,.cL J, -* _-. -.-', _r
' cJ- c-,\r;:,I \ t,1ri .crt"r.^Il,LJ \ a/ dp$ I .:r;| f
1U; Ji
.;.;i
S Lydl J:") +[,]\ r+A\ e-b C r^o-. c..J*;: GJ\ ;-r.-rl\
" -;i6,"r\L).:r*:r
-"tLi\ g L:i _*oJ .UL,]t c,LKJtrEij\ ;W.-,-r-eL ({;UrJ
&j2.i !\ J!LI\ * L.i.i ,j<J ,+.iJ! {.lL;t sus GJI
'',+'r,rJl c-,LKJl i:+<-: to I -. - r -!r
.-.bns 4,Jz--d\

. ;->J j J\j4irJ\ -r.r, e".3-r-

*-; F*s,iJ-iJ\ ,fA\
:+U\ 4iIJ\ Je ;)F'U\ c;l*K}\
aJL ,=3 +U;\ ,L*"it a^LJ\ a;JJ\ oi;i riy i,L*i
fuapruE) Ma.prypoc :Ji ;;:\, o\"L:;\ -r-.JJ) \a\i JrUl
'o Kasser 1991b,216-217 .

o'lbid,2li .
 oWJ-Jb qr+trl,;r'It ;;it

L ,l";; o;+ ,:JUu ! ,("r-n.x ,rA\-x" :-

-Y\ o;+
\-,,-c
"t-i'rt
ttU lU (c J.a.>" co)Mr,i.^LiJ\ .^---.i 6Jl
a(
noXtc 4r-iJl g
U(l)Ma,|4b.a)1 a;.IJ\ d ;;S-'*
0rr. s.{ru.rl e;Jl ;"q\^I\
o+\r!rl
r--;. :tl -
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tU- $\ ,p-1" QrpeoBitrepoq) rPecBYrePoc
iilJ!.U o;r>.- J-r- J' J

^"rr) .re
";=-l"
r ,!r
rptoBuq ai;\O, ajrUll ;;-r €:"(o;r;4J
aa q-itfr; cL. = :i- tJ-

-ri.e"
."
fu\" nxa.Na. r" BrnrEe :JLit

xa-\oc ."_+ri" a.[loc ."dLo" a.raooc :ol..q"a

't}*">
s' . zlr
. ,'i) \ na.Pa. (..!&+ )) KATI :-F e)-?

." ):4-" Tor€ r"V--,--" Ka,xtl)c,* r-b

a.).\a. ,")L,,J" MHno)c .'ji" , ,"y" a.e 't^,, cr!-:i dJl Jl +u;' .:,*( _-o. =r
o\-r,u*I\ U.li ..:._ - .
-
,j.^r ,K .:i oLKJI jAa44 6J .W1rfu\ t*s a-r"*;J\ $") +;; _.*

JIU\j !-ai _--.-.+-_* j--

! -\l -l . :
v..zr --
r\! v--- :.- -+ _=
']:i;Lf \crLKJla:74

'UU.l\
.tLijJ\ .3 \+^.*;-\: fus,iJ-iJl,tpA\

ilL + +L;l ,\*-1

fu&pru;) Ma.prypoc i:

oo
Kasser 1991b,216-211 .

ou
Rcintges 20O4,40-43; and Layton 2000 -1 -1 --1+. ou
rbid,217 .

r1
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S -t) \;p !1!\ (r) ,if,-:\t, iL-Il ;p lIIt (r)

Lpilt-rC :K = I- -i (5ru7r\rcr)al\oHKH;i,rra.oyru :J=l:H=€l -i
(' -.,:: ) rpa.QH;i rpa.Qu yi enetoyr.lcla, r"{5,..5" (luoLu) oycl}. ,i eecta. "-*i!

L€ :T = l. -(J ,i nHpa.ze ,";j4)" (ittlultLu) enloyMla. yi enyeyura.

r6.l)c ,\ napu.ercoc lrexH 7i a.reXer 0".3.1" Qre tp&(a) nelpa.ze ri nrpa.ze

\llllOC -\ XPHCTIa,NOC

a.t rrb-\ol t - \ CKa.NAa.XoN ,";\-t*.:" (Sutpau) a.a,ruorlriAeMoN :€ : ).1 -?

:RlT}.Ze :C = Z g ."0!l 6--,r,, L^i" (2ru) a.rr(e)ryierr

3epuHr.reye ri tePMeNeYe : I = e -e:H

n (6dr) -lFi (Y)J"qu) eexl.HN ;i 3exxeu i'* ,i;" (Lp1tr1ue[o;)
+" (rfiapa) Klea.p). ,i a.crr-ruc ,";l' (&eroq) a.eroc ,i a.rroc ,"u[],,"
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."lrE" (bnqpbnE)

a -.-* *ir,--ti= (r) yi remxncra. :L;)l &rt)\) e ;p J-l!l -:

{r ."_- i J(.i" (Tappe tu) )L*U ,-::r.: ;\-ri 'r) "i*;KJ\" (trcrc),r1oLa) TKKxHCra.
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( - cr po tpla) na.ppolMla.
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i'r\." (6trcaia;6) ltrecuc:i rrreoc :(D : o -o

,? --)-? 6\Su"-\ (i)
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." ;,7s-" (o rcdu 6 a Aolu ) cra.ura.\ot t ;i cra.nl.uoN
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yi -remxucra.
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' ); - - oo = n poryyoitlteuoq)
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C\ c,LKJl 5.*J
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"r4r3" (ilyrcq) t\rloc ,j\,r ,;+ i*; crLK -?

,"7r.*\" (L\\opds) eeBAoMa.c ,(a.noc L-r^^l\ :1)
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a.N\Nra.c :i.^tJl ;,JJ\ + ? e-i i*i '! \1,\i. 4JUl
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l' 61 t-+ ra" (' A p p a y ed 6rz ) a.pua.re.a(Dt.l c " \:..ai;

('P;.1ttrtoq) epoM\loc ,p e-# i'r-; c,LK -C

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t,,';:V" (f1y oit 11€ vo e* n p6 : n pony oit peu o q)

,"v-r"('rosauun) icoga.twuc ,lS;lt * oLKJ\

."i<*" (y ( e uu a) re3er'rua' ri KeteNNa'

i;JJ\+ j\,r ---,.: - ;r =-_

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('Paputoq) tpo)Lra.lr\- - -
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Abbreviations

L j oLKJt .-j
_----"_.Jt
J(i Ll^iJl oi}lt 3 ,u== ^*U(Jr "L-Nt; .>t*Kjr ,a4
-c ) ;- j\ <'-lJl ,.+"F g er+ "{--,.iI\ oL-"rl" - ,L-'ii Or a-c,^"Jl .i,6
.,LjJ 9a:a
->-- "
-J;" i.K Ji "
a;;.*\" g:L) k r i-a;i +t ; c.ar oL*E3l .-i,b ji-ir i(Nomina Sacra)
--- ,af ,*3l aJLJIIUJI ,(rt --, {"aYl all jJ\

-J -..c-J\ .-r.r gi L[ C ,^dillJfuJl &KJrJtuJl d-ll

'n'(rtvv) Westendorf
l.a.^ a.a.YelJ. :71->

'+; ) ;r4'lf ,.+;+Jf -\ 6ltrHM-, erHl.t olepoyca.).HM

\.
l:
,J
I

._*o"rltj 6G;Jr (r2repoyca.).uu)

rrx) "=*lr ;rLKJl :J\:, tc, tHC IHCOYC ?

lt -:S'lJ
t7 *-s'
. jj (ra.ragu tt{x
_i -.;5 rcpa.u). Lrl 4l

(Y-l .- K).\a.tH <- K0)K

KC KYPIe
-.t !
- ;___
-- - , -u
- a i^-z-il\ r .
_(
..r-*"1/l nNa. nNeYMa. 7 qt

J--+- J\.{,fuft3(or-, nHta.'nr.oc nNeYMa.TlKOC

Qvs;'€s-t
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: Cf-ln,*5 -.C .:e,i :J\:. cToc

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q)\
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xPHCTOC
dl-'

LL
 rri.Jr, ir4!1'3-rlt..,1-";lt

4$iJl .r+rpl plG*,l

How to use Coptic dictionarie -. -,-!-:

\.-L- a.stJ\ l+lj- ?--4;+.ijl er*"F\ j otKJ\ -:j

i.K;,c d-..o.; L-uc ,JUl\ -[:*- ]) +Jt a,J.ll e"*"F ,] Or4 :

' '(At1";.,\-o J l*<ie c";"as'i" i*;i "1'o'-\" 1--:e

--

.gr*"!rJ \ i ; 1 L. ; \ I .:LKJ t
;.c e-J I ^+) g.i aJUJ\ -tUjJ \

o"yis (rlrl) Crum .r.J,U ,"1 ,iH -rc\Jdl ,"rs ;i L[ C Ja:il.lJg --S.
',(trvv) Westendorf \ > \'--i I

rA a.-!) &U\ (tt -,, tr+'r\ 5.!) gr+Vt -a}t -\ erxHM-, e{HM Slilt-\'i

er.yFJli fi**3\ l. -r-n'F-1-.t.

. r ."! -

cKB). cKCD(DC cKpoQ cK0) IKO)K) UUJ\ oLKJI ,J\:" tc, tHC

<- KBa. <- ro) :4*LJ\ (raraZn xrx rcp:.'if,

"ry!d\+ JUK.-5j
.(rcucuc <- Kpog <- ra.XagH <- Ko)K KC K\?:i
\il) ai].,J\ ;.?+X\ j oL-6J\ J" ry 4E.;J\ er*-.FJ\ -r mt),
.qgi'J\o\-=+lJl,i Q.K.:,Jd i (o:; ntta.-nroc nlin-\1"r.}

.;E-LJ\ .:,}l J:".-fH i-Slt ql+ g 4"dL\ ,:y""Jl -Y nna.'roQopoc nlii\.-ll,}.

.(D seJ> c-..4 (l)n i.K cToc

-D- cTr.'?]
d,).o(.:.-,;:J\:"
-D-
CTOY rie\?1.
+'U , J:)\,i-b 5 ;..U oyr el qyr,\ u:)\
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XpH'Jir)r

o'Peust
1999, 66-67.
i 'J.!lJ.4.ijl Ai*.r.alla+.6-Ul

Crum,_rur\3
;p e.2i ,t*t,(Y *- T) * "J"+" T&y i.( ;c e.e,-^: :J\:.
IOYN .(e *-- u) j ":-.^!" uoya;-.K
tHHNe
..lr'i\ lesr Ji\a.(i r{,-yJt ejLr oy}\ -o
uNe
jp: .(p <- c <- K) * "if 'zoyp i.K;.c e..-d :J\:-,

i "Li" fue i5
.(r.r .- T)
+^l\ +l\ ,,.!*..leiJ\
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: - *-i;-.^:=-'J\ .-*11;11 .-
:oL*KJ\ t+j,: )*E W"rt.ndorfy Crum Lr,^U

-+ ;-+\.rUK.lt-^5j -\ u-,J,U L;- ce JfS ,"i3\l alr:Jl;*:n Crum .ry^U

rx) r'\ ;rLKJ\ ,J\.:-" .i:_9>r"" \,or+,-l 'i Westendorf
=
j.YJ--5 -^i; (ra.Ia.Zu yr .=*.r
k JUJK ;rLKJ\ v:sr pr.o1 Crum .r-:,G -
- K(L) <- KPO9 +- KBa.
,d -( -.r (t) ,(-dr--:" a)-:6,:<=L-\-: 9*) afr..Lt
? ----1:rl*Kl\ .--",j -l o-JrU p4 t* .f - u" - .r- (r) .l - .r - I - .r,(t)
,afrx.tt Wsr ?--4 JU.IK otKJl u;1 Westendorf
.qJl - t -l - d" (t),,..r"-l - ir (r),f - u. - u" (r),.r" - r. (r)

r--. et- '>o:-Il

.r J
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-:'. t-r\'.-.JJYJ -!\ ,'lU -l\ -L ';1.-."UJ\

r: _--.-i-. +! g t*j t+<! tHHNe - ta.lr - ?Ne - 8oyr.r - 2N

:r) --'.-- +U t-r#\ -o Westendorf sr_rr\! Crum g,"J"\;

)1? ;*5 ',c eo'; :J\:, zN trN

_t _,_- i "L-;p" tue eNe el'r

L\
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Westendorf
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?}.N I ?oyN

eHHNe I eHHue

toYN I tne

'
a:,rl \ +.rJ \ r^.y!,"J \

,J Li q..;-'lt u^o"\:;J\ ;e
dr..rtU i5ulr Vsr -.-*1(**ic,uKl\ ij -\

cKBb. cKOXDC (KPoq rK(D cK(DK) Al\rJ\ crLKJ\ ,JU-"

<- ra.).a.gH) :;.-tiJ\ .-r*"b;Jt ..i ,JLJK jj (ra.xaqH

.(rcocuc <- K(DK <- Ko) <- Kpoq <-- KB\

e."=UJ\
6U.+
jLlU.r.L-r^-.--ll 4+4X\ \--.1oLKJ\ ..-5j -r
[*) aiJ'*.J\ i-Ktl g;al\ J"UII er J! o\".'r\ P A
.UI
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a-5 ;,cy cz ot-./ "f E" zovP uK ;c e..*"; :J\:,

t -:r .i "L;" fMe

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l: \ouns :Jr" a^t.JI c,LKJ\ L: Q\ c-i*b) 6\"r;u-..1\ ;r.*f oL(li)

f-,o'i 4.+j-)\.J^*"!*J\ L+ ,tn("C_rr" nl{eyMb. o"J=J" a.XXa.

, --:i-: f ;; i.Kro .{.jU;\c,LKl\

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CJJ

. .---=.-r d\+,uj)t --;r:

rere nouns) .:li "L*i (r)
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Chapter 2: Nouns

... i-\> ,\ 6 ,\ uK"ri,dri F C -e i.K9 -'J\

CJ!

"',;p; Jt ;,L, -J\ ilJ\ g ,L-'Jt -*;s

,-li "r*\\ f -,+; d; (concrete nouns) ol: ,L-i (r)

o',lj:L
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Tooy,"J=.)" pcoMe :"):" (common nouns) a-.\c ,L*-i-

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ruue) {rr\ri+ J=Uiri ,\ yi ,("1-e,J*," aeeXzeuoytr

(" ; -rr'J " lop.Aa.NH c, " L, -,.K-\ " pa.Kore r"
-,:+, s\,
l \
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(possessed nouns)(;L;.lr \{l'|"os'L-i) rfrtr,U-i -

rLr\) L"r^&l\ o!\l1 le d-f ,U-i ,J, (t.r -, ,J;:\)

'oLayton 2000,76. See also: Bussmann 1996, 815

" Trask 1993, 54.

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v6)

f:- el(l) ;ui 7rw

\rd}-. Ka,X(l)noy ;tP,-. e"K I Gr) *-.5
i --> MOYI

f:- MePIT L* luye

}. ;)-\-. ca.elN ,.*"! /,, l,L
Teg)e orl> / r\>

a.-\rc r1-rerua.grop,a-I:,i tMer}.

n(t)o)c eTN).NoYq ,(rt ,rr;J) ePcgrpe tu/vtr
D eqllH\' ... uQnco-r,(tr ,t.;g) xoclc L.; ,;+ I u.: rr*.
.( rr,\. ;2) " u. r&1... Lr\,
6.POOMne (cpilF) i"w

rtexa.c ttot ua.pta. :te elc eHHTc a.r.ri er.aga.}. ,all"i

Ne rrpa.N a.e r(rl ,r;J) "--]\ i"iUifrro ,3-;,o cJG" l-lnxoerc

.(r. :r,r;c) "r*i-L +J\fIoK," Mn3Mtb.\ ne Ma.xxoc

 ,t*"Jt 3ull J,a.i]l
:
;- --

(n-)carue a5ri"r5:" (r.r-)2ooyr i.Kl.{ri..f s 'L*"r\ .i. q-c-U4 ) (-_.=- ,

na.gr..rga.X tr3ooyr ur.r r.ragr.aga.X trcarrae:l.(r*+ "r1"r-,.:J ",jji" t'-
v ;i.Il e-*l
.(t,r ,r
A) "+tl, t'r".r"

.s-:*. S oJ (o!"I\yi ;[)\ ,f ,,y" 6J\) ,t*-Yl

.;n axoY

u*+tdFrH\ p *)\ +.r4t ,t *\sLy ua.(a.)r rne

e*,'rl d*Il .t*lt CPHY

at(l)M Jr ,)*
Ba.g)oP L-4$ LIJ ra.),cuno1'

pa.a.p(e), pa.lpe *)-,o ti> MOYI

oY(l)No) sii f:- rrePlT

(r)(Dc ,J! ,-\-o caelrr

Teg)c

"(;r:14r .si) .-U',tr \iA Uy" a..:rtc t'ttetea.clop :alui tMtrx

"dU\ fUtr^ \:i" a.Nor ne ng)coc erNa.Noyq,(rs,tr;J) ePrDrpe

:^jJ\ .9;" o)a.qNa.y enoyoNo) eqNHy ... uQncor,(tt '1.;c) xoelc

.( tr,t. j2) " u. r&1... L-rU 6POOMne

LbL*" -,4L4 'J; .as;.. yi -a. r it'

jLqj-r -\9- ,Lsll nexa,c r.rot ua.pra. J.e d:,r
,rr Jzrr ;

:\a.*;.-r)Et Ne nPa.N J.e c(rrr "- - :

:t-*)
.(t. :rl;) " uA.i --:! -
j _..a-ijl 4tr*.4J1;++!l

j
rjl d$Il
tber eP(l)Te ,
.tY{J

, ;-5 +.r"Jl L",^.fliiIJI* M}.KOT fuat

lr

i= -- ;ii( i""tJl cru-ll\ Ji) cop(e)T c9va

*, S;r,^a
'>L;."4^tiJl ca(l) *rb
-,
-: -i-; -.-11 ;,r- Ui .(rr -.,
!JJ
gll-ra.u, g)el,TeM, g)).Xra.M Jr:;
': ,.-----' d\ + ,U-\f ;a*,
qttr, tleN-r i:y:
:--:;:-i irl*KJ\ jb4 ,:+))
^,
?HBE orP
,'^-:-j ; :-,\--SJ\ .iA J jdSJ\
2o(e)rre
-=* a-ba lUl ,l.r.}l
ePe r\,1

4+*Xl * l{--+ i,il4 'L-'rt C/ \-r+ J$ r-rc -r-y, :d;r-L

,iJr ,lJl
r-Xl J4l ;JJrr.4Jl ;J"f.Jl
noi (Qor) ,rr-i-" c6;r dJ-at J)r"
xeNerr(DP
C?-
I .-
t;ut-, q-ta
f:*
(rreueQcop)
 ,u*,i'rt ,gu]l J.o;Jr

:.uJl

Number

-:J\ c-* tt' )-t'.t\ tl "Uj'it e.:K +*r;Jt ".-ya.\.\ i;.IJI g l-ld.KtlT

ilJ\ * ,F:.6:..,Ci ,:r; :(;.--J\ aJJK +tJ\ c,tl.l\ p)

,b\) ,.rtKJl ,* J"E .:-rc + 4s 6:Il ;,-..a &L ;:l^JJl

Jp JLJLJ.c,LKJ\ ,,Jri y &-L * C\ ;rr.oV\.(rr-., cglta.u. cr;e\ril l. t-^-J..:-r

te|\ f ,rd\ ,, W:-r *,:s 'i a:L^iJ\ ilJ\ .;j ,L*'r\ **, qlt'r. qeri-n
OiiU-Y- 4 ,:ds,a,.l\ ;rr-a, sJEi:-\ crLKJ\ ,-fu ,Fs
"t.L1ri \
CJ Je ,1..:U
:-aI\ ;rr.- f
r*-i ri .:LKJ \,16 J, iS<J \

?o(e)rre
,elt * V:y F.rJ\ oLKJ\ p .".-1JUJ\&+\

ddl a*+l )Fl

I
t-f ') a.IIHYe a,re

;LK,,-i B€KHYC BCKE

--r\ elore EI(DT

,L- nHYe TC

i\ CNHY CON
noi (Qor)
-t
ol
t
celMe
-.1 ?loMe

9'U.3*t tBHYe e(DB

**r,pl\
L --- L .
;Jr,ro ,.*2{.A
lr-- a..L!\ ,5.iJ\ ,.r.n t} ,L*l'r\ .i^
.;*.,/laxlJJ\er*"Fl+ C, ;y.o,;V &-, rri N iJr.>

u'
steindorff 1951,67

^O
i; -.=ll i i i+.i,Ul
='

+ iJ;\ "L-'!t
1i;j'i +\j;l ,t*l'it
+ (l)Ne ;A -ooYe i -H tQiJ\Jl-r.;-\

;l + A.M€
d*Il r-j't .:rill
i)+ 6.Me
rpa.Qooye rPa.0H
]+ BEKC
dJt, enlcroxooye eflrcroxH

aJ'*' fyxooye Yyxn

,.:r,_.) jrG.aJ\ (*
et';ieeY(e) Jle Jr".:: o";-J.^;jt
,L-'it- jYr ,.p r4i
^+\ 5:-
{€eY <- 6Me Formation of plural of Coptic nouns

i.e€\'e .(- BeKe ,;rSut,t*-"it (r)

rc€-l'(€) <- ?a.TP6
:coo{ J!o l_ea:1 to c-or1"re:ll oU..J! ,Lj'rt -i
le t. ca.aey <- ca.Be
.r! pcooy <- po
lei. al\ey <- BL),e
'€ &lU, KpcDoy <-- Kpo
)- ?).eY <- etc
&" o)TeK(DoY <- (l)TeKo
ee\'(e ) +- 6a.xe
.l) elePOoY +- elePo

dL PpooV +* Ppo
* tr:--'- t'*til
a<]/ r"u.r-rppcuoy <- r-rN-rppo
_--& :--x,Il i,.}l }a;, ,oi t-sr1;a$ll oLLJ\ ,p,1:+LrzJ-
I J!o Q* Jr*+ co
' '=).(a. .- H rL;l o <- (l)
# 2xxoi +- tx\o
€ eoYPrr
?)f o)MMol +- q9r-lr-lo
] eoYlT
u'Ibid.. 67-7 I .
 ,t*,'it 'iUJl J,.aiJl !-r-L3

,ny(e) Ji e l;a-:l ce csrla#;J.\ ,U*'it

A* e+
cUil -:!
-!.L
4\*i o)NHY <- o)Ne ,(ri --r, .- --: r :
a-il-,
-
Fl.
Y,J
a.MHy(e) <- a.Me

+u-4 ouuy(e) <- 6.Me

.=\ BeKHYe <- BCKE

ce t-t A i-.a:l\ ([\"=i

"L-"!t ,f.::) oU.oJ\ g

'eyyieey(e) Jle &e,:r 4,-2-.L r*-

q)u-{ 6'MeeY <- 6Me Fomlill..:. ,: :---,

F\ BeKe€Ye <- BeKe

z i'. .al.j ?b.TPeeY(e) <- ua.TPe :coo{ J!o lr.a:-; .o ; i i-+

ca.BeeY(e), c).BeY <- ca,Be
.:! Pr;-.tt-r'
elxeey(e), alLey <- sl),e I lr Kftl\-tf'
ta.eeY(e), ea.eY <- ere
eP ti)-lc-Ktl\.-
oa.\eey(e) <- 6)}e
-t) €iiP\.1\r\

eu, pSlr:i-
,LJ -!_r-* t-t >- +i>-^s;T e-ft q*::ff ,L-\t a<lr t tttf-P>,]f
r}. <- t) J,6 -!r-* -r J! ,j,-ru\ ifd.I\ .;,}t l;c.: :oi Jlo Qj |-n .o -, i ;-
,tla-,J\ O e.rr J\^bt,(a. <- u ca.yio +* ct)
2l\t-'l
d,JL toYPrre <- toYPlr
?-F cgtlttt-u
Jri toYa.Te <- eoYlr
u'Ibid.,
67-71.
 -..aiJl
^i,i*.aJl ++lJl

,-->:J.))>) rKrltf+U t-
>LJ e(DoTe <_- e(l)(l)T
rll <- 6(l)M Jlb ea.xa.Te <- 3&\HT
€P <- 0)BHP l-9c ePa.Te ePHT

iePrDo)B <- 6eP(DB PeMA.Te PCMHT

lc <- o)(Dc a-, \ etoTe +- er(l)T

.,9
; r*)l \1r '.ri iLr^:l
1 r
-r.>.-j -l
!JLJ Pa.Te <- P(Dr
--
tr
-'> -+ Y J.- zuL,bl"lr} ',1!rut->'iL
D <- a.Na.g :!- 6ePa.6e +- 6'ePH6.

? <- xNa'e ,-/!i a.BooKe <- a.B0)K

|? <- oYTa.8

?<-?? !),e+l.,,-F Jr\r;+ Q* .)*+ ";J'Jt.ra,,

,-;Gl^)s &)L J! J"*AI JF\ .+t l,,-i,
::'; rL-i -) cN(D(l)q cNoq
1-

t' CON oJ+ 6P(l)(D6 6.PO6

t' <_ J(oi (J"U ?B(l)(t)C tBoc

ql
<_ NOYTes4 oUa> eT(D(l)P 3TO-
(- tue iS a.e(l)cDP reos4

€ <_ e(l)B ir-. c(l)(l)n <- con

)P <_ OYEOP

<_ KA.C

? +- r.-lra.2
{<!,(Steindorff 1951,22,c:!).iL,nl;jLjl!, L;.jri>-::::rjr;t jr+L-i.J}:iroUKJr
"u"
C, r_.r- J,*!

1(
 '-!r ,i'.:J1 ,.!-r.c3l
---

,$eS.- $-,! -!r,-, Jr) [\.-! l-

"-<,.tt
i.a-r.-,.1\:.+ 6ooM +- 6(DM JI'

Gir-a O)B€GP <_ o)BHP l-90

t4e 6CPOOB,6eP(D(l)B <- 6eP(l)B !.: i;"a.:r

#} ! (rooc <-_ (r)(r)c '-'l

,f F: Jr,r r;: q*i .),4 jljt 'r---)t ,,, Lii o., -1

qJLJ

:). u-!r.- r+ Y.:_,,- a;La!e-rl

.i
F^^9 a.N),YCl) a.Na.0) -:!.- rjieP).6 tl

v-1. t,) xNa.Yt xNa.e .:!e ).Br-{Ki

0 r+) oYTrYt <- oYTa.t

+ cNa.Ye <- ??

I
:;!\-i,
'L-\ -) CIi!L\.L\j.
1-

a CNHY <- CON ;;+ (>ftrrr.i\''

/
qj_r-o cCl;-" exHY +- xoi ,.J'U ?B[\-l\-
iJ! r.rrup <- NOYTes4 Jta"- ?Ti't1)7
4JJ TMC <- tue ,o }.|.\:tP
l-
t'l''r- eBHYe <-_ e(l)B o .-a c[\l\n

-J' oYtooP <- OYIOP

<-
f KCCC KA.C

r'lroo3 <- l-lra.3

ci "(lr,{Sreindorfi
I 95 l. 22,p'_ ).--,
;j -.,4ijl :.-
='.d'\+#l

)'e <_ TPYOH

+ a.qoYl. a.BoYl +- a.q
DYe <_ nPoBoxH
JLF eooy(e),6(l)oy +- er0)

:;i;LK :ajijl\"LjY\ (r)

le +- oyNoy :-ooJ€ L\.1\6lr..:':-"! _\

ie <- POMn€
:A c-$ aa$ll\ ,L-"it
rl <-
v *U tBCOOYc tBCo)
t-
.rKj r"* cBooY€ <- CBCI)
'^-I\ v't
L'
tLi*." r.-lpooye +- llPcu
r'€
(- cnlP
- l.
,F rt)
r

Pcooye +- Pcru
'€ +- J(Oelc
Le !,'!4r-Jl 49l> a.xooye <- a.x(l)
\'€ <- MOOY

g
i+- ,\ri:-"L :H tsrl A:*;;II ,t*'it
a.ne
i*"; pt{etOOye <-- pr.aern

+- II€ r-r!x3,L\: rBnooye +- TBNH

+ ePe e"-b ttooye <- tlH

._
_ -(\ Jan tuu) rPa.oooye +- rPa.oH
,^-I\
L'
.,
V.J KJ 4JL-. erncToLooYc <- CNICTOXH

Pne .J *' fyxooye <- YYxH

 ,U-'1t i:
'iullJ."ajJl ='
-

e.-
p&, TPY0ooYe +- TPYOH 1
:-.- - \-"- LA
-
.!U+i\ nPoBol,ooYe +- rrPoBo\H -a-\- i ;.-
JLF --

,c;i c,LK

4-g L- oYNOOYe <- oYNOY a-rar\-i

{:4 PMnOOY€ <- POMne

f ':*il"\-'
ll
v , \--l
-ooye ;i\<.rJ\ t,iiUI.i\.aj rt'Ut crLKJ\
l-
,^-I\
L.
'r.lJ
V.J
r.* C3.\r\

,Lt " r i3.1.,,

rl^b t,*^:>
(_
crlPooYe (- cI]lP
, t. r
o)*b> \\) 7,:.\'l1
LJ,6-\-" xlcooYe <- xoelc
L* i 'Jl q;* L\,-\r\
,L. MOYeIOOYe (- MOOY

l- ..
:ecsr1{$l\ "t*"itC -!rye L\4:J\ j\*;u-.L
ir": Pl'til,nrri
.r-! a.nHYe +- ).IIe

nHYe ,'tl*.,L\: TB iit\trvt

,L* <- I]e
-t
{5 I lt-r i')'rJ
r\,1 EPHYC <- ePe
:;-rcLJ\ -.-i.- ---a
r-

-Hye 4?W\ ti,ri tAt.-btbi rt'ut c,LKJ\ ,.;n tu\5 rP).O(\lf'

,J\
L'
'r.(rl
t)'r 4JL-. efllCTLr.'\Lr\-

5+ PnHYe <- Pne .r'rJ flxtxtl't

 -:lt
-,,.'.d1 a==dJl

\'3 I'l0ilrIS
J" eBHYe <-- e(r)B

j - '*)r(t, Jt' 4eJ-+ t'

---- :;rL;
.:-Jr: ,., ;.:g f y k5]: 'L*i L

5 ,--r I .i :;I\
;-;^i u.- .^^.Ir ,Y'J i.'i> ec9aY <-- e(l)(r)
L' J

Ce€ne . iiro" nOXIC .".-..j," ;;b et(l)OYe +- er(l)

oc €Bo\ 2N Neynoue,a,Jj-"i
;1"\ SloMe <- (c)3rure

. ) ";s'G; j/ q,; d:E*

" erc(DTM NeYX(D [prOC ooi-"-t..,ej\
aijjl :-i l>jI\
-> U\n

i-ro1' pexnlc MMa.y,(sr :rt ;1) Remnants of dual

:: i ,) "^.tr rL,'j
.J
."jjl ,'"!U\
V_ j g'b \.(5! i6:I\ ;rr-a J a:t-iJ\ a.i1J\ g *+, ,L*lt ,r;o
) "\-(5 {irl\ .:.*.:--\" .U* ;'u ;i \j-,[, :;rt
.(rr ,n;;),,0;U\
cNa.y ,"a),-r"cnoroy ,";;3n" [a.eoy
';rSi "L-i
6xcor -:r;I! o\o(o)Te ("gat" More r"is-o" cMa.yl,"g\-:j\"
."1.K"

oYepHre ,"6[::o" o)Hl' r"g\:r-il" ct.t-re ,c-,;, ,L-i

'"r$"

u'Steindoff 1951,71.
 ; i jr I a.ill
-l; Y9
- :'-

*t-\ t^ -
i.:)'i
Collective nouns
"P

0Jl,e

e+\ g;i -:;I\

\a.OC ("rj^-- ,r-^+ ' MHHgte :j't.KJ\ ,i,6 LU.riJ,.
.",i!" ceene,"ib-Lo" no\lc,"-^J" ;;b t I *r,r\-€

ol -!l } t-J--
g;rJ\" netna.Toyxo fineqxa.oc eBox AN NeyNoBe :i.Itt
nMHHg)e era.eepa.Tq ,(tt ,t !) "gu!; d/ 4.,.x dir*
::-j^
".rrr"i lrK p" +;n\ -a;!\ e+\" ercorM NeYxo rlploc
_. ' :L-

R::.:.-.--
Jio" ttee ranreceene e-re uttroy eel'nlc r.-il.la.y,(tr ,ti;g)
Tnoxlc rHpe a.yccuoye,(tr,t.ru \) "J,E,'J g,it &!!\ i i'U \.(SJ iui* :-..-; =1 j-.=-
crl*" nKeceenc a,yMoy ((tt 'rr i) "\.(5 ilJ.I\ .;,-:-\"
CNAY ,"5.l.-1" cnoro\' . i >;g
o.\cor )JiI! 6\0(o )re ."-,f

oYePHTe ,";L:o" (gHT ."-:

" steindodf 1951,71.

 .' ^:lr
iJ+rill++lJl

I . a-a-r
d,rl a_.jl-,:_
\r-\- + States of the noun

-f ,(3-;i) .r-. iX 4Ja+.;]\airlj r-'i\

,'rl.\ i,Lr
J, C\ ; ;1 :(aral\ri il"KJ\ri; iiU,tr i:A\ (r)
J)?- ,-F- "J\
,rt*-'rl ."tei Ur -r- j ; rrJl io; r"!-6:-^., $:r a;
L- fY\ C, o

j}:\) ;it;)\ .-!ri 6tr;u--L k!* ri ,*.! ;rrdl "i,6 .-lLljr

€\-,
."f" po,J$ r(r'r*, ai\.;Y\

-rt4 y' r-\ Jl CU, Cl ;rr-)\ 3- ,iSrlt ;rr-)\ (r)

'J\:,
i(-) $* (, g".ytylt + ; LJI ,ia n;1,;\:i,.Dr, \.b-\-,
ilul a-i\*r)\,)!l) a3t-)t 3 qtr ; ,_rJt ,-i,.
l1*-*i ."f " pfr-
.(r.r _,,

,.__ri-*ajl crUQJ\
!l ; ,J\ €) :\r,*)l ; ,rJl (r)
qi G-.f

;1j, ,cltUtog c,UEl\ "*r;a,:; ,(trt -- L-r.-Jl cr!fa.,J\r.bf )

'L-) t *-r; . &-" (r._.*" l_:"J f 3 ;,rJ I io
"' (, ) aI5 \- i-. y .:r-.
"

(rt-tt ,t*'Jtr.Lil) "at .J\ ,\*-'!1" g*! i-1"; ;,.., rJ

;t
."d-i" p(Lrq,"C" pcDz :Jb. r(t.r _-
ou.
)^;; ;AL) ;,r-U ;*L.iJl a;JJ\ g,t--\i g,-
cr,;SiU,t\ ,u-'it p
o^:;;-e.o
€t JuJ\&rll

uu
Layton 200'7, 5l
.!lv i .U-\r (-*l "
'L- -tyo:o j+"-L ;,r
tL:- tI _;::1,; r,*;,r;aa SrUf t "f*"rt1;1 p *
 ,'-'j', ,JUtJ,-;Jt

;;fEJri;;,a-\ J;t;JJ"4Jl ddl

e\oo\e (n) (€)\eX-. XtX- La*J-

upn (n) ePn- ;

el(D (n, T) I etd.- ,'r\,\l,Lt

el(l)ue (n) el€?-, el(l)S- .-F-

PoMne (T) PHn(e)- 4,.4

cror (n) ct- #\-,

;, *r\crU$|ci Jo*- -_--

=-
;O;r,lrUUt i:.r- :--: --;.
".F
,L-\t--b-;."(z) ,--s i5-,;-a .-
rfrt"tt ,L*l!r F)' ;!,* :-
. :-J

ov I -. -- '-
.r24, Ari-.:. :

',r -jra' J
oA -
ioro-.a :- ;,

'uLayton 2007,51.
 . ^:\1 Air.+allA++lJl

f (n ) <-- OJ**F Ta.ioy ,U*,'Xt,j.l-Jg=i

Formation of the nouns

' | l, r i
!t
:\a-l\ ; -t ;-rr, \.a;-r<-.i -
JF-"i;+r*1 'L*!1
. ..,.
vi-*J,

:
-r :.:E:Ul6\uu--\ (t)
) :,-,-.2,!\ r\-rc'![ri
+ (l)O dr"6rJ itiJ\ u1l\ g 6*:,;5'!t u,.,JJ\ ;r o\::Utglr;u_*\
-!.ll
,ots; Jlc,[.:Ul ,-1;3 .;a*- oLK
) + L\r yy oYPqe

+ ;a" qe ,u^;.fl;:t cr[-:L -i

?€u).ilTa.ioy ,a.Jj-^i .!o c-'E:U I'rA ;F -$J

(e1*"
u^.^a,-'\-i-: U \ o b ./ tr!..-F
,-:,: llN eeNa,NMHT :+--j.=,4.ijl;-'lt
( ': ' j.:) "cr\r^:"c ,VJ:-l
:gLj*" t^A a::Ut .-r,o ,(;r5r") a.r.r- -\
r.L:l) iJ-,,'rl :\-r.c'i[ ,),-.4,"... .r As,^*"
r "-(r" UA.t'r- -( ol:l,NA.N-
\aa1 ,(rii --^. i^t .'it -,\J.9'il
,;*' -.i -'KI\ d,,eJa'l 7*l a,Nca.qt1 (n) <- a-* cacg,l

) + H tl)tl)ne (u.+- if ^t e)
1 e !;9 exooxe *Li
U.
a.Na.Nca.gq (N)

| + j.
re r(l)T );L a.NMHT (n) <- ;.J"9 MHT

'nr i; B(DKeBox
(c-,!-;r":.c)
t_/
1l + B(DK
,Ji" a.N).NMHT (N)
.g,
C?OYN -dif as-rs a.r.rcr)o (n) <- .-oli qo

un
Stern 1880,81; and Plisch 1999,21.
 iJ\ r^aijl
! f -

,'r.-i '.";s-ng
IJJ.
a.trra.iol' (n) <- oyG Ta.loY ;-
:ii
(rr ,v rer)
F,-.:::..-*:,a- :

:ir-: _. - l-r- .
t',"...
"U*'rU F: -t-i\3 6... ;c J;-.-.....1$;"
,(rtt -o i.^L-'i\ :t-r-c'i\rb\) LLr'it :t*c'!U ri

<- .ri dr"r<rl axLiJ\ ;i- !....*-'-'-'-

di,r+, a.ucr;o (n) qo
-'
-1.',L
,s.tV a.Noypo)e (n) <- U\r *y oYPqe

a:" -'.5U a.r.rcr;e (n) <- ab qe

utt gena.scr;e ur.r geua.u-ra.ioy _!c -..,\::U\ .i-o ._--*:
?ella.Ng)o ';.8^i ";*, -r
an-\',l ,V3ss aW ,V3y.:)\ ,V3r" utt 2eua.nun-r
.(ro ,t.::) "cr!.*.c ,V3:-l :J=:!. ; j--- .-

Jl-i'r\J "t*"rU ;-.:: ,(;r5-,.") "JKr" ua.N- -( '1:).IlAll- +-r..

:7u;J\ ,i;KIl 'e **l l_r.*"\

? rllca\rrr

o?4 r.aa.r'lqcUne (n) e ;fu (9(Dne (o*" Cf :s ".*)

a.; ua.r.re\ooxe (n) <- ?-.e e).ool,e *Li

(-' a.ri\li.:+
"1,-J., ua.r.anco-r (n) <-- q* n0)T $L a.in i'r-:

Ma.rle{l)r eeoX (n) <-' lgJ

z; S0)fegO\ (.>!-;r;s)
e-e
<- i.: -:rAc a.ll).lit iH-
J+r.-l laa.r.recor etoyN BO)K
.t
(n) etoYN -dl Jt' ;.;+ a.tlli r

uo
Ti[ 1955, 72
 i.-' t^a,njl
"-. :r 4Jli++lJl

>a.rrp2cua
Ptcue g5'lt;K, ua.Noycor,r (n) J5i oY(l)M
I

iern) <-- fu)\ T(D6C

dp"6rJ c,
ral !, Uj', u E J \i,J.^-r, ( r':j" ) pu.rr-
t'{nl <- zL'
\_ -r
THY
:3:r1 rL*\

4+rr }.rtrruoy-re (r) +- n! Nofre

'e {n) jr,

-1
oJf.
ur.rrcgupe ('r) +- O,\ o)Hpe

+\'r--: ur{roya. (r) <- ,r-! oya

ailj\ unrpr,atrKlll-le <- S-r'* Pl-rNrrff-fe
-S-" Cl- -\ ce-
L"J"4I\ (-r)
',l.t..;u--!l
AiJJI ur.t-rSpcoua.toc <- $Ll tPoMa.loc
.t
-r1 MICC
{n$)U\ (r)
V:*a ., cr KO)T
Ktr un'rppo (r) <- d! Ppo
irrT
\9F .

.P }lr.r-ryure ('r) +- J-r* tHKe

l- -lr cB(l)e
<- J^\-
_r:
- . -
J* uNra.our (-r) aoHT
l,;--l
^4;:1 urt-ryXxo (-r) <- ;ej
L:
PLtrO
oL;L; rYelN,

oYelN66

J..:; ,(;,5L) "& ,aJ\--" pa.- -L

'1,!\_,i r-'J\i
F_t,fu, ,\ tlrs"ri U\e j,- rt-J ri pr -r er*.r
t',t't-,'
ri';;t* -'! \,v;.:-L f

,ir"irJ\4{+ PLQI, pa.trqga. (n) +- |r-L\ o)}.

"' Crum I 939, 287a; and Westendorf 1977 , 159,

V(
 ,Jtrl1J'^aj.ll
'*1i a:"
I -t.c
pa.P?(DB. p}.r'lpt(l)B <-
UP Pecoe
J5'lt oC r.ui:''."-,u," ::
(n)

,@ pa.rooe (n) <- 3*)\ Ttr)6c

pa.-ruy (n) <-

^-jil A-L^- CL"t THy
s.e-e-Jl d
i"^ri l-ulrllo\-:.-' -:
'prSUry
j\,
,h r,urrqHF :,
:\+ r-t-y- Pa.Kore (n) K(DTe
+.t\-l I INTO\'}. .

a-JJ\ t ttlrpt ttlt'.-.tir.

A}-l.9
t"(+ryr.) (pb*,.JKr" Ct- ,i ce- -0
-\r-o-. - lt
Ar-r-,a-\l l':
,p\s.;-'!\
;.i-U\ Ltt-lr?pu-)t i.\:&l
;r'!rJlg15 ceMlce (T) +- I1 MICC
i;^j)lj\ {-:,
,-f\;K, CCKO)T, (- 7:-.o . , a) KO]T a\J-(
-./ t

IUITPPLT :
'1fr?
u)) clKor (T) \r> t-ttlr?Hti.i r
P
)'*KrJl e,;.-.
) cecB(Dz (T) cB(l)u
J* Mltr).eHT ':
t'(ru-e-*Yt;
)-atd-l
4rj;:1 urrr?!\t] :
l\:- crooyN (T)67 .!r;L; LYelN,

oYelN66
\r.Jl .i
er\'e *'iu Lai (!.)-:

J-{s'Vur r\ FK, -' -a -.*

u'Vycichl 1983, 184; and Crum 1939,316b.

u'derny 1976, 66.
5o
Ibid., 148.
.r-il\i<* Pa.g)a.. P\li\
"i)
." s
)5 n o : 4 p tor, +U; l g .!,tijJ r,a,J 1 or,\:
"\-Li'"
uu
Cerny I 976, I 48.
.Cerny 1976, 168 ,g;\-, . '':. eroYe :.5 .;;':i i-KJl ,;;i eerny u'Crum
1939, 287a; and Westendor.- ---
61-.r'" -
 -,,4j.11 ,.r-\:r.all i++Ul

o- +- Jta- eYCXHMO-
a*K J-" * ,(._5;) "_!.d,--*" qoy- -l
a.i- t-"
cYNH
,)L4Il rbl) L.."Ji -,-^1\ _jy ,";..-! ,;"$Li" gta.y
,(nt ---
i (:_i;) ta.M- -A .-I\6x-.- o)oyMeplrq (n) +- d..-i Me
ri '* +cL..Jl:!, .^l\a;x*.- o)oyMeplrc(n)
-=y(J
\...,,,.l..D qe .-Il 6r;x..- o)oyMeplroy (n)
!-..b) NOYB ,ot Ji qolPcr;rHpe +- t-e,:j P0)nHPe
Kx).e +h.c'!!;r+ r'luroq (n)

.r-9I\.r-.^,.
" (TOYTPOqMOY <- ,-i1* MOY

(n)
^a: (;:--.) 6lN_ -1

I
i<i
P' oY(DM
J-\.4I\ ,};l l-n'l- p\r;u.-[ Gi; ,rt^-It
e J:. +
rai 1.L6" neicr2oyrfiTa.ye neqpa.N g[ neir.la. ,(nt --"o
I + :,,';;=c
-l) T\},e 6lx
'n."g611 lb g a*lJ.+ ciJdl
-) + Lui C(DTM NCA.
-\ - - (l)a.xe
,(;t'L) " ;S\,rlS" toyo- ri goye-
.z?
',12 .s-*r\-i-:L
U2.9Ji) I SoYocgnHPe (r) <- L3a (l)nHPe

{+ jsi SoYerlMH (r) +- L., TIMH

-..s Jo\:-:Ul .-r,o

. 'I \lr
"<\-
y(r) :-\r-t eoYecta.r (n) +- .,(-5 cta.l
J'+rJ'=- -l \.,..,.g rJ )l
-\
.^.-...e a.T- _\
1rr,r.r i) ac-\l,
_

al
JL. MOY

-1.
@ NOBC
u'Layton 2000, 88.

vt
 "u-i!t 'iuJlJ".iJl .:-E

;5i.lt* eoYeeYCxHMo- JLa eYCXHMO-

i..K O, a-o;-i
-._. :-!*
(rr,rrrf r) cyuu (n) CYNH
-,rL^o.ll ,trt) -=.- -*

Ir -
C -e GJ\ 't-"i\ ua,* ,J.a:, ,(;r5--) 3a.u- l-^.>rJr2r**, (!x-1)1 if?::-:
,jY'JJLUJ.
J\ ei /JtJ\ ,''e "L*i J,-J(;J acL.rl\ :\-e* .^I\ la";:C
^a,
&.x.. - C9rr\1

l:
r\-# ga.ucge (n) <- 9e q-+llr. gDrri;--r q)oYr riP::L\
.t <-
D\-o ga.rar.royr (n) r--"1i NOYB aa!:,! ga2cr;-. 0rtr)?"rmi
\t-;\
-L ;L- ga.urxxe (n) <- J4 rLl.e .:E !!;r+ t-'it t,,'l ;:
o-9I1 g>.r" qo\-r.;\}*lu
1l
:,-)r,-!\ ,y k:,J*Jt J,^.r ,(+::3") ou.r-
A

jr-al\ l :-rl'r- , r:--

:
J5i ou.roycuu (-r) <- Jsi oY(l)M
L,6" neitr;oyp1Ta.\'€ :si-
-ca.
*J\3,aJ 6lNTa.Xe orx (-r) <- +-c:) Ta.l,e 6lx
aeU orxccurfi rlca. (r) <- Lui ccurfi r.rca,

onrcga.xe ('r) <_ '\z-: qa'xe

6)K -* / /- \.. ./- ._i:
,(".J*") ;) i
. zl
t2,e JD \ ?OYO(1)nF.-)i: :-
,o*il\ ;r'"G rp oU:L -?
- -- .z?
{+/51 ::
?o}eTl}i}i
u*+ )-\2,-:r ,jA),b ,-ff u*^.7 tI cr\.irt l\ .-r.^
".J j5 -4el,6 ?O}eC?b.: :
:e.-\.I\g!-.-*..-
-Y\ (ru,t't rtl

.iU Ji a.TMoy <-- 5U MOY

a-.h>, ) r a.TNOBe <- ;.,}t NOBC

u'Layton 2000, 88.
 .- ^:11
ai+.r"4Jl ;++lJl

t;.i To)N dj\,6_de a.TTa.KO <- ar

(,J-b
r
T}.KO
i + .ill Nofre A.TCB(I) <_ t-
J^\+ +J!
l-
CB(D
-i + i. .i.-
-gj cu.
,ij GoelXe ,-alsi a.TcBBe <-' i-.
rLJ1> ceee
;,L payH .. ..')
r I o**
:-
r4.!- .;^:>l

-,
I
PAN \ o.l2r-o r^S- a.TN).Y ePOq +- -l \ 6 -1..
, qt J! t{a.Y

sd Hi .r-Laj '' a.Tarlre <-- ;G (l)l

ijr3 r*e a.Ta.PHXNOY +- qU o- }.PHJ("

+ \,.e,rb elPe (i 'r tr t)
ro1 HP[rlNoYre :;.["i ."il! \ --c-,J\ oUl:rJ\" na.rNoyre llara.so).lc :;.["i
rpoQn loc npMNeoecoc ,"i.LoS\ \**i gU }pi" trcu r.-lr..roc Ne ra.TCBo)
?eilPl.llltHT NPOMe 6((1 ;4c." TarNa.y epoc,"'LL-II ;'1rJ.\ ,-r-o" Teia.oHT ttcatt.te
('- l..l I
."g..iiaii.,r" o)J.tu)l

- i _.e :peQ- -\" o-o a-a.:.. €s i' -..J1 -. r.;" so-,)" pr.lnyi pr..r- -(
;t'p),;-t'Js=?'\,l! ({tiOK, f-\r.--'Jt)
-\t 3-.s."6Li\,J-.r" pcuMe
?-=. B(Dx )\ irJV F:,"fyi" -rou pr$*'!' ,-;Ji-,.; ;JtJ
:tt a\-v;u*L
ii pr.loee I

:-'--t :rt o)l) c.*,. MOOff G-t* ptatrrHue (n) +- rq KHME

":- tLJ^ar;\.\ p}lNruue (-r)

-" t toy .!r;l.J

re C(I)TM L"r"al.l 4ilJ\

r-.i (r)Mqe €'v') PMTb.PCOC +- ,_*: ) Ta.pcoc

GJrK-l pr.-rpa.rore +- L)r<-'jl Pa.Kore

 ,t*,'it ,iUll J-aiil .-:--

9"fi.-r" Pla-rcor.r <- f+i To)N .rub i--:-:!i.J

-"t
," Prlr'rNoY-re <- n! NoYr€
&q :'':::":"
ra* Pr.-rr.rooer},e +- i; 6.; Goeile ..-alii -:.: --:d
-,F ptapa.yu <- ;;L PIYH o:P
.. -'t
)Ls'
:

:-{j." Pr.allPa.u <-- f-\ P}'N ;P

1..
F
: -
trT-'ii.'.. :?-1

=:- --i-, ptal'rui (n) <- q ni r -j rt

i.. :rll-a
..fE )
;^r- -.:-*. pltttUi (r) $)r1 )g a.T}.iH::iLl

4c Pr-ttrerPe <- J* r'e* elPe (i 't t, t)

..(v :r. i) 'q; (-,r." oyua.roi npr.alnroyre '+Iii ,"oJl \ G-il ;t:=', fia.-:ritrl-
,rr ;i;
!'
",+-i'r\ (',.4sj" rpoQruoc npr.lt'reQecoc gl-'
r,
t I
a.Ia\:Lt'
\-F\ +. --.
, :
:_aJ
\7
r.r-I-K oypr-l-ro)N,",Lf!i JE1 " 2 er.rpl-rt r2 u'r npcoue, (t I ,+r"T&TN).y epoc."; : -- ! -
."g-;i.li..r"

,Jar,"l,J! pU +;,I\ u-i.lJ\ gc ,a,: :Pe9- -r

,(tto -o F\;_r
-E\) y-r Js=r
(4:ioK, rt -_'
"FJ! '*;i..1
iz,t ..o r -- -::r.'i
.i. tt ;1aV _FdJ-.' Y =
PeqB0x <- J* s<oX

e
I l.
-bl> peqpnore <- u;\ pr.roee

ry PeqMooYr <- 4;,.jt ir"Jt) c.*" MOOYr G-s* PiltlxHrre ;l

("crU" uoy 3*;JJ tLr^a-";\ra\ pMNKHl.li :
L-y'\uljl
e.L
peqcco-na +-
r" corr.a

peqqllcge 7t; g-y-) pfira.pctx

rrr <--
I
caMcge
//,
gr:\--t PMP).K()Ti
 -''.4iJl ,.,,*.r.aJl;+dJl

+ -;,Jt1tr Ko)Te ;JU Ma.pla. Tpeqxne nNoyre grl oyr..le,i[.i

--y"
"(A ,r e*r r.laroy trpequoyolr r"i;.;lg i,1
C) -"
:-.1-; 0)BP- -o +b" peqcr;Mqeelacul.oN ,("r]:-!" Moyoyr
,-1,,J\)
tr
-:
-:--e .;
i ltJ\i.rC6
\:-
J
.('-
.crJ-,
v-
. UbJI
:-u.

.> ,i j_" .--'rL J.o:i

"'=. i.Jt c--r.;i .9-il1 2

,U*L ;.-r: ,"... ,.-b ,...

i! ,... gLo" ca.tr- -L
:.:--i I'ta.Toi),r.,r=r, ,ja,* ,J^a:"t,b 3ir:3t C -i4 r$\y ",\oLJ\,.-t?\
sr) (,0 'r !) "olr-l*" Lf ,t4-U j,
oa'* ,}^a:r -i,d (Btr i:*J\) c,\rU\
=--:
.I ^t;)L" cr;epppo
'JU;'jt
:\' :) "f=,)tJ\ $K-.;"
ob=rii! ca.NxH6e <- ,)\r-ri xHoe
u\ .('1 ;r\ g-o) ";r-;L:Jl
.
((.:J. 1ri,rr i)
JP ca.ttoetr. <- j; oelK
:'-"' i -\''\: J"-:J -1.
eLlU-; Ca.trne3 +- c-; Net
rpPpcos :;'.(1\ ,-'!\ ,1+ !-
Uui sU
(r :rr ,,;I.Jl
_.t: ) y;)
"-* jj\ cJ,"r' ct>JL" 'l's ca.Naq <- -I a.q
-,
- )
'G')^b' c\NoYooTe +- I
t)\4'a> oYoore
t-
-; .L.
, I a-or lLi a*
/;nu ca.MfIeTN].-
-* neTNa.NoYq
AO."j-: .-.1 ,-l-9" r..mra.'rcooyr.r NOYq

uhr-peqcau<ge c"r:-LJ\ ,lil\ c5.Mn€oooY reoooY

.":rIIl,oJl .Uo ca.bl(r)a.xe -\- - (l)a.xe

.rlj5 ca.Nxl60\ xl60x

 :gEll J-.i.Jl
"U*,'it i: :- -

)/.\-" Ca.llK0)Te +- .-a:Jl ,-'l-:

J
KO)T€ - tr
ott\ p:re
!t
Ma.Pla. :-t'-. * -t: -i
"(A ,r
C) + -
lr:.-: -1 ri=

QBHP J, a.i:-:." €: i'G,J.i, ,eJ'-;" o)uP- -o +l."" petlrgucipei.ti-'\ -- ii

:o uu - a2V3J + JLA_,,"31*"

r-)\ ,1i+ !J\ e'rl irt- altt\ .-ra it ,-'!\, ;"-s

.f rdl" na.rgepua.roi rl:r-Jl i:rUl c.;*;i .s:lf

f*\ "..frr-" ua.roi) (ro ,i g)

-royo2spcr;le\ecr ,(_St*
-J

.(e;g ".nf" r9e},ee-r) (to :\ !r) "eLrL" .,

-\
t reqcr;spua.oHTHc, "djjj l eL"r:", 4; c)L" cr;epppo

,-1" glup-reXconuc ,(lr ,\\ ;*) "+r)LJ\ *Krr"

olr-rii! ca.t-tdur;e
,":L; ,ird\ G.rt" cgsPzMea.\ ,(tl 'tt e-.)
"r,;L:,J\
(ti ,tr r i)
' t_'
."JjJ
JP ca.rroerr:.

.:rJ\ .3U- rr* altl\ .rU ql;1-r.al\ ,"3,-\,.oJ!,|,as ri,>L; ca.r1rie2

tyV-+,;,L,, ,l+
.!.LJ\" nexcr;rppgoB :oj<-!\ ,*'J\ Ud\ >U
l-

<r;eprcooe ,("jrs-" Pecos ,,-|,J\) (r ,tr yt) ""p\

,\*- c).ll).q
,(",-ri" Tct)6e..-1,Jl) (o : I y;) "
oA\ r).;; rvL" LG-J^bt ca.iio'1'ot-r-i-e

-y .L.
, lo-O rU

:.:E:L ;rc J" ;-r-!\ i.5J\ eS:"+ 6i ,;g--i :eb:rJ. d riLa ca.frne-nl).-
.r5l t
GiJ \ " ne goyeur.rrpla ua,o ( " 4-iiJ \ -lc " Mfr -ra.rcooyN NOYq
6

,"-'.c" MNTa.TMoy,";.^r-;" r.alrrpeqcr;r.rgte

."rr:oLJ\,\rij\ c).Mneeoo\'
."r_r1}\,crJl ca.r.rcaa.:e
-ruJ
.?lif ca.Nxr6oX
un
Ibid., 89
 .' -.:1r
::,=r,ajl a2,gUl

i .(_i; -.\ uooy) "^1r-o ,,* ,( ;;-)U\) c,!qJ\ 6\-r_;*.-\ (r)

/ , aa ol r ,t
.l !! oo sl r(J- (o .l2J
lv_)
[\"=! ,li*t C*, -+-=- ,j+ f-Yt CJ c,r.1\a: l1,:
.-'J\ ,*i7,.n \ JiqJl at-b"
-'Jte ,j-::
.'J .-i-b .N
"F+
neT- p[;.:-"1 (r) JG )\,r*)lJ 6-L'!\ -J-.^J.\ +! e ger> J\-u;-l f,: Ol-'if
'.(Pn-Jiepr- <- "f" upn:)\:*)
ri :) , -l;t t"',. or<,,

, *{ --.}\;-i..a lu*-.lC:.!) :.:\:kl\

c ) -*,\e yj7Jl li.b ,_U.t -1,c, -a.a.c
l|,/

;Jl_g) .,-2-u -NOYTM 9-l'

*-: J\,j!b (trv-^,, e**j\ -Bof(l)N jJJ,,r€^ -NOYqO ++
neT?OOY ,a1i,i -BOONe ;r:-r.X c;:o-" -O, -O O'Uttr"::c,*5
=-r
rr\lloloy -i 3eune-rNb.Noyq
lletneT(rOJClT c"sc Ur^b ,q5i"

2 r.rneoooy r.rnernetoYa,a.B ,"6*:c ;" Hpnr.ra.c ri upna.c ri pna.c yi epna.c ,all.i

." F ,5i" neeHrr.ltr,l i) "6-s u*)" xtrgooy-r i'pf ;4>" conel.lrqe;i er.ret'lne
na€coMo ,"r!L r;j4;" xtrnoyrfr,("9r;,.1" Xlr- <- xoelr)
i.
: ; l\ *\6\-r;u-"\ (t) ct- - crol) "t 1,;t--- ai5" clNolee .",-"-t-,J\ , r.a.,r-L"
"J-Jl \riLil" neNpr..nta.c ,"{a* iig" clucucon ,("a-i!"
-,: * j^ lrJt J-eU\ *\ ,("dll" gP- qHpe) ",q1, drl" qgpeo<on ,(r ,r2)
i:- -* +-j-? )-\.z!: ;-G ,t*\
=
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.; : * ;*i.t*+ ry-r4 \,o:r,c
---.\\
;g-LJ\.-el\u,
.("s;jL;" pP-
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f!\3. ait{il!,rSLr-lre 9'E -BcocoN LW\

j'\: -nooxe
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'o lbid., 90.
 ,t*,'Xt
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erep-) "r$;r-h:" erepsooNe .(rS-r". laooy) " u-r-o ,ou-

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r1r i .l-Li>
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"f.J," er- J"^a,\ ;\r! n-.j,-r-J\ ;lri ;, \-u 9r(1
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;,J\ )d,\ ,a*p) \ ;,rJ\ + Y.J\i) J\,i'r! (-5jl\ l}A J*at -4,c, -a.a.c

.(r,rv --,o A.)\ J\,j"rb (trv -, airr\

;;;*r)\ J\,i'r\rti\) -BOXDN

,"rr-rA\" nflertooy ,"$" nereooy ,a]:ri -BOONe

neTeo)o)e .".)!4=" t€NneTNa,NoYoY ri 2er.rne-rNb.NoYq -Me ,!--t.;"; -f .\,1-

i) "J$!\t o-r-o" Nelnerq)oyelr r",=c t)p,197"

a.t1p,(to,ri
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i) "G-J u*)" xt-r2oo1-r -" =-:
na,e(l)Mo,"rll :F-r' \r-n itrv
ct- - crol) " ,o4 .i =* ;:- -'
:(construct participle) *53f JrUl -l 6\r;u.-\ (i)
"j;J\ \;:t l'' nerrpuila; .".-
u(".rl" gP- ,- tt;Hpe, . j
,Uj'itO, acJ.-.I\.ro; relrl\OL-- if U-i? -r-^-.1i(; "U-i eiy" geNoyqe 6("c.i_. ?i- -
d. dr> aL-\:; F\ ," l-,tt JrLiJ\ r*\ J;-{ .\"a :1;a \-o:-r.o
.("*." "-j,
ut'Jr'J\ PP- - PIP) -=-
Og-LJ\''-e,}\ -r-'
j-
--'J\
I -,1\: -uooNe L*- ..
L:-
,\-o" l-loyB{Dcos,(rSi cr-tr
-
" Ibid.. gg.
"Layon 2000,95; and Plisch 1999,7 Ibid.. 90.
'o
 i; ."4ijl ;i :.'.ajl d+.$Ul

";+rYy'j
=:
) VW:#L., (r*"all)JrJl J.Jl JrttJ-cuJl11
o .r '. ";.(Jt t-.i.iJ\
:. _5 r)
B(l)x
ua.it royre,"r-(.J\,::,-:Jl
aJ)\,j- sa.).-

,,-i netrlta.inoyre ttetco-r

Xree - 6r" tw,G tra.e-

j .;-I -=" ua.ir.-lr-ou MC d:l Ma.i-

.' ,- _C -gu tqa.ita.eto MOONE c, ura.N(e)-

MOCTC
<.i (t-?
r,-Lu" rqa.ibcu'n.l
." 1_ Uar.rl l".la.cT-
U

i ;
" t-ta.t teprp :raa.N(e)- -
t I ^l
tPl TAI-

OYCDM oYa.M-
."JLt Jsi

l'la.{IftlOYre :M).CT- -
q)(l)Ne,(r)ooNe ie gla.u-, o;)tr-

ql
."*4r-4.i.'!J ";K" i3:'F t1a.i-, ea.i

a1
' t).o6 J'I-l ga.Xo-
ra.iaexe ," Ta.i- -
"!r)" xl 1?
r;l xai-, xa.y-
-a3 . -}}" ra.ixa.prc ;'.+r:
i,-
t(Dlte ,-pl
.- / -n)
OYa.M--
x(l) JiJ xlr-
xtce r9r xacl-
Hca.pz .",.: 35-f ' oya.McNoq l)

O\'b.l l€P(ule .":-i.s

")51'
-
.9
cg).lla.- )\ o)aN- - '
(; \ -ri,r r, E J E ) "t*'! t'r;V J} f JrU \ .- I J.^a;,

b
.
.,-o-) .rsj:'
. _ tt
o)a.n(e)3nr ."L*^c ,?$1l ua.\gH-r :BL\- -
€\s"
.. i
I _ .--. - Ba.l- jl qll- - ,or^1" l,a.(e)laaqr ,",LJL t));)" xa.BctlMe :\a.s- -
I' .,u.,,,ure3 ,"1-9-; 1,-,.i .aaJP|\i gelj
r

MNTMa.IPOMG
r.-rr.r-rua.ipctue r -:;;y ,r4
.,l^^.+-u t--4
' M\lPOMe
Ma.ipoMe :MLi- -

2\e 'H;i" epua.ineyta.r fir-la.ir.reyqHpe ("/JI ;-.+

 ,U-lt :jUJl J.a;Jl
-: :'-

eJ ,,(_W" ua.i-ro r.r2oyo,(r ,t oi) "ir!'J 2V:#\'.l (1*..tt;;;

t-e oyL" utr-rpla.r-ro n3oyo ,(\. ,o rS r) 'ra.(\ *.4jJ\
BCDA
o;l.ul' exla ,",P ,i.l .3" Ma.iNoYTe ,"r*.(l\ !ai.J\
Xree
,u""a!\ ca u#i J.i .r" $.r" nenua.iuoyre ttetco-r
,"rL-i-lJ,--4" ua.'t't9llr-.lo,"JrJ,4-!JJ -3" Mlifr-ron
MOONE
,"-*iX tJ" ua.ia.ra.oott ,"4-.!-(Ll ,-eu ua.ita.eto
." r.aa.icorrr-l MOCTE .=-
U;*"
-f \;" uauoa.uoyL,'i_;B ;r-\r" ua.ueprp :ua.N(e)- -
oY(l)M
.dB
(( rr

I rr
g)(l)Ne, g)ooile
:l
M}.CTMTON c ra.lJ .._izi*e Ma.CTNOYTC :M).CT- -
l';as-,i.-!J 1K"
,G)v" -ra.ire). ,";r7'J\ ;u')" Ta.iBeKe ,"
,,L-)" Ta.i- -
.";" Ta,ioyra.e ;'t';" ra.ixa.prc :'€i .J

x(l)
,"1\-L- ,r+ JS-f' oya.MpcDMe ,""!5-f' oyrM- -
xlce
oylMxoproc ,"-I ;5T' oya.ucrpZ r"pr 35T'oya.ucNoq
. oya.Mepore ,"-.:^c
e,b)" "!5T'
/-r i r,r.\ :. -
i[ol)l
\-J. ,!q!L]C)t*--=
,"g1.,:.1" <r;ll- )\ g)a.Ne- )\ cl)a.Na.- )\ o)rN- -
.".1J\ J-f 1r: rJs3:" cr;a.u(e)gHr ." ^ - .*'
JoL" tla.ioycu;i qa.icr;rse ,"g! .eFL" Ba.i- ri qa.i- - (.y'" Xa,(B)ua.gt c"c - -- - .-r-

.(tr ,tr Li) "e.L re"; eFL" qa.iuepeg ,"J>r lFi

' J) r

" Layton 2000, 96.

gV 'H;i" epraa.inel'2a.r u
:_: j
Je4-e.Jl ;9,:r,ajl+dJl

::rr:1 qa.iMooy ,ur34)" qa.rpooyr9 i'r;. lLj .FL" t1a.ioyra.g

:m:iners .'Jt*!\ r,,*" aa.iuycruploN r";Li,oL g!i"
r: _,' determiners) crl:i=-ll ,"i* .d ,6)KJl ,Il" ta.xoqaxe ,"y1-1" t).X6- -
u'.r*il-ri+ crLKJt .ut".-liJI 6.9;" ga\ogur

" "r9\ ,;ra\ -,.;-f' xa.ieerce xry- 7i ra.i- -

-', i *! U:*4;.:t, ='lJ1.r, "'r.jf'
,",-.2V ,1eV" xa.iMxa.t o")\-!!" xlioec .(lv,ro;J)
- -.' i.r-. ,-,(Jt7;rFt -
."-r5\r,-r-i,r-.,,i $ ijf ' XryMoelr
.G ,\ \3r;-":-:r,Jl
."rs'"-L,sriJ+ J(a.roya, :".!iG" xa.T- -
,s u:i:-. .i tfi: *Jl
,JJ\,
")rU"
;'J,(r.,.-IiJl d-" xrcltHT ,"er, ,gL" :ract- -
." ).b1,;pJ I gir" xtclBa.L

pa.Tqtu,(acoore) "L$r" B).Ko)a.a.p u', i

"
*L)" .9; i it.-
,,h L c,\rlol\,J*:i ".-r-,y." g[L" caqtgeooc,(ctu) "f .-,.;\.:," ca.lHpn .(pcr-rr)
o)'- :(av -"-)rr<-uJl Ul)i o;a.ua.perQ,( t r o;or) Lt"..,,clJ I .r*G" ua.grig u-r .( ccu2 e 1

.(qqua) "ot-r.all , rr2"

" Schmidt 1979, 8, l. 5.

rrv Ji;rlt (i*-):*,r j-.L.,!.;l ""
-

At
 ,u*.iit :iutl J-a"iJl

erl:iJl qa.ir..looy,"J" ti}..:r--r- I

Determiners JJ
:J) -:el,t:- _

,y eeJl ,J (determinators ,i determiners) cr\:5.J\ _+ a,

ut.*'jl -ri+ .:LKlt

\

' u',*\l . i i, \-. :-r.4 ;l:i-.-l\

I YD.
.r.o 'ii .;-i ;- "
,"r-r,2V ,€W
-J--

nt' + ,e -;.s-,r*+\ oiaf-Y, yru4" 1\ 55:." ,r-rf t

.JrK-tt ii\)i
y -.. ^-It
L/L.

'(;X)' pa.Tqco,(acDcDr:c "';

' -
,.!, L.rl:1*.l\J*ii "rn)-" c[\-" ;[)
c].?i?BLrrrc -
.l€N- coJ- ,(,rv -o) rfuJt jtri o)a.Ma.PeTq,(trcr)or) "i ;>- .-

.fr- cT- cn- :(AA *) qs)\o!:i

.!! ,nr- cnei- :(1v --) ;r[)\ c,\".a

.6f1,-ra.- cna.- :(11-,) ;i<x\ c,L",

*
.(r.r --) S" ... r.ur.-r ;\r'i\

\.eb,+ Jl+i k l gi ,-'Jl .r; + iFS 'J cr\;lJ\ ..r'o

\ -r*,
9'U,, \ r.ur..r ; \:'i \ l-rc \,
a-'l
\L \ -r- \a3a 3"^.s,,;'J t
' -'J

'u Bussmann 1996,298 'o schmidt 1979, 8. l. 5.

" Layton 2000, 35.

 4:*.+4J14++lJl

i; r)r
npiur.ae,"3*. rJ\" np(l)Me,"JE)" teNp(t)Me,"J-r" oyp(DMe

e 3nicles ,".t!1 dJ!" nlp(DLle ,""[Jl l-r-a" fleipct>Me ,"JLJ\"

*oypcot-le NIM jr-Jj
:
..>*
- \ t.
;.t *)\ _+i c.r!r\ J
i"_F.i 5" pcuMe NlM,".$" fla.pcoMe

.Ee
- -: :' JYJ
,c "--til\i.iJJI <d; , "LV

'.-:-:-l YlJ
F " cOY- :)..a-U
)
'
'^r.JlrdJ l, ;::n
i:--:-" ...2eN-,^.oJJ
v,.L v I .
Un-/detennination of the noun

qHPe .";q\" oYo)uPe :;J:.i

,+;'Jl s'iLll + 6j"J .; -<-.
-)l
: :-* --(:ll 6l)i c.i:'. lil a.(-l., ai- )\;rV! a:". ,\.-a,-J; ;t-,L
-)l Gr- :t
f

>a.\'C).TeePe u1,(r1 --o ,.\c;!1

."U'\r" xo)c c"cL;" po)K :(l.v
--) ifrf-f l ,L*.jt
eo\?oJLre :) a.ina,y eYPoMc
,"r*u" KHMe ,";:r'Jl" nlopAa.NHc ,11ctJl ,L*i
,"r-r,3i4" ia.rcos

."a-*K 5" qa.xe NIM :"(F" NrM;lilL orJrr\ ,ujYt

:;.J'Jlcr'rUl,J t s=;
r-Yl ;rr<=
;trL 5r* t:1

?'Plisch
1999, 15-16; and Till l95l.6l
 ,;'r'r ,JuJ1J.4iJl
t:--

,$;rlf ergri r.rpcor..le ,"_F_i IlPli i,li .>

Indefinite articles ,"J=.r1 dJi" nlF,I\!i-:

*oypcoue (
..rrrJ\ ;i :i-.tr rP f-'Jl jri o9:i 3 trrr-r

/<.lJ ;,:5rri j' ;:!;J\ ;ilJl g;,/

." to\1" oya. :;FJl j*-,> j" ai:J t';,oy- :)ri-U

." ju-a" eoelNc,;r(!tr+"; O, a.a:-d d;,teu-'e,olJ

.' -r,:J

."rqi" ZeNqHpe,"dt'\" oycgHpe'aLri :

f L) r; \ Jl r;i,e yt a. - )riJJ rfurr ;tri *-i*" ti1

,";Q+" (ga. oyca.-reepe =) ea.Yca.TeePe ut'(rl -*,
,"\cr'J\
."L., d-,!" (a.ir.u.y eoypcuMe:) a.ina.y eypcuMe

.
aa - t/
d.-D
t/))

J5 gla.l(e tllll -: ];

?nPlisch
1999, 8; and Till 1955,60.
"Plisch 1999, l5-16; and Till 1951. t'
 +,'=r,al1 +7.glJl

.,
.; --4 \r* f-\ J", (l) .-e,_
.9
.r:il c.rLrl
'
=,s-:^
; ;UJ\ .rlt) C45U Definite articles
."-'*r!\" NegBHye,";'5I\"
'ato
(--0J .r.) -rl:rly 4i',-b +* ogri ;11 .-+r,:Jl ;,1rri *;;3
..r, i-Jl ..-lll OK \i!
1

:4J
-. - - -.i r,
",rr:;i^-ig)l
+9

- !. r. rJl'i.' MK}.t
i.",;\'" "'d
NeNKb,. 4.r&i ,-e uY r;* fu'P
-:*." ppO --'i\,jif; ,F_t N- T- n- Lt*rrb

i.' 4: - J_Jr4
Nl- t- rIl- 4J 19
J\ crLKJ\
.F. :rtA\ l+!i ,-!r.;.
ro1'la.i n',(Ne- ,-p6- ,ft€-) ,AJ.:-.i
"
TeelH ."..p)L!\"
-:;- relo)T,"g'Jl" no)Hpe,""12J\" tlpo)Me ,S:.tt ,;S -
lyelr ."-5\" (neoygop =)
'tt./t!\"
-:- i-^-e*i\ o-ra a/ Gil" TMa.a.y ,""1*J\" -rne ,"c.j'jl" TC(DNe :c;_9I\ )Jn-U -
. rtrPe- :al"+J I ;,-..4J \
.. (11rr
. a )l
I

;=ji;\ 3;oLKJ\ (t) .. r ir,rr -

,",L"\\"
=!" t'r<r;upe,"riJ\,JLJl" r.lpcor.ae ,l*L,1. -
neeHca.ypoc n',(8P : P)
3'.!
- ."1rJ\" Nla.cgH,",.J\" lqr"qa.r.
" rre'l1xH ,"a.J\" Texa.plc
* : iJ.'i;J.\" NeYa.xMoc

- j'ilxrXla.pxoc:-u! or"oS x ,(i!* ,i autr ;:-*) ,.s;\ ; ,_*- U li.*r\ -",_cJ\ c,!:i
oiry tNe- ,tL;. g,.=.U rre- :e..,I\ -:r;^lJ rna- t'Ut ,;-tl
,f1***1; rr"-J\

'o Steindorff 1951.72.

 ,U-"lt 'iUll J,4"AJ1

cia; ri 1ti *, 5-!) ,-y;\ i\,J .rr4 i*n r-\ J+ (r) 't:
T€cerMe,(i"ai $rr P 'J aiuUi" r-ol +bJl #-\) cr5u r\ --_---
)' g\r;J " neeoelo,"
\ JL-e", \" NetBHye, ";'5I \ "
i-eJ-_r*, .rbr! ;i-t ^ ..-i J
Arlt.+\ *;;. (Ua" Jr'Jt o=Uf\ cjl\ OK t:l
f-i,6
nt,a-oiY\
ttxa. ,":';LJ.1 ,J'j\" neuKa.e <- ";\,L-. ,pi" r-.rra.Z

,"-<=.: nepne <- ""$--o" pne,""L.:'!\" NeNKr * "rd

."gj\" nppo.-- ",,[o" ppo ,r+S)
-'J\Grt-1"
-. ; t,5 (o)y ri r Je Ull \.g.-ti" d;r:4
Cl c,LKJl
.-;a ri (n- rT- cn-) ;radJl ;,-J\ \-$a-i ,-4rr;.
i;-*a\
(neoyra.i =) neyra.i ,i noyrli nt'(ue- rTe- <n€-)
neygop ,";ri(J\" negoyo ,"6p_r)J\" TetlH .".F)\I\"
nelo)'r,";,!\" n(rHpe ! >,-
."Jr'!1" neeoyelr,"-J(J\" (neoygop =)

i;\i ', i! (rrt *) il\)r..I\ ;-ro\.,o.J\ ob .r G-Q TMa.a.Y,"rLJl" TrI€ ."*i-

.nTPe- :el";.u\ ;rt A\

p ;i Y 1\ x 1\ O -,i
" - i*., +J\ +\;,|\ c,LKJt ;; (t)
";$1" netpHTcup ,";ilJ\" neeHca.ypoc n",(tp: p)
,",,;J\" neQcoc-ftrp ,".r*..\1" r.refyxu ,"a-.,J\" Texlplc
Jf J-.H rX e-!; rr-,I lrr>'q \il,jSJ.'i$l" uefa.l,t.toc
nt.(rt ,rt
1) ".;li-,sU" nxlxllpxoc:-s! ,>r,.5 x

" Layton 2000,44.

" Ibid.
"Steindorff 1951,72.
'o Layton 2000, 45. 'o Steindorff 1951, 72
 i;l I ^;11
At+r.allA++lJl

.:; ir; Ui *r) #j ,! -,.,j .-Sl ,U'!t .r;,i J", (r)

*1 .rc {..11 (t) ,"f,J," ne?oo\' ."i.-J\;
- -;':..r-! .*9 ]UJ
TeYNOY TepoMne
'(-! ,FL
\rro\tc ... ,jr. 4.a! a:\r, * +!, ,""[.lJl" (reoycr;H =) Te\'(gH ,"a-sLJl" (-reoyuoy:)
.( ' :\A "...
l+* _?E o.t 'i-. nlrb.y F: r"JJl" neocupl
_J) *
;-3 :-4r a^i ;rc ,l*dlJ (t)
Li> o\1le,"'LIl ;r1" oyMooy
o\l-)\,
* -S. _. -1f-. *;
..?

13) i-JG.l)Lb"
GJI "L*'rl J"; e_, Q sai/\ b\)iB\i J-,,r (r)
Jlrr rr
:, i--: c ,--1L j,c ,1.rrJJ (f ) ."a;,-r.ul" (ree =) oe."gJl" (ngcou =) Qcus ,3 *; i..,;
erqb.( lcooYg etoYN Nllequa.c
J,!;I\-*r M_rirr ..sr> J*; M- J1r.r-,-;rrcll;\:ilrxs (r)
=+ _=j-<j?n,}\ J- .. (i) ,"cr!LJl" rlnuye ,(rt -a{J-i\*I\ !) (+*iU; 3** .! si)
f
-+" ?[ oyoenH ,"ii i]!" oyMe 0."g^y'1"
laua.roc

p _,i x ri u Jp P- ri x- ri a- Jl u- .;-r+.t\ ;\:i lrxs (r)

' ", ;,-r*J l c; !:i oL l_r;.;--r
i-- (t)
"rr!t ,JLJI" ppcoue ,(rt
',t t) "r:A\" Lxa.r.r..l ,(r,r ,t!)
-)-._.rr --\ .je *-:lJ
{ \tr (DCDne eBol, ^1.(tl :rr*)
'tL),:;;,ri
--. - -- i"L" gtt rer).ooXe
L t\lb.c nppo r.roy N2H'rc,(ro
(r ,r ,il) "d1l\\-:] \.#

'u Ibid.
'u Ibid.
 ,t*"it ,gUJl J€iJl i:
:' -

n',rd-J I o
!:i crL \,r;+*.\ *y' ir+ lqei *_ ) i_- : :"
r&.r=:JJ JS-t-^Kl, -.-*tt JS-t- * p- l d.F1.,rJJ (t) T€YNOY ,"1- " fiif..-\ --;-
;K" ueyr.r oyKplrHc gr.r oynoxrc ... q\r., * +t-: ,".t"lJl" (reo1.c9n = -Fr\-;
').i;,.a!
.(r ,urJ) "...1!*o *.f[i o.;* .i,J! :

."-aia: ,-EJ" oYPOMe :6; r.4 i-:*u a:s ;,s ,41,:lJ (t)
o1KlKe,"(;1^" "!g- JF) iLb" oYMe,"oL!l ;r1" oYMooY
."(..r*" rK"rigp" ely +) i..}! ,p).t"

rroe rloyga.Xnr :a:-al a.I\:-" q:\c ,JL 3c ,a.,:lJ (r)

."^-! €- iV .-Fr" eo)a.qcooYt e?oYN trnequa.c

gn ,(r,rr
- -b\) *,rlJ\"rt;F tN+\J- g. (i)
";-A" gtr oyoenu,"{;*;}\" oYMe

Py\ X:\u'Li P-; l- : d- ..

^^ :.;-rr:J \ o!:i cr\.\ -r-;u--\
"r*Jt .JL.JI" ppcuue .(,.. ; s
\At,r! t-^+-!3;Jb.:r-.:.JJ Js-r .*l d,c,a.,rl)
(t)
a.yKxooxe o)(l)rc ... a.ycMH r.e g)(Dne esox ,\-t--Y {3i* )\
-Yt :1r) "LI.r.-Jl ,f 3y
'L.: ...LI.r.- c.,"L" 2r.t
-rertrooXe

oU GJ\ a*J\" TepoMne n'ra. ocra.c nppo lloy ngH-rc.(ro

.(r'r ep!) "eUIt(;i t*;

" Ibid., 3g-39. " Ibid.

" Ibid. 'u Ibid.
-i; _'.ajJl 1-.-'.s. ;-:.9J1

ii i : i;+ [L-b (rr ,r. 1i) oL!\" fiMooy,"L.r^.*]t" npcoLre,"'rc

1_;lie f r.rl (r)
il\a.r.rr-rHc .(t1
.L :r.zi) "q.li' ,"p).ul" nKa.Ke ,"(llc, J3) Gfl ,i-;-;ll" TMe ."(r)\--()
\ala r-rH TKa.nna.AoKla. .(,r ,t.6i) "u"I; flcoQoc eM rteqtHT,"r^:Jl" trpcoue
*.(-!l"
)p\l-r). r,rn rna.laQyl,ra. ...
,rig .,..-s dF*,rlJJi{d UU.^ js'rl ajLll ;,,cJ",rIJ (r)
lrH a.\'crJ NeSPoM).loc ...
I]epne,(#t*l u-J"U,j;i) "r,:,U\" fINoMoc,"o.jJ\" nNoyre
n€KPHTHC a.yrn tta.pa.uoc
"rLJ "'tne,""ro; Y " nKa;, (
. l
f'.-l;r,i.5+ *il "3(J "
\

---r- '- U ... ,'', *r),^rj\./

\

.(t ji) "r'Lrl U" TecelMe .".-.; !" trxoelc :o\r^l] (i)
== j :; . . "J.r -y 4-S:
:(

-*= :+uJl r, 4.,6

-l\1, r ;
)l c\*.1 -

l, ",.rrauc
,(tr '\t a) Zero detennination (article)

,'. ;-..(r: ,tlf) "s.+"U;i" .J(s Ji sJ-Jr, ;l:i s;*, olL

r!\ .3!,&-.*, d
e) a.dt-r- ,}\ -,rr -r,i (r) g;i t.+ ,J-r 'J af.;^rr ,Lj'Jt -o) o5rr-rr ,uJ.!t - (r)
,(r.v
tga.'rfi-_: (rv. xcoprc-;
- )
-r) .";!-r" Pa.T,"\a-!" xcDC :c.,\ -:ii
.i ; XCDPIC 0)HPe ,oF -P
.( - - :r *-) " ( s; Jy-rr" flNeJMa.
lHcoyc .",.,*L.," ia.rcoeoc
',).r'!t ,L-i e qb (r)
.tto"o,r" Qa.pa.co .t',,pE*o" t-ltxa.Hx r"_rurr" KHMe r"7:r4"
: -_.- rxN rpr--rpra ,(tl ,r ])
cl^o)N r",'3-V1l=" Ka,na.pNa.oyM r"6*\)\" Na,za.peo
'(tv :\ l)
t^, ";LL+ ol+"
---: :a..:'!\ c,)t!\ J )i.".:, 6)b'!t ,t-iJ;j ,F:r"c\-,--^a"
"_ -.;\ _'J+" a.XM IINOMOC
,)
. i ,r- (rov --"o) "rrYt ,\A\" re-ra;JL c-I** r:1p)tr.!r ,L-i-
-r* -".9l ,'rqr: MnNOMOC
nrell ta. .(r1 ,r g) "JLc"!\ ,,;+"
.(t. ,o;; "Li,i "lJ+" rtKei].Ko)Boc :,.-n ! ri ;trL O;*1

nrcpa.Hx
'rlJ! J.rI\ ,L-i ,-.n- -,rr.r\ ,L-i-
"r*ii" reQecoc,(ll,tr 2) "J!" rea.ay\cutr,"g;!-1"

1t
 ,u-'it 'iull J-.jJl
t:r-

Ta.cla. o(tv ,r.

1t) uOu.o.,-ri-r.i;\.:igyr,
[\"-b 1tr ,t' f ) o[r1.1"flMooy."i_ - -a.-r-t--
r..rna.pooc r..ln r..rr.aHloc Mtr r.lX).lllrHc .(\1 ,t'L\) "qjf' 6( \l r t,rr
c ;)JaJl flK).KC '; _S
-

TMeconoaa.Ml). toYla.ra. rqlr rKa.nrllaoKla' .(,r ".Ji j .<- - -:-.])

'r.pi;
nrroNToc a.yco ra.cla. 'reQpyrta. pltq tna.uQyXta. ...
:r'f ,"a-s-;€ -:..'*- i::
-,
nca. NrXrey e-qtt TKYPHNH a.Ycu NeePo)Ma,loc ...
nepne .(#,r*.
--t' - =:
-yxr[I\, j,;rJ\" nioyla.i ... NeKPHTHC a'Yo r.ta.pa.eoc
:
.oorL*J\'' Tile ." - ::1

.(t "i;, Tie'.1

d\ +J €\-rs "' q$qv 4s: :s ;c) ="
r€

/
"
r;r)" ttz€yc :sJ ,ri ;\rL oi +u\ itrYr ,u-i- -t-aj -: -+-t'
Ta.PTCMIC ((\( ,ri 1) "u^;',!' n?epMHC ,(rr ,rr 7i) Zert-r dei::::-:-

.n'i-,j'J s,,(ri ,n 1r) "o..o,Uri" ll'

:r+\5 -i +rt- i :
--

(svt -o) r.royeqr.r- -: (ir. ---) axr.r- )\ etr- t'. (r) i' , \t -//
Jl +l -\-aI ) d_J* '*
:.

\')r, ,*Y\ OK \i! "uJ+" (tvr -a) cr;a.rn-; (tv.-o) xoPlc-J

-:>
a.xll ,(rt ,tt c.*) "rL,'J\ l-rc I-" xoPlc cgHPe ,Ji-,A
IHCoYC 6", .,*L*i" ia.xitta.\l
"oLi oJ+" r.royert;lr o.rre.(tr 't 6) "6_2 0;-r," nNeyMa.
," jo-p" . ,.:'->1-. r{i
Qa.pa.co
a.xN xqo ,(l ,t L.. \) 'if Oy-r," axN rpr.apr'l ,(tl ,'t rJ)
CIJ.ON
. .""IJ ol, J ;.-" Ka::I)-r
,-+F;trl 6;.-i 6r-^ OK li! ,j,,<+ t(tv 't L, t) ";L[+ o;ri"
,+;)to\El : :-^--* '),.
lroyecr;r.r NetBHYe .(tt ".rrrU\ ,-tJ+" a.lt"l nuouoc
'r:t)
a.xr'r uqeHYe ((lA ,v y)
"."rrU\ JLti o:+" frnNoMoc (rov
-,r) "_,.;'it,Li,i" Ke-_-_.'.. -

.(rr,t g) "6:JtoJ+" a.xlt nr'reyMb.((\A ,t g) "JLc'!\oJ+"

.(r. ,o;; "Lt :i -,*r-t rxrl
nlcpa.Hx ,r!! jrii , +
"r*-ii" reQecoc ,(rl ,ri ,-) "
_,
ue
Ibid., 98.
:. -:11
!.*.alli++!1

)';" r-rnoyroXM MN celMe "r" ?, L,,Jl ;\ri ,J..tJt \+"b^, a-tdlt ,L-)t (t)
61-v;u.-L
.(t ,tt;r) .(tr ,r,p) "\ir, (}" ca.pz tl cNoq:(i.or _^a)

-'!c _d!\i) Lr\-al\ i (\.)

--.: erre KocMoc elre cung er-re uoy t',"U!\ ,y- g (o)
Ka.T). ..*,
-e;)!) g;lf * oyoN NrM eNTa.qx,a. ,(tt ,rrf t) ",-,JlJi;f=ItridU\ ,!*"
-)
"i i. i:,r" VY'
6 i' ra.ra. fue
t/ .))

ni r.rccuq H coN H co)Ne H elo)T H l-la.a.y H celMe H o)Hpe

r-1\rlc l:rnexplcroc ,(tt ,l J) 6t,\i\rt ritliriririu;irir;irir" lr u^.[" tr ccoqge ...
Fre ?(l)c .\lKa.loc ,(rr t)
'lrrf .(tl ,n.-^^) "... )t =ri
HTHC.(c,r ,tt *-) "r;'\5 .'L-ll
,-'r\i ;-i^rJ\ J*tr a-rrd-Jl r.l- ;l:.rL ai,*Jl ,Lj.it (r)
,.' i') ",L,.(J" tcoc ca.Beey
clJJ.\" nNo6 r.rppo ,(rr,r e a*ip)\ .>\.5;J1 ,bt) ,_r.-:ll
J) ._r'=!1 a-iLbYl g (rr) .(ro ,o c.-") "n!J\
'rt?a-\ ."-'..-jJ\ \--
F, )" [ToyMZlr
,1_rg: siK lil a.l-Yl ,lr-"![ .].a,s L-r-c ,U)t (v)
."ar,,\,-i
3ue r.qOOy rtr't tloyct)n,"L dnrlj" Ma.a.Be npOune
2r..re
,--(.= ;\r;u-*\ .r:-c (lr) c.,K li! !"s)\-r" pcoMe cN\y,"i! o*,,.r'! L1e ato.;i"
-)'\ F:
r ." j s-" p2o-re,(tvr -o t#, -r.ri O<a!" rqtrr.rca. ntooy Ae cNa.y ... :,=,rF;trl ;-j ,U1;
-.. -"- p C_H -rr (tr) .(ir ,i ,a) "... ;"";l

l"' er reg,+L.:J\,-;r.tj\ - r.repe npcoue lra.coNS :;:i-.ll ,ac ot=.Klt a. (a,)

a.u
-2',, .(r ,r c.-) "JLi)l [4."s;_r]! uJ" eoelK Ma.ya.].q
r , -...>i--: <5;\.rrrLj\ -
\cr€ ."ir't" eBotr ("i^,).e" _r!:\) "*r:r'J" r,.u..rr.r r- r.;'!Ly (fJb) a"cff ;!"!f
g (r)
cJ" lu,oleooy \N eBo}' gr-rt't pcone ,(t,r -o;i)J+lil.}l
rteBox 3r.r pcoue a.N oyj.e 2rrl.r ,(ir
'o;r)
",rLil;-" t1g l;i
ua.i ere ,(t ,t "JLi! ! ;L.r)
"p) - ".r" ptuMe a,N
'o Till 1955, 63.

1t
 ,U*1t:iUJlJ-rJl

",LJ\ 3. L++ f o)-jr" rlnoy-rcoXla ur'r celMe a( )) I tr

"r*' )tl ias_Jt -: i , J:-- .:r-
.(r,rt;;) .t J_.
-

/,J ,r1 c-,!a.^cJ\ es (S'tcuc -\+ ,.=-'J!) ajr\;Il i (\') elTe KocMoc clTc d.:;-i ::-:i
Ka.Ta, noxlc a.yo
t',("5" Ktra. .r*,
,r;)!) g;-/l f oyoN NrM er.lrb.qxa. .," - i
"iK-. j" Ka.Ta. Ma.6((( :tr]) "L-rly il*
5 5 g" ra.ra. fue ui r.lccoq H con H colli ts ilc
'6-*rt J-5" ?(Dc a.nocro\oc t{nexptcToc r(tl ,tt ;J) nrri;';r s\;i :' ,'_.'
-'_.' -
,s1;$" te-rltoyott[ l.rl.rpcuue etoc i.lK].loc ((\Y :rlrf t)
,(o ,tt e*) " GS" gcoc npoQHTHc ,(rl
'rr *.-")
"r!'K ,"LL)
r'r! a;..J\ L)- ..-i;- x-
't.ri ""L(J" to)c ca.Beey
.(to t)
dll\" nNo6 Nppo ,t ": -: Z.

'(r.r Jo ;y'U\ aitb)\ ,tj\) ;y'tJl aitb)\ g (tt)

d-L-r.:J \,d,-l I
6:LLl"
ncr)epr.4a.\,"JL:J I
et" nroYl-l8t-r
((- I
,1 ,+: e;K t:1 i.-*r-, : -;.r- -
4r-r}l i

L|
3ue r.r2ooy llrr ptte rlltrr.'trF. .

J\,.i'r\ AD LS;J\ J\,-i'J\ dr"6,l p\.r*-.\ -rc (rr) c.K l)l F: t";)-.-"
-)l p.1\l{€ (
."+5*,,jr" .:rr."(D,"i\-;" Pto-re,(tvr -, tslt t4 6=)1" ur.rnca. n?oo\'-!c- c

,(trr-o,-t,rlJ\ ;r2ra: ):\) -r#\ p aF -u-c (tr)

."(u-t'-" eooy eooy,"l.i.i" €N€l :i-6:-xl\ .-rrlJ\ - r'repe npcuue ua.corri a-ll i:
,-;r]Jl - .(t,r,:^") ";il, i :;
troycouf esor,]\ Js-r,pn 6\-r;u.*! +(f f

."\-iE 2tuox r"\'sL" r.rpa.c-re ,"\3,E" eBox,"ii)-c" ,.t:l) ".l-.-.1 Y" uurr -^-* _=-:- --

c.*.J" r.rerl(leooy xrr eao\ 2:-t-l;

nesoL glr pcune ),N o\'\e irrr

Na.i ere ,(r 'r "__-.= '-_
"p)
" Layton 2000, 40. "Till 1955.63.

A^
 i. . ^;11 4J_Jii,4Jl A++IJI

a.unre :"[, ,crl-:i-i +i q* fi*"j ! "U*'it ,-pa (ri)

tire adjectives Pa.CT€ ,"ro;--x ce.5.i" Xa.a.y,(\:JE) "_p, ,+i" eN€l ,"p1+|\"

j.: (:,,;-riri) g\.Q-a ii;-j , ."Luu\ &-J\" cNoyq.((\"-i) ",-'," cr;opfi,((\.-i)

.

r-- .*1-J:JJi: + J", sK;" ,.; o)a. NleNee,jEJ) (tr ,tr.--") "*,'!IJl" o)a er.ree,ij.l-^i

.( ic :( r) "... CK ("t'i ;.r- o(rr

'l r) 'r^rJl i;" 21151 eNc? (((\\ ,r Li \) "rL!l J1"
,(l ,r g) ";.+;U ,Lii" geula.a.y :J==J) " rs*tr.,d" l,a.a.y
: _.
,,;(J\ 4l psr,, ,F Ju,
pa.cro ra.p .((tr :(y e*) "U,; o*.J" oyXa.a,y ne
. J---^->i i,r\ ;!!t *i) r'$, .:*
rtIN 6(rt :1 c--.) "-,;9 ft* *J\ ;'J" Na.qtpooyo) erpoq
.; ; ;r[)\ .:!:i ,--;r: "a; ];" xlN ,(tt 'r, t)
cNoyq ""-,.-Jl ;;o" cgopn
-, -.:\r :-r.a; tqr-lJ ;;\:! ; -.:'. .(t. ,,rrf r)
.(a, J"-J,j; *!r ;i

f.ut:;tt
nei- (\-r,r)

nr- (Ci)

_>.-- l-i-s" neipcuue :.J-'

NHPOC ,""L(i\ ,'!jr" lteietor;
, , tt
-{€ -:;\ 4Ij TCSlMe , ;.J
!l€ (D).de elte2 ttee untpurr-+e
q \e .(:1 :Y ,) ".tL.l\, ;-
_*_- ;!" tttcoYc neNTa.q ...
urPrr-)r-re eT6(1)g)T ... .(tr ,1 -
 ,U-,'Yt ,iUJl J'^aiJl l: -
:'

;J'j)I.:li.a a.Utt-re :,J:" .- :-1 :' ,-.

Pa.CTe ," '!-.---\-
Demonstrative adj ectives -
"o;:.'=i
, a.-a- :- :fi,]\'
,.:!*ll d.-" \-:,.s- JlrgJ;rU)\ (cr!:iri; ota", fi;:-j
J!\ ;L.* t'i) Jtl \iay rot* *1,--Lb:i,: J+r sK;" ,,;c o)\NleNe?:j;a-)t - 'r- -

.(to ,tr) "...oK ("F,iUl ,(rt ,t Ji) 'r..^ -::" Y r... e.*:ir

,(l ,r g) "a.{ju , : ' eil i'.*'- ' .,'

d*" \i ... dKr-i i\r,t ,ir*^r;:!, qr(Jr 4! 6sr" ,F Ju"
.(r-r ,,r j*) "... JK-"-i(k;r e+rll c* dl ;i;.r +i) ;';J.t .rt
XIN ,(ri ".* r , 'ir r
:1 c.-")
r.-.rd ;r\:! c,!:i JI ;:tij\ o.ilj\ + ;r[)l c,!ri ,*-;s ((- . ))
4r-" rip Xlt'l CtlOYt-{ . ':
fi) ,-:rrcJ\ .-\yri o,'i* 9L o!.\t ,j-o; L.,.U ;rD! .:!r!
.(a,
\.v ;-r:Js.J\ *'i\ ,e-i
v'

6'|t dij,\l)JAl J.ut:r.lrt

uei- ("'!g) rei- (.-r.") nei- (\-r,o) :r-_.rd
r!
r.u- (.rLlri) t- (eur) nr- (clli) J-r*!

,"*^j'!\ orb" -reiccone ,";aJ\ \-r-a" neipcor--le ,ali"i

3,.|\ \:o" reirenea, r,.rnonupoc ,"'L-'J\ seietore

"!j^"
tlne ."oLJ\ cJ!" ueigtot-le .";'$\ elL:" fcatue ,';-;J\
Jj-. Ut!-. ,!u;t p" pcoue q).rre eneg troe tlntpcoue
&
nlpoMe eroyMofre epoq xc ,(tt ,v :r) "OLj'J\ clJ:
.jil p Lp- ;r d ,:iJ\ J*.11 dJi" IHCoYC neNTa.q ...
"...

JJ.#i .;i" ttre-rnp ee tttttpcor'le erdtug)T ... ,(tt:l;*)

 -..4iJ1 ;iri+.all;++lJl

- .>,i-o nlncra.loy Ylc .(r'r:\(_i) "... olA O,jJl J.J\ crLli

'e rdjectives .(rt ,t,r.-.) "6-...i J1a.J! a*J\4!i" trecooy

- i:'...'- ,
.-c a-llll JV-a ,,e,
. ,/1,,

=--. -., J*J fr,f ,-;:r-FlO!:i

- ,t
, ( \i \ su-" l ri5'l t gy ) s;i +;,-rL q,.U ;, U) l,;=-*
=i .--=-jt ;;tJl g a"<Xt c-,lj-a, "-dLa +;"rll ,(6r)" er'rua.y nl-:-,I\;;!\* + e,i,-r,,i;\>i
-l
, (
' 'v --, -iLJ\ ;,]:"\) JsLJ\ ;,c;

;-+ *(-) -e;-:Jl :elJU.\

o*It e^r-ell:y'l Jittrr;ft
'(n'*/rrn)
.L' ':-rc-
u(e)-..erllua.y r(e)-.. er.lua.y n(e)-.. err.lua.y
:;;- _5;) +;- ::l:IJl -
(.rL!i) (.rUr) (cX:1
,l(}!\o\i., Ju-"a:

3r.a ne3ooy ,"c^!r.Ildl]i j.:," XIN fleyoercg emtaa.y:i.[,i

dlt," rroXrc enlua.y ,(rr :r _J) "6;t ,U5 +" erMMa.y
,(rv
'tt _J) "+.,Jt d!!i" N2r.4a.x erMMa.y ,(o ,r;J) "lr,*I\
t'Ut:r;tt"Jf:J\ .";i\ eus" TectlMe e'nlua.y

.:;;I\ :jI\ ..Jtrl\

Cr ql+,i),LJ\ j i-r, nei-; nr-;p;,.--lt3ifototsky Jl-.J
,Sutrr.alt+U\
Js-1, ,"l-uo" nei J a.LrJt 3l "dJJ!" rl- !rV_:.:\^I a.. lb
ei}\)ri.I\ +Ul
o f.i^.^; nl- s-;.J ,l+- {+ n-.. e-naua.y !-5}l i*-t
.(Depuydt 1994, XVII).Polotsky \.e.L-'j i.-\- o'jl-
 ,U-it:iUJl J.^aijl l::--

I crLc^a
ntnc-ra.roy .lrc
Possessive adjectives -
'(t' '"' -" -! ' >

,, i+ 3\:; rJrLJ! etlU.\ .r*, ai)-'J\ , a"(Uf oU-a ra,.:

.',-1;.-. *!r;K l:l(a, s".:ii;

-'Jr5;
g;i;.;-r;tcrgri '(t-11-v;u.-r
5i
i^ - _i J-,_.-ii\u";:(tL-t j i.^Lr\a;IJ\d;:<J.l.tcr\r.o
J_el,J\ ;,,cy
'(rtv -o;LJ\rl;,\)
. ( r;., -S *) ^--i>), + E ( I vgU+/S- ),-.a;.-:J \, c1l U. \
.(g+/rr*-.) 'r-^c,

(
3*/rr" ) .:-,c;,(e;; t f i*) +.;* ::l-:IJl
'iKI\cr\r., 4-,^
J.LTI ,"c,i -' - ' 1 ." r.:l
€ u-rtP Jut u
dljUl
3f"l ne2OOy

dll" Tno\tc erfir-ra.1' .i--

Na.- TL- rt- )ril\fKi\ .(rY :rt J) "*."J, ;-.'" fi,'3rq':

NCK- TEK- neK- f:.tt ,r;-tt ..rJ\.;.:Jl

NOY- TOY- roY- e;3I\ :r;I\ .....t\;:Jl

Cr C\+ 15)\:J\ j i- ner-
-.
:r-
Neq- TCq- neq- J.utr;tttrUJ\
a-<-J, ."\ia" nei ' .1-: :.i
NEC- TCC- rIec- e;3I\:r;I\+tiJ\ t
j ,,-r.=.:--.: fll- i^;.. . +-.
NEN- TEN- neN- p+l.ft\ .(Depuydt 199-1. \\ II
nett- rern- nertt- r}\,-g\;r\
NCY- TCY- neY- r"}\-sU\
;; -,.a.ijl +.:.-i ia.fiUl

ttt-t;,r'j\ ,".r";\" ToyccoNe . " jj ;i" neKCoN, "li L i" fieNctcor : {!..i
tH "eVerv" cr-4:3)" nerrloyoet{9,";li" Ta.M}.a.y,"3;lgT" NeKelore

'.,-. *:t\ r+ r.ru..r ;tr'Jt ;'U ,"Lli" neuui ,""1.?" na.Hi ,"ae*;j" ueycttHy ,"-<-iL,
-+
."k#" n€cBa.)..,"d:..Jr" neqBAx.,"Ljahi" NeNHi
?' t' " -o.r-f'pa"u NrM::r.cL\
tut-t .(,r ,1_5 r) "dL. J.c ts' g;il" ll'ra.,;fr'!f ;'U.;rLi)a.o-.a,;- filrii.+; lil
-!\ OK
,(tr ,tl;J) "oJ r*.g ;-ris-" uHr r'qr.aga.). llra.tl ,r-'!l -r,,"ro4
... :-Jt _[oJl]Jl)#l
oYTe Mnerr{ccotr"r ecutr tr-ra.t1 oyTe r..rnertrr.ra.y e2pa
.I;) -1.* $b) NIM ,, ,i=.lt
( _-' .r" erqelpe r,,tr.aooy Teiezoycla. ,(rv :oy) "oJ fu+
r+!'r; t6-rr:**.f" r.lra.q

a.ror iror reNea. NIM ((\v ,tr rJ)

.(I,,rr5 \) "-<J *;"rlle\tIJI l.i.o" fr-re ruy-rtr

.(t,t
'trJ)
:-;-, :_J 3;\,] ,::3Il -!\
ioxg e2pa.i excoq o)\cpxa.le
r.) ('v ,rt ]) "r..ri \$li J"
'
:') :- -o ;*b $" eua.uoyg
i'; --.: f'ere r.rceccurt.r a.n

; :i, -. ..ti ,-l-4ijl Jb*)"

-\\
.(o :u;f r),,;';t
. i= ull-t: 4rJ-Il ,U-"rt
Lrlri llll.t ?l xoxxE,"g" MN;i
Tloliplclc .(ro :1,.r.) "
€i,5)
 ,-\' ,3ir;;Jt

tt"f'NlM;l)Xl
ldr
Article NlM "every"

i;t' Q 44 A ,"C,-9! ,*..i'rJ -,'Jl "r-r., NIM ;f r'!f ;'U

I lci-..*\ -
eo)B r.llM r.ra.ra.eoc, "J\--.J\ s" ,\ "J.r,-fl'p(t)Me NIM ::r.cl\
"iK- () "Cuo
J- ts'
5,i" A, Ma. NlM,(,t 'lri
;i\ (rtv ,4J\
,e.JUl\ ,J..J\rLil)
-\; -c :_.-; -,,;L;J\
*rr1 2oa uu-l erra.luoy :(EJtc) l1-+ i'r<= NIM: ,1Jt
-i&.* a\ a.."r-\ \ Jtc'r\ 5 J.i g," erQetpe r--rr--rooy
"J':+\\e. ."rrfrL-" c€Na.TMa.roi r.tot reNea. NIM ((\Y :\rr) .(r
',r
S')" :--
.(i,t
'l;J)
uN-repo ,g* ti f* ,P )\ $? y5 J-.\d o;J.\ -'J\
--r;, Ktr.f" uu.l ecg)a.N ncucg egpa.i exo)c qa.qPxa.le
cYNeLAHCIc NIM ,(er:_:, rr,.) (lV ,\\ ,) ",-.ri \<J\i
J"
Yyxn r.uu r(r5-r." ,r.") (r ,rr 1r) "dLo )p.,b 6" eNa.NoYq

(t') 1tr ,r 1) "er'! ra $" ere ncecconl a.t't

5 \;i " cglMe a.e NIM ,tur.-r ;\i! r-'rl arJ J"rJ\ d3.i
.(o :rr;5 r) ";';t

gr L,y\\ ;t-riil-g, ,Jb,Jt \-ea^, t,j,; NIM i arJrll ,t*-l'!t

e,y,5;*^r-" eqpna.tpe eo)cuNe NIM gr rox),E,'j" uttyi

K},Kl}. NIM el KPoq NIM ?l tYnoKPlClC c(Yo :1,.:-") "& 6t

.La1'ton 2000, 50-51 ,g:!,;}l tu ur r-j-I "

 i: ,,4-4Jl
!.'=!dli+.g.Ul

i :.\.
,V ,Fs G* 6: r $" uu"r MN \a. NIM MN K\Ta.xa.xla. NIM

Snilr\.e .(r ,r L.. \) "a;i;5: i*;5:

-
:J --i .j o)rpe oytMea.\ :oy-rK:Ji ;t:L
-!t j*j;r:\: c,'!\- g
I s.::ri\ e nca.ae Tu6e rr6.(l)Nt l.roypcoue Nuq

,
j- ^- _,..1 ;ri[\ ait,)l g .(rr ,r,r
fi) "_L. jJ ----:;

_- :-*' \io: l;bi ,ji 6tu;."t

tl- t -rr
.4^-b-l-Jl

- ! .-:- Yi (-l ^4- .jU' l\

,'r

; :-1 : j"Li tJ).-rUalf Ui

':'-'r-!
-J .Y.

(
eoof'),--" n3oyMlce :ibi
('-, ,- j.r) "jiL (uooy) ,\-."
(rHf') Toyfrgrt c";t-;cJ\
=;,"
€) ').f 'rrrcoo,";p-!\ (coVpe)
"rlrub,

;-- :-*;ju)l
ct::r, 3 u5ino N-

. ,1.. :- -, ir, 2
-_- -2--- ;.c N-;t:)l 6-ui*J
: . .li,rr
': ..i ) I x:-6"rrJl i{l
_l J "f^t
 ,t*"it:.;u,ll J-4jJl ::
=t-

i.,ra)l
"!, 5:.F -(-. _; !'ri:ri ur-r

Genitive

;y'U\a-it^b)\ qape oyg[2a.x :o1'- _---(,; ;

Direct genitive

,j-c. {U,r ,f r lrLatt.-r\*a.t\J"a:1;;$\aitb}\d

--.*:
a-iJ\ +
1t-u;u*,'!l ;:\:
{ib)l dr Lll l-rsy i;l:i 6;i 6t-t;-"t
t".i.kj\

,(',,r -- *!\rr.o al"f \ ; rr.aj\ + \i-l q4.-!tal\

5-r;)
.(,rv
-o 5:-b) c,\:e fi .t:+ +tr ^Jl .-rtal\ \-"i

uoy2rlr-le,(t ,tr ,:.o) ";).J\ (eooV) 6,," neoyulce:i.ll"i

(coype) (r:" -rcpurlr.re ,(tr ,v 3) ";;L (uooy) oL"
a(r:" cepoa.uoy\ ,"JL-:J\ (-ruy) G;" -roYt-lgt-r r",-p\
6)K' cr;xccoue,"6.ri
(o;a.re) 6)K' crTXcoG .";!-!\ (coVpe)

l'd.r-a,

n- 1\rx-.t ;r^!U\ ji aiLb'i\

Indirect genitive using tt-

.-b\-bl\ r'rb r'j\ dH l-.r'U EJ\i ll-;t:)it fi;u-i

,--ru-l\

dt'..r! t3\-: oJ!-etat\ s;;;n',V#;5'lt e 6-rlJ\ .by :41

" Steindorff 1951, 75.

n'Ibid. 76.
 i_- , ^;1t
r7
!r::rJl++Ul

-.- e. itb.lt;i,oqKJr g .(t ,t;e) "Lr*,.i" 'rua.a.y trrucoyc ,",(AV

5-!) crl.:i..lt
Y- --o
o\?Toq ucoyo ,(r ,tt J{) "?+ 'rultrepo r.rr'rnnye,(r ,r c--) "OLi)\gl" no;upe r..rnp<or.ae
tn'"r}
,."5" aa;ti--" nHet taneycoN No6.,(r :r c.*) ".:rlr*J\ crr(L"
.(to :r.;") "jt-rci .r," To.lx Nna.ta.xe ,(tr ,t *iy '.,slf
neepoNoc r.rtexa.prc .( t t, r ;J ) ",*\ ;;" nra.pnoc r.r3n-re
:_-.- jl.o aiLlY\
litr e .rsipo 1116-
"cr-irJ\ ,," neeooy ll-rercptctc r(t't :! ,--.c) "a-.-Jl ,-if"
."!,-t' dr\" ng)Hpe NNIM ,"a^g nertlta. npcu,{ ,(tv ,r r, t)
i, -,-;i Cr"
.z b;:-) r.r-re-;t:Yt

l,-i - :.-i + ;-t.>.;J;

I rr -
"ct-r-r.aJl
r, , ( r. r -- drt-t t "
t*-"! l rU ;
r K;t al.,Lhl I oK :!
t
f
iaj
a.pHxq r..rnraq .(tt ,rr !) "p.+!! j^;22-)' royr.rQ na.apaqa.u
i_-- -.^l\A'itJK \il (r)
,1,., ,I
i) "r;r1\G-Ji"
1rra. rlre nxoelc,"-.I ,!.rc"
,a5-;l\;rJt + t1-\ JK \il .-,u:l\ t^i*i \,res f-ra-;
o\na.Pa.Ba.-ruc tt-re nNoMoc c
'gKr)ne urgHpe r.r're nuoy-re &) (,rv -- 5-b) c,\:iJ\ dr ..f! or+Jl -dr 4) i-rtb.tb
nNoy trcr;copn i'tf (coue)r.7-" t',(;;!.1 ait>)l
eNe f,iMe
.(tt,tr,)
";ro*51 cjr" rNoy r.ar..reepe ,(rr 'lv ;,) 't'! (ua.y) e;r"
;,;Jl a'rl OK t:! (r)
-,
. ,'.,,) "if,! jtr)\g,l" npcoue
.(r
'ttr.-)
",LJls-i," rtNoy lrpoy3e,lr ,tr )
f
--:- -e -ii-a-l\ g":i ri1 (r)
Tneplxcopoc rrpc 'u'(r'ir --Jo ai+tJrJ\ jL;J\ _,b\)
:. .r*S .j;i asjl,J4 a;:e
"---^- ,LJlro;"Yt4t"
,(o :\" e*) ",J)\! Url\ ;rtsl u.*" r.rnropla.uuc
:-) ncr;a.
,(,r ,r c.-.) "CUl ul)tr ts'l.lunrepcooy rHpoy r..lnrocproc
r€."_ -* 5ltgJ\ ,[I\" noyoelN
."G-i)\ -dr Juoi'[" ?eure2BHye rHpoy lrlrra.rocyNH

"Till 1955,66.
" Steindorff 1951,76.
n'walters 1972, 13.

\.t
 ,u-ilt ,guJlJ,4jJl
Y :'-

"pr" -y+ 4l .-rl"hl \'i! .o\".<l t,J

oytr t-rpa. tlcoot r i ); : i
,(l ,t_r,) "Lr._, -rdlj.\' i'::*,.
oya,nor lrHpn ,"cJ .--rri" oyp'roq r.rcoyo ,(r 'lt Jc) "t+ It.llt-repo r'runH1'e. - I i--, -

,n.,.; i rr
,-,K,,
rifl l:..* [Hel l-tfic]'i--), ]ir-r'

,(\o :r.--) "+ -^; -. -

- -:
Nte- ,.\-'.;:-! ;rlu\F a3\->)\
"oi;J\
J - ,.e" fief OO1' [:cr.a:.:
Indirect genitive using u-re- \r-

."!Ji Jl" n(DHPe t}ttt i ."'* -

i+{.Ul U 6l-r;u'J\ ;r:\, (trra.z Lr*,ajl V:y) r.rre-;t-r'Jt

'"' i;-'J \ c,iL! \ i

ll,L-r-,.rJ
'(
t.r -- ^frt
-ii o'*i.i _j t;
{t;-;1 \

a.PHxQ r-lnra.2.(,, '-. . .=;

oyra.poeNoc nre nxoelc ,1,+:,--lU":tt i*'!\ ;K \.)) (l)
,(rt ,rt
Li)
",-r\Cr" oynNeyMa. r.tte n:toetc.",-,.rJ.l,!ic"
,tS-)t;rr.A\ g l:- -! :. -t
<(lo :( l) "9.-9rLJ\ L,<rr:-o" oyna,Pa.Ba.Tuc ttre nNoMoc
"ai: ',ui \1ss;!J" erpey(Done ncr;upe t'tre nuoyre , F,) (rtv --,o v-\.) ; ,...-- r
-\-
INOYr.fcf;copn r"n-S ((L'rllc
.(tt:t;s) _--
";r4.6gJ\ c^3J" ntlo[ ttttce:u .

nero)Hpe N-re :;r\j! a-a4:q**.;uarr i.'J\ ;K \il (r)

'(t 'rt ;)"'- ;
.(rt ,ts l) "\*, Oti)\ g,\" npo)ue
"$" ,1Jt i *- -. -=-
-rup,
A,^t
,ei.o) trl 1r1
a.t-b, 4J!.etal\ Oe .-r\*a.l\ 3""i
TnePlxoPoc rupc "1'-'
n3a.e n3ooy tu.roo rlre
'(!! .i-K ,.Sr;i a3V!,k) U:€ o(o :\" .:-) ".).:j\, t ^.--
nMooy e-ronf r.rre ,(rv,v-5s) "q,-lJ
-Lrtra.-\tIJ\" ncga .(l:t :lJ.: f'rrur;
c.-") "JuJ\
\v
nP).N eTTa.elHY ll're nuoy-re,"-,ilJ d;iJ\ dJ\ ,LI\" noyoetn
."e;'Jt,aJt Jtei rf ' ?cr{Kq

" Till 1 955, 68-69. "Till 1955,66.

ss
Westendorf 197'1, 126. Steindorff 1951,i6.
'u
'ooTill 1955,67; and steindorff 1951,76. n'Walters
19"12. 13.
 .;: -t"a.iJl i, ..s ^' i.-:r.:,-l

- ,*!l 6-,\t' ,F" clo)e NIM r-rre nnonHpoc 6"41 ,€n\

lSll f-.jl"
,...a:-;, ,U-'Xt; .
(6 .lr
J.*:Jl
)-J

ised nouns
''',,')\c'Jl ,Li
Cr +)l -.}''^a:f! -:L-li sK \)l EJre (i)
* ::,^:-" Jlr y asrs ,s, ,;*)1i(o :t c,.,.) ";i)+J\ *.o" BHo}.eeM trre foyla.ra.
.(\\ :(Jd) ""!_$\ [G" TKa.N]. rlrra.Xila.ra.

: . r.aJl

i *-;Jl d,ll
all}.z - I
or^.r to)!l
-i l

apHl(= -,.-,.r;i .ai\+

af\a.z ZrE
€la.(b.)T; , Y{l- ao -12J

Ko\'(o\')Nr,
ROYIlTz

ll(T, -r\-.-r,"U"i
FL\, i
p€llT;.
rl
Pa.tlTr. Plil,
pl"i= a-t-i
I

)frttf= 4*9

TC\]-I= Ji

'o'walters 1972, 13.

 ,U-Xt :gUJlJ..aiJl

5-.,-;.r ,'r*,"jt ;_,\t' ,F" clg)e rinr i;-:.- ;::a:'r

(-i-i + -'.4i -Jr ,U-'if )

Possessed nouns

r . -i , t
J t^)-rr^4-a )rJ\e^a yI y:j
\-!-or,ar
e ;1 'r
J-r .j.9 ,l\.-
y,J '- a-c"3
) . y, +
:
\,\ - ? , -
.^;)A D),o olt,qr-p

;JJ-Jl ;JJ-Jl ;,r.ajl

t ;rlt
4-4jJaall .-Sr"lt dr-Jd..hjl

lNlT -i
or^ - r i
to)!l
-n

a.PHJ(, -r-- c.S,a!l cq\ap

uoL (n) Bx(N)- sL),a.2 6-,f

er). (T) eleP-, ela.- era.(a.)tz i ll.l- 59 JD

roy(oy)r.rz,

KOYNT,

\rrrz .-,L--,r\-ti
po (n) PN- P(D, f
p).N (r) PCN- PeNTr, r1
P\NT,, PIN,

Pd,Tz aJ.9
1

coyeN (n) COJN'rz 4-+9

T(Dpe (T) -rN-,'re- TOOT, -\r

'o'Layton 2000, 102.

'o'Walters 1972, 13.
 '^ill +--r-.. izr\

; i :J\y oJI d f-'il trUU\ 6JJ-Jl ;JJ,.aJl ;J/l

uRrn ?rt KoYNq r..rnetlercur uU"i:t if;l
- / t. d4Il
^J.-;Jl
j PO)OY NNeeT(r)(Dp,(trr ,t _1)

.('\, :: ; r) "r.-.Ylp" llnuoyi

TOYN- TO{0)z e
cu(co)2103
-b
cpa (n) c9a(a.)N-rz
..1
L.4J I

eHTq lluetloMe ,,r-rc ,i cl.JU\

t, -
uH (r) lH'rz i-or..c.,,
\.
{l-i "'-
J,
ilHnHYe. .. :yt
-:-- i ,,
NTeC?lMe
r-) eu (r) o> r t 'Ja;
lHTz
".(rl :rL c.-.) ".:lJl
eo (n) t\-, ePN- tPa, 4>q
. ;iir r ./li a!.:i 'j
spooy (r) SPoY-, eP- TPI, a\r"o o)p
.(rr,r -,o
eHT (n) (r)re-, lTHu !--I-g

(a)-m-

3ur (n) tTl-lz e)

xox (n) xN- l(0)z ,*\ t

- (rvr -. r;])a^$r;t Jsr tt

j
YJ\ =-'.i -r: -r- 2i-iu-j
"Ll!;L=t
''t,,-grii .:LI=-,

\rnt ult-
rTt
pr-)
f
F{T€ iT) l-,
e.4 ra-ts
\

.U l(l)(D,,er^J i,J;_*,---is j' Ul- ,+] rr- e -j-i liijj "

 ,t*'lt,iUJl J'.a,ijl !:--

,(t,r. -o L.;S\ -ri :,Q*)\ r.L:\) )&Jb ,;*t i ,-'i\ cJJU\ ;JJ*JI , ,r-.-=
"o*\ 3,27 C JrK\" n€To)oon all roYr'rQ r'tneqetcor --rroir,
d4!2-Jl - 2.
I *_-
pcDq c(r ,r "+^..o-'Jl .bii/f " pcuoy nnegtrocop,(t,r :l;a) t-
6) I TO\11- :i
.(tv,r J i) ""u:'il,"3" l.lnuoyi
,l\'

u".^? d,c r.!:,J\ra;. a:,\-l

(-q).., -aJllt+llO-rs-; tJt.-i c9r (n)
royr.rQ ."oLJl ,.1\lp" tHTq ttuegtoue ,,rrc ri cIU\ eu (-r) .) L-

.s.u!.s;i.r" xlN a.pHxQ lu.lnuye .";'5r\ ,.--," fr-recetue

t't.(rt t c.-.) "op\ eu (-r)
'f -
eo (n) ?r-.?Pu- eP
ei .,j\ .>\.srd\ ,}:\) ''';ii-rr\ crt*f;l\ ,: p;*i 'l
3pooy (n) 8Po\',- ?P- iPi
.(tr,r --o
gHr (n) (a)re-. e
.",b!i/C" pcuoy,"o\ r,/0r," roo-rQ, r-rrJ l ;,c rd ) (3)-nr-

rp{Dz) JLi)l .^..7 J" 'L.i f -r,. "L-)t oio ga+ EHT (n) ')n
(.1

d4q ftr fli-x-j "L-"it .bt ,(dlrToorz rToJ(Dz ,x(Dz xox (n) Xll- :i.i
dy ,(rvr * -}';D tSltJ\,i'rb (rvr -or-b\) LLf \+ \ *s-r

--.Il ,r-i;,,ca.*Jf rl1-JUf g c\ \-orr;*. f i*-i "L-U;L-i

''''.rli c-,Ll=-,
(t,l ..
el}.T, B).\ (n) u:,\l- -

'ra.npo (-r) Jl r-raJl ql*J\ it- : i _---*

P(l), f
(rr: _- i__:
p).Tz oyepu-re (-r) L.
9,/
c:-r.-i
\

.tt- . I5r^--., -d,;1l

f-\ -^+
=1=

C.
j+s (-oy,-c c-t1) .-; ;=_---
'o'Layton 2ooo, 104.
'o' Ibid.. 103.
Ibid., 104.
'ou
PlrD(t)r;-_:.- i
 :f
=r..ali44lJl
,
-4
.)
TOOTz 6rx (T) +
t-.
F F F 1 X(Dz a.ne (r)
AJ
AJ u-!
=
L

I
1

14 4 t- 4
=
\ jL.bJ\- ^$-tt,LjYt ,4rae;; +LU.tt4=i^.J\* &*f
o- o- J
AJ AJ
AJ ,2

1
ci af-)1, g.,( I r o
-a a--a.a:)\ L-r+J I o U\.d \ ,gJ ) ;?.iiJ
\ 1

i
,2
a
:;ip-,: ;.e,.:..*Jl. -J.i \.(Sr .,L(,tltL "t*'itFjt * C
tz ;
t- o ,(a.cr^J\ j {I:,'il t4 qb .r6-t) et:-s $;* afr'Jf ,.n
e
.;=L J,r4 gn:r GJI "Lj'rlJ-::J lr'!tacr*-.+t (r)
F
o .!r-:.grr4 gF:lr Gjl,LjYl,_l^:j: ;.nUJl acr-+\ (r)
t- F t-
o (, o
F F F
F

F
F t-
14 4 r k
F
4

i tZ N
I F
IL
'/: r'1 ) },d
F
144
L
g
{ {
4 4

11
'l'la T 1"J.
11*
7 L t t
1
\J =.,
 a
,
I
-4
TOOT,
v F
'')
F. =r
t- F. F. F P F F i
CU AJ 6\) dJ c\) C\J
I
a.,) t- AJ X(Du
c\)
=

i
{
)

I
4
v (, F
=
'1
A 4 .4 4 4 4 .1
o- o-
AJ 6\) )
.i
a
I v ,
3 e e e e
o- A-

I
F
tY rC)
F t- F F
Q)
F F F t- o
o o t- F,
I o o o o o
1 F
F t- F F F P F
Q)
F t-
I
'_1' F

:v t-
J \\ tY (l) r7 'ot-
t
o
F F F F F F
I
A 4 4 A 4 ,6 ,4 F F
o- o- o- 4
F
4

N
o
F
\\ rF tY (, rC)
>{ { { >4 { { ,{ o
I t-
o- A. { 4
4 4 A 4 4 4 4
o- 4
4

T T 1 1
1,l 1 { 1
-1 'J. "1.
4 1 3"J.
1 1 1
1 1 1 a 1
*I.1 1
,?t
1 1 a
\
:J
:J \
x1
 i.,,=-.41\ 4++lll

t a.\'\n .(! :\A

f". () "-;.ti.;J! ,;*tt
.t't"ui ,5 ,y: Ly (.:*-(,;&'*r)
-:- _:;5\ -.n:,l-o;Jl jg-..i Iteration
ta Ir ila.q a,u t.ln'ra,ero:(ra.p1
, t,rlJ\ yi c.,LiJi ,\*;'\t
;.r ".* ..r i"\Fl -^-b ,F i;.\.
;*-e oJ ,i 1;tri ;r-r, r,Jld) ;ls-:
t'n'+L
..
-.:--j-
:! 5,r'!" Pglopn ...
'Cj;\ (t)
_-a. Ka.Tb. )\ ir fGa*i
f'xa.ra. no\rc a.yru ra.ta. flae "-!,5 roYa, noY\ -r-! oyr
"i,j ;--!,5 TOYeI TOYeI ;o\: oyel
,BBa.Tou.1r ,,r;J) Jl *; ,ys
K\Ta. no\lc ,(t ,tr r5 \) "LJ"-i
-t--t--t-t/
Atbg ttb.s ra.rJ29
J5 Ta.6 Ta.6. a.*.t! ra.6
a.r-orr .(i :ro r+) "-\e ,5 *" ct)a. f,+.-r$,)i!. !, g)HM qgHM, ,J.! gHM,
((\( ,t,r J) "(1ro*i r.oyi royi *r-o t(Oyi
-r" K\Ta. !ra.
.(rr:rr 1i) errxHcra. 6, tooY tooY (-r) eooY

r-r ilrl{ .,\t Lli r*!1 cj] "G

ara. no\lc r{lM (((v :tr
1i)
"c** d1:j\ f+-j i-^," a.qa.px€co).I r.lrtooyce cNa.y cNa.y:a..bi

5J"-" ntcuB r.lnoya. roya, Na.oycong eaoL,(r ,\.J) "uj\

nQrcucoae llnoya. noy\ Kara. ,(tr ,r ,{ t) "r$.* g-\1
,*5'u:t (c) epe (((v :\1 c-^^) "oJLri :* +-l; 3( LE:r" NeqtBHye

J;ir o)HM 5 #" Toyel royel (gcDr r-lue-rpr-rHc cN).y u o;oux-r

';Li eoxcoc
ab b" qe qe a.yot o)o {po ,(r 'r r,) "<iX ,\ :ri&+;-t*\,

'o'Plisch 1999.22: and Stelndodl 1951.75.

\\(
 ,iUJl J"eijl
"U-,'!t

,5.t'" fit.ttne MlNe el \y\N ].ya.N ,(t :t,t r", t) "Ji .;l!
.\
.''"'91 ,5 c: Li ;5i
re Ji) L,,jl o\y:iran p\r;u--le Jf--KJI .r9 J."^;lf ;,=-i
j,#t lt" NePe noYa. l'e noYa. :tl Na.q a.n t"tnra.elo :(ra.PJ
noYa. I-].P noY]. ,(t ,o ,=.s) "a.*.LJ t"!(\ ]-b ('F J;!
.(rr :rr_5 t) "... ,H -\-! ,5 o'i" Pgopn ...
(Till 1955. 65) j.Il ,_rij .rt J ra.ra. )\ \-r f1;u-i
r,;+- ;* lao;1 A::tt rata, no\tc a.y<o ra.ra. ]ue
"^-! 5 111'11'). il,.
-i "["
"\j J!*S ,ys ;--! 5 TO)'€l T.
-:' 5 ;" Krra coya. t'lnca.ssa.-ror.r,(r ,rr;J)

Krra. c(o :r j) "i1r. 5 .i" ro.o noxlc ,(t ,rr rf \) "L_r.-i a,.t; Ll;,4,lJ 5 T).'r -l-i

5) .-* 5,-i" *oro ca.BBa.ToN ,(1 ,to ro) "+r 5,J" qr V-t$,y+ j+ 'qFit
i .:il

Krra. ((\\ ,t\;J) "9K, 5 ,(tf ,t,t !) "(1_r*i Krr\i KC

+" Ka.Ta. Ma.

.(rr:rr i) e**xu.ro Sr* it\-r)'ir-

5 g" Ka,Ta. ca.BB\ToN NrM :NlM ;l)'iL Liii --'rl 5:i s

.(rt 'to Li) ""r,,- 5,-!" rara. noxrc NIM 6((v 1i; ".-- g^!t
f+q, ir,," a.qa.pxeceLl r-u
'rr
.f 3*r" necoB unol'a. nrr\'L rii
ttQrtocoue l-lnoya. nola. lia.T
,+5'u:t (r) epe c(fv :\1 c*.) ".-.'' *
]J> L^! (- qHM 5 Toyel royel tyr': [r
0)HM o)HM #G ClJ"

rb JQ tox(Dc Ao}.(Dc <- UL": goXcoc i; i;o" qe oge ayco o)Lr uF.

'o'Till 1955,65 -:
'" Plisch 1999,22: and Steindorff l9-i i .
jj -..4iJl a- *rti,lJl
=r,a,t

ii' "',oLjj)\ v-r+yi,\-uJt (r)

xirion
./+J "lxll (l)e'i\ 'L*i Lq "uj'Jt t\ra: f,*.;
-* ) --.;-c- 6\s,:-"19 Jl+)l "-+\pl ooa\r\"
\- /" \'Y''
a.BPa€).M a.BPAea.M :g're':J '\"jj'r\
.o-^:=
-.i.;Si "^>r) r\ rr;.) nxoelc ,1t ,l f) "&U &[" ca.yxe ca.y\e ,(tr,rt eb)

'"' j-' :;\: dJJ.\.,LL" ,J\:, .(ir ,r_l) "-., !.r.; !" nxoelc
-
.
.-. .i)-rl ic\->
, .L , ttta) t/
-j
-
L1II\I a.-s

- -.1, ,,;i'it fus,*ih:

." ... J\3y ry\: -rLL"
- --- 'r,-ri ,',K" ,J ;I .1U-
'*r t) ",+
- -.i \r.b *.(t ,0..-F

\rr ..f -
- :_r . _,rrJ
r
),rt' )-\r r)g\>
,"--
\\
_-:-;5; :il-Ll .+t
. t/ -t I I

J)E)
I 'r'. \ ;r*,;;Ky"yi ".r.--

_. _.+ __+\j], arld\;.i-U\*

, .r..
- ^,;,--,.ji) L.+L,,.\ o\yri,-9i
LCo\-C nexPlCTOC ,JU-l

-:;., -" n(rHPe l"lnf.fOyfe

\-c --; , :€=..J- JUJ.I\i.G j

+nexprc-roc ri "1:-+
"f*!,+"

"o Layton 2000, 99,

\\t
 ,t*"it 3\il ,
J"dJl :: f -

Jr+)r
Apposition
.:*.l. I ol.r:.lJ (,;;i, o* i-::

i(e^" J1*t\) Ar.*y ti+ (J-r-Jf )r,-c 6[;.:-.\ro J\+)l

(s r r
pr
t

,..-6\
1 - v.- - r..r.
\-$\
}.B?i\'ii;-
.,"r j5i c,LrJ-" ;4 )\.;5i *-^-.t -r\
,,5\ ^-->| 1\ *j*) nxoelc ,(! ,1 ;')
!
"-. - j
-.
Oir+ JU.l\ \i,6 *.(t,r :\ r) "... JUJ r;\r c11l\.-LL",;1U-.
"!""
;c oLrl^" -Ls\ ")rl)" --'rl d/ {r, ..>rL "d,UL\" a..K

,i "...Ju, eLUr .atrL" ,;^:-KJt fo! ,u5'lt ,fus,*;Js

."... JEJ:1\: -rl.-L"

-r-c t1$c >U, fli eU-. ,:* .r*s, OLu 6Kr" ,rj Jb-
"6!iclL oi+ Jurl \i,b f '(r ,o J. () ",+-
gi:r= g,*$;";rQ\
oy: ;2!J!:if'l! ,U5Yt ,F*:,";1";" --'rldt' .i+ o,F
-r-c t1$c >&, flri .il" ,:.s gr$-r 9K;" 'r.L!l G*"i J)[;)
."0+* r-c [1]c i- OU*, gKr"ri"or*

(qJ\i )
f
l;u-j'!,u, Ji,J\ J+ ri *,, J*J\ +! +.il\ ilJ\ +
.(+l tl" oU-;;,.si; t ,t^.t c,!ri.9i

TApxH r'rneya.rreXrou r.ilucoyc flexplcroc,JLl"

.(r :r r*) "ail\ ;,\ 5--tt f,*+ ro)Hpe llnnoyre
"[*! "+"
Ta.pxH r..lneya.rreXron r.uHcoyc JF;i;s-- JUII \-\! j
, -r,,
" Tlp x H r..l neya.r re\tor.r r.lnexp rcroc ; i "
L-* -r1 "
"[.*!,

"o Layton 2000, 99

 -^ill t-\:+€Jlia+IJl

I ^ - -.:L.J,J\
'1 \ ,i;.i
.-.\ \ Ta,pxH r.lneya.rrexron rlncgHpe r..lnuoyru "--, g*:
ri
. :- -:, r* )\ oya. ;r.(JlJ+"., ."ollrrt3=+1,+"
t-r\-r \e CIM(DN,(rt
'trJ)
"iL
" fiuoyre ,(r ,r ,_p) ".-,1lri\" nNoyre nelcDT,.g;iaUi
: )
- ,&" na.i xe na.yXoc
,(rt
't g^o) "u-b_r*,
t'-li ill J\" ra.p cooyN nerr.rerco-r
=- -i ,1r'it "U-i ;'U f-or \Jt-i,." ?eNA(r)PON OYNOyB r..rN Oyxrea.NOC r..ltr Oy(l)u
--.r -- :L^Jl ,.t;l) ..-J[ifb "c-lA! +J\" nxoerc neKNoyre 6(\\ :! .*") "(_.,u, \iQ,
.{'- :\ f) "rJy \,i" na.yXoc ",S)\-" 1ui;6r-ri" a.qra.oyo r..u..loi neqa.rrexoc,(Ir ,Ir e.;)
.(4, ,tt;;) .(r
'rt;r)
; - -:) ,iU*Jt ajLb)l
-,(APPositive genitive
+j
..+ :_ _.r<= iLa-ll _".il:J ,qJl
-.i
6)\'\t .t*! Jll
Appositive and proper nouns
'-. : ) " f !J i:,ro" lreya.-rerpa.

r}-IACKOC ,tl 1) "r*-ii

r(ro icona.c nenpoQnrHc :lil\o
CJ\ f\ .o
J-r]t +!
rua. r.rr-r roHoPPa.,(rt ,rrf t)
",/t ,Uor!" Hca.la.c nenpoQu'rHc.(rl :\t c*") ".,Jl ;L;"
p rlxHtre ,('t ,t L.. f) ";r*.-c: ,(t :tv *-*") "dU\ nlx\Toc neHreMtoN,(rv ,,t e*)
"+\"
,(rt c.*) "+.1ir.-rrr+^ ar {+" errt.la r.rgnpculHc neqelcur
.- ,-: neeOOY l-lnCa.ee).rON 'r
r.a.Qa.pna.oyM ((\t ,r;*) "dl-ll er:;;4,o" 2upculnc nppo

,(rt ,t ]) "J"+t dt' qr" (rVr',g" Tnoxlc Nrra.\il,a.ta.

icugluuuc ,(o 'r ;,^) ";-rr)\ ,"4-," nlopaa.NHc niepo
.rJ\" nenpoQu-ruc rc.(rr :1r+) "gl-'-.-I\ [:-_91" nBa,[TlcrHC
!)ULa-Jl u.b'F\" TeKCelMe eXtca.ser ,(tl 'tt c-.r) "Lr,,,r
, l l- crLLoli" e}.rca.eer roycyrreNHc ,(tr ,r;J)
.(rl ,t ,J) "o* ;y\r" \a.1'er-r net13t.l3a.x ,(rr :r ;J)
 'L-!l :JEll _La,iJl

j\; ,+: ,- \ ir i+
Of \i) ,(e t.,rl\ ;\:L dJ\ fl .*j Ta.pxH l.lneya.rrc\rc : I i-,- ,-
a-;" oynpoQurrc xe a.NNa. \":;rU! 16"; ri oya. ;rilf
^.;
,1r
'r.1) "st* (;r{) L\r" oy}. xe clMo)N,(rr ,rrJ) "aL ntqOYTe ,(t:r ;)"--t- q - it
.(tr ,n 1) "ti^ rJy" na.i xe na.y\oc
,(rt ,t c^o) "*i* a-
-
dal {j.a*JtjL;u J*5 r)r"!t "t*i ;'u
aj..ai.lt
f-6i Ll-$" tel.l\o)por r \--\l'l ir'\\E
a.NoK ttt,(\fl
-,a il.a-q-.Il a*,a.;-:Jl ;L;l\ ,)i:\) ..-J\r,jJb "eIA1 ..'Jl" nxoetc iicl'.liif'
"q, \,i" a.uor icuga.unuc .(tr :t f) " d, \:i" na.y\oc "r5y-o ( t,i),jI-- :" 8.t.lrb.r-,...i-r fi !
.1r ,rt;;)
Appositive oblique) ;U\ +c J\+)l .i,:J+J\ a!t>)l
tIUa"
/,lt r-"\ 9U o\".-'J\ p A.r,(Appositive genitiveti a
Troxlc :JJt .- l i*l gc e tL-t t:ja, eL-ll --U ,d! "r';;:. -
App().il:\ : ::..'
i^,*," Tnoxlc rleQecoc,(It :tt Li) "!a:t.: {{*" noya.-rerpa.
",i-, {^i-" 'rnotrtc ttla.ua.croc c(ro 'to 3) "..,**-ii i<una.c nerrpoQurHc
-r -
ttcoloul utt rouopp\ ((yr 'rrf r)
Lq-r"" frnoxlc
",/t "1"-J" Hca.la.c nenptr),u'
f:u
.(t. ,v l) "-r^.- ,;ri" nraq ttruue ,(t ,t L.. r) ";,r*c; .(t ,tv c--.) "o!i-Jt _,--o),=" ::\:
.(tt
\
'rf JJ)' "cJl
. p e" ne3ooy r.anCa.sea.-rou
.(r: :', ; r "*
\)-
ra.Qa.pua.oyM
.(rt ,t l) ";*t1t .r 4-r '_+-
ioga.uuHc .(o:\ "-r-'.
_-,)
-
.tJl" nenpoQHruc lc .(-.- _-
"crLLoJi u-b'Ft" TeKC?ll l€ al
"g)...*-i .:LLo=Ji" e\tca.st;-i-
"'Ibid.
"'Ibid.
"' Huddleston et al. 2002, 448.
-ij _uaiJl
!-=ii ^rdr

'- -1), **

rs
Classification of appositionl

:(Full vs. Parital apposition) j;JtJ\-i,'J! giltJt.r)\ (r)

ii - j;rr.{e j}l JU,)l \,i ;.lJ\ J4 4:" Jr"tl -tla-l,iJ Li\ -tti*l Js* _\

P CtrO)1I neTNel(DT :\ J\:-n .;.t-!\L)*" J",o:Utt Or+

,(rr ,r c.-) ",)rr.-
Sr-:Jlp\-t;u.-)l
.a*" J-r*-U yJl-9
".; J J*J\ -,a
r ,_-.-- ;'-i-l + {t+l ;*,- {-o)\ i}. }\ ;r, .rJ\ + ,-).o >97; 1ts- -e
(( '
. r_9rr-r
.;.+ulJ*I\
-:* o';I ,t "L*!t
,,t..
. -_=ii .-lr-r1 ;l.J"
,J)l.l ,rJi" a.yr).b.q l.rnila.roc nlHreM{DN :J\:-a
,- ;'. J ;.Lll gi -u->l: ,(t ,tv *-) "J\r\
:) ---..)
.>.->---o\i .:.Ajii tLJl
.- -l I r

.rJi" b.fra.a.q lanila.-roc:JJl !Li.-l .r,. +L!\

,c- Ji*l\ !L.!-rrc
...UJYJ
I': rb.p ^i-Jl ;\;i
\yr).).q r.ln3HrelrcoN :{., J*.-i,J\ }U-l ur aL!\
.;--i
--Y *Ll I - '",JUJ.+-i"
/ - , i,,
-'-+ i :ttdl;\.:)LJrUl :frlHr-€M0)N J!\ g Qi* {4LJ\ Lrd\OiU=X
-3 : _-.iil* JrUlg"
;'U C,
,s?\i-x * Jr"J! .-," ,i*1, ' u-"1-
l -i>i- - (') JYI b.:Jl l1l
U-Itr.")L

- -r , .i '(rll l--
'< Lil, "'
'
"' euirk 1985, t3o2-t 304.
 ,u-'!t 'iull J-.-iJl

:q9J.dJ\
6\-r;:,)\ ()*; UA a,- Ji.ljb Jrlt
2eV t* J-';*
.o)LJIJ+ldnr GJ\+.r-* -r-.;,i )

:u,LJ\ -LL^:J\ ,-i+ Cn^: J *:Jtro jlt Jl-\,)\ Ui

t'-li njll J'r" rNofre ra,p cooyN nerrler<or :\ J\:-^

,(rf ,f .:") "J*- .c-o.lr--L :.--.- > ->:_
-:J

ii\ J'i" nNorre ra.p cooyN:JrJ\ -tu-l ui;-tJl O.J tJ,..'rl iL;\ -: *:
!'u*-
ra.P cooYN ne'rttetcor :a*" Jj.Jl !\-i-l .rr, ,.LJI

-' .-,r'-*, ,',.J"

.ttg".l==^ri
I
.rJi" a.1-1-a.1.1 tlrr'
ji, aLIl oi !-),l: "J)9=l
F:,Jrll !\-a.-! -^-r \.6; )L* C
L-JrdJ\ {.-Ul ,y &Vs ^r$;} Ji w*\ c-orJ al-tl
.rJ-i" a.rra.a.q irnilarrx
,a*" J1-L)\ !\;-)*r
.;.tJ\q\+ g 3U'i ra.p L,,J\;\:i
).YT).b.q langurertcull :,; -^
C"i ,j,cUl\ l*-r*c ,iJ,-nJ\ ,-;1-\
,.3*-*; +
"},.J\
&al a..ar=i \** fr-rL jdl Jtbj L( mor;tilU ScUt
:IIIHI-CM(DN J-- ; jj-lt
.r*JtJ _€-il.Jt+ JrUl3.
"r*t, .i ,
LS;\?,t'
j &e.+ -l (i),lrlr b"iJt t1l iUS fJ a;"
---.* : i--
.(s; 'ir*lo-,(;,J\+)\ ti$

"u Quirk 1985, 1302-1304.

 _.,4iJ1 aj--.-. lrJ*

-; ;\i-l '".i t[-]l lyxno nu-rir r1noo1' r.rncru-rHp ere na.i ne :r J\:-"
b.)' [ncooYN eKNHx "eJ\g*1,.,. i*
,(tt ,r;J)
{-.ri");" .6 -;*,:lirs-J .iJj" nexprc-roc
- < ol .S!
a.Yxno Nurtt unool' ,--=\ )Lt-l r+ U-It
& - -l lr .i !--)L
\ 4r..>t
_--L;_ aJ O, ."roi;- t .,,-|\ r==J -,1j" unccurup
...! 1. ;e. a:-" Ji"Jl lU-l
a.Yxno unrn unooy ,+-" Jr.3\ !\i-l r- i[-l\
'-:-- - (- ) e.JUl ! J\ l1l
r, ,j,Jl f;l t'J 1)" r-r?? ere na.i ne rexplcroc
Vr .!!!^aa r--:.t Jl zr^Jl
L-

F:.J-JI *-' k+)L ;i" C u"*r oi !-)u

-tr.i*!
tP€ ,_-< Jr+)l J".s;iaU"i !U-l "r-c gJ\ !-U\ dt' dlL; .^-.. o\1c..n i ALI\
trttAl Ir nqpurur__ul{pxqHt .J:,a"ot+ (l"r-) Jr*;;tri):-.;:-.*{
"-"
JiJl
.(t ,t u,t),,ryy :g;Fl6luu--'!t* out u^" J+:U
= Jltoi*qi!--).j
,,j= -'+)r J" s,-i atii
-cxl \e nexlq,(tt 't c.-) "pG; j
'fr*1 sr<; ,Jl+)l \r! \ii-.+ | (*), 1i) ;U;r r11

L\4PI\A \e reqel0)T MoYt ... .E',-

-*.,:) .j*jl Jl+)l (t) ePqg).N oYa. ra.P Na.Y ePoK nere oyt't-ra'tl l-lpla.Y :r J\:-
:(apposition "E<i, .;! a.i;t d .r ! l-ia! \t! Aj'r" lancooyN eKNHx

: Y-* - -r)\r, JJJ\ Ju,)\ ,(t.

',rrf r)

ltaci:.-:l class) L.:dJl a:;Jl e-.3

ePo)a.N oYa. ra.P Na.Y ePoK :JJ\ !ta-l .i,-, aI"I\
-- ::oelc neKNOJTe:J\:." ."8(:, dJ'b l-ia'tr t:1c'J" eruux
 ,u*,'1t , j\:!l
'La-ijl i =--

ep0)a.N oya. r).p N).y :a.:-e Ji^:Jl .ttt-l ,r^, ,.LI\ IYXnO NHTt-l 11g.r.-r: il:;i:.
lil c'!" errere oyr.r-ra.q r..lr.ra.y r.lncooyr.r eKNHx
. J. .J
- :

."',GS*.i!,a;;t ^l
(J:,-) er Li .sf,
).YJ(flO NHTI t]n.tr-
t:,s- ,:,As,JJ\ !La-J -r-c \,oL"
-r+ C
,.tJ-l J:,-\
Oi .",-J.r* ,.=
.\-oU*",4; o^" Jr"ll !U*!
a.Yxno Nu-rlr r-rnoo1' .r _-
ti+l o6; ,J\+)\ l-^, ,: ,jr-+ C (C) e.JL..l\ !rJ\ \11
r^ ,.;;rJl flt *-- *_1" r.i I I ";;
.tJ'>

,iA:,JJl !Li-. ^; i- .)-

nexe tll(oelc tttucoYc
* r]QHpe
+ :L,(J\ J\-r,)l
- .; ,\) tc. J; +iA}}i !La-l r= L__..a.lr .*-, _- i;-
-J

lrf Oi dr Lr*C .J J\ JU" r.rNa.yH ncgr..lrgrr r..uqcutcHc .Jf^ --.1 (t1- -o

.(r ,r ,:l) "rey :3;rJl 3l-uu--)t j ; ;;.4 :r _-
,^ ui" trroq ^,e aqrcooyrl 'j;}\ J\+)l J" .s;i or*i
a. r(r :tr c--,) "J\-eiJ^ Ui" n-roq J.e nexa.g,(il ,t c.-.) ",,L;
.(rv ,t!) "...oliu-rS; 't"u" zrxapllc ae neqelo)T Moye ...

Strict vs. Weak ) ,-q+ajl Jt+)b CJrll Jt+)\ (t) ePqa.N oYa. ra.P llb.J €pol: ile-
:(apposition "U<io .l! *;r I ,- = +'-
;* a-:-o Ji.Jl C. J!\ + Jr+ .9:J\ J\r)l_eo o";Jl Jt+)l
:(syntactical class) a,"J.,J\ a:;Jl e-..-
ePo)a.N oYa. ra.P Na.Y ePoK
at, a,/
.(tr :rr e;) "e141,;.Jl" nxoelc rreKNoyre:J\:-. . u-)\.;r r- . >

\(\
:' ^:ll ,.,-':+al\++IJl

-'., _. ,r-.1\ ac Jta)l (r) ,_il uJJn rL1ai-r-. J+l!,r\J*J\;ira J\:I\ \*o g
',
(Restrictive apposition
.fu. {r-"1Jl-r,Yl Lra

:2.r=:- -,+)\ -L-,,.d + UF

' t gtr
: .)4raJl j^9- Jl+)l
tr \lr
,+ a) ,& J*"J! Jll .i!4 +* .ji\ J\+)\r+, ,-+.,I Jl,r,'!\ \-.i
,,;. Ji-l)l +G:\ 4* :iJiltLi e".= r
ILr ll).K tlOyrgupe .(,r ,tt "Er \:i" a.uor icoga.NuHc :\ J\r,
'JU-. -!;)
.) "; i t.[.- c.,!t+lieb';t"
+l" Ji.Jl ,F:,-l JJ\ Ji+ JUI\ \r,6 j
icoga.nNHc
i -- ;i ,.+ JkIl lro j jt,"l Jt""'rl \r,6
.,:j clJ-,J ra.r.rorc ("r--"1 * 1--
:r.-^-li -^-., t, Ajj r-Y\ \1.,b
..:+) ; -\iU.Ji G;r o.oKJ I

",S)r^ 1ui;6"t*ri" a.qra.oyo r.luoi neqa.rre\oc :r J\:-

- _ -:)r .] ,;.!t q;tlt g" .(r ,tt j;)
:a*" JLll-r,-r+
Ji3\ ,js-\,-1 netla.rrexoc J*Jt Oi "rr.JUII \ra j
itttlHC IBa.IITICTHC : \ J[:,. tit-"lJtr,'it \i$ clJ.:l r-i (r., -; tU).r,,.,., sb*b a,-^
.,l-.i
\1*;
---* ---13 c-..,oL '-!.r.0
.,,* J s"$ -u'1,frJ\
o-)fa+" aHPo-i\HC nppo :siJ\ Jt+)\ J" .S;i a.u"i
.(ri,ry) "cJ]-!\
Nroq a.e ioza,NNHC Nepe :..-.LriJ\ J\-i,'Jl j" sgiai:"i
.(r ,r c-*) "...-!J;K;.L-9.ro \',i" -reqSuccu ...

\((
 ,-i'r ,jttJ,^4iJl

Nonrestrictive vs. ) )i,.1\ Jt+)! ,i.-.ltrc Jt+)t (r) ;J LrU! lLbrl- .+

I

: (Restrictive apposition

5i;uJ,- L- ci.lt*,\t. :' J iu5i

.Jr(>-JYJ

,j {-+ ---,J \-6.(j ,."J.I*, .}r: Jrl\ .r:-.ltr*s Jlf )t *

,a^^ J13\+*+;i 4*
TeKCUIMe exlca.Ber cNa.xno NrK r.royo)upe 'JU- .(rf ,r, i-) >;_ -
.(rr,r rJ) "\il dJ rI;- .:!GJi cl';t"
J+.J\ ,F:.- ltl\f\li)ir:.r-
"^"
+r4
- d - --l !
y U.j,-a.a-
-rercarue J*J\ Oi + JUI\ li,b j it-r,l ,\\.r,,':J\ \r.,r ----: *-. :LIi

",Sy.^ (ui) jr-ri" ).er).r'r)'r-' r

+ a,\-o o\-_r1*"
*o f+t ,r;-.lt Jt+)t +,n'J\ "rq\ J"
:a*" JLll -rr-r-a
',4 e .--\ neqrrri\.\
J-^.J\ \JJ\
.(t ,r c.-.) "g\-'.JlL-J*" icoga,nnHc ftBa.[TlcrHc :\ J\:-" tit""!,jtr.,yt li$ j*r-;-- :-r , j-

.rtci "g\r.,1\" nBa,[Tlc-rHc Jr]\ Ji "r+ JU.I\ li^ d

t-, *ir"U-r" icoga.nnnc o,- JrJl +r4 + c-."-oL "-",L.
.ol*;i
J ) 9 J.r.*r,ci\
-J -Y
g*r;;4s" ellLO_.AtlQ !Ppr-, j+

f.f-fOq J.e IoPTNNHC llep€ i

.(i ,r *-,) ''... .--

Hutidlesron et al. 2002. 417 \.'\!i At '

 i i ..4ijl
4,:&J\4++lJl

; ._-.rJt ,;il\ Jl-r,)l (r) "€+j ;l ,-',,+" ia.rioeoc no)HPe t'tzeueJ.eoc :r Jli
. -- -,\i iit" erlra.qroyNocq .(ll ,t r,.)
,* .-','-rJ\ ,,-$J\ Jl-r'Jl (t) "f-r,.j ;,\" nglupe t'lzeseleoc Jr.JtOi+ J\:I\ \*o j
"(' ',;-,) ".-rr:\rjl Og" t"tuooY
Jrl u.Ji'i g;i ,",=,.rri" ia.Ko)eoc "-. J+ll +r+ ,: t'L
- j.- .J+*r.j;*tJt+)l (o) .r;\+,"c.'1 crJy ifr,.j
-.. _ + -r--a -S-il \r^" altet< ...
= l 1- :. ;-) ";;yri uiUi" oytlx-r
).qrpeyMoyre eia.rcue ,1L-l\/c Jtri)t Jr .s-r-i al-"i
r ._:.+_^'r ,j;*t Jr+)l (r) ,(tr ,u Li) ".1*i .r._:i.i d,.c+ r-L* (r;'.jc)" nggqle-r
'i).- 1;,I jt-ri" neqa.rrexoc ,(rr ,rJ) "r"^!l[,*i" rqNs]lDI a.Bpa.?a.M

p-r-," Ma.pla. TM).raa.xlNH '-ri-.-ll Jt+)l J" .sri aU.i

:i v.r-* t*\" nKypunatoc "+brdj\ dt*"
q!!4lN rrKypHNa.loc .(to :n "oJ"^.Ji ;)
- .-i:*;J\,jlt Jl-r,'J\ (,t) .(r t :lo ,,")
rylra. r1t-rroN N€NTa.ynlcreye
.(- ,: --^c) "\J:!\ Oill a;i ,a3-1,
"',a;UJtF b;'!\O+ e,,"r,a J\+!gi
.(rr
'n 1i)
Ta,pxH t,lneya.rreXror.r,:i..1\ r+i,j+-J\,.$JI J\-r,) I (r)

1*-"t t
3*+l' +" t ttucoYc [exPlcToc ncDHpe l.lntqoyre
3 r.^r
.(rr e;) "cj.trlv_rj\" uoerc neKNoyre.(t ,rrr) "o!\ O*\
'rr
n1-oS le icopa.Nuu-c
'-ri.--l\r.c
,,;*.J\ .F\ Jl-!)l (()
.(i ,r c-*) "...o-.U JEG,U-Ji,-.-. u.i" Nepe re(legcco ...

"' Quilk 985, 305.

1 1

\(t
 ,u*,i'rt:iull J.4iJ1 l: -
='

INAyrq nelqqr na.i ,:-^o-l\ .j.rrJ\ .-F\ Jlr,'i\ (r) r( .

:9!.; Jl --,._jr= la.l',*:-.r- -

.(r ,r,!c) ".-;i5it r*^ v.jt iil" eura.qroyuocQ

a.NoN ue-re oYtt oou 'riJ\ r;*;J\ ,$Jl Jl-r,)l (r)

.( t,to 2) "ur:;;Lij\ d,i" frUpey

na.i er.r-ra.lcr;cure Na.q,r1=l l rac,6;.rJ I, j;} t J l+ ) I ( o

)

4Na-E .\e 4!Li ,(rr :t 6)"... ! d 6-".g-rJl \i-o" rNoK ...

.(+:,11 r :tr =) 1r ,ir;,") ";;yr; [iUi" oytl.rr
a.qrpeyMoy-re eia.xrrre -r.->a
a.tlra.oyo r.ar.-ro!
'-,i..,.J\ ,;
*;41 ,jll Jl,r,)l (t) .(rr ', Li) ",!t -_;,= _.-^
.(r ,tt j;) "rf). 1ui;6uri" neqrrrexoc .(a--
':_ _.:
reqPa.N ne clMo)N 'rj..,.l\ ,6;-rll ,jll Jt+)l (v)
-,r" Mlpla. Tl.rar\*ui'd. :-
L

.((\ ,\o -) ", \1. JJI Ot* r.*1" nKypttua.toc

\J'Y'JJ. "j\ro;Jt ;t*" cnl(L)n :r()?
TeNNa.B(DK ra.p eeoyN' -,1>,j,J I 6df-j \ jlt JlrYl
. (,r )

r** Jl, pr- \;;'i" encqMa. r'na-rou NeNTa.ynlcreye

I r Y'v I
'+
"l-,.o
,4" na.i xe rra.y],oc .(r ,i .-^c) "!i.l JiiJl fi ,*!
.1rr,n g)
TlpxH taneya.rreXror r i--.>4

z-Jl
t -
Z ---c
l,
s-u lllHCrr\',1 I
_9-l'Lg!

.(tr ,tr e;) "eIAl---- " E-irc::

r.rroq Ae io?a.NNHC_ ::-->* --

.(t ,r c.-") "... r-; -(r.-

"' euirk 1985, I 305.

 j \
- _L^4-c.Jl

l: Pronouns

et-r)_14.:L5JjL;J1
-.-t ) --:-o ;i,
Je fl+ -'Jt
r---; -!\ \-.i.e.erll 6U dp
-:;; .-;1 aLI\ .JULl J.*" $
|
'i i -jal\ .l-r:y.(t ,\( *) "..d
J J:e r+J\r s.,-r.lt.9L-
v' \_t'J J

:c. 'j-..: ;Xi; i".. O:*..lrJU

' :-; ;-=-,-rd\ Ju;*.ll
j -jj -"-r_<j.Jli.+y o+UJ J*.!l
.::+,! _*:.It+ Q+",j;iiy l€.\,
;:)rs;L^bJ\ *^Ici .."+*,
i:'
: pterson)-K:fl :.rax.Jl (r)

- .-- ,"-*\_.ay (second person)

.i-:*l\ d_9"- r;-r; .9rJI

. t* -o\
:rl-. ::-feJl (t)

.r,jl!t'ul.x-*;'i
 jL"bJl :d.JUllJ"aiJl

Chapter 3: Pronouns

*'!\ ;"c7.-;J\,ArA) i-'Jl3e (U\i) J, otK,J jL,bJ\

-i- -ri (31,'gi rsK-. rra;..l,) ;r9' ra-s ,f -t+r*Y\ 3ig

"n.c-r!\ C!- .-f a, ;-oi) I-" :-r-,:, ,*"J\ Ui ,e*llt ,jU- dF

;i,.-5 [J";L*;;-^r J"lfj, Ur]\ ;.IJ\ ,JULl J*- J"

+ -,-:r: +lJ;j U a<c ;,S-.-r 'J;L;l\ .rn; ,(t ,\( c.*,) ".. a)

j
L-r+ .-.r cJrJ \ elJ i..J" :i.nLJ I,j4 t Jt t_r)\:,:**I1tj\".
Ji; LJ" ,\-r(o il-l\ 4iq". ;rlc! Og--- cXi.; r".. sJ*.^1fU
* t^ri "i^- ,L,-'!1 O'! ;EJy {7r,*+)ox.-rrl JU Or"-frJl
-rro: ,LJ'J\ .le jL^b J\u-\ f r;, I"FJL<rJ \G) a;,U)\ J+\
.rr..U \{+",j;s, \e,\s
"rltC
:c-'\.r1J\ dt' f_Lri fiX jl*.hJl !^Iii ,*,:
.J\rl\ru2.ir fX\_:^: (first person) -K-tt :uar.rl (t)
,+; (third person) +Ul iearl\ AJl4iI\rl; (second person)

.f-ar.!lalr-ya f-il\
.3rrirrn::-r,.Jl (r)

el' + ail."ijl a,ljl oi a.l-)\. *1 .e;? sit':- :o..il\ (r)

e+tb_5:d\.x;; l
"' Bussmann 1996.95'7
-; -ta.dl i-:, al1 4++jJl

I :lt

,ionoun,

\'- ,- *^, 3! {.,.iiJljt"hJl

.'ra ,\ [!.-ritiu^r1 ;K ti1
.(...,\r<!,d<!,5lr) ;iSX\ ;\*b (r)
-'^ :3;JUJIjL'aJ\6;s
!:' i.a*J\ jL.hJl (t)
.(...,g-,t-,oa) ll.&a;'r\ jt b (.)
'i-. ;:-ir-"i 9"U C, ,(pronouns

=,;;3 i -,,o1 aI-V ;y^o :sVy-o

.
.(...,-==.a*,,L,hr,) aJ:Ll\ jt2J\ (r)

r;-:- ', -rl cr\:rUl (f) .(... ,f *-r,if^-il) arqf;l;U;t (v)

- 3 ,-;--i1rE"Jl ,tlr-,J..:j
; .-a.>-: \l*> Aj:L l.dcU,6Jl

(:,;-)lJ\) olkiJ\ (r)

l+:-. vL"ai ,*e
YJ
,(suffixes

i-:- Ft) JLi)f (r.v--o)

.(ror_,r),}r
*;:,- i-.1*;JI g)g\.rjl (t)
,--:-, g)L d a.-KJl L-J

\(A
 jL"hJl :eJUJl J.aiJl

;:,4idJ1jL;Jl

Personal pronouns

.iuJ\ Ji J\.i.j,JI ri rKcl oe *; ;l,a d ;x-4r.Jl jLr\ .i ._ -; . i.!

.t3w ri [!ori tiu.r1 ;K t:1

.t...
t/
. --3
-r-,
,a-.;..:J\ jt"-bJl s4 lLlt ;1";.1\ 6;-; > .J .:..>-

Independent personal ) aJ.r:Il a.."ar-iJ\ jt bl\ (t)

\.try ,\,o-,.1ri kJ* ff r.SU J,^.:r 'rJ G:r;^1 +'b ,* ,(pronouns

.tUSr tO i'ii? ;;.2,4 ;LK ;t,o :eb;-e.^a

.(...._-:- --_

,;P1 ,(Personal prefixes) i."a;;J\ ,r,-,.bj\ .:[:U\ (r)

;r'..:.J\ il-Illjl) ;r-:Jl it-l\ i {'a*3) JJl 4iU- ,J"^ar
.(rtl -,, a?a^L \*a a::t \alcU .rJl

Personal ) i.i4r,jJl ,,-;r*.J\ (crU-),\J\) .)ud\ (r)

d,l.-rt ,L-l)tJ L.r*J\ ; rJ\ tQ* g"-s a, ,(suffixes
es-rs (rrr -o J\,j)J L-rAJl ;:A\rLil) J\,.,)\! (t.v-r)
.(rol _".)-}\

9L d,,(Personal infixes) ;:.4#.JI L-^Jl c,)L\-rJl (r)

.a:*" crYL oi;--KJlt*J

\(1
.: -'' 'ri-ijl {-=:r-4 ia+\

_i lleqtMta.). Ne a,NoN L.a;-' i-"aijJl;L;Jl

':_\.a-- i4. $l | ;; --.,
_F NNlOY.Aa,l Independent personal pronouns

i :- )
-*( f )\.c'i\ "L-in^
L - ail;Itr;rJ.ejt 4IrKJl;JJ"aJI d4#Jl
("-, -- ,1r'jt "U-! Jlf a.Ni },NOK ([i) ).,illrKl\
/ , , lrr -
y---= + ;J.C Ut NTa.6tJ( Itrr tt-ror (6ri)r5I\ rr;1tcJU.lt
- _j rr
.-=-la>.+)9-t= t'ulj _
trre nro
I .(.v '. _r) "ui *L;" a.NoK
r.r-rot1 (r^)fU\ :-il\ e-sU\
; -= . a.NoK ?cu tKplNe
Nroc (g) s;it:ia\.-;ur
-, : a.lrr oYPoMe NloYAa,l
a.s(N), a.NoN INON (.J+) ..lt-<'tt
, ) ,-. *i!\ il-Il 4i\$ d| -
t'r'reTl.r llrcu-rlr (;;;i,r"i) -}r,y-Er6.t\
nl ueura.yoyrtoy r.rccor
trrooy (;.o ,e) a^l\,-;U\
g-FI(L) l,-ll,loc (((A :\1c..,)

.(r,trJ)
'+LKJI
;-,-A\fi*-j

irill;
r.r'rooy CeNa.Se eBoX "',LL*\ !\ri * f-\.a; JrW -
-i'*i "J\fi;.:-i ,(lt "j+ d'\J u;+r*- -r" Nror
-re\oc ,(r.1 K(goon
-.o r.hj\) .-.!tr:!
't.-^c) ^e
, lrr-
'elrrrL)\-Te.' j\+ 6;i" oyea.Mgle
u.o
e t,l NTooY <;e NTePoYBoK e?oYN eTKa.lca.Pla. ...

.(rr :rr Li) "... L_r.,...r $;;

. ;--_) _ a.nr eM?a.). Mfixoelc
s . _? ) "- *r Ne /e Te JI rte r.,\',-ia:)\-:Jl oli L*)\ il-I\el i**f -
-,i Ui" unrocuoc L J.

,"g-*I\ (org=) ,o" li-roq rre nexc "',(r\y * ,b\)

"n Layton 2000, 65.

"'Lambdin 1983. l8
 -iL-ajl :gJull J..4.;Jl

lr-ror rre nFpo ("0-\-r P" r.reqgr.4a.X Ne a.NoN

-- - ' ::-:>
.(r ,rrrJ) "trrf tclL c.i;,o" tu.rioyla.i In.i::c:-:=:.. -r.
g:b) (Wu+ri$- J'Lill oK r:!) J*5 f )r,''rl ,1*-ie -
t"'(\\t ,t-'b Jll
a,NoK na.yxoc a.icaa.i -. 1)\r'Jl
.(n $) ",5r.i a5,J,., ui" r.rra,orx

Na.ecooy "',(ott -- $-)\ AD €r- Y s, aJ'U.tt -

,"\,i .i-i "t'" eTBHHT a.NoK ,(tv 'r.;r) "\:i ,Jlrr" a.NoK
a.NoK MeN ((\1
i) "da;i'Ur,i Ui" a.NoK gcu frcprue
'ro
.(rl ,tt a) "..Sr* ;5 Li" a.r.ri oyprolle r.rioyla.i
a.n(r'r), a.NoN
tt",(ot''t
+ {-".*-iI\ tt-I\r.E:\) ;."r*JI\ +LIt ,r\! j -
.6 . .r, lt;
Itrtrr:-i
gjd,+ dHrJl el NT(I)TN NeNTa.YoYa.SoY NCo)l
"Jr;, ,;;lJ\ -.i" trror, nerxco tauoc .(tl :\1c.-")
.(r 'ir_rJ)

lrrooy ceNa€e eBo\ 'i+

Si\ f ala*JlL*Yl {tJ\ i i*.J a;Lf t; ,-J\f ii-j
.(lt :t.-.c) "ji* c;,; --)-^----
rl-rer ,"3)\-" \,i" a.si oya.rrexoc '(r.t -- rLi\) .J\;f!
, irr-
,(rr:r.-:r) ""Aiari" frTerfr eeNNorre i*rV e;\" oyea.Mo)e
L"Js
e Lal tITOOY 6C llTCptr\?-
a.ni noyoelN ((rA ,r;J) "vJ\;*-.c \:i" a.ni or.qa.), l.lnxoerc
ij);
'1;) "CU\rr, f,i" r.-lnrocuoc
.(o N€Je Te Js flG r- el';l
J. ;
L
,"gJ\ (;,-r.-.,r) ,s" r1trr.1

''' Layton 2000, 6.5.

"' Plisch 1999, I 3; and Walters 1972, 4-5 "n Layton 2000, 65.
''3 Walters 1972. 5.
"oLambdin 1983. l8
ji ,.4iJ1
di++4J1e+dJl

) -'; ne L,)\ 1* fi;u-i

)-,-*, :_s .+r\J-*--\,F ;o!
:,&JlJ rlrQ na. :(Layton 2000, 66) "-. r.r-rQ ;,rJ\ cr:r;
t",(L*'!1il-Ii c) "-*-U ..s" nexc
'JL-J 5
.(v,r.

* J *;\-r;u-.Yl 4;\-i -
> --2;,x J& \-#lJ,r&"\,t=))
-= ;5" ueycMoy errNoyre b)\;*
"rrea.1'a.ia.el Nexus pronouns
ne tN N€ygooy
.(v "U4rt-i+ S^tt f al"4ijJ.l ;?^aijJ\ jL;X a;;l\ r,j;\ j,3
'trJ)
r-r ,-.- Jr +4t- [U-i-
erc n€rlilorre rr.rua.uoyoy
:
It-:,rl_i]--b
tr cl .
ji" jL}Jt
2

. -* +i-L-*.:J \,rc \!j" ne (ro)rS-,ft.:r;ft TC

t., (,J) g$\rr;ti TE

-. ;;i aa- g. [:[ -
(ce/e)
n€ql IOY :"-< Ur;J\ jo ,r-1" ell NC

'-
-f1i-*:jK;" NH .A€ ... : L=,rl\ ;L; crL\-r,;u,.\

.:(e a{lcl ePoel ne6(\r :\\J{)

'(v.'r -- +r\) aL.Jl a**'rl il-I\ j i**t fi*j -
" --' ) "-i \)-* ':# 't neNCoN ne a.Yo TeNCa,PZ ,",!ic S" oyna.poeNoc Te
rercra. l-rr,loi grr-e 'ruy'nr .(iv,rv cJ") "L*Irry,Lr;iro" re
(', :rr;5 r) "-<-k "!,
i*'i\ aI+\ */f! i-tt t,,J (Coputa) !F f i*-*i
J;l.l\" Tccuo)c ne nKocMoc:(rrr--.a J;\) "iFiaj)UJlol:
r j- -. -;:--'! ;'\rJ.l" recgrMe fleooy r.lnecaa.i re r(r,r :\f c..,) "C[Jlr.
32; fr*'t*
L'- ;_^-+: rut+l+ LJ\ ."eir^ ii\" na.error ne nr{o\"re,(v,rrrf r) "\aJ.-., -t4
 jL;Jl :eJUJlJ.^4.iJl

.\^!t .-* y (+r^.:;-) )^;i ne l^,,r\ ,y-> 1te.ui-

l-rc L) ;3t
"-r.r * O'Jt ,p
es_r * t€..U;-j-"t F:,Clb
t"'(L*)lr.lJl
,(o(. --"o rLJ\) J*"Yl J.Jl 4i.", ,: lL 61,r;:-"Y\
a.^:\*: -
Neyo)).HX re a.yco ,O'Jl .p -osrr4; \4\r*-"\ ,rs))
,(ro
'rr 1i;
"niit c_$;V_t o,I-: !jK" ueyculoy enNoyre
Uj; s (c,!U+tb lr 5t) UK" Nea.ya.ia.er ne gr.r Neytooy
.(v
'rJ)
"U.6-"t ig rl/

eNg)a.Noy(l)t a,NoN eroo-nr :iJrJ\ dt' 6r;\ ac-rs a;.-j .- r _.

.L A",j+i -
a-L-Il

ec<u-na oN eTecMH l-ln)(oerc rreNNoyre'nrna.uoyoy

",',*;* uAl.r\ ,:>o\i+\
.(ro ,o eJ) lJ,\e \!l" ne (;*)-5* ,-'-
C*J
qqge $a""jJ\ /" ,J,.;l! a'i! +sr,Jl a4- g [:\: - (9*).:;* ,---

r.l-ra. rc A.e xooc re erBe neqMoy i'cvA\ *1" (;+ ^r) ----
Jo
"... clri Ui ,(r,U) c,', ;c J_:+ L,'+ sK-2" NH ...
^.e
\,!" 1naxlroyrN eco eyq).xe a.xlq epoel ne c(rr :r 9) ,(r.r -o.E:t) iu. * ;*'- L
a.IloK r).p eqqe ne .((1 :r\;*) ",.J Di ,i-f -€=U'U neNCoN ne a.YCD T€llc}.Pl .'-.
.ro"i ;i t-4 ,j\" erpeycyN2rcra. r-ruoi grre ruy'rx .( ". -'.
.(tt ,tt ;i r)"r*L:"l,
L*)la.LJ\,iY'J."It\-r-
- \lr -r t , . I :
- - (

3;ll" Tccuo)e rre flKocl.rt\ , -

;l*>t ;.l"a,r.I\ ;? ar=-il\ jL;Jl o\-"1-r;.:-"'i rW t_;'r* ;'1rJ.l" recarMe neooy r,rnec2a"r
."dir^ il\" na.et<ur rre rn{tr'

1'o
Layton 200O, 46 and 223
, :-JlJ.-iJl :*
=r,a.l\i74lJl

a, (r j>)\Jt) ole.Jt +=",.;-::t aJ\ O\j:U\

', -

rnal :uffires Personal prefixes

;--* 1rs1 J"a,: jL.hJl 'i.o t- (ti) )ril\rKd\

ttt,L.;*.Jl crlUrJ\ K- (dri)t'r\ :r;11 J\.".1t
>:; -: > -\rJ Te-

ji-'t Jf *+ q- (:^)t'u\ )r.iJ,\ dU\

T*+ C-

TN- (;+) 3*t$:lt

>:-. -) > -\! TETN- (Sri,-"t) -J\ ,y.trd=t\

- - -)..> -\rJ
ce- (i,e) -It;ut

,"1:l) ;r.;*11 il-lt * JrUS .ti-i L-r*Jt c-,\::U\ fi*-*l

f3la "',(rt\ -o i--a).j; \-t-"*-;l:[ talcU jJ\ ;r;*.-t.\ .il*L\
,(t,r "oL:^!-e \:i" lone ,(t. :tr r) ",Ji [i" na.ercor
'n Jc) "1
.(tr 'l 9,)"p+*ciorsi" fcooyn xe qNa.TooyN
>;-a --, > -\rJ

-- -lrJ
-i.>

'--- -iLJl

'" Layton 2000. 651 and Shisha-Halcvy 1988. I 7r)

\r!
 jL"all :eJuJl J"4.iJl

a : a;A\ 4r-r+-"bll ( erti-)lJl ) sUkJl

Personal suffixes

-i -!r^, Of *rl
-T iS*. iir r\ #-L dr r+ rKc\
)rill
T -r-:.r

-K ,SUt .>r;f t ..JE:.JI

-!r."- Jf ro ,.-^Etrrl
-e #-L* Jf *+ .:-iI\

-Te #r"*c!r.* c+r

-q Jittr;rt+uJ\ ,.L,t) ;+J1 il*It j _.;;
j -',
-C e.;;I\:r;.1\+u\ fgt.t tt''(rt\ -.a i-a->; ;=_--*-, :
.(f ,r ,tl ::) ".tL.-t-" -," -h,Bc . '
-N
1*|\-K'tr
-TN -4r-> Jf *+ ..Jtrt\
.(tr,tt 1.-)
"
1_i- .- -)-r
-THYTN aE-L Jf r-r C^+\
-oY
aJl+s[1\

"uTilI t955,gl. "'Layton 2000, 65; antl Shisha-Hale'\ \ r s'. -

 -!.4iJl ;i.\f.4Jli:.4lJl

u€ € r: $,-:1 cp a. -dy'l :)Jil\ e,C. (')

(2Pr,) 9i*J 8Pe r"(ut'aua.z)
,-!-ro;- or4 gF:r ,,Ji*r\ ;,rJl c.K \ili Jf .-rLaj -
.-- .:-( \i)e r:r J,tb] - ."(xcor; xcoi,"(epor) $1" epoi,"(pcuz).rs" pcui
!r'!"
; ."nrpHr=) 4+" n2H-re
!-rr4 *Frr L-r^JI Jr *L.l -
; rJ\ c.K \ll 'r yi r
TBHHT= ) .)J.-i .r" erBHHTe
j;[l;l" cornr ,"(ua.gr) ^f *-.- ]bL- uaqt :,FL
lf : re ;UJ}\ ,-j,l-hj - ."(cornr)
"(a.a., a.a.Te,$lrr"u
) 9[:"
+n:ir lii-rti lrit ..-lr= grL:,i $ -
L"r*Jl ; rrJ\ c.K
3rr;" pa.-r(-r) ,"(ernunrr) g-i;," erBHHr(-r) :r ury'

-: -. ,_-(Jt +t +ut (i) "(Par';

- > ;.e ,!rJ\ ,rat (6<-U .;r;l ciK \il T r-e_r> .i,thl -
-J Cia-* ;t* t*;l
-
-" *cuq ,"(-roorr) ol" ToorQ . "( ra.a., )
G,-t)" Ka.a.T, "( grtoco, )
;b." ttcucor, rjlrr=r-

j- -: ,;-'J\ ril\ +UJl (.) Jr ,-: Utai *;i r *; .j,tbj ,r5iff rrrft (r)
(;,<-L XcDK :a.,.r*J\ ; ,r^Jl ! L,\:; t'rJl .+1 JF
"Jtrll (O<-U
=:- -.-;\ ;Fr):uJIrrn .-f+ _,):u.J\
-=.j" pa.-rc ,"(xcur) \-&-!" ."(aa.,; iIIr-" a,a,K c"(Too'r,) 3-q" roo-rc,"(x<o,) jL\r"
) .=o' '-. erBHH-rc,"(royror)
coycolti :(Layton 2000, 69) N rr> r.- i .-:r- .:Laj
, ,-*5 -*J\ \i^ flrr*i-
>-: '-s- i* g (a.Yet, rXooz)
.l]lor^rc ,(r't a.,-rd,I\J\n\b
-
:gj'*11 )rJ\ Jlj.l\ (Y)

,-!-,* !-rr4 #}i,j L-r^J\ err-)\ c;5 r:l ;-5t .-rt*ai ) -

lrll li-o OK \:l ."(epor) e]J)" epo ."(pcur; eJ.j" pn)
 jL2Jl ,e.JUJl J.^aiJl

d,L," Nfrue ,"(na.r) g!;" ue :e JJ ]r:.n oip a. JFI

."(epar) e-V.)" gpe c"(ur.aua.u)

:;<-L,--rr-4 +tu: !-;t-,J\;,-..aJ\s.:K \:le Jf ultbi -

,"(co-rnr) 4jLr\" corne ,"(r.rgu'rr) ,U4" r.r3H-re
."(e-rauH-rr) (]I.i gr" erBHHTe

eia* gu-, qnJt ";:Jt c.iK \i! re 6U,}\ ubl-b: -

."(-ra.a.,) rUei" Ture."(a.a.,) d.[r--" a.a,Te 1]!-r^u

.-er> -lr !E) q ri q *,- .-!tbi ,J*tt >;.r.1 +UJ\ (i)

:L"r,^..*,aJ\ ; r."ojl t .*:ij
*;:Jl l-ell gc ,}:rJI .f+ (O=U
. " (xco, I u,-'5 " lcu.1 . "(-roo-r, ) -l," ToorQ
o

L-ep r+ 'UU.) e j c ,-ur-.jl"bl rr;Il ,-sUJ\ (o)

:,-.;-:I\ J,,- ,+ Uttl * ri r -
-.
; -,
;,rJl ! e^$ A;-rJl oll dF_,J:uJ\
xiDC :L_rr,.J\ (O=U X{DK :L-rl"Jl ;,r.o,t a;
".+ -.i-:-- =:^
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a,r),lJ\ JU;'it ()e ilL * (ayet, ,Xoo;)

t) J_:*" )F.)
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-> _i:-i :-,r,*".Jl a*Jl c.-;K 1:) (o=L dr r+ QUl tf -.irr j-* .--,'ua1 ,C+l rK:fl (r)
l)1. 69)
^S;t ,\ der+Jt ai*"ali []!" epou :L.ra.-.d\ ;,r.oji a
=s f -Jt
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Tr\tr rH\-Tu ."(uepe-) *+\" ."(ereHHtr) UI"i.-t'" erBHH-rr1 ."( ua.z ) \:.1!" ua.u,"(epor)
rur-:rl "(rer'r-)
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-4 t^_<^*" ruyr-tr
,g.ItJ\;t\ (v)

\il .-dr-.r" dr4 *Ur L-raJ\ ;rrJl ciK li!-m .-oLa1 -

,a,It.-:Ut (,r) :<l J!$aa o .1K \-:1, ,u JIJ:=l cp a. J4dl l-rl\ \ro OK

i-Lr" nf,tpta.rc c"-.g-J!" NHTN ,:H: "(ua.r) iU)" ua.r.

-; -;-r -4n OY .it4 -
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Itpz ) <-.\; Xcuoy,L-r4._;J\ "(epor) i.l.l!" epor ," (-r--n" nl-lrqHtl F: "(ul-lt.la.r)

:-." lia\' ,"(a.a.z) gJr-" a.a.y ."^l-Jl" eporr.r F:

."(erBHurr)
,"41.i r+ TN aitbl f.: ,-lrr':. e-y gUr 4UJ\ ;,rJ\ c-K l:!
.: _.:- ;.r.:A\ {i.,Jl ciK lil :(Layton 2000, 69)"*Ltf ;,r;f -i,. ruy-nrliir;l ^i;f
,) ;=_1-^i :yqrfl
J., e,-:9 ,--rLai ^-S)\ ;tr,.)l) nere rHyrlr ,i "(nexa.r) +" nexu-rir
Mecre ruyrt'r ri "1uec-rot) -gi"5" uec-r<orii ,(nexe-
--. _!* rr"Il +ul, ,t';ft
,) -*"' fcoruer ,"(Ha.2ur) llca. yi "(ttccur) -<-j).;" r'rcco'nr ,(uec're- i5rlr ;,-;r;
\c, I i-: b.qoooxec,"(2o-rar) .(trca.- o"lJr ;,-Jr) rnyrr.r

1000, 69) "(-ra.2uz) \:\cr" ir \+ a5-e\;:-l\f i;u-j +JLL\ ,:o q ,a!r^u Sir ,\
,"(4.a., :"-;,-.Jl ;,rJ\ ,P-) -<-ir-" p tHyrll ,L_ra--.^J\
."(e-ree-) .=-Li .ro" erBe'ruyrN
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:: f -

-u THJTN aitb! -1 $ ,-s/ &JI ciK l)l

gF:r t",4-.all (;=U d,.- -+ -; :r _. ri -
Mep€ THyrr.r :(Layton 2000, 69) S;t ,\ L-r^Jl &*;\ LlJ" epou :L-.,-* - -,---,2 ._
=
retr yi "(roo-rr) ,J-.r.r" Too'r rHyrlt ,"(uepe-) 4\" ."(eraHurr)'*^+' _-. c-l3i..F::
ti2ur t"('re-) ,=-*," re rHyrlt ri "(rer.r-) p.<--,*" 'rHyr-lr
."(ttgurr) .4 r.-aJt" -rHy-nr

lil .4d." e-!; *r:.- :=----.= ;-,

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.;f o,}\ ;c _)i,J\ ui+ oy dl-,ri - j-L"" pflpa.r ."..-j," rlr:-:-ri

a j"; .9J\
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r+*!" xcooy:LJ"";JI .,i

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u J 'Y/ -J-
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Personal second suffixes

-T

-K, -CK, -TK (dri)Jir\

([i) )rillS:rl
)Jir\J\il\
t
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(grui,rri)
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t,
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I

1'I F
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es ,lniermediates) "&*r*" qNa.TNNooyce ((\v :\y c-^*) "oil^" a.yelcq

ji:;L;ft €as* ."*+ *l-a.:;\" a.qrooycoy 3l-l neqeNoq c(r:t\ c^")

-5- ^ .j,

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t:-
=:- :-ta\\ crUU'it
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;- - e;A\,-*L'J\
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, i r,
.-1 ;j- *t r ;\:'Jl :f,g\Jl f -;A
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) <-: <^-a;: L-y-a tl.{j \-eA*I

..= I *;g)dl agta'll + 4r--+*bJl

t;i.,,-"r] L-l"-rl ; rrJl

L:^ i-1*r.\\ ;,-J\
'JJf,I\ &-A\
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;Utrr;-tt?ttrf\

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..-tl .ll .t.ll
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: ''1. 66-68 ,Cilr';fl l.:o;c *.r-JJ

\tt
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t(ti,"a:,-iJ I lJilr".2rj I .:)\t UJ I

,(tv ,n ,) ".'l,= _-. !j_-:>
(6r))-
Personal infixes (intermediates) d-_,*- clllb.Tlllit\ )'_i
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a6 I - -
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: i.y*J,;,,..KJ\-L,9'U;bf \;r acr*e

a;,A\ crUU'it olj (rv.-,);--**- -.-rr- ;=

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.(tt,ia_-.,")i- j,

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.-\,J\+ r.-;r*alla1;UJI*;\rYl :.!cL;.J\ C -i,jl
;----i- ,' -:- .f p oyr.r-ra.r/lar.llr-ra., ,ysllt Jr,
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.4!b.l\ i.--l:-aJ\ qQJl * L-/"J\

;f -;A (rv. -,) a:Jr J\,i\\ H +*-al .r:Jl

qQJ\ * ,".;r *ajt ;.8\J\ * J.,jlJ L"r*"J\ ; ,rJ\ 'r".:[\ &rI\
.iJbl\^*,^Jt

-i-, -l- , -l- :',all.KJl

-K-, -R-, -eK- f.Utrr;ftt-gtrf\
-A-, -p-, -pG-, -€-, -ec-, -epe-, -P- .:.:rll rr;I\ ..JHJ\
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el .ll
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-+\rK:l\
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\!o
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) ---; -Y-, -OY- 1

l

ttir e pls.arra
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tt Jta-o
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:J\:.Il
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j ) *o J*i ,-f" .r=L Jf:.,

r' ,' . _- ) ".^j1."!
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j*ftrrUt
na.i (\-i,r)

nH (dJ))

'.--r;lj ;r\:)\jL;
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;, -.-;,N
2

- _t f
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;r\r)rjt"b
Demonstrative pronouns

,|,}\+ .F O* r[fri.*: Jl;;E] ;rE)\;L; f i-.:-j ,"jL*1 lil" eqqga.rrctr.,r-:; .*:

,j-rtt ..:i) :J\i.-LirJL"r c.-*$l .45 ^J
lrLai" ,JUll J.+- J"
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J"-.lr iy, (f1 +:Jr p>Krr ;i d/ fi) \i.6 J+i r" ,,J 3u,
.1v ,t.r*) " d\r"\ J-*)*b "!i

=,-ril
;r\:l jL; Jl ;:L,,aJl Ailjl + ;r\:)\ ;;\-*b
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--_.d
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,..-j-r*lj ;;tl)\jL;
-rHpoy ''',.r.(! ,*-
ua.r s\G* JUf J!;,u)U li;,-j -
(\it r\,b,ji) \aK of"" a.le].p€e epooy :rru ra.un-xoyi

MH ... ercoXye r'lnr'.tooy ,(t.

'tt c.-.) "G-:\-r-- ir. \"(iL;
,.9i) ,'!j^ r"i*J ,[I\ i*+.)i...Jr" erpe ua.i xrB].nrlcMa.
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1"i-o) I"l! J.i.r^" erse na.i,(tl :t.l) "(dJs g;:Jl
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."(.F AUJtr-"\l

'to Layton 2ooo, 48.

i: -r^aiJl itri ;+i\
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-- :;.l-.sAJJ
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olr €u)a.qTb.Ko ((\\ :\Y c..,.) ,"a;-,.,)Jld ob" ra.i -re oe i"r,iLf
J ob" Ne N€qcga.xe
u, r \tlON A.e NOYa.TTa,KO oy Ne ,6\+;*'!1 i fi-*-i Lf :"gJl:* -i-o" na.i ne nexc f

.(:: :1f t) "G+ .J

\Kp ,'ij^" Na.i ne r.rcgrrpe r-rnnofre,(fI ,\oJ) "s.r, L" Na.i
J^ \lr" necMeecooy treeo-r ne na.i,(tr ,,r2) "ji\ ,L"i
a^
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xa.i e-re l.lnoyoyruo; eqa.pppo ,(rv,t.i) ",**rttCrrt
.(tv ,trrJ) "rele cJLioi!*-;
C;,-il\ ,'!;,"" excooy
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'*.*.U;rLl)\jL;
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.(r ,i .-^c) "u!ri Jj" U jJ"

"'Till 1955.97.

'-t
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lrra.yra.a.c nu-nr ... '",gyii*.i gp a;;LaJJ UJ\i l1*-i - L.y.l, ,'L-l r! :- j--'-
i
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NH MeN xe eyexl troyrLou eo)a.qra.Ko ,(tt ,tr c--) L

((--
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J^ 1*^" necMe?coo1'ricu.': ::t

na.i enra.qoyeu rrexrurx r-ru

:\or) "g!rl (rr-.-. r

--a
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.(tV ,tl _J) ".i-.; .j--a _..

U^ Jl" eneica. lrir na.r -.*r-

L(" Ka.Ta, ee ttra. IIH e [ro\1rc-i

\yeya.I-re].lze Na.N rree nnr,.

"'Layton 2ooo, 48. "'Till i955. 97

\:1
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(l)[,.Pe l-ll.l N], neqCON,ra.*.]1

"u, aJur;u;
tll-l n)..,"o-;"i ;,rrll
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*:, ^1" l leq).[rexoc eToY].].B
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^1
-,-\;),6--*J 6)KJt
OK "lrr("J\-,.,, \j,j\: eXUlJ"lq.Jr.J\ ,grl\J e,UU.\s13 ii)\Jl
''".-*JL J^\ (- ., \"p )\L^\
{J ,*i }"6,J fi*-i
;-', "-*-.ll JI,.?"*;Il ,(6r) Ji 9i, 6,*;-t-t- lsVyyo tA alL,J\ ill\ * ;.<Xi ;\*b
. \-o q1b) t<*-br ,.iLJl .-;,-rt otrU! J.a:. a'r,r->;;-fs,"\*-"!\
"r,)
.(lro z' Li*-,J\ crU\-eJ\

a'+l er3.\l:rill ,5;.tt >-r;rt

Na.- Ta.- rI4.- rf;t ;rr^A\

- - .a ,=.;*Jl;,rJlJJfu
NO{z T(l), ro), ;g;l,*oJl ; ,rJ\
;_.
_---+.rr* (.iU\$-rf lg:2
.=- ^- :r.'.i-Jl L.)'
n+l 1) L"re*; Lt4:
.-. ;, - _'aijJl \-o:-r4 ql4:Jl .l^t

.;;; r(fl+"-*.\ yi ;r\:!) ,\ ( .'-Jt EE) r\ J.; *'b

t,1. \
'y*>
,(F_r-) t.;,.r.-*.-!",, Na. nexc ,"... di\ ,... .-.--Lo ,... JJ .-,.3 *""
lou" nl Jl.l:*r,;
nBa.\ r.roycu-r,"f; a;1" T,. Nn t,"g--I\

'(6r) t+\r-)" na. Teo)NH ,";r--lrJ\ J*J\ Ji ,(6r) i.dr

_-(lt1;rt"gr.:J\ ."ai.,rI\ Jl-.,r-e
aJl.I\ dJ. (JrIJr "Ot\ ;,c -,r-:) o-"\ ;" 'i+ 9'U
e:,,f;;*-
,S*ftrr;ft+Ul (--.r-J\ ,Cf )
dXUl +\i
rj ia-"\.*r\ .-+ q;*)\ )+*i" iYl u4

'" Brankaer 2010. 17.

 jL.all :eJUll J,a.iJl

,(6r) to+i,q! c\ii" NeqcgHpe MN Na, reqcoN 'ra.-,all"r*,

neqeooy ttt-l na. neqlor ltt-l na.,"/.j'i 6,J\ ,Y;oy C\j,i
";,..-.r-rJ\ a;<=i)\-o **y o..,i t11 ot1" N€qa,t-r€Xoc eroYa.a.B

\ro" ueicr;a.xe r.rua. oya. a.N Ne eqo lta.atuolttor.r,(tr :1;J)

.(tt ",-rU+; q -'-i rJ
't.:x) 6)K 6)Klt

-.-r-f\" nrr\Tcgexeer "',r-3-) ,L*i d/"F fi*-i

,. ;_.--- *\ .rb J-r, t+iJ17'J ."g,.yrt\ JI,.J.41 ,(6r)
, \-eJ ,r.)

gll) J:lr ,)t,Giro, iKlr;LlJ :rFajl u-#lor<r

_:!t tlb.J\ +\ .i!tJ\ '.r-:J\-:*c7.r-i+ o:"r{ (eUI}*ltg ry
,a*(I\ r_.^,b. -\-os (rro
-o Lr^*,2)\.)!Q;^l\
--b) i_*"-, tU
'
d--i>.
J . : rc; e1J Ll \ .r.r=:J \ b: -r4 tk-l I . ia;
,!ul .id; t(fl<e'*l ,i ;rL:,) ;-* :
llo\'; I T(Dz fl(l), ,(trr) e.;,*,,----," lla. nexc "
eUUl
,,r-)" na. nsa.l, noycur."l'-.. ;*
NOYI T0)l n(l)l )rillfK:Il
,(6r) rg[t4" na. reo)rrH .";-
NOYK TO)K n(l)K ,S:rt ,r;Lt ?ur:J\
NOY T(l) n(D e.;3I\ .:r.lll .Jtrf \

allll db er,"5;..i* (_r_*

NOYq T(l)q n(Dq t'itt.>;tt+u\ J.UUI .lL ; r^,t*;*-\ .-^4 :*
:'-i -'-:'-

"'Layton 2000, 89 "'Brankaer 2010. 17.

i-: -t4,ijl .it ^.. ;ril

i!.ul
NOJz T(l), n(l),
r-lrrerrrtoee cTBe NOYN J.e ,.dJUl

\u. c-rBe N). nKocMoc THPq

NOYC T(DC N(DC e,;3I1 :r;I\+UJ\
:.=- _: ..t;i UUUI,./ .U\iUrl
NOYN TO)N T]O)N
6^+1Sil\
NOYTN rrnrfr nco-rN .-+t.-!\;t\
-*i. J'Je 'ru,,0,.qJ\
V.. YJ ?rJAJ
L-
NoYoY T(DOY II(l)oY *-lt;u.Jt
(

nelcoil n(l)i ne

J ilt ti' l-lua.ou'ruc ttio3a.nnuc ... NoyK

^e
oy(l)M
'a.I:"i
-r€l6'(txDBe T(l)K Te J,}sW (C d,,,iJr ,6r) Ji*")r ui .. u,-, J*oX" ceco)
(;-(-. .:)-r) dlj a3irl "i.6 eO)J(€ ).Yta.pe| enb.gta.](e ,(rr ,o;J) "r)rrrrr-,
"-E-r)K 6tL;^*,d)K !l;- \-:!" ceuaqa.pe3 eno-n'r
na.i ere ncuq ne fleooy o)]. NleNee 3],MHN,(r.
'torg)
Ta,elpHNH €Te c(o.p) "gyl r,Yl Jl qJ\ ,j qg..rjl lro"
,t

e ^,,tri J
a.NK(l) r.rccor.r
qg-il\ d1-" r(Di Te tt r.-u..loc t'rnrr.r

lltqere NoyN ue a.uoyaqN .(tv,tir,:)

.(rl ,r,rJ) "JLoiy U c;.iJ\Lf;" nccor

ncoi ne 'i*'!\ J+l + i-,q.f r"-;,*,Jt ;;_A\ fi;;-i tt

T(DK Te r6oM MN fieooy.(tt ,,t
,i; ";,rtt J" ngloyXme

J, u.-F" noyi -rupoy NoyK Ne,(tr:1 c^") "r+f!;*J\ cJJ"

or(- 11" -rcuoy're ruttrepo r.rr-rnuye,(rr ,ro;J) ".:lJ_r^ J
.(v,o c--^) "op\
 jL2Jl :eJUJlJ.^a,iJl

,i-(Jlt t-b'J)t' f
\-\*.-lg-_:t J\.rltJUf t

NOJz T(l't, :1,

a.Yo NTOq ne rrKo) eBox NNeNNoBe eTBe NoyN j.€
;r\;S ,t " Ma.ya.a,N a.N a..tr},a. erBe Na. rrKocMoc rHpq
NOYC T(l)C n.-
.(r ,rr, \) ".*K Le U\iU.! dr.J,U\iU.l
(
CU\leur} ;p NOYN TO)il :t
uoyrlr rtonl n,Li

,:;rJ\ ;-L-!\ -E-'J,iKll ;\*4c.,\r-o rr,,lJ\ e;"A NoYoY r(l)O} i:\i-.

na.t fte na.coN nelcoN n0)r nc

MMa.OHTHC Nl(DealIHHC ... :i

Ta.l Te TeK6.0)(l)Be -reioroose r(DK Te JrKt J (C ;,,Jr :,;_-).-.),-
d.Liy (.r\<L ,t ai) elJ a;r;t,-'," e0)Xe a.Yta.Pee erd.tl)2.J.c_-
'"r-o
((
.l-,.X
- \La. t..
.;-.Lir.- .;i)f . -.-
na.i e're n(r)q ne neoo\- (j/.. l

Ta.elPHNH ere .(c :\ -i r " --

t'J ".1^c1 _e),-" ;,.
J J*'
a.NKo) NccoN ttttere rrrrlti t,

.( c,r ,',.' - "-

r(l)i ne :L*Yl g*+r '*:j;
=i
TO)K Te T60M t"ttt neOe-r\. . .:
J^ U 5" Noyi THpoy no\x lii
/' t t tt
r);\r. p.A T(DOY Te Tl lttTiN l
 la,;11
d,;
=ni\++lJl

;- -; -..J-a(;;\:ia" ,J"a:: -ri ;pi;u;

, (-.: -^: L*)lit-Il,J!l) a?*l
Indefinite pronouns
; j"').Ni oyX).a.y'",(^1. Il
m1'.(r ,r .!) "Ea.: !r*-+J f6" Ne jL.bJl" V*"\ ;;_, rr'""-+ ,p,d ri @ dp -*,r jL; .J
'\:'.ay rlrooroy,(ot ,A;c) "Eol
"'i<J\
xa. 2errXa.a.y ena.Uoy,(o ,r
a) ,"...jf'(re)rooye r."6;\" rer(e) frJ" oeyire-r (t)
,"orj;!\" llrooye ,";,jg;!" \qNtry eteNKooye :i.J-; i
-r .u ,,o,')" oyoN (f oya. Ae eqelpe trgle rer Ac c(o :\r;*) "rj'!t -io" neire-r f

'_si )

,J"
t-lntna.y er;e ((tr :\y r:.,) ";g-;\ ca:. -r-!i" trce
e-.a,
llll.t'' :\4.).Y ;,r ti\"r-^-l Jri
:tt r.") "rj
-t-i -,-1t '1" l.rr.{r.l re ,(n ,t Ji) "UiI \i2;* 6r\
r':': -) i+ +;J" oYot't ut'-loi
.(rt
,(--. :?r $) "iily. Li;J"

t"o"'L
ro;..i ,L o.ri" Xa.a.y (r)
i+ _." oyel ,"-r.-\y" oyl (i)
g" tI+ f*eJ Of 1i!" ec9xe oynr-oy \a.a.y r.ulua.i,ej:"i
eP(9\rl oYa. q)a.Xe :{L,i
"oi-2,o *=ig*+'j" un xa.a.y ua.co-rpt ereqcMH,ltl ,ri
o\'a. oqllexarlMoNloN eBo\ f)
"9. *-i drT &" MH \ xa.a.y nlecreye epoq ((\t :\( c--^)
r. €i.\'\not{ ,(rl '1y) "c.&!i
_a
.( t,t, :v ,g)
.. '--:* -j .. v,,ai) eqo NB},L€

.{' - :: )
"J-,.11 g;-r--1"
r.rr..lno}.rc
.(o ,rt ..:;) ",d .9i" xa.a.y r.rgcuu :N- ;.!-\' .-'jt9 J".+
,ll-.:;J: .-Y\ Co \j-:Ly r(or :(A cJ) "g.J *si" xb.a.y Ncoyo
--. .---(- i'er^Jl U, g\i "(.s.:r) ,*r- ,fi" neNlno Xa.a.y ."i.^t-; .gi" uoue Xa.a.y
LT}. :l€Ll?BHYe :(\\t
-- rt s.rlt .(rv,tr ,;!)

"'T'ill 1955. l04-l05

\oi
 jt,all :eJUJlJ"4.iJl
! :'-

;A- -.
oo, o:+)
",i 'i"
,r- ./": (v.t -o;?*'il il-llJbl) a=*\
I-:-."--._.- _ _
eeNxa.a.y .(tt ,rrf r ) "8 : d.J \,i" a.Ni oyxa.b.y'"t,(.1+l
., ,'l;, z ?

Sr+" oy\a.).y rre na.eooy,(rr ,r g) "Ed l*-.J *u _jL.-bJl L^:l _J_. ;:_1 --_) t -
,.oJ e"
'
-. r'-" i,' ..t'L-" eqNa.xl oy\).a.y lrtooroy,( o t,A 9 ) "E+l
."-:-;. ,+!r :;24 Cja" ra. 3enxa.a.y era.eoy,(o :r 1i) :!r ogj;l 7t, (Ke)KOO\'€,
/ .
_i- r,c-

r".) riil" ttrooye . _=-- _i _

oYa..a€ aqelPe rr<ge xe-r '-;

,"\-n
".ri,[r ro;.-]," OYOr'r (f)

."(:') f" r'lnnra.y eoe.(rr :'- i-.

3r \ilu:-t ;ri
o1r1 ' oyott NIM '"u,Xa.a,V --.

".;*.f :\( r+) ";i -^--i *_a 'r" rlix x

r-rrl oyorr tree unHoyre.(rl 'rtJ) "rX1 6;J" oyox r..ruoi
.(rr ,rr es) "iitgr Lir*ol"

_t _'-.

,";r-!" oJGl c"-l-!" oy\ (i)

"rf U.-x
r<*J oK 1i)" er9re oli
.(r :tt *^") ".3.-i
Js-j \i!" epo)a.N oya. o)a.xe ,;.bi t .,rr
e-r)..a -r>l
t*-{ t- t-lil Xa.a.1- lla..
Af \L\) [i!" a.nua.y eoya. eqNex.\a.lMoNloN eBox
"fr,, ,--i MH ). \a.a.r- n
d.r^T J^"
a. oyoN oy(l)N r.rr.rsa.}. r.roya. €a.yxfloq ,(u:ly) "c.n!\+
oyer ((r( ,ty) ".r.cirj-:"
-b +* e V Jh*" eqo uull,e
.(ti ,o;J) "gJld;r-!" frfrnoxrc ,(o ,tt e;) ",i .9i" \a.a.1' ri2o
,ll- ol.r* --il l* l'r:L-:( :.
g.b) .*^r );i 'a'-; ;t'L -{-i-, '\';r' VJE r+"Jl ll, J\.
U
"(t""-) +r- ..rt" nelllne \ai
nQrcuoae r..rnoya. roya. Ka,Ta. NeqeBHye ,(ttt -or!i:t
"u Layton 2000,62.
'3',Till 1955, 105.
"'Till 1955. l04-l05
I: . ^:11
ai,\ir,all 4+Cl

"j.;;j ;,,;ica!" cna.y

,: ;*.)
XeKtC ePe noya. o(tv ,tt c.-") ",JL-ci t* ,r-l; 5.SJ\+J"
_- -A i[i!" NeqM\eHTHC ,(v 't -r*) ")lr*1, l-! 5 r.;\. ..t" rroy], xl r,royroyi
-',' *) "GA Ji-A)" cNa.y ";r-9 ;-s! e,U q;Si 5,t" erpa.cea.icoy Na.K oya. oya.
.(rt,rrJ) "ur; .(r ,r _J)

: i iJ>.rr
." !^1, .-\lr" fe- (rt)
(t)
"o'tP4" eoetNe
-i r';J\
'-) *'il
\ )*, iL
L Y. ,(r ,l "ir(J\ ,,
" -
c--,) oa,t ?OelNe tluerpa.uulTeYC :i.j:"I
')
-a -'-r sr:! -'!tCru,=jfr lUf Na.i erxo r.luoc xe a.NoN genioyra.i er'rgoerue a.N Ne
i: - *i" NeyKeCa.pZ ,"rJ\" ,(I,r;;) "(13r.e) !*! #5! c:y41;.4'Orr+ U,.iJi,'J;o"
.(t :r.;x)'F'it
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lrg:-'l -\3
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:'16" t€ (r)
i _-::,._t IIK€|HP(DAHC :rr.c-J

K€r lrplb. .1r. ,o ;J) "Li:i -. ;;,1"

"... !i+ ;.-i1S;l !!" eneu.H a. ea.t etrooroy ... ,rb,.i
.3 ; )" -L-\ un b" nKenerpoc ea.e .Ae tlneu-ra.ycon-l encga.](e ).ynlcTeye ,(r ,lJ)
a erg nrcreye ,1i ,r 1) "L;T,i..5J\ ,f,o)JS"!j** a,,-ilI
NeyN 6oM ra.p erpeyt na.i c(rt ,v;*) "ol o:_6;,i" epoti
+ .+ 1.r
-:i-'UeCt)e ntPl (l) .(t ,tr "rn=-, \-i!
c-*")
LU;i J<=.*;K c'!" euoX 3a. 3a.3

t lill.l n€ il0)HPe QHu:a-h"i

.--:j " ttttt Ua.pXUMa.NAPITHC
:';l'Ke- (v)
rr. icxel'u unpoue tN e0)
', \i,*, \!b ,r+-;J\ ,i ;--( :i --r*! ";;! ;-4
<i-. '---.-.)U U e;i,XU" r.-lr.-ra. -'Jl ;K
o"r;j c-" reHr ,ra(J\ ;\:i ,;; ',.1-* :( r:5 ;t.i .gi n;;
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\qNa.y eKecoN i';\ u**" Keol'a.." - :'*f" KexcucuMe

\ o'1
 jL.all :c.JUJlJ"rJl

a.yo KecNa.y eBoL 2r.r ,(rr :t ,:-.) " G:A ,l?\ e\:" CN).y
xeKa.c ePe no\'\
,(t 'ttJi) "o+,\ oF
K€cooNe dr" J\-:.j!" NeqMa.oHTHC
,(v ,t ;) ")+ +:
-:
s
O2\:,"c" teNKerexoNHC 6(rA :(Y c-^,) "
GA J&)" cNa.y ";-r--9 ;-r-! eI +._ ::_ r_
.(rr "Js-A
'r;J)

:'\-2,\,rjY1" re- (,r)

"b *; ,(A1-- *'J1r^(s/.;-rr,: C:\;) ;;-Jl r-'rl g. 9U ,(r ,l c--") "+r.(.Jl _j::, ftEill€
nKeoya.,(... ;rD)\ ri iKlr ri;,-:rr.:J\ ;t:!
-)t .x qi\i ajut na.i e'r:(co l-n{oc \c :.tio}r, i,
!.LJ\" nKeMa.oHTuc,"L1,i g:L*i" NeyKeca.pz ."r;.1 l" ,(l ,r j;) "(i).+) *(
_.--.=
.(i:t.;*)'r;'!t
uc,-ra, ;t-ti -rLaj 6){t"Jt ,-i e r*J\ ljr ,"1*:-,\ -rc
nKeia.rcugoc c( t o : ( r _.,J ) "'t*-li r-ryr* " nKegHp{Da.HC : :r-o.JJ
"... !i+ ;;"j5;) !1" eneu.-n
.(tt ,iv *..) ".sr;'i\ -.a" TKeua.pla.,(r.
'o;J)
"\L'\ ...-ri-,-" a.

.(r ,rt Li) "\-i,ri orL," nKerrerpoc ta.? ae frneura.ycon-r itr.:

r tre nlCTeYe r(i :: ;' ) " -u .

ueyx 6oM r-a.p erpel'f nrl . -

,''n"\-r(J \i.f ,o),G .L ,a;.: ,L ,-i,*--i.9i" Meo)e NIM (l) .(l ,tr.:-)'rgs- :-r a *- _
BcuK e\ Meo)e,"L -dy" Meo)e NIM rre rlcr;upe qHM:4L,i
eqxo ,";,q:o .r$t q;iU +il" utr..r r.ra.pxHMa,NJ.plrHc
t-tt-roc xc Me(9e urpr r.rra.r ra. r.rcreyu r-lnpcuue ?N r(l)
Y liri" ,-)l OK t:! i1---:- _.
l( , tt
c il ca KGHI :

'" Crum 1939, 201a; Vycichl 1983, 128a: and Till 1955, 145. ,.qNa.Y eKeCON ,";J ro;;" r:U
"'Vycichl 1983,128a.
 r-JrJ..aiit ai*.r.4Jli+.gul

:"g6itl:u lL" oy (r)

f'*:*i _j*.b
- :-^ -" oy nefNa.a.a.q :4I!.i Interro_eat i ve pro nouns
r na.l 6TC(I)1-M MMOq CTBHTK
'J ;-r--! ai--a ttr,! ,:U;, ,=,1 -'c p1**'!\ ;La ;5.;:
.(t
'rrrJ) :riJJ ,e-',j.\ !t'n ;"r-! ;;."--)p ! (a3po, \"r-c \-.) o.,.a*

,!:\ ,t€e\-.\$a-b jL;J\ .r. dF yJt f *_i*X) "'.(.'+,,

.\ .YHP (i) .(ttt -o CrAl p\<;:*'Jt
"'9ot-"
= o]otl oyup ltOetr<. :a,Lri
-:- a.-rerttxt OYHP ttrcOr
i;-;
,"9;-1" p11-1 (l)
i - i= .=-" neyq;lonoy eeoyN
NIM .((1 ,t.-9J) "9.9r-;*J^ dt'" NtM ile nertlroyor ';.Lri
,(t. ,tt c--o) "f\-r,o NIM ne na.i ,(rt ,tt:J) "tefJ- ,ji" r.rppo
.!^ -
"r"
...
- -: - .9... J! L" aqpo, (o) Y9rt, * (J..:
f-
t'l d f
,,
NIM Te Ta.Ma.a.Y a'Y0l NIM Ne CNHY

Porrrr reruqtpOOycr;,a1:"i
.(il ,tr c-")

repoK Ktloye epot r"fgr-:+

.('- ''. _.i) "r,S{ gU! L"" TeplMe

"r.a J-ij OU.l* f!" elr a.cr; r.reZoycla, eKelpe nr.ra.i

'a1.:.^i
a.g) Te rNo6 r'leNro\H gpa.i gr.r .(tr ,r\ c-*") "t(JU-o'jt)
a,g)ne ,(rt ,tr c.*) "fr.rru\3 f:c'Jl+"J\ld U" nNoMoc
a.cg ttHi nerer- .(rt :t ,J) "t-<-ta; J, U" ne-rttgl-lo-r

.--.,.9i" na.ro-rQ na.i nerte nxoelc H ro) ne n).M). r.rr..r-ror.l

'o' Steindor{fl I 951 . 4tt.

\oA
 jL"ail :eJUJlJ"a.iJl

,"t.gig\:L tl*" oy (v)

oy rre ,(tt ,n c-^^) "t+L;'L .9J\ \-" oy netNa.],a.q :;.bi

"9dLi3, **itf.:Jl \i,og [," na.i efc<ona r.lr.aoq e-rsHrK
.(t,trrJ)

i'lr+" oyHp (t)

,(*t ,to s-^) "!-,..-.-9q G*;, ,+" oyoN oyHp r.roerr< ,al:.i
oyHp ne ,(1'tt c.-,) "tp-r-;\'a;S
r+" a.telr.lxr oyHp rlro-r
.(to :tllJ) "ff|i o34fs-" neYo)onoY etoYN
NIM .(tt :\.1) "t,5r; .r ; tii
.(1. ,tt c.-o) "gl.ra v,, illl,r n€ ra.
,"f\-:[I,t... ;L l*,f... J! L" a,2po, (o) "fi:;lr^.r": ,Ji .J ,-' lur-{ T€ -

\iLI t,**:{j fg-J\, l-" agpco-nr te-nrqrpooYcg ,al*i

).tpo ((rr :\A;g) "f6.r.a: l5[I" aqpor Keloye epol ("90J*:.4p
.(tr,t. ,g) "a<{ gU! \-" TeplMe

o-,.o
"I,-ej
OU.l- f!" ?tr a.cr; rlezr
b.gt re rNo., r{elr-ro}.H ?prt i

a.0) ne ,(rt
'tt c^,)
"f_--.- .
=-1

a.c9 ttHi neTeT- (,(rr ,i _-i "i.

.-.gi" na.rorQ Na.i ne-\e n:1t.rr

'"Steindodf 1951.49.

\c1
 t"aiJ1
;:J,J.a,\;+#l

-e j*alt aJ:EljL-all
s r-rf emphasis
Reciprocal pronouns
zl ., - ,
j + "-rj..:.i jL"-b
\:.JJ
jUJ\_p'r-f .;,-,.,j;1,-x UrF e)\r Cp-or jL;..J
-'; 3. -dt 4r..#.Jl '.-;r*,aj\ dp oU)\:;\ -i ,t=\ t.l+'r\ {it\-i i*(u-" a;}r Cp ilrLJ\
_: i .-e_.-Jl.iA JJj i"*;|! "'.LK,ul\ jL.J ! aJrLJl jL;.l \

li rr*.e,
Jl*K+ (,.r1:- ,rr"J UrJ u-t;() [K:" ,JUI\ Ji*- Je
L;;60';- C,J: ,Ul
C& u"t;( ,-r! uji r(rt t r)
gK ,f ",p C t{.h*,
6\! I l^;i IrF "\*{#.ni OtJs-,- UKJ" UJ.i \il Js-l ..r"t}K
<o.r>y
e& OK

5 C CQ of [!rlr,a-; g. lq eK e-t3$;i-r.a;
.4--ii

rLi
:c.'U;)t-. .( r r --- ;rfu I oLi^o C- ! ) C+t Jrt--.U ai$Xi c,Lo"o

- .*- i ;s'J iL;J\"-\,6 -\ €po)a.N oyMNTppo ncupx eNccepHy ... epcDa.u

:-:' J
'a1l.i
\il...,Ja!\k".,, jo i(.1( g.**ir\ \!)" oyni ncupx eNeqepHy
?ttut= _. THpz JlJ*.Jl -f
ttCot-r1tt THpTN :a.J-e *Sfrtt }.YPqBHP eNeYepHY o(to-tt ,Y
,u)" r1r)\ a.:*, ,J9 *-"* -..-t
Tl{PTll T€TNCOOYN ,((. :( _9,
\)
NeYct;).Xe ra.p r.atl .(tt 'tr J) "ua4t L"+-+ g. G:L;"
: , ^ *:., i(\( :(y (9i) "o-fr; eela. ((rt "r;-Jt ,a..n ojr*+ lrK fd'i" NeyepHy
'1r',) C
-t
\-\: j\: oya.a.(l)2,
"rJ\ €e ruSi ljI-JJ ;i" tloyepure lluert'repuy
- _--:^- -^--

e etr-Kr" ere-n'rc9a.re prN tterttapuy .(tr:tr;,r)

U-b+ \-i;!" xera.c eNeMepe Nel{epHy,(\1 ,o ,--}i) "\*1-
, ,r, - rr i rr,
+ -+ ; :tr*.tl ir.t*iall yl
-t-1 "\r;+ ,L;ei;i" a.ttou tlue\oc tlttettepHy,(tt ,rr, \) "Li*,
€_. -.i -lJ\" nxoelc oya.a.q
.(tt ,t 2) "Li* jn ;fJ" erperrcxcl l{euepHy.(o
.9- :\l y;)

'o'Quirk 1985, 364

 jL,.hJl :e"JEllJ.^a,iJl

;i+5ltjl-"hjt
Pronouns of emphasis

.>Uta;]\ \.€r Fb-. , *b .\ *\ $ ^sfrj JtL.e

-:*rJ\e €ijJ\ .i .+*izr ,1
Jvy,J--L_v *o .laSi i-a;ill ',..;i*ajl
-!t

t.tuttt t-tuo, c-r\j r-.;l

ua.ya.a.(r)z Liie rotol

oya.a.(-r)z a;\; r L;i so1=,

( .<. -ii r-o . ..
THPz
Lr -K.l JS -i.
to(ro)z t"a\ a,.!"as G-dl "LLi, :3;_ ipH\'-
:oU:,--)\."

eP(l)a.N oYMNTPPO n0P:l dlii

)LJ\ ,"d,JI OU+;i ;\-o*+ ?(Do)z; THpz JLa-rl -( l!1... u;,-Jl\4;- .,tc; L(-.i ,

"orr,j t'-K fii" TerNCooyN THprN :e^Is +Sfrtt a.YFqBHp eNeyepHy .( i:-': -_

rHprN TerNcooyu r((.:t_e, \) NeYqa.xe ra.P Mil .('.

-.-K ei \.o" elc ?HHTe
eeta. ((rt:tr.") "rd .;-:1 :
ua.fa.a.(r)z y rluru lauoz jtlJl L:y l(rr :(vd;i) "Jg_F
\t(.AJe
*5Lt r!t\r"a.-..]l ,n li:\-r oi"b oya.a.('r)r; v\\;

e j+^K-o" eTeTllgla.r.cr
e G*s: it-r\ .re L^o.;J\ L"r+J\ o!la.,ll J.-:s -r tr;+:-+ ;f.I" xera.c €ll€l.i€i-!-
::-r,J! u4r-:J\ j .dJ.c +Sfrtt :!J\ ,raJl Ji --'rl ,l
"*+! \-;er: rL^je-el ;ts anOtt l-tt.t€\r\-
,'J_i^" Na.i tooy,(t q) "(.l2) l-oi .-,.;J\" nxoelc oy,.a.q
.(tr ,t2) "LLb-, A-; _( er.a

'"Layton 2ooo, 121

"'euirk 1985,364
! i ,..4iJl ;Jr:r.4jl ia+Ul

nL] \rr irSKa.uoc }autu r-lrqor.r .-\

/ -
irr
I
a, Ta.c0)He K}.aT Ma,ya.a,T .(tr :t ,".)
Lt'/ r.f' -.
!..ar I

q}-lr!)€ tta.q oYa.a.q ,(o ,r f t) .(r. ,r.J) ,,

, (-t>.
Y'
rLP |tl){DK r-ruOOy ,(,t ,irJ)
jui f .-J\il\ J" *sulJ uiri ;L;lr .i,6 fii.i -L
r-r ... elllHTr N'rco'rlr ,(t
't2) TeNoY 6e |(D(DK Cct)TM trca. ne2pooy r.l-rer2r.l3aX:r+Y\
*&- '-: .5!lr OYa.a.T THYTN
-a t) "c.l-:,r.-e ,:'J Lari (.;i;
Bo)K (((( :\A \11 j'r!"

---<-' clla.o)(l)t]e Na.K THPC -t

"€; JI *,it ei !-i!\" tcor rHyrtt ena.ua. Nexooxe
. ;5 -ij" THPK gra nnoue
-: .(i
't..:")
n-rcoTl'
'n-...
a.uyia.N il)'i\ p\su.-t;LJ\ ,l^ jtj -o
t 3:. ;;lt a..;1\ 9 $$\ ,;*i ei" etur rHyrrl retureBHy a,xxa, N-ruprtr a.u
erpeqoytor.r[ eeoX ,(t. ,tr -:r) "a=,K Fy o;:^U
""J
,(r. ,t. 1) "=.*rtt
'F "*1J A
oi" lan\a.oc rupQ a.r.r
.(tr,l );) " os-r.rn !" l-layaa,q a.N

,"L-;iu" llua,re ur-LJ\ +-" .rl.i_ ua.ya.a.(r)z ,1Jl -'1

l'4*1tu^.41" oycur a-;"oJl e*" ,;:j oya.a.(t)r ry-z)\1

,-t JJ!,"gr(J\,"p\" nrupq r-"r\ a^",-ud tHpz;*J\ -v

."J)tt) \ J",a.K,\-11.:" erITHPq
"(Xa ,Ua\
z I rr -
;^' ttroq ecocuq a.yra.Koq :esll al:^l
Na.Noy ,(t ,\o 3:) "!r-, c;i" nror l{a.y}.}.K ,1rv
'o f )

a.y{D r(v
't o&)
""i*o \: c]K C** ;;i" THpe ra.o)Beepe
NeqeM ,(t. ,rv;*) "cX;^ Jr" U 5." troyi THpoy NoyK Ne
,(tr,tt c.-^) "0:r-0.-i
e.,Itcl: + i(" nr,ra erf,iua.y Ma.ya.a.q

,(rr :t.-J) "n^r\. .rb uofri" a.q-ra.Xoq s16t1rBr.lu r.ll-ur'r r,u+oq

\1(
 jL.hJl :eJUJl J.^a.ilI
l:
:- -

"r1i-,:,,* LJ ;+ \i'i" -lte eNo a.N tr2tra.uoc tautu lauon

(s",
.-\
/ -
tg>r
-.
1..
l,
a, Ta.crLllii r_:,).1
"ol2 (o-r.",j) oJ ,..,.*i" €KNa.o)Mo)e Na'q oYa.a.q ,(o ,r f r)
"kJ*; ui+i c-L'J" retpe ra.p ttucuK lauooy,(l 'trJ)
"-i rr .t r-,. .!
.Jlrol r-r !-Jrli-I -c
- _a
TeTNCOOYN Ae t(DT THYTN ... elMHTl r.r-rcorr.r ,(l ,s2) \- -
TeNOY 6e t(l)(l)K cor-nj ll*.
,(rc ,1 j) "g--r- fi'lt...dr-LJ t-i*ieb" oYLa.T rHytr.r
B(l)K (((( :\A -^a r) ";:__; _,
rrrlysnor ,(v ,iJ) oF-" ct{a.o)o[e na.r lupc
"4K ciJ
",i-S Jl t .i -.i _.+, .3.:.:
.(ri :r:*) "o.t}\ j dIK 3-l)" -rHpr gr--t nuoue

NT0)TN :N-... d.N)., a.ll.

:jL^aJ\ "i-6,Jr,-F
ea:*
ilUlt a.iA\ * J:*lt ,, ?
u4! irr
TH\-t-ll 'lc-:-li-
-l t(l)T
erpeqoyonf esoX .('.
,(i. :t.Li) "---.ii 55 _..--
--

rt( tl^ii
-.)1
t'.ltqa.fe .-!5
)- :_i L:.
(( rt
. rse
-JV
:. , -I Cl1 ilt-:- i-:-:

, ; IJb,"s,(J I ,"SJl" n-ruptl *'.,

,z I
.rua \*41 J,b NTOq ?d\:\j.
Na.Noy ,(t ,\o j;) ":-_. ----
a.ycu ((V ,t unJ) ;5 r.
G*.= _-

NeqeM ,(t.,rv-.,H) "eU,'r;J -

.(f r :lt c--o) "or,4-.LJ j-: :
^-;:Jl
.(rt
't.
j) "oil.l
J"qtri" ).r1T).\,
 F
:*: - j"4iJl 3 iI
e v
3 AJ
o
^l F g
3 3
!:rt! -la
L.
lr -+: Yerbs AJ AJ c\i Jwl .vt tV !

3 a-)
c\)

-;> F
-.-e.r; crLK ..J J\,-i'Jl F I (!)

:o _. _.ai-:J!.r"J\ +-..4, \)i: 4 4 F. F ? 4 F F

,6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 F
4
I Q) ;,,-c
o o I 4
4
o
oi the verb
rf. tY rC)
o- o- F
i--=) -..--;.-o LA 4&.ajl JU'!f F F F, F. F t- t-
.{n tl ;rA\,
t-
:L-;l-aI\; LJ\ (t) l\ ! (, a f
4
F.
4 F t- F F F F
4 4 4 4 4 4 .d
4 F
1'.:,+ c L-r-r.all ; t-.)\ jt; ,4 4 A
4 4 4
''':i^-o I
q\ )4
4
4 4 4 4 4
4
4
i
A
4
4
) 4
t,..:-.=*;,"..aJ1
, I

,-3- +-.i] -\+?- t\ ; , *^\1 ,3 o o t-

.t t) t) t:
.,. v'(c, KCL)T
at-
s r-:-a
rt
t) t)

. -_,: j': :;:"J\ "iA + t) t) t) t) t=,

g-:- j--).cr5\) Jy;- a-)\^,

T !
-1
1
"l
3
"l _t
T 1
{ 1 {t 1
'l
I 1 1 1 1
1 a
.1 e \ T
1J tx
.v.- r'!l)- J)u "' T
 F
3
J\*i1l ,CU J-4iJ1 ll

3 AJ

3
Chapter 4: Verbs c!)
3
a.)

.i* J |,-ir ,i 41"c ;i .:.^- f -t; c,LK ,J JU;\t \\

t- F,
.Jl
!'
... :-r,Jle
J\J €i:Jll;*J1 ,- +,-olit 4
4
4
4
F\(be)-:-r
States of the verb
tFl tv
o-l o-
L-r-u.I\ ;:A\,gb*-,Li (0U".,) ;i,t' tA ;+JJl JUoVt F Lt t-

ei a)\;,.4\1

:L-;-r.all; L*Jl (t) F

v
F F
4
4 4 4
-,y.3)L k;+ prs;.,J.,j.J\JigJl ;c L;-r..I\ ; rJ\ra,i 4
4 4
''':)--o I 4 4
q\
UJ

,(rtii*JrriILKJ\ri) iiXtt ; rJr _l

v
elpe,"i-.bo"
' L J Ko) 'v--\-;JI,:'},J\\e,b *l,1 SJ\;,rJ\3 o
,.ji,,Ko)T ,,,-e,. t)

6-^- .*-alt ,i .rJU\ JJdt 9! rrr^otr .*, j t) t2

-'Jr
.(r.r -^o &d\ c,L)\c rUt) J:,"- a-")\*,

1
33
"l 'l1 I1
{ 1, 1,
1 1 1
v'- .t1\.! "'
q a \l1=, '4
"-!12-

\1c
r,; - ,"4iJ1 (,,':+*-11 i++IJl

i:aej)\; u;\ (t) ,as;t;,-J\

- i-- _,c "r; Cl ;,JA\ -# J,iJl l.+ l+\ ,J:d\ j! .r^ d
;1r;u.."1 oJ-!
!r." :t C(r)Tn JJlj. "rui" "r;t
xec ("L-6 el" Ker na.i,"cJ\ ,31" Ker nui:Jr*a, a-o).e
)
_-n: .-a ".-iU" Ta.)1pHy ,"e" ."o--'5 Teqa.re
Ci)"
*: ,)_*.5 t Jtrr r.it,)t;* , r -rr
rK€T-:\.r5a-cJ ;,rJ\ .i^ ...8 (-) al;
"!*Lnlt e,o;, ,.r *"!*J\ *
."&\r" .xec-
.); '-:j ;:,Jl
-v-J\a *l.;jl i
ly.--:-,*"" KHi "o,\-r!**l ; tJl
:L" r.-.al\ ; L*r\ g
i-- ;- -- a-tijl I).JY
.^*"lijl ,l
ait{n .j-I: \**> qUrJf,I\ oj*,";-t)\..l.^ j
J_r,n\
.1.; ar\\
xlcra ,"0h" Korq ,(tro -a lrr-,J\ .>UW\ --tt) ptt
(.1 . tt
. i{.9J

"L;
-J- CY *--\J\
,,;"3rf?-r' ,
\a
i

.XtC-t-z (KOT, :[Aj(*J

...> > .^rJ ;j o)\; LJI - :Lr-r.^l\ ;lr".J\.. [e o\-L-)\-

'(J:,.. J! . 11;,L*l,fU'J, t)r.;'tl o*J jJIJLr'i\) a-.rlJ\JUr'Jf -
t;A\ fi^:-j - r.rrOrr :p cl-ra..; ;-s-yo \S *r" tt-, tA .r-! (!) ,;.rr

3 ,,;=r*i'!.f;L.all ."irr.iU"
- .l rl
.of^.iUlJ^9 rlr*;, Jl6U*
:"}:" Jl.rl\) !r^:^r J\,j)i\ 5 **.J -
e\
:"i:-. rL-;a-; ;-r,fs 5y;;:- [ (-, .-. - , t ; ,.rtti ,Li
i

." (^S-; ;:-ro

U ) ;' ottoo'n.r,,oouo(e)u
 ,\t.i"jl ,r,lJl
VI.Jg
r a,-Jl

Alp;)\; LJI (t)

coTn "i,.)c\rJ\ l.dr. -6.,; GJI js Aip;)\;u,A\ ji
;J1.1\

oycoN Jrrl d,, "7_iu" oyHN,"jLi;l" co)Tn F\ y ";\riu

o)oyelr i' t-i" eooy' l;; ;*;,-, ;-t-r 6JUY1 dt' J$Jl
'"&!"
.r, .-.E (*) l;r* ,a= ,-")-c
3a; ^r.rf\ -**"\:;Jl *
." ;\a1" co-rnt r".!1rV. rL*y KHt
tt',\^;,n-l ;,_J\

;,rJ\ !-\+ i-, rri eq J.4i..!,J\ 4"t"iJ\ ,r*"b;Jt ..=g

Ar\+! d2.f A:J-r*b

t <, _- 4
lr
.^$-ajl =

Xacrc,"oQ' rorQ ,('.. --

q .r,}1 (Steindorff 1951) a,Lf g Steindorff 6-r;u-l
.co'rnq:J-i.lJ a+.,rl;,rJl \i,uy 1;$,(qualitativ =)
-tr

'i";.orj\
.rrJ I.. ts cr\l-)\-

a-"4 'i) +"r'J 11,:1: ,Js *lln ;.: a,:,elt;r_r,A\ -

.oJ\.- dF j=.

'(J*" Jl ,11:,L*1,i['Jr t)r,-. G _.-=

--2
* -,) ;r*Jl tLJl + U t\ ;,rJ\ f i;u-j -
(rrr trrOrr :),.e c\-1y,a i;;..=':;
.:U,-rJ ri J.a.-.t\ g ;r;-J U-I g f ii-j !,f;Lal\
I .1 \ r

- rl l*,Lll l r(l-:
).)-
.0
^! :"!:" iJr*;. JlSt< jJ\ -.,_,i: i ;_.

:"!:* ri-,.r*-; ,-,-*S 6r, !i c- *- r.

'"^ Tlll 1955, 124.
Layton 2000, 126.
"(i5;
,rr- 2 ,
;;-r I,*) __
''u
 ti - €ijl .?+

"t'.!rJl ;_9.a ;ry ;j;U-" 6D*) Sr f-;.; .-;\ jr;i a-; r+ri -
aAEl;;-*6
,1c,-n:r.o:l\ d J\.j'i\ \rI a.1;-'-,J\ fi*.j .L;; a4--,
J.*ll ,1r;Jl;rj,a g 4+-rl ; LJi irirj
se,-J@Jl "*:i, ,(ri. -^r) ,;*ft
i ----, J,c -*,J -
,)-a)l
ll "',3,)L.i'J\ ":a .(rr t --) r;-.tt
. ,- -11_*ri: uu.tr BO)K BHK. a.a)
("is'Mlce) NHY
I
et Jl
lr
-;>i 3c r+rj -
,)"dl n(l)T NHTI ..i-oo,c-
.J vu.
+
-'t-l\;-;;, ..5-jJl\ l-h6 -
?e 8HY s

(r..rec-) -il
e(Dx eHlt )\-D
- lt
--+\ ;-c ;+ei ,)'.dl

.., -J\;-u, '.-:r -*aJ\ ,

Y'J
I ..o,.:rl
, J
.a " qNHy:J*.a:.J\ .i*"..,l+ "ol'NHy -
.!- (uecrr) "t,J\
"''"+'L-r^ ti-,JJ\
lr
-- jP -o
ry.dl
-"r.f
\l
;rr"5 jL':;*,l J(4 fi.t.i \Jp)\ rJ\ ua,? -
_* j9. )) A-'r^aJ\
L
;jJl) ";bi\ ,-i3t" aqet ,"r-J--" 3Mooct ttn,L.;r--o
:v..>r;ft!
-!L
uocet)
("rJrr"
Jr \,.J+" a.yeMooc el neKpo ,aU^i .(roge :L-;r.aI\
"C;J! cllJi" Ma.pNa.ee enenna.,(trt ,tr ,.:-") "irlL:J\
qlia.tMooC e.&M reoPoNoc l.tneqeooy ,(ro :o Jr)
.(rl ,ro c-.*) "0*.4-,iJ9 J\r
-*1-:-'

'o' Ibid., l30.

'o'Till 1955, 124
'o' lbid., 125.
 ,l\-i'il 'rrlJl
YT.JV \.4iJl

\11 r .lr -. l-
:U)JJ
lr-cJl \ a..a ,'ru 4r .l.-p-c
;Do) Li.L) 6;3.a s i> t-J

., -l
JrJtE)\.c 19 ,-o ..a;Jl ,1 ,'.r: j-:_-i,-

JU". d,-Il ;*iJl;r_e,,a

l-ar-rJl A :- ,
-i$t&'AU ^:;--: -.-:
A.CMICE ;l:L lrar ,;*j- ' lt ,f J*
rr-r-+r - lr
\v.d\
--ir Jt,
uncr;upe J:,;. +JtL\ra,;; {4-Ila.Jl BO)K BH}.:

rlr I -\
)r -.)-!J (*'l-t'Mlce) el ttH\'
-i
).Ct-rec ,J,,.l,r\ +\. o lt
rr*.>r w -r oy^dl TIO)T nliT
nc9HPe ,\*J\ '.^, i;V ilt!lra,,uy rs-;lt ?e ?H\'
. \i
!
-. /\
r- ;l:\ .9\ 9y-r, (uec-)
u t(l)x e}L\
).crrecrq tkj -LliI\ sJ\ dF J,r -
D)-dl
lr

-lt I
tuJJJ c ,Fr'
l-
L,-,> 4\+\ I

)P) Li-aJ\
*;a'?l-9,o" qNHY'_Yj:- .g

J-,ltqk+ (raecrz)
: . \l o)-f a..lttl
u) ;t-J\
qMoce r ;,c ,a,;
alp)\
*A{ gL:i-l "6+ ,;, ,.

t)t" -*
Jrr.;r 6.ra-; e -*' 'iJ
; LJI) "'h;i\ ,-)ir" o?€ .'_-
-ll I
4Jl+ljdfart
uocet)
("rlrr" Jr bJ+" a.ytMooc ?l ncrp
"C/! dJ**lU" Ma.pn).?e €nfl-
ql{a.eMOOC eXM neePoltr\l l
t-, -.
.\' -

'"6 Ibid., t 30.

'o'Till 1955. 124
'"Reintgcs 2004,206 "'lbid., 125.
 -,,4i.J1
^-r.j.v

.-;-jJ\Ju'lt
-! -t
JW'1r ,jF
L. :JtliJl
d.*Il Fonnation of the verbs
_; Otlt LJr"
v
+",iJ\JU;!r
.;J T(I)OYN
ru Coptic verbs

.; i o)te (-49 q
:et^J\ J\,iY\ (r)
.:;- ?(l)N
/l
JI

ju
..erri .>LK c ?SlJi,# | g.rr Ju;\r 3l
-:-J \(l)
:{.li"1

.',''.,.',
,-,-:-*\Jtae)l -.?
elBe .;+ co)Tn -1-.
JL\'>l
I

-/-\
'(,1r -- J\i'jl !{.r..,oi d
elMe
Ar cta.r
',<i
K(l)-r G'i oYOM U
'^: Jl,-\rjl ir.ll
c(l) :;; oYoN :-\
(:-
j oYon
7,
)4b)
-
(O.J-o)
t

CCDTM -l
-/i Y tMooc
alat V r';6 "r"P

oYe

a-\e -).p
J\,j'rl '4"aL.rUl +\ * Jr,-i:lt l.{-/-1:ra- Jti'JI "-r,"
.(rlr -ar!:l)
i ..
rL)\ L,- (r9.
rJ()

-d \}.6e jtr
L-r}CDl{
,i;-jjlJU;'!r (r)
Jsi
: I trrYe i -.r
Jtu' J."- J" i...J,?) q*Jt .i," Ji; ,-r ri c * ir+ JU,ri ;Pt

'rila o'e
; I^ Jo, ,("j(i" oy{DM ,-t*J\ d,,, "J5'1e 4l: ,+i" rl.luo,JEl\
<t - -i ,;*:--r JUri.r tllc a;-:-
^)9K go-t> (-Jl
 Jui'Xr,6gr.p;tr

:c i i-r; GJ\a;J\JU;"it -\

.. lr;;:t d.*fl
11
'ft J.,-iJt d-ll
ca.a.n<r;) jt". (l)Nt ,.\c
t, t .i-
cooyn'r -
\...0j...^ Jr+.1, T(l)oYN
ru
. c
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-: j ;-JJ\ J[iI\ )rnJ ,gPn-

--) .pcr;opnr.r- .PcgPnu- ri) PqPn- -.?
Ka.Ta. ncr;pncoyn nNoyre :"-i,LJ\ + ,G..-" (capnn-
a.icr;pnxooy c(f :\ t) ".r'Jl
-i,'tJ\JJlu..-..^-" rlo)T
L.. a-u

ii'.- --.-,i -:g

, J\ iL.AiUJ\ *lJl ,i" 'u'Ibid.. 146.

 Jt-ill '6!1J,aiJl l:
:'-

oYAla.oHKH €a. r((o :(t c.-") "f*) \"g:l.;J J.i.--" NHTfr tta.Cr) r'qe ePeq, lta.l :i.\+;{--
.(tv ,r "n$; ojit5.-.r.! "r.€-s" nNorre cr;pnra.rpoc .\/: -
"i
"p)
cpgoyea.y- :'-;S\
e" Peoyo- ,i Pgoye- -A 2u\era,c qNa.xnl€l _ --+- .

,(r 't ,j t) "!e( t'=;!!r*4" ztrNe ttot rerttntc-nc n(9HPe tlnpcuue .( ,' ,. , -"',_
--.
,(rr 't
-t) -<J "\":-S r!-i.y" r.rcep3oyeoyot cpoq nu-rtt satz .a- .r
rrdl JLJ,)' J' --.rrr
- --+ :'
.(c' ,.;;) "s\'trS i-J\ojS" a. ne2uo-r pSoyea.o;a.i ua.q a.icgn oyco(re frra.:irearx
.(rv ''!*5 Jj,."ar! !K" r.re1p3oYco)nHPe eMa,Te
:v
--) .(trr,r:;)",- -.*--
-nlpnxepgol'elocox-r p2.t1 .3'U Oi l.€J.*
'[1, ,|UI\ "-i,6

".".!.::lr+ ti*i \6 gtt Net{}.tttta.ceeHc

^r.eng+"

,lWl "-\.6 l-di o ..L-o ;- . t- g-

Lvr-,
iiu;lJU;'ir :-
Greek verbs
e(DXe ,"clJ., Jl ij-^:': - .-
.:J Ju'lr ciiL!\ J\,i\\ d)J16(r ;-J.J\ ulj\ .:"r;i
"i-o;
t3\: .J,a],\ ;..i *il uigr ;,-Jl i J.;! ;-.; t6;\ )_t' 6 "U*i jU", raii Ui" a.tri o1'prixe
.(r'to -- &,,I\ 5-Xc C:b rJ_:,-^ a.)\,,
eo)xe a.lPnKe\Ynr r-rr-rotn1 3r;
', .'.t, -i L-\--J\ 4++Xl
i";U;l', J\,j'il .(a,r' j',
9ul ,*!l ;rr.o 3U i
"''f;Lol\ €) L) iJJ\J\-iIl)riJJ ,gPn- ,p(l)opnn- ,PCgPnu-
AiU Jl
- J-
,lYV l*ijl ddl ;+"iJlg.-|.r;Jl dqfl Ka.Ta. ncgpncoyN nl.lo\-Te
\1., , i -t a.iqpnxooy r(( :\ L. r) "-',
BanrL( a16o r.-cl Ba.nTlz€ L9 -

'u'Ibid., 147.
'un Layton 2000, I 55; Plisch 1999, 40; and Reintges 200.1, 39.
.,r"rr g.OU!,".L-rF)l i;"Jr +LLdl ;O,]Ft it.+u!t .^-Fl + " tbid., 146.
"K-rl
t - a,:\l
a;-=r-:. r:jt

i t*iJt \,:rIl AiuJl,l

-ijl, rr9 - J- yw t Jt jJi\ ;.1-:11j }ljJl
d4fl
ilAPa.B). JJLi,s;i; 6turcot,ta \la.KoNel it;
I

I rrrq (-)>
tlirL(a ,e i\ .o'\ ?exrlze
VJ J''
,ei a

\P(r) i -r
J".r*r' 0e putreita pf..i,3,:i oePa.noY ,.-y
t,
KpLva 6, .ta9l (a!-u> I KPINe ,, iel ,'"<-"--
\:, i

tt it
'r)l
(J- Jl)

t-i
p€Tduoca u.,l MCT}'NOI rJ LJ

1.-
bpoAoykt g9,^91 toMoxorcl r-9 't-g
t

tL i.i
TTapaSLdapL na.Pa.J.lJ.oY ), -l> rJ-
ir=l,i.1*"\
t t t) 'i
Tr(Lpd.( a J--ipl .,.,+l n(e)rpa.ze j>,b\ *t?
t" 1i
lf LOT€t)(n A)-Dl .ja)\ rncTeYe or^a.d-al
ae
n ).avda J*>\ t]xa.Na. J.al
tal

,r- |
o KauSuAL( o dtu,\.jlel cKa.NJ.a.l,lze il-91

oTd,upoa J.l-i c-ra.YPoY +L

.,.c
IJ)JY
Arlg 6 r+-a ,i L-\:.;\ ia+lJ\

"t,\of &Ul
4iUJl,l
- J- :,1,
\rijl c.rrl i-L.,l.jl,l
\rv lri.ll cdl
upt/(opaL a.Pru.
2

upNopdL \+l ).PXel. ).PX€Cea.t \ -r.

'u' Stcindorff I 95 1, I 31

\A!
 Jw'Xr,69r;;tr

4iUJl,l l*iJl drrl A*.L;JI i

,\/I t*,ijl :.*ll
- J- :/{r, t a+U:Jl!3,-i*rit : __:,-
:ll .
rupupuLuo; .iJui,.-ei;i na,Pa,Ba. ^t -
L-CJ\> 6LJ,J,.)
.5rurcor,(u t_
I

,+
ne rya(a u..>l IIrPa, U> ,-
(AiTL_(o I

, _l_-.*
xpaopdL
t-l
xP(ll r-l -
J4rdl L-t*! I
a(paTr(uu I i=:.E .

KpLuo

peTauoca
'-i l-i

6po)"oyh
t.:1
rupaSL6o4tt 7-;.'- [
retpd(ot .-'>' i1
;>.::
7T LOT€UO)

tAuuua

o rcau6uAL(ot

oruup6a Y---J 1-.

;,c aj.I;.=. 6;y e +1.,.,-o s.>ir_ _

+u;;Jl,j.-1..iJl
apu(opaL

ilpXopat

Steindorff 1951. l3l

r - ."4iJl
!,:&d\i+.{rUl

'lt'oU;)\Ilro+
-'.rj)t -;^'-.aj
_r (r\' .,) tu --1,.> Jr.-:,
Classification of the verbs
tttr)'T . t-tOYP,MOY| j,-<-1, t<<O-r
"';.SLJ\ Wsr r-rc t*4 ;.i.il\ ilJl + Jt;!r ,i;
"',i.-JLll crlc,*--J.l Jl (t*,--ti dl lf \<j\i-xl ?*".-)

.(oycoN[ cc{DTn) ojy.f IJU;.if ,lr'Jtarr*.=ft 1r;

.(uoyp cKrDT) U\liiJ\,i'i\ :Aibl\ aer,",..fl (()

J.-r\ + t't ;*t & e-* GJI J\,r'r\ ,a:J\:.Jl ;.er*dl (r)
.(rocoue rrrocuNe)

.(groprp,coXcl) ;;6tb.l\ JUYf ,4+U A-e-r*+t (r)

:);- --j\\ ,&'j\acr,"r.Il (r)
o , gR:;:y -r+ i+ jJ\ ,.iJl J\,i\l :i"-.tll {cr-"Jl (o)
I '-. jc-..>ll ,-i,6 J\rji JF
.(rca.eo (Ta.Mo)
--, ->\ -": lolco JFd\'rl\
. ([ra.a,l-l-ror'r ) 4.^, )U I i.i)1.] I JU;'i t A--:LJ I acr-qJ : I ( r)

; LJ\ e I lyl ,P s-* GJ\ J\,i'rl :;.,-,Ui 4cr*+\ (v)

-'. i
,(puce c€lB€) a;tglt
:4.l':,-a I

o\cr {t JAje}4,.9i c*, 't 'jJl Jtr'r\ :;i\-:Jl icr-rJf (l)

l'T, t-loorrr J:3
.(uoy serp€ rxl,t) {4Ul
i, n)€T-i -/
g.\-l
. i.;.>l
t->
i

--t at
1= POKT v) >l
,9

+;. u) Fl JK-:i ,5 + o; i5u-ir orlt ,u .+i1 iii, .j J*ir ,fu S isU:r J#l;,j ,.,
Il,
? 1,rr
- c-!)
lr.1 J-u.ll r\
'.\\
,'+;o)\ t.r)t,*.'r: _== -r. -!1 :r.:ril ,1;; ,i tr.-
.(Layton 2000,152)
(Plisch 1999. 39) Plisch u i;i ,;1 ,slrisha-Halcvr 1988. 199-l0l J )_;L j.:.ail u! '1"
(Stern 1880, l8l-205) Stern -;,,.^,;p )".L.-c+ _c_. '(La\r(rn 2000. l5l-157) Layton,
.(Till I 955, I3I -l 40)'f ill-. ( St.: f, .i,,r-i i
1 95 I . I I 0- I 31) Stcindor{f;
 Jr.i'Xr,6yt;att

trt:c.,U;!.l
,r+

'(u
,u) {.ii'rl iSu-:t u:}\ ;; oV J}cu or- lr,*:,
.NoYT TMoYP,MOY8 j,=-1, r<or

y ti+ na.ett ,t }! e J! H oe, a Jl o .-re l-e,*.1

,(+uJ\ acr*"Jl) *plutr ir 'i+ r.aegt,1;r'!1 acr,"-.Il) *notft

.(a-,:LJl aej*+\) *t-lro3 y ti+ r.-lra.g

,-,.yK- .* FVJr I Ji_J L5 JU Ju"!t;o

t ell l)tt

.(rgrop-rp rco\cl) ;i ^
:+j)LJ\ JU;Yt,3r'!t irr*..tt 1 r;

O j dM.ii1 T-t i*., .j- ,----- -

3c e-P:,ifL- ;oi a:)s o, acr*+\ "i.^ J\,ji O,(:,
.c(DTn
'J:\t OS-Utl c>ll + lolco :..!":I\ i>,}\
.(llx.aq,t.rtor.r) a,.;)- e ).;
Jlird-ll oll
_
Jj,qt (cerr- 'iS;t ;,rJ\ + e \-r,o 1r,".1
;,rJI ,2 | lyl $ _-
=(p
?
:4-[-al

t
otcr*r.Il J-o {i:r^+.Si .+j-i
r-royoyr Merr- MOOfTz MOOYT Jri
ncu3i negt- na.tT, na3-r' -/
r-.\-.1 i.;>l
|
. t->

P(l)KI PCKE- poKlz PoKS'

a.
,q>t
vJ
l

+i $) JKji J: !} o; iSL _.:_> :) 14

ccorr.a cerla- COTM,
Y (rr
J,.iJr

- c.tr)
Jr.1 Jr\"Jt -1 -.i,
.i-.- - .-

(Plisch 1999. 39) Plisch u :;i ,j; .Sli;.:".--{i,.

tStcrn 1880. l8l-205) Srcrn;. ^, _;.:_. *
Shisha-Halevy 1988, 199
'uo
.(Till 195s. I 31 - j _, :
 J,ail1 4i+,al1;++!l

0P MHP
+
b; CO)TII COTT]- COTII, corn'i ;t';1
\?, Meet ), c(r)oYt CCYI- Coo{lz cooYtt 'v.i
!T= PHT g.a - r. i
oY(DN? oYeNe- oloNfz oYoNe'i ).(r''
oYHNr (l)Ne on2t O,\-
1-at9; .L\ ornf
Q)TN OTT, J-
l- HN (**-
l)2 (9)u
:r.j\::Jl J\,-i'r\ :;.jU\ ac,*Jl (()
Ofr: (rHnf LJ
V)
.j,I\ e-f:,;;fU ;qr J. aer-*Il .i,o J\,-ii J,(s
)T, t4 "b
.Ko)T ,ly'!l ;S-LJ\ .i,}\ t : lolcr: 3Fl
Ot-r= J\.e

* ,-lla. tSlt;;A\.: e Jl4^dl !+l li! U2.i

J:^^r)
DKz J.HK. J.5i
Jl a. Jr-:) .-;r Jt ; ,rJ\ ,: o Jl Jja, .KGT- ,''o(;r;\, olL
.KHTt an,,,)\;;A\9 H ,JI $a, (Kor, ,"0(;r:\, c,lL j
I :".riU\a-o,.+l (f)
=. ---;\\
;i).- -. ir_*.-al\.-i-o J\rji.JJ*J
BO)K BHKi.
; ^. ;.-=r) l'l ;;* gc ;r\c aUJl
B(l)L BcX-, BL- BO\z BH}.I
= - i..-r l,+ /o/ co JF:fl grl\ i
el(l) (e)ta.- elax, elH
t e .'
-{.I1 i-Il U,!,\",.:,
K(D Ka.- K8,).2 Kt-li' ,J2 4

,l -,. -_d),.'"(.-aiLa-i ) *; L/
=! KO)T KET- KOT, KHTi ,&
.nOONet cflOONOz
KO]TC KET- KOTz KHT. jEt
Nl{rl, nOONei ,l- rk
MOYN l"lHN q
rLr ': : -.)iFtu+l.iil-aytonr+'''
I,-: :-:1951, lll)JJl ,r-Fj.rrU+
'uustcrn 1880. l8l.
 ,
Y\hril :rlJl
I.J
.
V
t^4ijl

v
MOYP MEP- l-lOpz MHPt 2) c(l)-rn COTil- rl,lll=
I
MOYI Met- LrLl; Meei )\" c(l)oYt CeY?- Cr-\-,)?=

P(r)T P€T- PHTt gYJ

Po-rz oycur.rI oyetrf - r-i)'rrli,?,
OYCDN OYN- oYHNt 7a*t
o)N8
oY(r)(l) oYeq- ol).cl)u i!\ O)TfI
t
0)n er- orI, HN

(r)q) eq- ocl), (9)u

(l)(l)r (r)er- 0)Onz (l)Hnt

4

..!ll J" 6-;4; ,:;-S

- _:-r--
q(l)re qer- QOTz
.K(DT - .:.
x(D x€- Xooz ju
x(l)K xeK- XOKz XHKt j5i * Jl a. J-.^n) tS; !-.-: -r '

J! a. l-.xr) L-rl".^bJt ! . .-:- _r tr

.KHTt e*)\6 r_..a-

-:
t-i
---
, t ei\ e l'l;yJ\ & e-y GJIJI-iY\ ,cl\:JI a-cr*+\ (r)
;E-LJ \ i)\),i5L .:-i ;s ),1 : d." 4eJ*"J \, 1,b J\,ii JJft
BCDK

)c c-.rA:.(4".:I\ -r,}\ {.+) l'l ;;--a;,c ;r!-e 3UJ\

a.cetb"
B(l)\ BeX-, BL- Bt-t.\=
.no)o)Ne
';r'Jt ;.s-UJ\
sbll t* lolcu Jj"dl !r,}\
el(l) (e)ra.- e lc\i.:
,;(J) neexe - ,rK)t;,rJl ,J € Jl JFI .ell lil J-:r.l
K(l) K}.- KA,J.=
:a*p;)V i._;.,*.Jl gfirrJ\ * o J! Jjar,"'(-o6La.i '! -,.;
KO)T KET- Krr-i-,
.fiooNet cfiooN€z
KO)TC KET- KOTz
no)o)Ne rte(e)Ne- nooNe, nooNet ,l- rk
MOYN

ilr.dl Jll Ji Steindorff ,5a U:o ,(Layton 2000. 153) -;,*al r! iJ"dlt;,}t ;i LaytonJn "'
(Steindorff 1951, I I I ) J,.i.ir rrp 5 j .-iet4 Stern 1880,
'u' [8 I
 -:lt
AJ_*rr,4jl A++lJl

- ;.; 'dl ; )jJl

-I
c(l)(l)q cecq- cooQz cooq'
: At
O_9J
-
i-t-.-ll
.i

> -* j j ,\,J\ qU + T r-sr,.> re(e)ue- ia

'.c\co\ri
T(r)(l)Be TooB, TOOBet e-*
,o JI -dr",il\ s!,}\
TOXDMC TOOMei ;*U.i)
T(l)(l)6e Te6- TOO6, TOO6.et 'i,-)r)

KL)K=
g)o)(l)Ne c9e(e)ue- (l)OONz 0)ooNe
o\?, iletNoYt a
'-a
0)(l)(l)r r9e(e)r- 0)}').Tz g)oorl
-7.
io\'6 =
*9
x(D(r)Pe xeePe- XooPz xooPet
tDP, CKPKOP , * .>t i, ti,
6(l)(l)xe (,€exe- 6OOXz 6ooxe'f tA. -bS
cxpropr'
r\= clccl'l\i, ,-t-t'Gf
CXCO\T'
:ai;l,b-l\ JU;'jt,o+lr\ 4eJ*+11 (i)
- rl t]
1)Rz cenc(l)n \-AA.D
'
J:" ) a*"Ul 1, ( coxc\, Jr" ) Lr I J\,j'i \ ;.er-"J \ or.6,_ln*il

-+
TIIT(L)N .ai.e\-b.!\ (rg-roprp
L\t l= , .l;b

)c s-;J:.;;fU ;a-r
I
TIITONT, r.^1 L^ad
4.AJ-
.
4.9+.-a-ll o-r,-t ,lhgl '^.;j
't
;A> (d!.;l
(D?, Te?T(l)t'i -i
oilFl.-rl1
t

.coxcl,J:'Jt e lol
Cl.Ut
+ .i
oYoecT(l)N ua
L) .cLcL- :e J)o Jrdll .-rl1 &-:,
"l;t rJ\ ,:
;
-i
c9Po)(r)P , i*r
I
.i,I\ 6_-#s \3i:-i 3UJ\ tldl 6,.-r i";Jl ; rrJ\
cDPogoptt "tc
rGrP: (DTPTCDP z-Cilr.i-Isl
(j-, e
I
:e J! o -drdl\ gb,}\ l,p.! l,!r
!.;fr g Ui .ru Jrdl\
"u.clc(l)\z
IP: BPB(DP.,
a)
BPBOPT,

CI,'TT: ?ATICDT] ,.a.>\3

'u'Stcindorff 195i. 121

 JW'.JI ,6gr ;,.;tr f,"

.-!l*bi l.lu\i>yI
iclccult :L-;,,..*.aJ\ ;,-".a1\ Ji.. "n.rJ\ ; C(l)(l)q Ce€q-
"".aJI
i,tt-{:
- _.i
l-
i ltuc (A-.-aJ I &; F t.i allll ctJs it q\.d i r -rr Trr)tr)Be te(e)se- -,-,-lre,
"},Jt
"n.clco\Tt ,o J!-d7C\ .>,}\
T(t)(l)Me

T(l)(l)de Te6- Ttrr_.r--r:

MOKMCK MCKMO)K,
ct)cutuNe qe(e)ne- Lr,rNli
i
Ne?NOY?, neSnOy2* '-a
o)(DcuT tr;e(e)r- rV,\^.\-:
NO6Ne6 Ne6.Ne6- Ne6NOY6, ^S- xocDPe XeePe- :-o"^'P=
CKOPKP crprp- crprccop, crprcup*, 7>)
6.(l)(L)^e 6-ee^e- r>o--v
crFropti
CoXCI, clcx- clccox, clccu\t, d)q9f
'..-:r) '
clcoxtt
CONCN cencn- cenc0)Il, cenccont .lu ,J-) ir"U;l\y (coxcx : -- I j.:_
TONTN rtr-rlr- -rfrr<on, -rfr-rcunt, oJu
rlr-roNtt
& *ri:,oftL- j-i,- ;- --
-i
Tb.eT? Teflr(r)lz regrcuS* ;4>- t(-!;l .co\cl -.i
+ .i
oYocrN oYoecT0)N' ,49
.cXcL- :e j)o =,>:- -,
(l)oPqP 0)P(r)(r)P , i-r-o
-rlt J" $-ras t3-,.i =i,_ . - l
I

- -+
(r)P0)oPT
:e JJ o JFJI -tr\
qroPTP qq'rPrP- cr;-rp-rcop, cr;rprcupt z-cil 6 ilel
I
-j-----.
L)v
-+
eBoPBP euPsP- gupucop, BPBo)P , 7-b

rpaoptt
{-
toret 3er3r- leTl(D'rz PeTP(l)T', ,.a-^3

'u'Ibid.; and Layton 2000, 156. '" stcindorff 1951. I 2l

 -t"4iJl .i-:-.-- ^r;-J\

fr ,.",)u\1itubtlJt r)r j -"e_*+.;-c_*+l ,i, J!uz*i;ua:

V) 6*i '31 'tt, l^& ui.tf t;,jJl U

BOYBOY ,J -rL-rL l-:.

I *i., :i.^*ElaeJ*"J\ (.) (,u) a

- ePgP
J' ePaP ..^4

.,t, ;- -.-^Sr acJ*"J\ .i-o;n.s rl-lr.la eP eMeM tlr

UJ

.Ta.KO:O :Jra:ll KOYKM iy oNor.r t--9'-9

J\)
r ,:.9

1- -)_> --.r.+ -2', ;,rJ\ 3 KPMPM J),) oenon ;. *\

^5rf,1
K}.CKC ;*
-:r-> ;-j*- ) ,rt*d\;,...oJ\,;

-:r- ,-*;: aib;)\;r-rJ\ j

-l T ---:_- --:-.a; $y TT;KHJ+:o.ra 'u'' ni )lj r.(.(JJ a-aa Ua.1l \ JU;'! t
ff .gii as-r--l t >.1i

:+I.l*l +uJl

v- KTHy' gLi l-ell -r.*, /o/ o ,!r-,,:Il !r,}\ & ere:,dXL:" eJU!
.KMoM :riLJ\ ,;<-LJ\
If, TBBHY -5\
)P
-9t i:-* 6
ilo, Ta.elHyt ;,5 ;-s-r \,t +i,r^ r+J{ ', CrJ ,a-";'! JUr'it .-^,"
(c!, Ta.KHY jII^i .\*_^.
,

Ta.KHyr'f oll lr-..^,; ,Jr'Jt .,a;ua-ll (-!J}\ r;ij ;ii-rr\ ;rr.A\

\o, ra.Xuyt 'le.ii, .KHM;. :H J)Jr-x.I\

L./ Lr
\6tl: ra.-l.oHyt ,.u KBO171 KHBI )o
, i-
iltt 1Pt KMOM KHM )*l
l

4tt-z Ta.l-llHY' ,-J-O a. 6)>

Le 'u' stcindorlT 1951, lz3.
Htl, Tl-tl-tHY1 - lr 9
''o Ibid., 117.
e-'91
.Steindorri i
":

\1(
 ,l\*i'll
vl.Jv :!lJl . L"44Jl

.t,.
eMoM ?Hl-l' P {.r)Ul a;iL:.lr _;i, t i;,-j
,1 , - | ..t
6.NON 6HNi U-rJa
e..,al
crl )

BOYBOY L

,;i*3\JUY\ :L*^LL1 a.er-+l (.) aPgP

.i,}\ ;u.r:
-rr ir", t+'t jUVt t ;r.(t ;.er,"-.I\ .i-o;ai rct-lrct.r

.Ta.KO:O -dr.*J\ KOYKM

.Ta.Ke-,e Jl 4d.I\ (lj}\ J* . 5-;J\ ;,1\ j r.pr.apl"r

:

KA.CKC
.Ta.KO,,:Jr.-:I\ o,}\ rar:1'! i-rl.;tt ;,r-al\r.3

y .:f J\^br,n J! -dr-.:I\ .+\ Jj,-a a.aoj \ ; ,J\ ,3

.'ra.myrt :i-KJ\ ai\-sj O -r.rf grt4 r.i; cT).KHJt ,o- ''U)LiU:-tr,-L---

\V'rrrl"t 1''
_

'aj:"i 3UJl .n5LJt #,+\ J. _*'.

.-ell -r*, lol o -! -:-
KTO KTE- KTO, KTHYT -b\>l -l> i

-rsso -rsee- 'tEgoz -rseHyt .it

)P
-6;yo \,\S 1)).,
-2' ,

.a +;
Ta.eto Ta.ele- Taelo, Ta,elHYt :-5 ,)p -

TA.KO TAKC- T}.KO, Ta.KHYi, dlL6l

Ta.KHYTt +l I *H.,_r .l,'Jt -is. -: -,

-[,r
9LJ .lj,
T\}.O -ra.).e- Ta.xo, ra.luyr
T;,x6.0 Ta.\6.e- Ta.x60, -ra.\ouyi KBO171 KHB
tf
-1e\I
TA.MO Ta,Me- T).MOz KMOM KHI-I

Ta.MIO TlMle- Ta.Mto, T).MlHYt

Lv
Mab
''n StcindoriT 1951, 123
I

rtauo -rt.lt.le- -rfrplou TMMHY -t-bl "' lbid., I 17.

\

S:: :"- ,
 r - L"aiJl
4J+L.,i ir.;il

, r -'z J Jiil
-.

;,<,=tJl .-ell rr-l3o TMee- 11-126ru

:i
al>l
r_. ? -i a J! :.lrx.Il .rll {,i+ TCA.BO TC}.BE- TC}.8O, TCa.BHYi, -l_
6

'l-

:a.I*l TCa.BHYT

TCIO TCIC- TCIO, TCIHYT

/ t.
),r G"
TCA.NO TC}.NC- .TC\NO, -rca.utry(-r)t
-Zc
'.1^-tl-
r '{ \z sal \J
\

/t TOYIO TOYTO,
Tl'&l-
I

i-- Telo ele- olo, -rtlHYt

.9.'i.l
EMCO otace- ol.tcoz
t- 6
t-
. ,a-a) ( 19
VU
otacer-rl ;J?i
i 'o' TOYJ(O ToY)(e- ToYl(O, ToYJ(HYi
) ,9t:- -.2.l
tY
v

--. Ta.xPo Ta.xPe- 'fa,xPo, Ta,xPHYt l}Y'\--ll

,r1<
o)'ol illT' .'e r-12,1,.9

11a) /l
xo xe- Xoz XHYt
Dq't1,-t\-T "' 7.i{ri.l
\-
xIIo xnG- J(IIOz :31

'-i I xePo xePe- X€Poz I :l

lr4l
aJ>l

LAJ

:i,;)lJ\ i i)tll JUYI :a.--:LJl a.er^+\ (r)

:.
-
*!t,:' y s;\ ^24 ;>.j3 kF Julr ..r,,o, ,Jr.^;'J\ ,s & A-cr-dl .ro q9,:+
;, J=lc
'(:*;r * s-ts- \s 6t,;;:- \.A u-J +i) *;'l JUi
.: -s-LJl .jll .\*, 3\i
:{nLJlJ\-!"il & --l;i:,i5L u-i ;sX J, A.cr*+\ ,-,.b J\,ii Jr<rl
.r-lrou :3b.Jl ;S-L-J\ r,.ll ),. lolo Jr*Jl o,}l
L;,J\-t
,FtJl ,.-ell -r,, JJ ilF\ .-f t _u+ ,L,.-o;)\; rJt ..p

.no-rtrt
'lyY\

\1t
 Jr.ilr ,69r..;alr

tvt - -.i -r ^ r,!1.

.4,:ret ab)n rr\o a*)\ ;,-Jl + F'r\ d,=tJ\ i-lll
J--4 Tl-tto Tl.r3e- _:_ -

.r.-rra.3 cn).o)tt ,g s? J., a JIJFI *J}t *+ TCA.BO TCABE- iL-":8.E

i
:41:-al

- t/ TCtO TCIE-
rPo(r) oP(l) )J ).
i TCA,NO TCA.NE- Tt).lit.)=
r.ar.a,3 MOK? , i\c .-J\,
TOYIO f1-r)1t.)z
ta-ror.t MOTN 7\tu\
t-< Ttlo ele- Bitl:
r.lcgor Na,(D)T' \J

-+ t- 7 oMco et"lce- gt-f Ctrz

CBOK COBK, .arr ( 19
l)(.
_+ i.or
ToY:to TOYXe- TO}Jlt-=
oYBa.g) oYoBg)' .,a^)l
V -.-

-+ oyour.r-rt tir. ,- TIJ(PO TAr(Pe- T\r r- a_ ,tr-

hv
oYMOT oYoMT', '* rL\.9
+ xo xe- -\t-t=
oYPor PoYoT , PooY'rt173 ;4r\'
(_-
i xno xne- \[It't:
qxle qoxet Y.a-a
\_J

ti xePo xePe- \e Pr-t=

gxo6 goXot "Jt>l
- t-
tPoo) toP0)' 16.

:.." lXl ,*)._ _ _

iFlr.apr Ct,a-r),lJliJ)\.:JlJ\,i'il € rs;\ ^s* r?e k5,jU;'lt ,i-nt ,JLi\i ..- j :-

;c .;l:* aS,a)\V;-t' ,F:,jUJ\ ;,=tJl t+l ,,, j! '@l* 3;,no'; , i3--

:inLJ\JW"if & e-;e:.ifL *ri r).. _- ,

a.l;.i ol' L"j,iU .t-lrou:jU\ :,;-- -

J€-LJI --;-Il _u, J1 :J_,-_r^ _,-
"'Layton 2000, I 57.
.poyo'r J) J,4 *oyopi,,, {*,,yJl l$ i i.: r 1rv g:L) 9K11 . -ril1 +, -L-!'"'
-J -

\1:
lJ - jiJl
4.,,-J:fi,' 4rtJl

ll ;,,-J\3:. +aer-t\; rJl a.oDAi o(l)t -!.a

,, J.)
T rr
.POKG :G;-o )lo O
oYor oY;.a.Bj U_-rAi
; .j-i-ti +
r
. L *J\ .;i.J\
-J- v-JJ 1 oYxa.i oYox* i\ -
Y J\!
.}.Qet rd.O)Tz:(t); (l)la.i rgoi'r, r9a.ii 1t
U\
94
:i.J:"\ o)Ma -,La
0)ooMet Lir-.4
rJ-J
ql \-Q-jri .gJ-oj
1\
eKo ?K).elrt, tKoelr'i, toKPf 7t>
oBe P
-7 ,t xPo xPa.elri, xPoelrt ts:P
)^a>l

\qe 'l' -a
(=-p'dP :l^ XTA.i J(HT-i v)a)
a -.
\oBe ..5** errT i;r-
r,roce'
.i-
tJ1

p4.. .
.,\ ia
!-AJ lJ-
al
c6HP 8PH(' )
- -.i
noPe ,-J
L (r)XHX lz era.i 5I;,F
noce'

POKe
;-tA\ e I lyl & S-* GJI J\.j'Jl :i-,LJl 4cr-+\ (v)
,uiLlt

rZ t
.uiLlt ;rr,-)\ + ,fft iir J" ;.cj*el\ "iA J\.ji JJ<rJ
c\(re' lr-o
o-\ .prre :$'J\ aF=LJ\ i-ell u lyl r -L.,A\.j,}\
'5;-
J" C-;A:
Tr2€
l, (rL:i"i);ii Fr rU s -r ;s-LJl .-,,}l (qll;) -;}1-,5;\ ;,rJ\ 3
.peKT- -,iper- ,u g, )iro
ll
Utr
.pcKTz :[.il: -r,;=tJ\ .:]1r.65 ,L-j"J\ ; ,r*J\ g
 Jr*fir,6yr;-lr l:
:' -

JF\ .-o,}l fri-i t.{;(, .ui-Ell ;,-...J1 J:" "i{ 4r\ ;,-J\ a.qa.i oq
.poret ,e;-" \j-u o
oYon oYrJ.3

oYxa.i O\O,Y-

.a.(l)et c).(t)Tz :Qy qla.i Q)Ol . rrr"il-

:i.["1 qMr c9o(rl {c

elBe oBet rfw tKo 8Ka.€r-: . e!

elNe N- frr, xPo JlPa.erT . J

J^a>l

el(l)e eqt- a,0)T, ro)et Q-b,ds xra.i IHT

xlBe XCBT, xoeet i5-r+ i,, i;i-
MICE uec(r)- MA.CT, MOCCf

4,.
Nlqe Na.qr, 7J) CC'HP
L _-> [
--i
IIelPe noPet ,-.J o)xHl,
L-

fIICC rIECT- TA,CT, frocef *^L

per(r)- pGKTU POKet

jui
PlKe
;,rJl e I lyl ,P
CINE Ct.r- cfrTz, ):V
ca.a.T,
,i;IEJr ;)A\ 9;ifu
cr(l)e ca.0)et ,t'v,
1zt- i
:&!l
_-_J-> _t
.PlKe jts-L*lr --;-> -1
tee Ta€ei fJ"
JJl !\-d j -r
;r-U\ i - j
oYelce OJ),CTz (r'.-:.;."?)F
(l)lNe c9r.r-, (l)nrz Jt*
qleN-
.peKT=,\-1.j1: r ,Ji- e-:
 4, A:, dl A++tJl

iltoT' -? rJf l .Or,, ql ql- -["]

QlTu ;,.
L/U
npercooyt I
Ld i '.;t i:
SlBe eoBer (J3
oare.\
PHCi )Pti-f 8rce. e;.cT- ltcTz toce' ?.rjl rJiL^,
CHY* ,4
U eloYe tl-, aoY- llT=
HT: CASHfrt 1-.
UA> xlce )(ECT- X\CTZ xocet r9r
LJ
la'r-l-: Cef(Dfi 1-r
-^t- I
6lNe 6N- ofr-rz -\> q

i
\)f
cl-r).1,1;.a.Tf 3;!
:;-r-! ;,f Gs* \I./ ,-iiiJ\,jiJlaitb)!
to}tl)z CAtla.Cgtr ir
u\e
a- et il PlMe 1-,
cPoqt' ? "J3
l_/
elMe -\ -
a \-
CL)n, ,a^
)
TCL)Il, co\"T(DNr aA3
\J

€ ae* t'l br;- Cl. ',

,icrqt\ (l)
9
rL.), c).?HY(T)i 1^rl Cl J\,-i'!l :;jL:J\

o), 2Le l
:i.nLJld)lej^"Jl
I

{T r: cH8', CeHrrr -./.\ :eJ.:."i

I

+
-l
\ orp; ctoYoPT .P Ba.a.Be Ba.Bo)- Ba.B(D0), Ba.B0)' . B).BOT' ri>l .J.*!
TO ..jt."i el - NHY, Ji
I1-\' Li crg,
\.J LJ elPe p- a.a,, o'
Y
U9HY ;u KNNC Kr(t)oY JLl;.F
QF.:: 7;;
I
Me MePe- MeplTz J*\
tloOfl iv MOONe Ma.Ne- MINOJz l1).tlOyT ,t.
v)

pt-r1.rDof
+ 1
!r+ MOCTC MECTC- MECT(I), -/.
",
 J\*i'!l ,6Dl;.-lr
- --
.T 7
Na.eTe r.r2e-r- Neorr -? tJfr(OJ.., ql qr-
IIPPe - npercooyt I
L!
tlBe
-tP lr-l"f
POelc PHC
tlce. ta.CT- i-}..,I:-=
cel - CHYt ,4
eroYe el-, ?o)'- f t::
+
cese csse- CBBHT, CBBHYT L'r'> xrce x€cT- J.l"J-t:
COBTC cure- cBrcu-rz ce-rcu-ri
1.
.,pl ^i
6lNe 6'N- c;ll:,
cr.a.i CCK- COK,
i
O?

cMoY CMA.M},}.Tt 3;!

.r-- -- I
ca.a.u@ ca.a.No- cl.NoJo)z c).Na.o)tt J\e
el
cpqe - cPoqr-f Y -A)
elMe
,A.
cooYN coYN- COY(DNz

cooyrtr coYTN- coYTo)N, coYT0)Nt ?a

\J

cooee cb.ze- cl,fl(Dz caquy(r)t 1^,\ C As-9*1 6l \,orr-o

^;
I
cooee ca€e- C).1(Dz :Lgl
I

c2a.i cta.i-, cee- cag('r)z cH2t, c2Hyrr

../.
,.\
c).toYe CTOYP- CloJ{Dpz cgoYoPTt ? Ba.a.Be Ba,BO- Ba.tso\D=

t t- T),d.2 TO' -t.cl

I

el
-W.;,
(l)X CDX- o\z H}.t (, eJ erPe P- tr).:
(l)l (l)l- Ql-rz qHYt ;u Kl.lNe

cgM(9e qMqe- o2r-{cr;urz 7x;

I
Me MePe- He prr:
-l
9(l)ne o)oont )\J'o MOONe M,.Ne- I,t\l lLr)',
+ q
g)ooYe (l)oY(l)oY r-n? MOCTC MCCTC- FTECT(L},

\11
t-
i.,_*.r.4Jl A++IJI

F r)\.c ql ql- 9lrz qHY, (J tn

i'I :\ Ilt&\ te ee, 8HY Y; , r'"-,
+ 1...:r i-
'-. --r) .--d\ )ro 6U U,r, eBBe SBOoY .&lt13

;--* i),.=!,-,U; JJ! ;Ltt Xl J(l- XlTz J(HY, i-;\

_€. _---l ,\r;ll JL.:l ,"rr-. xNoY xNe-, xNoY- xNoJz ll
uu
a
6BBE oooa(e)t a.gtr,o

.(t,
" )l
i: -., -/- -'\r9
ld rrensitive verbs :;-r-! 6-t-t' 6s-U uJ .sli J\,ji JJ aitb)!
, ; _-jt\ ,J a..;yj\ J\,-'\\ a.M).t(T)e JL4 r^ -l
:l rJe
]-?/ c-r0)T arj;l
'€. _. el ..rz-..r.t_',t NKOTK,
- - .a -
Jy'l
irl
Irrgra. g)oYelrt aru ir
.:=;.--^b 3-:,t' \s Ey;:-y.6 MeeYe zppe l-u
*L Pr(l)e erPet .yr- rE)--
,,:zln .. i
;; CO)TIIr Dl OYOM( J;lJ
rr
PooYq)
ir
.ti.6! tooYt G; as
I

-.*-: -'.+ Jl
-t
. t>
L-\d.I\ J\r-i'il CN}.7 iu tooY(l) d,+-
''._-Suj.e
i _hJ\ tl" gt s.Xt ceene .f
.. '/'.. ((/ t)
CU). ) OYO)M r r-* -
C0)TM
-l-
rHC €ilqOYOM OYAe NqCO a.N

\eHl.tlc ...,(rl :\\ c.-") "r-'.r^:.1- Yy

.(r ,rv **o) "...i".)tt\
 ,\LJ'11 I.J
Y ,lrlJl Vtaijl l:
:'-

,}r,iJ! &qillde)l, ql ql- !rr:

Object syntax te ?t.,

&'d\ J\-ai\ an-rt oi Qb ,(rro --) ,Vi\ Dp 6u u*r. Suae

+\ lj,,b dJ. i"-rr{*J\ .-\,J\ ;rr.. .-s).=\i .i!, t xl xl- -alr:

"},J!;Uf
.x. a ;i,5+ 3J! ;u\ 4rr\ JL.:l r*;-,^- J(NOY xNe-, xllo\'- J.ti.-r.;=

osse

,e-\dl\ JL;'J\J {";).1I J\,,!'iI

Intransitive and transitive verbs

cla :_,E-" tr.+ Jr*a" * .-! d\

J\,i'i\ d a-.t)u\ J\,-sY\ a.ua.g(r)e t-

,*J Jurlr o*a .".L" o)ooye,"ji" et,"iJr" trro-m ,"i-.:,\" ilrrcr;a. -!>i- r I'

.U.*"b ;-t-r \s 6y ;-t-t o 6 MeeYe (ioi

na.J:"tr trrvJ;r-." Jr eU, C\ JU)f ,J q-r*lf JU)t Prqe c!

." r"--" erp€ r' ;L;\" ccotfr ,";j5i" oYoM ."G'b"

t_ PooY(l) ?.

& \ ,ts a1-r,:^ J\,ii d Jr,; Or*, C.tt trsft JU.;'it CN}.7
-i;
a

(L

," G\r" ua.y :Jti'l\ ,i^ ,{.:i ;rttt.rf*" rp ,-t,Jl qb C; f .iJt cec11e

a.qel ra.p r.ror ,aj.:-^i .",-.; ctD .","i1i" oYoM :-y" ccott.t

I oliu-r 6'J" icoga.nuuc euQoyoM oyAe Nqco) a,N

"tSU
yr" a.ycco'na a.e ltot t.lua.ou'ruc ... ,(lrr :\\ c--) ".-,.r.-:^1 '!..

.('t ,tv *^o) "...r""YrJ\

174
Layton 2000, 131.

(.\
 rL - ..arJl
a.a.-.-

.-+
-l
:(o.A --.,o) JlIt +4". -.,y^.
,sait---ra l-:); .-^:.-
t,\r 5La :(ctl, l.Jl
,_.*
C -j:
;
- :;*iJl ijtijl Jrt ,.-4.^i ""i 5 !U" a.ytco r.r2cua Nll.r :-rrrai +LiJ\ :;Il e g.\
,(tr ,t .-"-c) "el*l Ji'L" tua.xco llnerpa.n ,(rr ,rr c^^)
,r":,1+lr*i JJ.*iIt
:JsJ r(ro :(1 c.-) "1i." OrJ4 !jK" Neyxcu r..lna.i
. : t, .ir,
,j-r i,-r)l \-i2!
-.- 3g .(rr ,i c.*) "dlJ Jii.r>" {l)}.Nfxooc N\K
l-raP€c(r)cDfre Na.K
'"]:-"
i(L;3\
crU,,-" Jl .4ir.u.Il J\,i'Jl J4+ f- ./;Ul }r,qll f U4
F) \\'(D ila. nNOYTe t{nUOy're
con,"j-i" xooy,".i,-1-" erpe :JLi'Jl {l:,i t".+Lbl "i,6 ,i,
.(:' ,(( .--.) "rii oi: U, eL*tt
."lc:" Mo.gre c"3 i
1 -:
1- *-.^i
-- t J;*"Il OK \i!

3Li ,L_;a-a ":

r*:ffi ":il:;;:
"iU /Ul
-:- ' " a. IINoYTe
'ljJ\o
ri.i dJ+ --l Ur., 9!: ,r.r-
6l-v;u-L
r.rnprno NHTN r.royr.royu
"\Ai) r.o', ,it 4I-)i" xooyq r.ra.pxcuu a.yco Npeqco)Te
.(tv :1t' r) "t1." ,j,-i\:i" ferpe lanoq rqeMea.\,(ro ,v
+-+ - lra.C NoYg)a.Xe NOY(DT 1i)
xtu r(v ,t1;*) "rj'l \:,t 4**; J-?" ).qa.a.q ficgupe llnuoy-r-e

rreNTa.qKa.olcra. lauor rla.pxcnr.r a.yco lrpeqttan etpa.i

.(rv ,v "tt
i) "t
. QV:11+r d{t+ q;X\ .r^" excuN

oyno}.lc eo)a.yMoyr6 ,L,) ;lriyi; o- 6l,uu-\i -

Neyxl ,(tr ,r q--o) ";r"oul Jr*i 4r,*" epoc xe Na.za.pee
.(o :\t -*) "€5 {rt:.!K" r,ilrotl gruc npoeHTHC
(cvr
-
at. Jl,}\ ;r!5 JUI ;.ir, plr;u.-\ ,}j\) Jtt\ a.i."-- ll-,;u! -
".-,,u, € .ry ._:5i" ayra.a.q eqo un@r-roy :(o\\"
-^a {.f,'<i
*L oS;" ).qK).a.q etloul ,(r. ,r.J)

.(rv,r-)3;K-.1, J1CLi,!\ Jujt, € -: LJ\r.n :000. 137-139,c:,r'""

(.(
 'or) ,t'Jt L^a..iJl
-
.J 9 t= ,' -

Jr-( (;rLJlri; il;rJ",r i+Jl.*o.! :(0.,r-r) Ji.lr a4- t.t

J*-., l-6;-J t+_e; )-:._-Jt _,
.Vr* *- 7-\ ,u+)t ;;!Jl .-" ar
((
I t/ t tt-D

"!t" "P y\-e a.yx(l) il?u.B !i.

"!-i
.(rr ,f :-.e) ".,1*r _;_" ;:L_i
:ri[\r& 4,jII
:js-J i(ro :('1 c-.) _.,! _:
J\,j'il ,.;'J!) iV * Jr*;" Jt Cu; J\,iYt ,-pn
'(rr ': '- -' -'-
1 ,(rr :A c..") "c)J ;={i" Mapecg){Dne NlK :J:, i(a;*l\
;L-Jr-. .,lj .,*-d.r _*rt-
L" l*-cl?r 6e NNa. nPPo MnPPo a.YO N). nNoYTe MnNoYre -.=-
0)tl r"_Ltl' XOOy i" -.:"
tt . frr
s-t-{
.(rr ,rr .--,) "jt rjl u, elJ*tt
."br" Moyre ."3 j .r-4 Krr) .-
f &rt\ . 6y
oK: N- t1\ ;tI\ Jrdl oK ri! :
:,o_j : -a _;:.
'u]:;LIl l,*ill C"** /Ul ,ac l_,*alt Op ,L.ra; qU r.i[\
"(r,
a.qf ,(l :\.c.*)
a.nNoYTe,\jJ\c:2 __:- r
b:ii'r" lanprno Nu'nr r.roynoyu -
"\-;E) L:.*;, +ilt o.Lj" :t(,...,\..,.
finQoycocr;s ,(tt "<J"ou.lJl
'\;s) a,.U.ci" r.ra.y r.r-rezoycl].
,(rv ,lf r)."'*up"tir ,.lo-'
.(tr,to s-") ";-r--! a.-E=,I.{"+ C" N\c Noygta.xe rloycor
NIM r(v :\t;c) "oir E, ;-i
_.r>
IICNTa,qKb.elcTa. ulrox rra.px,:

,".:\!.l&;J.l,r\-)\c .(tv i) "r.--, _- j.

' 'v zL' -
Direct object markers
oyno\rc ega.YMoYre : ^,_ ! _
i.i*".,^-J\ .i*\t s;LI\ ,\",-all ,iLuUfr ;.Jl i NeY:(t ,(tr :r c-^) "i.-o-- ?;
Jsr -4ta &g ,}rul\ $-Yr 4rd -,L:,\) Jr;." a..)\^, .(o :tt c--") "eS ..;_-.:.--
--
,(tvt-o al*Jlll
trq'f JUI 4i*- ptr;u.- - I

,r/ta
c^="J *l .lt ".9)y a.YK).Aq dqi

"u Steindorff 1951. 195.

('r
u - ."4i.Jl

f lt-t\'€ c:.J -b
C: .jiJJ
,(r..rr..lo, L-r^Jr 3)-,a- ) u-
-.' tl- JJdt ;,)e -
! Dr.) i\J -o.,J-li ,"0\'i" Ktur MMorl ,"c.J\ Ko)T r.anni ,JLs'J\
ai" **.
:(lo\-b. q.9L> l'o*\16r" xtce ttreqa.ne,"l*b Gr" KcoT Mna.i
:.u)t 'l
rrA a. r(to :\\'.:-) "-r* 5;ii\" a.yo)T\M rqNeysa.\,ai-.,
6trH6t-l Je,.r."I .(rr ,t!) ";.]t ,,*n *.j" Ta.yyxH xlc€ Mnxoclc
ft(t)ili abL\ juif f b .3L: r(epoz r,-;i*'aJ\ ; ,/t) e- l,,,il\ {,)\c -
a
-ll
rr(LxrT il-b)- J\.rir.*r.y ,"3or" )"iLi,G'!" N\y & (r-blf ) iJ!)'il
?e
tr
,ll 4rL^b)!
J)
--, \1,
+eUb)U I: b-)
((l
"3tu CMoy
\c: Mo{Te; "3,L" e"iJ! f)Kll
cMoy & c^i+! f)KJl
,-:+i G)\"3r>" troye )"i;a.(Ji" xpo_: "!?" KrM J\,i\l
Tr-iIedI rule ".fr-rie- ll-*-i

. -:s : ,, J\,i)r,J a"J! ,"li-o Gr" qNty ena.ir"i'!\G;" gNay engHpe:;.J:-"i

,_u;JU;LI\ JJ,iIt ."0!" qNa.y epoq

. I .l
-
. - \l
d-:-. iJ r,\.! ;--J , f f lj\ f .J:-allr")tc p+*; !lJl-i'il"r+ J" G-r:4 JUI\J:*|f
- u-i-. ,-)Lc 'r.-r, iL .i
. ,Y,.J '
:e_

-t-
-rt- rr -. lrt elMe
r1" NA€Te -.tJt*\,,i3..o
=JJI
KIM ill
2? nlcTeYe
^. ; .....t kj.4 Jay,L.u}.t\+ - 'J r,i'"t-,-

KA€TH, ,js+t pScDe i_

nu)HP€ : ( epoz, \ r-lr.aor) L"r^Jl ,-.P
. - fr re L-rMorN r(ro :r -1) MOYTe g;:\.,,\c-: pgore iu
---L r4- rdlir. MMOK NNOYT€ MeeYe +*,U,f.i cMoY -JY
a.u' y (\rCY..,U\ .YUi .g,=J. ", \.il"-
J -J
NIY J:; .,, ci, c(DTl-l
r"
"'Reintges 2004. 103; and Steindorff 1951, 189

(.t
 Jr*i'Xr '6yr;"^lr

ca€oY tloYe 3.,>

f iLJ,(t-lt-to, e.----^z i-
T(l)MNT xPo i\J -o cJ-Ii , oQt, K(DT Ml,toq
a(t
-
s
teru, xloYa. o-r+ . <-l: re. IlCd J---.
- l_, :1 I L'L

'l
(l)(DxM xcDe u*
(l)lNe oouot.t ,-\*c tu*^!

')-.) ocor.rt tlb\

ee

tlPee -,Di> 6(l)g)r p.h)

e+:iJd-Jj4-: ;-reU
Stern-Jernstedt rule

Jt J) J'JL":-\ -t>9- ci;3.o j" j5i U ,r\ J\,j),\J 4"-J! ,"lr.a GJ" qNly €[a.i." _': _:_--

'JJ!;u\U'ir\
{ilJli i v,a <- J,a a-.>l-, 6i;iU1'
r- 2 t \r e e
-
.'.;
-
-; 6;-.o;\ 4-rri-l-* <- Jr*; i.)\g.-ty-I* 9!ll'
elMe
( rrr
-^a ) L; t a.t t g ;r;*"1 \ ;IJ \ g i-r*";J \ ;rrJ \, 1;:-J'l
KIM
:r-J\ + J_:-i" {").- a-c_r.:.. uiUtt;,-.-ajl W F:,LJtaIl +
";'!\ ,=.-* .rtr\" netcD-r r.ae t.rncgupe :(epoz;il.rr.-ro,) L-r*-aJ\ Ka€TH,

eKelpe ,(ro ,rf "r+oi [i" 1lae l-uqco-nr ,(ro :r;2)

f r) MOYTe

qx(l) MMoc r(rr ,t.1) "6l etJ J-j *;i" t,luor Nuoy-re MeeYe

"JU" a.t1xooc upu.\ j :=\"J:"+" N\Y

'Reintges 2004, 103; ancl Steindorff I 95

 _iJl a.;-"1-r i{t

r; -.r.g:ti

rir: '. erbs O4 ,13,tc 3i (oVup clulr .oJ) ;-*\

n-a ,\ ,,%: )\-b
ite

,i - -.,t, 3 i*(ulf J\,-i\l

" J^-t \.,:J I
Cli [i" f uex. l.a.ruot.uoN eeo\ "!r-cJ I tk+ Jr*A
: r

._.--.
"9cr*Jl ,J g,t4 \5L" eyp oy tN r.rca.esa.rou c(rr :tr;J)
..
,-r+
JeU\ 9lfiira;-:Jl
a.icoyr.r ,(r ,i;J) "Uo, SU f" unQoyeu \a.a.y, (si ,rr,.)
t j-^ j *-tr ;1J., l>.i \j
" fir*i G;:, ,lyatJK lib i (r ,,rrf r) "Eu (Ui) &rs" xa.ay
i-S- 'J;-o-o .i ,-\*J\ li;u.,j \X
o,J^r$ -::t" -re-rtrnoyxe [uoq eaoX MMortr ,Uitll ; ,Jl
i j- --*^=-l jUkrl\ 8'1,);:,at,
L ,;i Li" erNoyxe eeox NN*a.lMoNloN ,(rr ,rr
i) "ro",
;; )- .---bt\., C;$ ".-;i*,.ajl
.(rv :tr .^") "ea!l*:Jl
.>; _s->-:-\ J teU\ g L-r*-aJ\

llall .(.a :r\9) "cI\! 6L-; d^5"

tr-repeqNeX :uKJl ,U:;\ ?-*1 ;,rJl :-r_.u: cJJr 1c
NCoOOy ((rV ,ro t')"\1+e6r. vr;\ur+" oyNo6 r.r3pooy
jBo\.(.i ,r!:*) "!u dl-*- +*
'rP rra.qlPooYq ea.Poq,(v ,t g)
,(tl ,tr .-",) "6f Cr,} ,!rr\!" J.e a.yNoxoy eBox
, tr, - ?;;

ll\P€q).Ptla. MMOq,(rt ,f c^") Cl_Uvt Ci\ a.qNoYXe etsox NN€nNa. N).Ka,o}.proN

,(ro,t _))"*)s" a.quoxoy i.e MMoq,(tt :rr g-.) "L.+ll
-- i : f jjg Jl-i'i\ J." -Ll-;J\ .(U:,1, I :t\:) (r ,1.;,) "d)64U" na.p€(lcr;orrr apotl
1- ,*(,J.\ o\..-a
e-b) a"<t
yol €poq rlor oycarue :"ij.;"
:inLJlspldt' G:ij
:(y c.-.) "o:!il!!" ett;re qoyrqq ,":5i"
'tr c.-)
.(v oycocr;
"t-J\
.(n ,v2) "or.,ri).9rJ\" cte Nfoya.cr;Q a.N ((ty

Neixepco-rlrr .:
Jii ,J-c aL=i Xepoz JJl
;c J\_e ,!r-aJl
.(tA :rr;,i) "t'-K
:-r >J- * t-t\;-),-b; e:I=iicJ" rHprN a.n

(-09 c

"'Steindolff 1951. 189

 v \1.!"jl,,,lJl
.! I
t^4ij1 t= ,'-

i*(;ff lUs'Xf Jl :-r-.- 3:*-* * * _-4 _

Reflexive verbs O-L.: .fi*s j (oltrp .lul,r .$

"JJ[:JI
,-- \.tr:,-y ra-l-cU irr<= GJ\ J\,i'r\ ;l a*K,u.ff J\.j'r\ Cr;i i:i" fr re r.,.a.ud
"to;l * OrU+ 1:-" ef? trl
tJ' e'ri\r'.[*J\i l-:+ JcuJ\ ol 9i rr';':Jt
a.icoyrl ,(r ,i !) "+; _j = _-
.qJ*K,jY\ .r*tt f r^."-:tJ ;:L!\ LJJ\ + i-oY;ryo rq, '! 2t?t t
2-6':-j Ip-,*".l.rall ':J :
t ,.
. t

\t*> t\<,: J-.r-;. ;\:i ^^ aLKl\ 4:-f + .},J\ li*.r- Ul -5r

g,U#Jl n-t,) i..-;.;

ar_;*s-ti
el TeTtltlo\'\e l.il t,_\.
a3; j-o S 3! ,i.(\ro
,) YY-J -- ;.-.4i-:J\ L-r^Jl
-t' L't'
,i,lrr
)J,l ul elNoYxe eBo\ ri:L..i
ai\f\ ,jis 4JU1 .i-6 J) tr.ya;d. \** qt{* #'JJ"J L-;r*,aJ\
Neg)a.KMopr ne,:-r,..!!
"^+t,
uar.rl ,: Jru\ c L"r+J\ l.t-repeqneX :,- iSi
\5[I" etBe oy eKNloyongr ua.u,(t,r "cb\i J-!r.i 65" -:- --
'tt_1)
NeOoOy ,(yy ,\o y)" ---t- : *,
"4i\i ;5;i" ).qntuer r.luoq euoX ,(tt ,\i;s) "9U d,l-.ij ,+H.*
6(4.qr+ ,(trt ;tr e.") "[,9 G_+_-: r-
d* ,J\ J'J" pa.cre ra.p Na.qlpooyo) etpoq,(v ,t g)
.(rt 'rtrr) "a-*;:r(;J" ua.peqa.pna. t.tuoq,(rt ,'t c^") C!-,;Yt €;\" rqno\'\e iBrr
,(ro ,t _)) "*)s" a.qllo\o\- -rr
ii^^, ;\:'i\ .i,. Ji.i*i; r, ir,,rj;lri3r ,:y.+,lU;"llJ, .-[LJI ".-
-(a:.sp (:1\ =) (c ,'.' -
t (rl)nroVoi J,J\ "p" r(lr -- iKI\ c.,\-e"a a"<L
5-!)
"i,-' 4l ,3-^-,,ij" a.cfnecoyoi epoq tror oyc2rr.re ,"pj,;"
.(v ,tr c...) :tv c^,) "o:!il!J" eagxe qo\-l\li
.(rl :v;_,) ...__' .. _
alL + i'U oiJr-* ,\ J\,i'i\,b! alr."iCf_* JUlt J:*lt
,(LKr-. r.reiXepcorr.r t'n"';-e _; .-
aJL + Qtr
-.y J\,iY\'i^ rL-") LK*L.
a.Xou (rrt -- ,'.1-v;.:-\ );:\ tr"\J-) -O;
.(rr:rr;)..-4 .
\teP;.T, (-4.9 q

rco frpcor, Krp(D, l>A)a

'" Steindorff 1951, 189.
* - -e-J\ a,,=r..a,l i:..r!t

L-r-) 6 q) \q.aJ
KTo ilMor, KTo, (--LJl
i
\ -r, Ko)Te i;lMor, Kor, ;^.LJ1.;--,
L./
*, -,:S a\ J\,j'r\Jlajub)! t'lrou frplo, -t
7l -
^-l
i.
1..:c\,$; NOJ(,

it-
I
rJ(l)(t)N€ MMOr, flOONz . t-o:r I

l1-Y,L;\ ncopE iluor. nopx, ,1'-o ,, i';-cl

";
'tz--
r* II([)ST MMOz, ft).flTz

;;.a celj pme [uo;, per(-r)z u\.6

ir

I -, ?
Ptua., J)
s c)l'l

a.ixroi ena.y erecMH :i.L"i PalTz ;L\

a.\'(r) r-rnpra.pcur ,(tt ,tj;) c4.8(l)(l), 1r:,1
-l-it,o;S
.^?rDoq eBo). MMoq,(l
't,r 1i) t epa.-r, I _ .=.t1J
Pot-r\' .('' ,l ;J) "(5Jt Cf ) * f (r.l)nuoyoi ' 'i '-
lJ.4)
uicarl2rur ea.poN .(rt 'l c^,.) t ?rcuco, ;J
9.
" KoTK eeP).i eneKHi
: r :l- lcor t-tuo= ;i.., -)<'.;j.ii:i
,(- . :_.) "i\ \: ]-r.:j" na.o)Hpe
vJ

/1..
T(DOYN, aL9
" o\'\tK rrccoi.(tr
**) "S.\
I

't oytocuMe f,rplo, l1:; of

"-<; ;. !&r\" egpa.i ecyxeM s\ >t^U-t"
i
oYNOq l-rr..loz i-i
t=/
i urrJ.oY e2pa.i cxM [exoPToc
oyoN? [Mor, ofoNlz -'\.
., \: ': .:*.) "*il\ J" Lr+l
Jt

ofa.flz (oycu3)
j.-=- r rnerca,na.,,xoN epa.-rx
r.rca.-
a
;':-" :reqoyoi r.ror Qilrnnoc coX fruoz, o).2 i-l . ,-..-*-.j\ r't--o
0)oY0)oY r..ll-ro, '?i\

(.A
 Jt.i'!t ,6!t ,.1r;tt l: -
:'

tlce frMor, l).crz (srl) [ iJ \4aJ

KTo [Mor. x'ro,
tlTooT, lr, Ktl)Te frMor. Kor,
trHz;n a.f3r JUr'Jr Jliit,)! firou f,iuo,
"'+3
KllTHz 't;c\ r$; NOX,

Pz'rH, ir,, n(D0)N€ fr t.tor. rlt\l i=

- -.1
ta \l (4-!el
t?rH, }> ) trcopX iluor. ilopr:
ololt-r r12rH; IJJ n(t)eT ulror. Il{Tz
cl)r-llTHu, qta.NeTH, ii,J\; prre r..rt+or. p€K(Tru

Ptr'ra.,

".:rrJ\ d.;J\J" try(D a.ir-roi eNa.y erecMH :i.bi p).fTz

,!:'i
".Lfu 'rJ iL<=i" o)a.r(e Lyco r.lnpra.prur .(tt ,l;r) CllO(Dz

6\t-,:Jl-r,:,1" ). rrAla.Boxoc c}.A(D(Dq euo\ r.luoq,1r ,rrr i) t epa.-r,

"l+Je ;l+" a.t1o;tttrHq tlpooy ,(tr ,t J) "(g--rt cr) * f (r-l)nzoyoi
,(tt "\:& (.;i;3i+" r.riqr.rg-mr ea.poN,(rt ,l c.-.)
'l/) t trcoco,
-rcur uplor ,(rt :,t r) "d+ Jl -.rt" rorr e3pa.i enerni -rcor [pro,
q rorc t-lt.to ra.q)eepe,(r
'1.:^) ,,;\\i 3"l.:i" na.cgupe
"F" T(l)oYN,
a.ynooNoy ,(l ,l c.-.) "g;^j\" oya.2r Nccui.(tt ,l c.*) "G+l
oY(l)(l)Me t-rr-ro,
;.qoyetca.tNe .Ae .(tt ,v 1) "n5-, Jl!Jir\" e2pa.i ecyxeM
oyNoq plplo,
jtJ;-J oiii" erpe llutrH(ge NoJ(oy egpa.i e:rl-r nexop-roc
oYONt MMOz, O[Olli,=
Moyp lrrerfne lycu mit ,(tl :tt e-.) ",,*il\ J, LJ+l
ofa.flz (oycug)
a.qf ,(,r ,ti 1f ) "dJLi,r!b jti" t.lnerca.na.a,xoN epa.r( r1ca.-

Tore ,(r. :,r Li) """*lp ii;" netloyoi Nor Qilrnnoc {Dtr Mtloz, o\z
0)oY0)oY rauo,

(.1
 G- ^;ll ;:r+"4J14++IJl

a,ctflecoyol epoti Hot 'rMra.y r.rr.rqrrpe r.lzeee-\aroc

iir.:lr e a.yPZNa.y ra.p N6l ,(r. ,i. .-.) "g;*,.;
o1l fiqt)s-oiai
"r-=,
Uttb {!JK.^ J"i;\" Na. T}.la,KeAoNl}, r..u.r -ra.xa.ra. eerpe
;=_-"--2Li ;rrAt ,\) Jr.all
frprne erMtelce ,(rr :\o ;;) "... \*:-+ -,i ,,;--.-n:-
-i .,--f t
f
i;u-jJ ,"
e-" Nne'Kcure }.luooy errNoyTe ... eTpeyca.t(l)oy etso}, ...
:,i 'J-,f - .i ,i,4 ,(\1 ,\o
1) "... !*,+i J\, ..oij\Jla44-!\ J'J4 !L .ra;iui"
-: _. _=;;Jl :* (ri.-"-) \qna.erq ,(rI 't]) "3-_*.-*\n1" a.cr{DoyNc
"r,e tror M\pll
. - i. '"c.^l*" a.cccu-rfr eneu.H r eat ,(rr ,o;J) "(1rJ) 4J(",.,r'ilJ=f \) -^o--" Na.t1

Fi)l-l€ CtDTI'-t CTCMH ,(t{r.,r nxoelc {opr ,\;J) "...

a. c(r !i+ .r"-ff 6i i1" 3rrooroy ...
'' p1i.:*i-
-+
i
--:; ;S ;atC-U I i :\\. =) (r ,r.l ;-) "lri,- ,]y +]\ ;;i" nQna.pgruti a.r,r
"a1 \ej-"ts
F$ C" r..rnerr'rpgrtrrn enrc'reye epoq,({-l}
! - ; ,--*-\ \il :a-K - o)(l)ne 6c eKoyooMe MMoK ... eNeocoN ,(rr ,tr c.-)

-
.-. __r
.ll
: '\arjr
rl
JaJL^a>
.
J,a^) * a*" d-.3 \, .. y^f-a" O<-" ergloofl NMM].q tl retrH
FTlr ."*r" nccDTM ,(Ao --o J;i +:Jf \-r-o" na,i etelce rluot epoq ,(to 'o c-") ",i !l
tq5ul-n t epOQ:-\-:rir.r+ (J}\i .(rl ,rrS) ",.iJ.',

_-ri ur*'J d,

e ir-i.::ttiVe

.-: : L. .Jl;-\.4llri.i
.' J.-all J -\:;-
i--- -..:-J\ F: ,(rt,-o)
*--" a.NCorM ;')Ui

(\.
 v, \biiil ,r.,lJl
t.J I
L^aijl : --

JJ.€ll a.c+necoyoi epoq 1-ir,: .r+:

Infinitive a.yp2r.ra.y ra.p ltrit .(.. '. .-,

- .t i ,/
Uf lJ +j.lS-
$r ;'.," l;,i.. :rL\
c<u-rfr :c-,UL>l fi .t;+ .-!Jf r" (L-)r,all ;r-r*)t t\) Jr.all frprue err-lf2rce .( --
(g) J,-S ) r-.I1 lGrjJ," y"
,

t'tlteff CUfe UltOOl' gp11 i L.r)-,-!:J

---j-l\ ,ac, (rrr --) ,;*tt &,JaA\ ,: *H 'J.il - l,-rr:* -

.(\1 ,\o z i) "... =

. -.*" a.yccu'rt.t ,:-rJ! .r+l; u4r.:J\ .* (rf '---) a.qna.ATq .(rl ,t j)"
-_- jr;!'
_-"-' i5 \rl) ,J,.i-"J JrU Jl 7-W1 i'a|*" a,cco)TM enel^H a gee .(\f ,o_. ) "r t__
i i";r*.J\ .Frt e'-" a. npcuMe ccn-rfr ercMH ,((r,r ). nxoelc orpr ,(r ,'_, )
" -
-.
,!-," .,r-.r.1 '(tt. --- rr'Jt rLi\) rr'i\ dp /..dX fi;rj i :\\. =) (r ,t.r _ro) ",-.- _-, _

lF*l "t L:^jrJ F*i d" r-lne-rirp2-l-ni

g)(Dne 6e eKOYO0)tte
e f-il odla, e+ .p .*K )J.,-Il p--r;i-t lll :.-K - t tt itrx

aitbl .[e o:! g;i i..pl\ oa3\a; ib+ j a-" d-"1 U y^',-a" 3
C:\r) 4l c,\ri.Jl
r

;\ :r+ct,"eJl lro" nei'ctotfr ,"aJl" nccu-rra :(Ao -^,, ,l;i .g-il\ \,r.r" na.i ef2rce rulc
o'+c
i L* ;s-* g;.il \, L:J " ncr;ccu-rfi €poQ u\:ri,.' r,, +!
l :

F,:;;.'i d,

( L, .*11
)r..f \) .l,J\r-r--,.
Simple infinitive

..}-llt ;,c \*!\ ;*,.I\ j,*

JJ\ ;F ,-+-raJ\: (rrt --) r&J\ crrA\ e oH

."L-*" a.NC{l)TM ;')\i

(\\
u - -3iJ1

.Cx\ ,(r^ 'V J)

nMMHTN l..l - . -ll
h,l 64-.-.a2!iJl .
*-9
J-)-

,r-, ---:i r; 6i,.,i ,: ,- t" o

: - -r*" NAortMa.ze ... I ..

fp- irl" a\qa.pxel t'ror rHcoyc era.(geoelct; .a-

,--K lir-j lruruYNlq Ma.a.xe

nereynrQ ua.y €C0)TM r(\Y:t
ecCU-rtr ,(tV ,t c:..-.) (a
Ma.aJle r.MMa.Y c.*) ,r%:
:+ ) ,_-oI\
-A*" ,+* -
cN€ r(\o :\\ r;-,) u:i i
3**"L C-J ua.petlccorr.l
"t'"
r-_ ) (_.--ill_.1 d.,_Jl ;._J) J*rtJ;:+ .p" ezecrel MnpcoMe eNex reqcelMe eBox

r.u ) j#j- J* C(r)NT (-l,J\

" "3n ;i i!i" a.qoyocg eelMe ,(t ,t.r,,) "tc';\ Ctr oi
1.E=; --Jt ;r(; i(&.e"J\ \Lr"2* o\
-e\" a.qoyeeca€Ne eelNe r.lna.yxoc,1r. f
'tr )
j.(<*; J]ll) "Jl-!l
,* oyN oou }.rnNoyre cToyNec teNo)Hpe ,(r,ro
a) ";,
,(l :r .:*) "a o;) l1'r;i re Ji _,*+ iil" r,ra.upaga.r..r
-.:,*; ,J f;\i -
-', .(t ,t ,) ".,Jsl., a\ :_# Y" uegrcge epooy cyoMoy
-. (:-. .---(..\t o!.:i,-;-r-.Jl
a.yrNuooyr eg)a.xe ur..rrqa.r \y(l) eTa.(geoelo) N\K
u tti-,tt ta.tt )ft lr4 -
,(tl :t,J)'rr""!f .*e :lr+'!-, &" C=-J', iJri" Nr.ra.i
.(ir ,A;;) "\:*" ol; \.ejf
tocoN .ae c(r. ,,. a) "'F! Oi -:!i" a.qpgua.q eoyoM
t.
:;:.t : ::;'\ :a3\-a+^ .
-bj:-4 a.NoK tuny r9rpe Keoya. Pilgopn epol eBcoK enecHT
Or-*a-, (v :0,1) "Jjil Li,_6-*.) c,iUit*4-;"
'-.+--
-.;jr eU:i J, Uu-;"
aya.pxer ,'u'(,^Jb ,+Jt: ;r!)t JUi *+ qlE) N- -
.(tt:t't c.^.)
",srr\ *-t"! or-f+ lyi.r.," lrcr;a.:te gpa.i gtr geurea.cne
ceue ,(t. ,t.U) "F! Oii!i" a.qpgua.q r,roycou,lr ,i
i)
itrg:x.lrre L-tMooy enNoYre "-\-.II * !r.;i .ri o:*4" tra.gepa.roy 3n ncyr.u.rorH
,9
Kr.).'{d
-l_
.(\1 :\o 2\ ) "oil J! "\r49, Oi ;y* 'i" i'rcecooyN a.ll ficaa.i ,(o :r c.-)
"*5+ )LJ L-a:-ra;Ii" "#r-t Jn oi+" a.c\pxel ngpn rreqoYepHTe ,1rr,t )
''',. I r
f
''n Ibid.. 183.

(\(
 ,lLi'1l,rrlJl
vt.!9
I4;11
'= ='-

a.ienloyMl lroycor--r tlneina.cxa. NMLIH-rN ,(u 'v ;J) )b\ d:^rA\ ,5L - ---.,t u
-re-rttcooyN ,(tc :((
-,) e-iJl li,6 JST Ji i.:.($1"

L:r*{ l+ a(lAPXel tl(tl lr-,-r..'

- 1 tr _

',*K l1;*j- ner-eyxrQ Ma.a.xe lrr rx.'

"^-t
U++1 .i*: (p! 6L!tri .:Jt) 6et-ll .;*" ,,!* €Ne c(\o :\\ c.-,)
F :*
,J\:-. .(tro -.o a.-;;;-a!\ ";:Jt ("}'JlJi .:J\ {?+) J+) :X.!o" eZec-re r r1:p:'r i
C.L)
.r-.) "jli' +-i tt,(6;J,f t .i.") "jI;" .r"r, ciDNT.!rJ\
"& oi i!i" a.qoycu(! €iu rrr .

F ri Lt-e ,GJ;II" +r* nco)NT a^,;-l-al\ J,(..; r(Jr*all t:r-* Oi y\" ).qoyeec).?us idl
oytr oou l-rnnoyre eTo\llcc ?i
.(1 ,r *-) "-^\_*) ,'r_.' --._
ogri) cr\-r1-.I\ aitbl,-}",1 ,-9ir-'J\ o.3\..r.r""il ir\i -
j .1*-j, (!l , 6:Jt olr:i ,(t 't ,J) ".r15\, ai :*'. ri
.ait;'r\
e Y I -,
,4!
- "L'-- r
,;,: +Jt
a.ynu.rooyr ecgb.{e r rr-.rr ra.x
i.i--L}l" nco)NT THpq a.o)a.UoM tttlua.n :\ft-",ls4- .(tl ,t!) 'rrr), ,*+ -_^-'.-, ;
.(it ,rt2) "L,-. Oii l.(5
?ocoN .Ae .(r. :r. ri) _j- _
,alrlr ,ii-Alt; aiJ;;I\ ,y,,o, h),:16\ tJdt u;L.+ L;:+ \NoK tuHy ct;ape Keo1a. h+-
a.yonn r'lee Nr{recooy eKoNCoy:lrr;4!,}#i uf ,(i"ro.;tt .(v ,: _-- t "-_--
"gr" nrooc-r ,(rl s) "6*"J .J\ drli J, U*3"
'l a.Y\Pxel ,'ut("*J! g; i: _'.t
.(tt ,rr c--.) "Jr;i +-t! orXr, t.i-" irqiu
frpu.re e-rfifgrce :-nr- 61-r;:-! L. .!\Jrall .rri id
'r.A) "S!;ii_"'aqi
ceue ,(\.

dx,?U J" J4'jt ui" ttne-rcco're uuooY eflNorre "g.\all ,J !;;2 oi o:+" rra.2epr
ua.pr.rna.pa.rreile
"ri
Nry erlacr;a.xe ,(n ,to ""j,t Jl ''F<-r oi O,;* )" ricecorr\-l{
i)
.(tv ,r 1) "Utrl ),LJ [.-o:-r-s:Ii" "+$ ).ca.pxel rrgpn
-1", -i+" r

'Ibid., 183

(\r
r; - ji.ll .J_,\.+aJl A++IJI

int.-qPH q}. e)(N ...'JU-" -

-:JlJ^,aI\
{ :-:ll l-ta ,g.Qo to *) Causative infinitive
-'-
, _;.: j^ .-rl ,n e: cTp€-
,... ,ii-" ,LJ\ .;-" .,t^"l Blc .iJ\ Jr^aI\

{1
*!
- rtj-.
TPe- JJl,a &'il)r..aJ.l I jtJ;.aA t -i-.ttr-\-al\ Jr<+
a' .-i*lt
;- /'t\
f,ryvi/
,(",-I,-? ,'v-b" elpe
J)r..o.!\eJ\v L "t.Jl Jr,_uri]l '|,J\)
lr:ye,

,v .L^.*_tr)\arr,r,Ju\
,t5

a".{XI j fi*.i ', Q;(Jr Tpo :} Tpe- J,-ilJ uUtf 6 LJ\

rroc crgooYe .F Jli" - tn'.i*a;\
;__:- 3 .(rt ,t 3) ""r.1":
_-r

i_. _-i j_..-rpe- _I,JlJr^;.

,-;:-, a!\1 (rtt --) r+-Il G"r"dJl g .**ll )r^a-11 efi
a.qxooy Nor icocHQ }.qrpeyMoyre :(rr. --r) ,-:-;t,9
'"J'L
#1,?J .;l
""Li .r.yn d,.cri J-r\" eia.Ko)B neqelcur
.. --a Tpe= ,, -J\ ;,J\ j'b
lra J*i .r" erBe na.i frperelpe MrrMeeye e... ,1tr ,v
1)
-- ----a.^r -rcu fr: ; .-^'
.:..-" rrM], eNTa.qrpe nMooy Fnpn,(r ,t
+ t)
". O! gFi
.(ir ,i _)"V r^^^, ;Ul,h?
-i*l ,r.rl\ .-J\i:Jl L. "Jlr*a.Il ,jU -rpe- ;,r;f
i.r*'rl U,iI\ }! "l;f .j'f:
:;;*t :;rLl ..-.!\i:Jl qTPe neqPH (Da. eJ(lt r.ra.ra.OOU ult t.lnOuupoC ,a-'Jl -,.,,
,-Ut+UJl .(ro "r\rj'r! 4:-.) J4"
_5^:.t '0.^") "*!u;r J".e/r
;-;*t-:r.el\+Ul : Li ...-1\f r^4I\ JcU a;r"o rpe-/rpe,,[uJ\Jr*; Oi]-'j
.-l-\^K.Il

"o Layton 2000. 286.

(\!
 Jr*i'.Jr ,6yr;;tt

"...
J" o,:,r 4:a q-rpe fleqpH cr;a. err.r ... ,JL, -
"!,-4"
J^;Jt J:,.;"tf "{*--j," neqPH p*'!1 :J\:.I\ \-r,o g .(to :o c*")
."Jrt\- qr,-hij\JrU_:^ o;rJl ,*,1iy cTpe-

@@
t\\
"\ett \,., J rr;r
;---
@@
J}
J.o\, J*
.iJ\ .!,.-" a.t1'rpe nexoproc o)ooy€ ,F JU" -
".^:J\" n€xop-roc :JU.I\ \i.6 g .(tt ,t
6)
""r"L:
-e-o -)\ ,ar"aA\, (rtt -^^o),-r_ _-4
,-)-" o)ooye JrU;^ c^;r\ u-Jj jy rTp€- pt Jr-i"
"},lt a.qxooy r.ror icucHe ).qr-N)l
.,,,,;
"oLi ,-.*.i+ Of+ -r\r>.,r +_.
-*,.-t;i), L. ..l\Jlalt ;.Id-" tpeu L-r1*J\ ; rJ\ g\:
L.
J-i ./" erBe na.i fqs-1-..;1
l-i-o
: " lllJr.alt icU fe.-.j.>.J )-\c
.:*-" nMa, eNT;qTpe nttrN\- i

rpa.- (rpei- [:\:) )riIIrKrll

TPeK- t'Utrr;tt,=Jf:J\ I
L:*rJlr-uall
rr ., *:
j\: ; .*'., __G
TPC- e;rl\ r-;I\ ..gtrll qrpe neqpH qa. exrr rla.ra.+..
TPEq- Jutrr;tt+LiJ\ .(!o ,o *") " --t - -,
TPeC- e.;rl\:-,ill+UJl ' Ltr .*ll)r.all -r?€-
J.cU 4-"ij _.^
TPeN- r+\S,rl
rpe-rfr-, -rpererr.r-
^-l\J\it\
TPCY. a-It;ut Layton 2000. 286.

(\o
* - €ijl l'=r.d\;rtdJl

o\'..a.i .(rr :n -,;) ""-.,J-.J

#Jl '.;*3 \, -r.ol\ crt- L-*-*\
rpc,rroYo\-r ,(tt ,r. "rr*p1t)
r'r. .: (,;u) ,!:\ ia"".;:Jlr& -" ,lU
c.,L.q,:i\ .-" uc-'i!) ri
d=,=i" Nla.Yeu. "!,.i
MN qt6oM tauor eTpe oyq(l) r.roycur :e- i 6ij_9 ,(txt -.o

A-3
JrJV-.J, )\ r*+, ;-u\ j; r,-1-B gi).^; 'j" oyB).g) H NqKMoM
"...{,. Ji i.ji" Koycurr2 erpeNxooc ... r(rr :o c.-,) ",\:-
,.r\ ;r": )" pu..ror.r o)6oM erpeqPMa.eHTllc r.ra.i ,(oi:lrJ)
na.i ta.nc €Tpeqcr;cure gN -rne c((r :\r r) ",=l li=J a)a,
.(tt ,r 1) ",LJt j O_,s= Oi.-+ \i,o"
., \l
...orjt'
.l
)+ {-+Jlri ,-?-f\ e J4e-}\ e} t;A\r}.4lt,j;;
...oroJ+ ;:!r)t Jt ei *, ..]! Lf .(it. -,. a.?yi,Jl; -?r;)\ c,lqr ,!:l)
.i \r a.qel N6l rc ... cga iioga.uuuc erpeqxlBa.fiTlcM]. 'n',_rr'i!
...ordt' Y+
/t ,(tr ,r .:-o) "0.; r.:,.l L-r* Jl ..U4 ji" euox grroorQ
"'J'J
,' q<. ;i t'-i" \qoyeeca.gNe Na.y erpeyNoxoy rHpoy
...01 -r+
Tore lHcoyc a.yxlrq ... erpeynelptze .(rl :tJ") "r{K
ll
.., L.
\^J
j, -,:"fr).. L,.+ i 1,'y-" [uot1 esoX gr-rr-r rAlaBoxoc
..k" ^+
grDcre erpeqa).e enxoi uQpr-looc,(t ,r c.-) "gU^ljl
6-"
...+ Koytuct) e-rpexcere ,(r ,tr c.-) "r*Jqy {+ Jl Jj -t .. ci
-l r -
..., \l lJ
t r; Oi*j;i" nna.cxr Na.K To)N
.(\v :t1c.-.) "fe,o.aJ\eJJ
"'.P'.! Ka. ((ry ,rrr) "!5!
-rijUri" na.y iir-rcurr.r erpeyoycur.l
,(rv ,v/) "i,i!-"{ 5-!
'\i'!l;rr" NqHpe erpeycl r.ur2opn
"L'6a ilE=i Ji U U-..^--" Na.Noyc n).n erpeNo)conc r..lneipra.

1:,, -, ,-.r
o.J-i" a.qra.b.q erooroy erpeyc-ra.ypoy l-lr..rot1 ,(rr 'l J)
j-__. i-Tpqgoyo1-r, ntlror;L-KJI '^'

'" SteindorfT 1951, l84l and Layton 2000.290.

(\1
 Jt^i"!t ,6pt;-;lt
:-:,-,

*rri .t" eTpa.PMNTpe r.rr.rioyaa.i ,(t't ,\1;*) "./..J #Jl

a. nQrcu-r o)a.xo r.r[r.aa.q erpQuoyoyr (((t "rjrsJ
't. l) r!..;:Jlrac;_-_-,; -
,Ji:l
: \ 1
r.a )'n"':; l: 3:4J
\ (;\:Ur, ) * .ri ( JrU ; J<=j" r.la.a.yeu -_
r'u.t ct)ctor'l r..rprox e-fp€ o)-q\i\
.(r
*a3 ^\,_ra"*r 6-s! : -l;. _r, _
,-:j4t,( Ll .yJ\rJ.J\ J:")
.-K.; J\)-\"aI\ f
i"ui- !.

. +!,;l + jl
, | ,

KO.l'oX:y c-:a
et-re 2t-l n-rpa.COU3 et-re 3r.l .L*" r;;-,r) 55-,." ^i - \rr, -
"n'(.rJ\ Jl _rr4 ) Ml.lOll (9601 { e-:F
.(r' ,r $) "e-r,21\jU- * "!*" ntpa.noy ra.i ?a.nc erpeqogtllnc p* .:
.( -'-;
t4
a.NTl TPe- ....r\cr )+ 4+JrJlJi ,-pA\ Js)r,:€-_+ --r.

a.xr.r -rpe- ...o\ o;+ ;:1r)l JLsl -\,i .;L j .r,,. -

- r \lr t, .i -i

.i \l a.qer Nol lc . ;" iru2a.rrrii,rc

enMa. e-rPe- ..'drdt' ]+ ,

.(tr ,r c.-.) "+; -L.jr-^ -l-- :

e(n)rpe- ...N /l

,'
r-u.u.lca. (e)rpe- "',-t\ *+
TOTe IHCOYC \Yxlrq ... fi]\
xoPlc TPe- ...J U \
.,..r,,.J...? *^.:;i :-.-,,--." ril
\_/ -
tL-r nTPe- "'L-+
3-" 3{DCre erpeqa..}.€ €rrrr-ri l

2rrl-r nrpe- "'ql,r{ Koyoct; erpeNCBTe .(r .- _:_

-l r -
?a.eH eTPe- ... gr J+ t .(rv:r1c.-.) "lv.-i,
(_
j- + _
e(l)cTe eTPe- "'.P',t K\ .(rv,rrr) "!5! j -_c
,((v :v "\j'i \r-Jr S , -='.
-*) =;
U+a J+<-,
"1l
LJ L^+., tt\ll(\\'C
, irr
.Ciasca 1885, XII : j li(r \::r,j erpQuoyoyrl nQriur jL-Kil '^'
d-J*l a.qT).}.q eTOoToY cTpc-
"'Layton 2000, 289.
18',Ibid.,
2gg-290. '''
Steindorff 1951, 184; and Layton 20()(,. :+.
 ai.qr"all4++!l

r €iee\'a.TPoN .(tA :A c^")

3l,r n-rpeyrlrO-K r'tOr trpCUUe b.qel uOr ,elii
,{-' '' it) "r+.:J\ Jl Jt* e[ ,(fo ,tr *.^) "r-r,c gi .fF .rul L+" neqxa.re
t ) "=\j ;-rj .i\," NoelK
_._ 3r.,1nrpeqcga.xe ((tA ,\ rr)"o24e Lrni" nTpcycoHp
,l
",'o-Q ^ 4lL
-::-' -:i ff-f-;tr'i\ ;'U, - 9 -t i ..K;,
\ -- *^ L+J" a.e ayQa.plca.loc cenc<Dnq

! -:" ilecKa.l{^a,\ot{ taet a.yco ur.mca. Tpeqxl noir a. nca.T).Na.c ucorc r(vv :r\ rJ)
";\!*rJ\ AIi) tilJ\ (li:<e) Li Oi -r.*,.;" e3oyN epoq
* -ii -t , fli- jB -
r--rr.lNca. TpeqrcooyN eBoX gr.r ue-ruooyr (((y:\r;*)
.) n- : -:.ji\ J-r-4I\ Clj-
3rrr..r n-rpeKra.pa.ts\ o(il ,r. i) "o5"\l cr ru 0i -,+"
rrtrl 2r,r n-rpeyr}.rotaoou
_a ulluca. Tpe (((r s 1s) " ,,.t'UlJ c!-r.; 4L*!1i" lanuoproc
r: *+ -rU iJ .(li ,i \r,")
nrso)x e2oYN enlPa.cMoc
,(r ,r.
1i)
"... .r\ ,t;'il -";i gi-r*,.;" neglroptp a.€ \o ...
,(tl 't't Li) "t o_t'k Lr:c" gr..r rrrpeynrcreye epoi
.(:. :i( ,),')i gl_/_r;
.(to :ttt' t) "!.6i..-,i-,.,t" rqr.lNca. Tpeyoycul-l
... __- --l Jr.oI\ jK 1!l -f
f ! ) +J ul t ; -r-c LJ I J ur"i r a!L>! 4l
Ji-ai,-;*:J t, r-al I
-,.-,-^'- e g.d,(r--tt*4 Xlay \^o:o{eo)- ,(e)cg- (N}.-
t.tt.r :(\A\ -,a ;-r-cLJ\ JU'jf
€ o)'Te unQrpe Mooy Pupn
t a i , tt nue oi
C!:.4 *-i -,--._e, '!" nlo)-rpeqo)cone eq(goyelr
.-- Ii ); 3*a (Q\ J4 e) g;rJl \-r-"" na.i eroyecgTpe pcuMe nnl coll[,(to ,lrf \) "y!!
.(i :r j r) ";r"4 ;Jt16oi+;-

'-*Jtr-^-.ttji:
tnt,TM-
p\-r;-:-"[ .-:-*-]\ )r^-1\ dd -\

|{l)CT€ ,e- , jr* \:! ri^all J+ rl-r- ;'U -

.. -i | ,, , ";.3\
' 9! J\ ;i+ li>l -!,4 'J J3" e-rr-rrpe \a.a.y eo)el ...

'" Ibid., 288.

"" tbid.. 287.

(\A
 Jf.i'!t '69tj,";lt

', J3" e-rtarpeqnoK etoyN eneoya.TpoN (((A :A c.-")

e-na-rpeyuoyre epoc xe ,(rt :\1 1i; "r6.tt Jl Jt*
.(r ,v;r) "+b .t-.i til" noerr

cr+orf e-rpe,';;!. t. ^.tJ\)].4I1 J+,"-;tr'!t;'U s -

.(t "o\jJ\g'U tii.-,..J\.r" NecKr.sa.aXou rtaet a.ycu ur.rr.rca.'fPeqll noi!: r n
'rvJ)
-rll- j\: - ";\L^:Jl +L-r ,.-i ( :_.;, r
\-l-c \*rJ\ )r.-I\ J+J 4*:J\ )r^.I\ -r^,
Pffqr.fCa. TPeqT(l)O\1t eB(r\ e
a.yroxMoy '(fK t*\ 1i|) n- . .;Jt rr"-Ilj;;
"fd, ls + l*J[ Fr[" r'rcr.roq 2r.a n-rpey-n'lot'loot"t 3trl"t nrpeKII).p).BA .(:. :
t'.tltuca. Tpe,((r :( - "----
'nu,e- i ..ii f:t tJl ,-\-.I\ ,+ \ei +'t ,, .(rt :t !,")
)

'! ,t
.(r ,r.1i; "... .-,t I-b\ _- - _ -
!I-" o;ll,HX en-r-rperlrBtoK etoYN enlPrcMoc

r))")? + $-s .(r.,tt

,(trt
'tt Li) ",j j_;-_.: -:--i
.(ro,rr_5,t '
;' _
* _t\r+J\ , ;rr,,::l\ d6r; {*tl)J*4Il iK \)l -(
ilUJl ;-,.-cLJt . .i', j.
oyre r..rnQ-rpe cco3 ccu-nl :a,"r^aA\ g 4,;uj ,(r"-*tt ^-1,) -
ur.r La.a.y \^":oJe0)- .(c tri .!
a.yco llnQrpe 6a.xe Mooo)e oyre unQrpe Mooy Pupn
rr'r.(6p ;U\rs.* ..Ir-4 jl .roL:-J -r,>\ s- ': li
C, io i*\\:f-," r-i ,H is" .g.*Jl
t_:

lj.o" na.i eroye<gTpe ptr)l{

'n-':Tl,l- , --.>i-

t(l)c-r'c ,G- -i ,!- t:i - i-*

"' ..-)! .-r1;'; l-r>l ; ;-
"!5qi
'" Plisch 199s,76 .'Ibid., 298.
'" Ibid. " rbid.. 287.

(\1
 ri - ,riJl *.r.'=.-,a,tl *74IJl

irre-nl'ra.a.q r( t o, \
rr) ""1^+'JL
,"'11
t-rnr.l r rr ra.y t-tnplH-r ttOtltOtOp
Imperative
'-,, ":).\) J^rs J f*Il b_rtrb
rric2>.i .(tr :rt c-*) "!K blt" :iCL f- ,\,L.)rit$ r-oo a;-.ror,'!r
-ri 11r\ r\
rloi'r
."p" rci,
."JLi" ,"6*r\" ,J[ill u.n^X
:r r.o ,rr
>e -t .) JK*
-...>. r;" e-ra.ioy ^{"J ,fK:Il .r;i-+
. ll .. i .- \tlt
i-:.J TcooyN rliuooo;e .ei 6
J&4) )
'l
c^1dJt,-"'Jt
Affirmative imperative
i-;- ji--.a'J J\,i'j\,.iri (s)
:.:.J3 l rr'J I dp j..*:X,.1-$ ;-r-c i-; ry!;J I ailJ \ j
j j* - .;^- G JLj'J\ ,an
.;-r"-Il +(.-l,,ijl (r)
\^1:a.-
i.SrLJL 6[;u-"[
**" OY ,/'rl j,c r.J Lr .*Jl)r.-J.l
l'r;:-j J\,rYl +-"
yJ\.i:J\r*r *.ry -r1r', \A!,,.">U o..U,4o G.r*lJU'lf
L *> .. '.o G-I1
,o.;\" ctD ,"[i*l ,\+,-*l ...J.*\ ,L*1" corM ,+*;- yi
J\r-)
otioot-t o";1-b,&" *? ,"pE-] ,r}E==i" qra.Xe ,",-,r.:,\
ll11)-
tJ
elue ("C!lrj" ocDgtT ."'),r1" Moye o"(-!1" B(DK c"Grij"
!Jt'r

Moyre c(tt ,f ,u)"!s;_1* il" qr r..rnex.oxoo ,a.J:ri

B(r)K
trltt- a.Nl, e-Le

6cD(Dr eNa.BoKe .(tt ,t ;) ",)L.y Jr! .r.a_:l" enoy3a.i

LPI- IPlz '*a\
prqe r.royoerqg Nu.l 0)).Hx a.xN ,(rr :\r J) "rrL.rJl !L'u"
rJeg
cr-jGJ \ \rL, ,a.r- 5 b-;pl" corH rgnguot gr.r tcoB NIM
,1\i j
.(t,r-rr:o r)",.J,rF .1 lFl
bseg
J[;i-it J (rrr -- GtJt a;=- * ) -;:;i ai-.- fi*-*i
\r;-T, \r;" Me'r).Noi ltrernnrc-re1'e 2 r,r neya.rre\rou :r., ! \
 Jr*i'Xr ,6!r;alt

ql 6e N'roo-rq l-lnotuocop lt-rerttra.a.t1 r(to :r rr) ".!^+'jL

J
,.-" a:;rJI t119:e" llnere oyr.r.ra.t1 r.lua.y rlnplur ttotttocop
!
,I:::E
rr r.r-rerttoYoM ,(lA ,fo c--") "crLr; ,:"c n LgjI \A-t.g!
xl n€Kcea.i uiglaooc o.enH tricaa.i ,(rl ,tt.:.,) "!K bit" 9\71*3-rc el ,-r ! -: , ;>
stoj.r sr i, .. .., ..
,(r 'r1 J) "c*; )l7b ,-1.\ dS* i;" e-ra.ioy
. pJ
,\- 6 Jl.ri t ,---zi :--->-

"5lJ ".-;-\, p" rcuoylr niuoocr;e

.(tr ,o
-J)

+
.\fr'-* --.- -
,1rrrt.-_i_.r=
:i^aE a;-, tI J\^;Ytrar-, (t)
.- -.'lt \' .>
.9.*cJt _a I -J*
*: *.*r!\ "ib .-Ji'! ,-'it ,J a,',v u* ttr JU;'Jf ,ao
tnl'a,-
ii:LJL

,r"tJl
**" O) ,,."Y1
f -* *-
JJ\ '-
d-t)-bj Oa
. 4):".9 L,*>. e J1
:J\ill .:*.c * j_J -, -: lr

ir-
..r;1" c0) ,"1i*\ ._* .;
el d\ a.MoY Ut-1)

ll
Ot4OOt"t ,"]rl),
eL .r-.a" KtIt .'- -
-
},MH J\r.r
elFtc e"ilL;" ta,r), .").-. " I
l lr (_
auHelrfr, -
lrr r'-')

}.MHEIN

elNe a.u(e)rue \Nl-

B(l)K Mo\.re .(tt :l __o)"__=-_
;"r.3
\
'.N1, l{,
'r-b 6(t)(!)T eNa.BOKe .(t', ,: - --

GIPG
'( a.PlPc IPI- ),plz 7:-ol
PAqe r'royoero; Nll"l (r)\}].\ aJ
Xo ,--1;;
t
a.xoK t-49 +r
<,-oi J \ !t- ,Jp 5 ,.-; .l
a.).o qsg
I .- -
a.Xot-nr btsg
JU;tuU (rrr --^- .jL- .j:-
i ,
',jutS ,t ..
'" Layton 2000.292. te i l-leTa.NOl NTeTilfilu-

((\
L - ^.'l ;:,+r.-a,r *74iJl

-a-, j^J.c U &\-6" rlerePoK

,"tjl
HLl5c- €neiua. c(Y ,t;) "-.;"! JJi
a-il!..r. '-),:r..f { e.b. a :J\
a.H\\- gTB(l) Nrr'rre ,(tv ,i.;c)
NrY .9! }.N\Y P\
.-t- ,i '5\" a.Na.y eNei{t)Ne
: :' :-;' i ,l , a:g\" Ta.CCDNe
t ,rt-"i t, raa t-, ua- MHEI, I -r
!2-91

rr*, eqllnO)a. tt-rUe-ra.nOta.

oYoN e a.(o)ycor.r

i -_ --" nxoelc a.oy0N Na.N x(r) txl-, a,xe- a.xl, #

)c €i-Be oY TeTNoYetelce ePoc aY(e)- llelz &\.6

)a\PLrc rrreixepoune c(1 :\t;*) (r.-l)uo, uco -\>

o\H srua.lroyc r(A ,rr;J) "Li+i t.ltqH-rel}t !r;

.(sr,toJ) "r*.|t c).n).f ca.Xoz ,J\,i'J\ ..:) e- ..-lf ,)i Sethe .9; :+,LrJ
GA:,"g-o\" a.pl- rr" e-.J'J\ J",,*^-: (axr- c).oJo)N
"tJl
,P- _.. ;-5JrJ\,i.i\ (r)
g;a") ,,-Lb\" a.{{D :inLJt J\,i'Jl Jl J\,j\l dt' .gr;i as.r4
ir-" a.x(D3l-r,("jLi" plKe) "j41" a.plKe,1"jL;i" oy<ot d.t'
: -.r.t', ,*-l ;r, ,"tJ\ ;i{ tt'.1"Lj (u1"r=J,erf" xcotM) "[JL
-- ;jt a.Plna.MeeYe rJ(oelc

Te (r\llTeq eZOYCla. llUa.y ...

,(tr ,rr t) "i;\ ,juJ" xa.za.p€ a.Moy eeo\ ,a1.:-,i
... -ti rlrerr.lllron l.rucurr.r
\rJ[c" a.utreru tt-r<u-rtr ...
.(o :ti_5J) "... g\ll-
,(tt ,r st) ".#\s jL;" a.uoy Nitra.y ,(rr ,r ,e) "q1,*t,
t oe r.lNa. nppo ,(sv :\1j)"L:r,Jl-l;r"-1" a.Nrcoy eneiua.

t- _- -{-)tJu'Jr (t) M). Na.Y r.rrotr.r ,(tt ,tf ,>u)"r^o-A J-AU \il+el" }anppo
a.Xlc J(eKa,a.c epe ,(tr ,tr) "\rlD'! -ii.a:!e\" r'rceoycou
-; - -.:i-, ;-i5 ,-o r"Vt Oid
-fi.-nrr1 eNeKplNoN,L"-"X ry ,(r :t c--") "\;1; r\-,--11 "ir ,6; Y
/t i i.t
ueicoue poex

1'Ti :\ilt-r\-re ua.f2-rHK ePoi

'no sethe 1899. 212

(((
 ,\L*i"il
vt.Jg LaiJl
'r,,1Jl

g\-o" a.yetc ra,c(D ,(tl ,tl c--.) "el^Ic \, o\-b" n€TepoK

"LA dJ,---l &\-." a.y neKTHHBe eneiua, ,(v ,r;*) "-.y''i J*iJ\
!-r ;

,(tl ,st j) "c*rtt ;r4\trb;\" a.Na.y erBo) r.rc.rre,(tv:t.;*)

NaY G\) a.r la.\'
a.oyoN ua.i ,(l :tr r*) "rt-,.,-'!r ojr-o '51" a.Na.y eueicuNe
t ;bs\ t, l-ta.
a,plpe o.e NoyKa.pnoc c(l ,o ,;) "6;iL J qtr\" Ta.c(DNe
oY(l)N v:3 a.(o)1'orn
,(rr
'r c-.-) "L.r"l\i.tJs rl t11rr*:..t" eqr.lno;la. nllae-ra.Nota (

a.\ro-rx , (tt ,to,r.r) "U lg" nxoetc LoycoN Na.N

xco ju JL-
C\ -.,
"fGr.;s llU,\a"c !rii" ea.poc erBe oy -re-nroye22lc€ epoc
LJ\ ,j.,6 U:" -i!i" a,XoK ea.poc nreirepoulne c(1 :\t;*) (r-r)r-to. r ru', -
ailr g-;f" trNelNe r.r-rec-roxH erNa.Noyc,(l ,trr) "Wr,i t'rptH-retrt
.(tt,torJ) ";rlt .a.Nay .).\Oz :JL-r), ; ) a^- _.
4)' "o
3.^a'
d.Pl- _.r:- _- 3
#) "J.-l+i" :;_r_
,P-,r t#r Ju;'ir (r)
).Jcr) _J

F" ax.6par"l.("jui" prKE j " _

:apr- : P- J\-u;\ e) C JW'it ob ./ -'it ;';< l

a.pleore .;(tt ,tr _l) "-., ! ,-lrj:t" a.plfia.Meeye nxoelc

,(rr :rr r) "ir;\ c-*" \,\i
*, Jr lrE" ?HTq unete oyr'r'ret1 ezoycla. r.lua.y ...
=c-J\
... -r:i !L,:" a.uuerr.r rl-ru.,ri
.(o :rr;J) "... glll-
,(rt ,r t) "rb:\, j[c" a.rr.-.,.1. lr

f oe r.rr.ra. nppo .(rv :\1 . )"*: .

't-.r q.tlrJU;'Jr (i) Ma. N\Y r.rrCO-rll ,(f r
'rc
;.-. ) " <

,i ua.- ri 1- 6t-^;-"\ g-b ;c J\,;'it ob "/ r"lt ojs=

,(rv ,tr ,J) ",iUr\ lrL'U" fgrumr €NeKplNoN ,La)K a.y ,(r :t .:^,) "fil- )l-.-i., ,-*:

"3! &i:ll ,;lJl oiit L" rNoyre na.Noyre ua.fg-rHr epoi

'' Scthe 1899. 212

((r
, -:'r
+-=+., ;r.i\

$ri..r .('',r J) "!,5; \i .-l+'y"

\ .,;il lrj'" fcucu tirrra.r-cscu .(+;,11 \ :rr :) (r
'rr_*)
.(tr \) "F[.:
'o;

:L:>
,-r- i i-,--: jJ\L**l\J\.-i'i\ (o)
rri' :

-rJyr"!,JlJ.'.i ua- a;L>l,:r"r! a,c J\.i'r\ .io a-'Jt :r.si

\ - lr -. :
- ii:Jr *u-o ?)d*)
Y-J-l
-, ,(rt :rr ,J) "U!b.rt"J iL" Ma.Toyxor ullqa.u,.-!Llj',
:-iU! fK:Il -ra.ie NexHpa..(,r ,t c.*) "ui.i ui esrp-\" ua.-ra.uoi 3cu
i;Si"
",-'Ll,j ua.-rBuooy 3pa.ei gr.r rue,(r ,o .J r; ";g!t
efu
$"rc [F l!!" epcga.N reKxa.2(e 3ro ua.rr..lMoq.(\y :\v;s)
Ma.Tb.go ep\Toy r.rr,ror:t erBHX euo\ ,(l ,ro
-5*f
t -t ;f t ,-.lE:J\ 6i; "+-,-tL
.(rr ,rr ?.e) "4;iJt +;r\,\t g,";"
;:.;It 5;Il .-.lE:Jl

_-(Jt -,r;Il+Ul
e;rl\5il1+L;J\ (gf t ,"n tt1 .-*lt-'lt
Negative imperative

iiftt b;_:-) r.-rnp- +sU1 A) f "+ ,$\ .f ,*^-lt

.i*l r r..l J+ ri -t*-! l, "\.aI J.'! "J,ji'i,U\.-,'i " fr no)p
\ \ \ (

,(tv 'tt c.-") "p\+ 'J" llnppgore :(nt

- ,rL,,fl 5-!)
'! \ " rrc nN eyMa. r'-l n pxer.ra.cl t ren po Q urr a. r.a n pcoo;qoy
C:_J
I t).PeqCcDTM
'aL,i finprpe reKtBoyp ,(t.-rr r) "\s,r;u-l'! o\r*,Jl ,oj:-iL:
:o ,*j
-l.re r rnprper
l\r;*"[;:i vrnpqe p(l)Me ,(r
'r c.-)
"... i-. -fL4 3-4 'J" elMe ...

\'-..d ilr n).).c,(1 ,rr 1i) "+ii\ r-lnpp3o-re zaxapl).c c(r :r.r+) "ari 'iu.1 irl; '1" noptQ
 Jr*i'It '69r,p;tt l::'-

rlnpcco eBox gN oyrHr-H ncr;lr.auo.(tr,tr) "t.,5; \r -li Y"

\ 6ziJt !ir" tcaclr ir,i:i:-,;

,"'lrri jJI+rb.,
Optative
,J*. _:j j
-ri; c"hJlJ.i ua-
,(rl:rrr) "U\:i e+j -->" 1;
:.-r\i! S:Il
,.; t 'ra.ie NexHpa.(n - -_,
o zl:;

jiiJl crs!t d4rdJl "j.Il j r^;l" ua.-rBuoo1.gpa..

t.lnP-rpa.- Ma.Pl- )ril\fK:Il :!*c [F liJ" epcga.tr neK:1.\r

JUt,rift9g\if l
Ma.Ta€o ep).Toy irrlr;rl "--r
eijl\ )iI\"Jf:Jl
Mnp-rpeq- Ma.Peq- f;ftrr;tt+Ul
r-lnp'rpec- Ma.Pec- e-s3ll:r;Il+UI
unp-rpeu- ua.pr.r-, Ma.P€N-
e^+\SrIl
r+lJ\r-:Jl uiltt Qr;:-) unp- "= -. -:-_
unprpey- M\PoY- pl\-:U\ -i*JlJr.all_1.;ri t-, *- _...-.-
,(rv ,rt c.-") "!-iU+ \" unpp3.
! C:_J
l " nerrNeyMa. l-rn ple r ia."i
."?.*:!" Ma.peNBcuK,"g**1li" Ma.peqcorll, al:.i
t"lnprpe reKtBoyp,(r.-, i
6:L.'1" finprperlfoyBe nNoy're unp'rpez 6 \-r;;"t ;u.i
:
i"lnprpe poMe ,(r ,t c-.7
'J" l-lnprpexue gla no)a.xe oya.e 3r.-l nLa.c.(t ,tr 1t) "ii,r finppgo're z].xa.pl].c,(1 ,'. _-,
l; - .l:l
4it r.aJlA+dJl

D [-l]"ltrC J.e TMP(I)K,(tf ,V.:") "6F Y" lanp-rpeNna.g0 .(rr :r 9 \) ";LJJL 'J, f)Kq ..^-
.((o :\ j'.) ",-;t ,iUu (t:,rt_-_)
* J i,.t )F) e) e (t)
grr'.r lHTCeYe tcu2c N-rera.ne
o*+ f l*:Jt
.(tv,'i e-) "Jtr:Jlu.c;
Resolution of number/gender of the addresse

--2_> -.i;-\ e-b C (.)

>
'Lji-L +\itl)-r.c; o*i+ 1-..^^.-,4.'s'J-'!f O J\,s'il-t *
thicu: -,'ethical dative) tJtrf l
.a.xor rr'J\ J.*!: (auHelrN .a.MH ca.Mof ) er
;,, -'!t 3;
g-1-q]1'oI.(io ,tt c-.) "\i1 1r\:"

,
..
-->_21 i
rr \flr
)_\.,1r
tll
-c;3.^,a g! i
-\->
"
'nt,o)-\.cy ..}\i:J\ .r-+ aF /",:lJ j,.t ;.rc -r-.;

-' ,-- )"' Hn-nr grxn nra.3 nrcr€ye ua.i recarue :Jl;jJl .,,.c;r,r (t)
-\ 11"r.;u*"[
"'-:-= .(n :i;u) ";'L.l \i C ,jrl"
;, ,-l!\" B(DK Ne enoyui

1"* 1\ (a.LKJl ;
"J\
g) 1..;- er;"; 6\u;*"L (r)
"doLK t'r.,i 5;f" g)cone oe ll-rcu'r-lr llre).ero. ,+*fr
ir' -
,;:\' r.r-rcurr.r gcut 'rHyrr.r Aplcoy ua.y r.r-rei3e r(rl :o i:-^)
cco eBol, r.r3nrq ruprn,(rt ,v c.-) "li(-^ J U--t l-1r,i
r.rlCo'n'r Ae Cotl ,(tV :t'1 ,*^) "^r-K a-. b.y'\"
.(t,r ,tr c.-) ".f.31 !&*U -riUi" erna.pa.roXH

,i 1r.r - i&lt J\,i\t 5!) i-K'^rl J\'i.!l e) c (r)

rHrnr ,(r.r -. 5\;) :>rr r\ ,-* xslt
ca.?e rsrurt ,L-'it
"oj)\ leU t'\: !; \e-,.,u,I"
\,, !a r ' eeoL [rto[ rrerpgou eTANoMra.

'" Reintges 2004, 318; and Layton 2000, 295-196.

((1
 Jw"Jr,6gtg;tt t-."

or,{,i\" }.qenlrlMa, Na.q €qxcu r.-lproc xe -rtlpcor,(tr ,v c-") (r - rrtt

MnpTpellna.i;..
-
^ei)
.((o :\r,.) "i;t ,)sU

r'rtor a.c :(o.l a;"- ,);;!s. ;_e.ry e) ,f (t)

-) Ju\
"d*\r;,9rU e=I"a ti1 *;i" eKNH-rceye rcogc rlrera.ne
ri.>* :^;.
.(tv,r c.-)
Resolution oi r-=-:*-1.

C uA:,,."'J\ ,n Nb., J}\ j9 p\u"a\ e-h C (o)

,Uji*L J\r.ll)r.es + *
r.uco-n< oe Nu-rlt :(dativus ethicus ;1 ethical dative) r.lB.l I
.a.\orr.Yi _lr-;-.
(a.r tn€::
xl Na.K r'rnecuo'r nno)a.xe eroYox,(to ,tt c-.) "1i1 lrr\:"
\1\
r-lnpuoyre eel(DT ,(tr :t Oi
r) "g.,.*aJl l)KJ\ ;y,- ,il1;" ).
:o)-t-9o € >-

.(l :rr e,-^) "r;r'J\ J" t'J qi !r-^, 'i" nurfr grxla nra.g nlcreye ua.i'recgtue --->-
"r&\" tMooc 51a1q\1(6".1[- J!.r+il" Bo)K Ne enoyui

,,"-z ,\ (aLKJI ;:-* i) _- --

"aLK Li,i q-(" (Do)n€ rjr
il-
a:,1" ltttlttr 2or -ru1-n1 a.p

ctt) €BoX rlgH'rq rHp'rr1 ., '

lf-r<U-rN .Ae CCUTH .t '\

.(tl ,rr -:-,) "-.: '

,i 1r.r -o il,lr -\L;i; : _:

c)€e rHfmr ,(r.r -. r4,* .
"d)l " eBo\
Jpu \i Gt !-rr--

'n'Till 1955,152 '" Rcintges 2004, 318; antl Laylon :r}'r . :::-

((v
.- ^:'l 4J_+r-4Jli.+lJl

:r,
t, --L*, Oi Ur-'i -
Y- &.g2--iJ ,LJl6cra.*Jl
\l ,".,!ci" f "t,.ti.i
Expressing passive voice
;j_ " Mocre."i^-i"
iJr*+JJ G*JJ a..E a+., U .:*+t JU'lt ,a^L-iJl dl +
=' ,--.-:j ;'jl^*Ur JUc'Jf
'1':jr.t ;-r*, lra.nJJ .#1 f -,t+rtl #=.* lA-,
; :-^-.=r" ra.n'nze) -
.i-" ,# LJr-4ll ;rr.o)\ g ;,L,-J\ J\,j'i\ a ,6(f (r)
5_." llea.nrtze eMotcHC
:l-.{al\-6-" t ii $:.i,JJt
rrr-rze irr rcu-nr gn oyr-.rooy

.(tr :t rr)
a.qMoyg ttot npla.tto;exeer ,("-L rt)r."\" tloyg) -

!:
\yL" a.yure3 urlrcuooyc NKor,(t. ,tt c*.) "-jJI"t^\"
-t -;:;" cxa.Nla.\tze) - .(rr
'r -r)"'&;r":.e ,j!ji\
- ,i=-" saXtze r'ror 3a.2 ng)a.,(e t.tnxoetc ,("61 t,$i: ,6...L:j" -ra.Xpo) -
uz€ r,tr-rcu-rH ,(t. :l! c.-.)
"J^:iiJ *":; c;K +rJ\ i:6:" a.yza.Ne a.yo lqraxpo
.(rr:t g),,t*+;n
".-Lrls*J
'.i ,,rS *" ).yza.Ne) -
:z' :i- !t C.r\" tco'rr nira.:tpe N€KCNHy.(r. ,rl1i;
.
.(rr,rrJ)
; ,*5 ..K;" a.qa.yza.Ne
oio" 1a'[ Ae ecoycuN Nly ,("iu.g rE;l" oyotu) -
\ nil(r\-Te a.'I.1a.Ne t-ln\a.OC
).qoyoN Ae Mnxocoue l(r. "-tr c-.x;l (ai\-;\)
'rr 1i;
.(tv ,i!)'r*lteu;"
u- --':)- ;.^ir-J\ ;,rJ\ (t)
ijJi" .J,
xcor."ta;r t'C?s,ir\" oeero ,c;riiJ\,ji-
. -_d rrre-rlra.ne Hn THPoY
.";";\ iri;i" 3con r"15l
i, lleKtloBe KH Na.K €BOX
rror re-nruY ?M [IP].N l-lxoetc

'" Plisch 1999. 36-37.

((A
 J\,.i'il :7u!l J"a-iJl 4i='^

pLl\ dF ji 4r-,;\ :,.-a\ j Jt^9'il **. Oi *L-', -

J343* -'
'
Me,".j:!" 3<u1a
,".L-.-. 6llle ,";i" xt.".r!ri" tttt'!i-;
EXpre::i:.i F\:
.";;5" Mocre,"i..-i"
iJ-a-7.-lJ
3*JJ ,..U .*'- r
:+n-rlJ\ t-+\ i*-j J-r'Jf +U, JU\t
_
-;, f \q?
:-2--o i* --e- *
rYco r.rtooy rHPoY ,("r.-c {r;:e1" ua.n-nze) -
_l
. sr-o .J:! 41 1_\-,a.il ! ,. - .- i_
9-J-
,(t '1. _rf
t) ".s-/ lyr.-c\ f*s;" \YB).nrlZe eucoycttc
":!.s-*.ciui" a.uor eiea.n-nze llprcomr 3r.r oyuooy
.(tr:trs) ).qMoyt N6t nM).Ngre\ec-
t-,
lJ)-e
'
ll
a.YMGe ltNTcilOo1.c 11x..:
Tore ceN).cKa.N- ,("';uii ,;oi ,j^- cra.r'ua.\rze) -
",ss-roS (;*"* t\ ;."n,) jA *" rlor 2a.2
^.rxlze nga.J(e Mnxoerc :("- :"i
\ia .!.o" na.i rrercKa.NAa.Xtze l-uacurn ,(t. :l! c.-.) !t o ,?

.(rr,-r y-)"t€H 9iiy -.;: $K .J" a.'

---_-
"Js+l J3, n-,1" ror( lir:r: ,-|-.J
ng)a.xe a.e r.rnnorre '("r\S\ :'j{ ,w" a.yza.Ne) -
,(v :t Ll) "1rL-:1 *"r: ,irt i..K c;K-e" a.qa.Yza.Nc
.ro" Ta.i j.e a.coytl)il li).\.
.(rv
1i; ";^,-:Jt ;jit15i" a. nNoyre a.yza.Ne llnl;.oc l

'v
a.qoYoN Ae Mnx(l)(Dl,re :('.

rltlco ,lr4-.I\ ,_6-".=}; ai-\.cl\ J\,i)U a*p)\;,-Jl (r)

,(v ))";\-o) QF
'ti ,F" ltrenta.ne Hn rHpoy
,(t. l) "J!U; dJ =-.;,
;rr),-;-" NeKNoBe KH NlK eso\
'o
r! u'it iiU" qcMa.Ma.a.T ttot ne-rnnY ?la nPa.r'r l'lxoetc

''o Steindoff 1951, 105 " Plisch 1999. -16-37.

((1
,- ^:'l
/*++alli++JJl

.{ ': 'r 5r)"^J\ ' "

(-: € eF *;ilj"" ecrb.xpHy,(t ,r
c.*) ",.,,:C" qcHt ((1 :f \ c--^) "+J\
.> ',* ---*J.\ \*-l'laua.roc .(tr ,r .-.c)
.(tr c-*")
't

2.
+Ul i,,-J\ * tl-)
e+l +Ulra-- pt.ix.-\ (r)
&,1
,. t-.)
--;'i\ 6\uu,L (i)
*
,("... s.r-- J>- ev;:f t l;# "... \-Lt' -rf;.^.- Ol UG"
f

"iJ";"
ilta. {'vr --a xl g!,J\dt' ltJl ryxno nurr.r llnooy
'
*lri''Jl JP ai,-;Jl ,iry
r.anccurup ,t:
;:- \lcBBe r(rv ,r. a) ",Ylo a.re'rr.rcorla re tyxooc ,(tr ,r;J) ",.r irl\
d\ f=) 1)"
; -j-- " xloyoelN r" !)g
"
f,[r)' . \
a.ycorr'-l ,(f \ ,o .-) "... ,lr*rlJ & "id^*" trpa.pxa.roc ...
r'rreTlrcr;cone cyMocre c(tr,\;J) "e1i-Jl Ji;1" enerconc
NeqN\PoelC t]e ,(tt :t. c-") ".Jn;;*: og)br" ptt-lco-rlr

q Lr* ,J OK: -ra4o>-;K" uQ-rlaKa.a.y eoco-rfl enequi

";;3" a.yroucQ,(rr :(t.:,") "(++ o:xi+
#r+; OK) q;d
r.rtrr.rca. ,(tr ,t;) ".t-^i-*" eyeMoyt€ epoK ,(t ,ro f t)
t
" lr-, -!t Oi -rr.," Tp6Jrr).pa.Atloy a.e r.liCu2a.NNHC ...
(n ,rrJ) "ij-,i" a.yruuooyr.(rt :rr,")

,(eeoX) gr-nr ,}l .:; Grr.,- JrU\ +! s g*.It .-r,. ol

Tore rc aYfr-rq e8pa.i erepHMoc euo\ gr-n-l nentra.
- i.*j.r>),eTpeynlpa.ze
-rr-^al -
MMoq etsox elTM nala.Boxoc
a.yxooy ,(r :t c^") ".r+l,-" -. ;-.J i;_Jl a-t-fq ^:r,Jt JIL_"+
)
JU\Jt-/i j2i" Nra.uplHX na.rre\oc eBox 2r-n.l rrNo1-re
Tore a.qxoK esoX Nor ,(rt ,r;) "+t (Jg aL-\t
'r)
Jll F )xr=" ncNTa.Yxooq 2rrr1 lePHLub.c nenpoQnruc
U

ceNa.xnloq 3rrr.r oyon NIM c(\v ,r *) "j-.J\ Ujl ;.L-\,

(r.
 Jr.i')t '6yt;;lt l:
:'-

a.ycoBe l-luot1 euox 2t-rtt ,(tt :tt rf t) "a-!l e.*" ((- 5 t)1
aJ-d-! eCTa.XPHY.(:,: --. -
",J1eJ\ J+ .-r
;
t bd-\ '(6r) ia, ,-r-{l 'li*-\""/
t'aua'roc

.(tr,t c.-)

+Ul ;.,,f1 g'!; *:, r4,

J\.i'!\ Ci!) "Li" rr pl d/ !5J\ Jt'j'il 6\ri;u.-L (i) ,('0... g-r.-
"iJ.!";r. _.-.=-,- ;
r.:n ;f.!" e-rpe ua.i xlBa.nncMa. :(tvr -p xl,-!'Jl O, ,-S;lt eyxno ltH-ru lrnool. rlric,.rr-:-
,3;S" xlcMoy ,(rr
'v -:r)
"ii=l" xtcsse ,(tv ,t' 1) ",Yl^
a.'re'rtrcorl-l re a.1-rrxE .,.
-t? r'si,;" lD
." xteooy, ", L:":*, " xloyoelN
\ r"
a.yCtO-ft'l ,(f \ ,o c^") "... .
--j^
trrerr.rcr)cune GyMocre .{,-
NeqN\POelC ne r,(rr ,. j,_:i
*" i-+ ,J oK; ++ i- -i' :

";p3" a.yroucQ ,(i.r :i: :-. r ",

ur.il.rca. ,(tr ,r 9) "_*_-_" 61'

(t1,' ., "..

,(euoX) 2r'nr
,}r ti--+ j _ , _

Tore rc a.yxr-rQ efpa.l c-:ii

rgal ,ri".. eTpeynlpa.ZC rltli.
!!

\YXOO{ .(t,f c.*) _-_

_,t^:. _;
,
-J)]lJt"r& iri" *.oupru\ nzr:
Tore agxcur eeoX ilo.r ., --
Ji U - i1-" neNTlyxooq ?r
ceNa.x[loq 3r.rN oyou lul,t .{ ,
 ,,4.iJ1
-.i

--...>\J.^aiJl
es and Numerals

i
ive:

' . .:.-,1 .K .o.-,I_o.a]l

n * g;-:rlrJ\;;-{l

t -r i:>s J e*-uf Lpy t

 :l.s'!! oLi.all'r.-U! t J,-;lt

rt.rc'X! oU,all ,*Ull J€iJl

Chapter 5: Adjectives and Numerals

gU.aJl

Adjectives

.^* _{\ oUrJ-" .!4t-'!\-a; c,LK,J c,\,.oJ\

i "J-;"
-'Jt
,Jutt J"* & .\,:'ir4 5i -'lt Ji ou"aj\

oLrI- Lj; t":U "r*,,t\ J-.r1" U1; \il ;*\,5-.) fi 3c -oo

dJie r;.;p "3*31 +^aijl Jt\" Ui \fb .ra..; cL J-]t f ;5i
.\1,*4 jSi e-i,.!\ L*y VV rS\ c-,Lrt* \;;f
gJt irrs= "J=rl .3:, 6.J\ ,*J\" JI &n U-rc ';i JU"

^-J\".-,!ujJ
\i!Js-! ,;r,cs'iu., ul, C--Il +Jl o'J 6-!;t
-r-^i Lj ,\irL rlsi .-*!f e..-: ";r:rLl J-.r\ ji, ryJl
-': u!
lil J.S-! .tll ... (( :\( ri.t ,ryi (A :A s.-r g ;rrlrJ\ ;j-dl
U,.* $ ;rrs; tuU ",-;'J \
r"c'J t ;r:+ t J*l t ;..: C--t I rJ \"

.(( :\( c+ C.F ry g;XlJ-.rJl '\-o:;r--- * e-*rll L*y

(rr
I ev-r;' t ^;ll a9,,:.-r,€Jl i++!l

,-" d,rl c,U-r.It1!:i

Types of adjectives
'#'v-*
clB€eY(e) -K- ,(a.^L.i) {Jl;- .>\.,.^a (r)

,tJ !{=l J1.+ t:*\10,c.,\-o.Jld/ lG r*r J" ^-J+;llr.;-U\-;;-+

LIi
"$
(J.
rJ.,,-i-.a ,"tll-a:-*o Lf ae)*2,^{;U ^lt t,,--; J;r
rqr.rr rOr t-o -l
NO6 Js-, r''rS
\-
Koyi L-\s.)-
U- ^i-a
Jri CO)TN .\-: (l)HM i tr-^z:
J* L^.I-9

.l
?re€\'(e). r9"
NoYqe *. B(t)(l)N
?;re\' BPP€ +-\+ a.c
\-
^r-fi
2L\or y'* oY(l)B09 e-l MHPO ,r1
?oYa.Te Jri ITK
l. -
/;i
.bti.a
- t7
v_r
| c
eHKe
:(L\eeY(e) .]\* ca,ele t-,* CBIHN ,.\i
6b.\eeY(e) r s-\ x(D(l)Pe c_9 NOYX \l;,--riK

,eoX:ib e;lJJ LJL:;\ {i--." ttr c-,\.;J\ .ren

't" !Lri"
' oja>)lg

1 ...t,-.
f:* ,.:ij,. ,a G,II
.iu , -; ,-"-};-J C!'a\l 4r-.-.a
B(t)(l)N BOONC jJJ"r -
NenxHrH n2a.H
-j
-:_4 K}.ME K},MH )-rl
;-li.
'
, +, teN0)eePe g)HMe
MePIT t'rePa.Te etj,r+

.Layton 2000, 90'r-[:l .("genderless conrnr,,r nr' -i : 3-- ''ui 'Laytol \a.--a ""
,r\, \,ls*-l "' ''u I-ambtlin 1983, 57; and Plisch 1999, 6, n. 3.

(r:
 :1.rc'1 ! oLi..all, r.."f} t,yail t

f:* u3,, ,a d,-Il

MECTC MECTH t#'r-* T. , --
.l -E: r-

C}.8€ C}.BH ca.aeey(e) -K-

oY(l)r oy{DTe'e7 *jri i-r,.>q
tr-J \10 - , -
Jlr+ rry-t 6U\I,^:_ .-: ..+

c9HM c9ruuele7 l^Ig c,ni-,a

: :Ja-t

c9r-rMo qgr.aucu cr)r.ar.aor

NO6 -
i3 . - '

qoPn (l)oPne Jri CO)TN

tae 8aH 2a.eey(e), ^;\ NoYqe .:>

e\eY BPPC
---.-a
tr\o SLxco gLxor ,,**" t)+-1,
oY(l)B(r) .i-

SOYelT toYelTe ?oYa.Te \.t

urK i-i.^::.: r

xa.xc xrreey(e) +l* ca.ele J

6.a.Le oa.xeey(e) r -c-\

x(l)(l)Pe .L:

NeKeBHye r'r3a.ey,eJ\iJL i,t-*l'itr e+\

a;* pail
."rrojYl dJL"-"i,'

,C+b gr\ a.JL j arjr\ ,U'i\ C qE fi;:-j d.ijl\ a.ira

fu
B(l)(l)N tsoot.re
teNo)HPe o)HM r.ar.r ,";r4;'J\ crL-;.!\" NerIXHrH tr3a,n
K}.MC KA,HH
To)opn t'tcruuu ,g<J t",:L:i; ,)Ui" teNo)eePe o)HMe
MePrT

.Layton 2000, 90.J::t.("genderir..: . ---

,:U \..[;+l ""
" I-ambdin I 983. 57; and plisch I 999. f . : :
 --.i J.^44J1 q.r"-r-a,i+naJJt

,o*L;t o\;E (r) "$'!l *+Jl" TAla.oHKH rlrgopn ,(r ,r .--c) "Jy.J\ .,<--Jl"
r:-; ;*..1\ aJ, a-c;,"-.I\ "-r.b .(ro ,r .-"c)

xlfl.oc l'Jr"" noNHpoc 'tn,.l\=:r-" I.A oycor i;Jl

i ._-_.-j" ).rtoc ," &" eYCeBHC
oyca.pz I'royor :i r€=i \i)\.1b "-r.--r .r-!
."ji,.)-JTUJJ -'!i ;K
:\Y j;) "-r-! r(.i" oygHT troycur .('i ,n .--") "o! r*+
\

-. - j-= ;\.aJ\ *Uil* oUl if 6;.rJl -r--l\" n€ooy neBox tlrM nloya. r.roycu-r,(tr
.i-i ) -olr -. (-'Li)\ JrJ trl .(t,r, :t;*) "*.=,\r.il" n€qg)Hpe Noycu-r c(t t :oy) "o.r--y
"F
:rc:.? rra.rxooc ,(crLKJl ip,
a.qo)xHL eqra.oyo ,tlj- \ll\IJ\c ";n-c ,r^.ij"
Koll ."--,r L.e .[" tra,ra.oon -'JtoK
3n ,(rr :\i r.^) "oLKJ\ ,-n )lJE .!.a" llnr<ga.xe Noycor
rlrt ne .(tt :l L, l) "L,r-*!l
(-. i=$)p" oyJ.lKa.loN ne
,r-"i.;, g;!tc-lJ: r; j" nrgH-r r.royco'r r..lr.r frrtconu rloycor
_i>
.(t. ,rrS r) "r(;J\c1J:
a; .L: - .." Na.ra.oa.pToN
-:'vJJ

.6;-,-.i:-i ;\r.oJt -* -klilf

:- -trC ,->.:j iUJl ,,L*i i;::-1, .rLi- (r)
=Jii ;i
;,,-"

1:_.;- !_-o' NlOYAa.l MIIICTH u) "U'il fii.j .,.^.L.;]l a;g\

+ {J.iI\ ,rG^.J\ nb :-**l
z | ,rr-
i-: ),;;$ ;l-,-"l NXa.N\N).I). AeJ*J\ "r! ,,lF.ji .crUJ ,t--"ir, 6)\..Jf ,L-i l*"
({(r.L-!\
n- "ai" coN ."3pJ!" "o.iJl" Noyr€ .'tl,) a!.*J\ ,L-'.Jl
-j- +i;\ oL;.o.I\ ,-,o*, -
,t*'i t ri, dl," r^:i,*Ljl" .-
( "J L..ll, J-. ) " pcuMe ;'
-*\"
-*$t -u-r
19-
eYreNHC rs-

, U*'! t ri, ( "6ai" a.-r3Ht, "1r!\-i " peq PNoBe,

6f !
.
) a;:-:^.L l
"!:,
. ( ".-!L ;-r+ " cgoyuept t Q i' rg.r.o " pi1 t rrHue, J:. ) qf; f

'" Layton 2000, 60.

(r1
 :l.r.c'I! c.rU ^ll'u.-Ult,ptt l::'.3

,+*L:+ oU., (r) "{,!1 4Jt" TA,la.oHKu r;*4.-ri

,"-,.-- ,gfl-" a.ra.ooc '.-*.f \rr*r crL;..J\ o, 4cJ-"Jl .1,6

,'Sr*?" ca.pKlKoc ,"€.?" nlcroc ,"rr-;" noNHpoc

.-alf+" a.NoMoc,".yLi-o rr*.r$ ,,y)s" a.rloc ," r-F" eYCeBHC

OYCa.PZ ttOycu-r:i 3
:'-i, **LlJ
\' vr

,*)'i -, .i;t-i) -oc :;i!\al\i +U;\ .:\r"oJ\ q^[ci;6- o!1 -rli" necxl.t' :"rdr
g;+I1
.r"
C. fE,*-J1
-ou; (oL")t r r.",t\
-i ,-* =--i '*!\ .(tl ,rr) "-q1*t-- negg
?(L)B llll,r ."d'.J' J*I\" nca.g tta.ra.ooc ,(oLKJl q;
a.qg\H). eqra.oyo j,i _..
i,-+-:- " ttenteyuta. ltca.prtroN ("el\*a J--c S:" t'ta.ra.eon
,

3r.l ,(rl :\! r*) ".:,*( .' \

,";.- (\, -b-;) ro" oya.tKa.loc rle .(lt :t L, t) "Lr*-Il
.J*!,J Slrld.lJ: -*.lr.] 3" nr3-*= r,,
oynNeyMa. na.a.rlacoblroN c"6- (u 3qr")JA" oYAIK\loN fre

.(rr ,i ))" u1,l\}*.:, Cl)" frera.erproN

dr" frl .1") e-,;"tl -a.;i-u tkJtf+^:--: c,U..l\J, J=uJ\

oycelMe ,(e;>l! jrJJ a1r.$J\ -oc f1.x*j c,r.,lJ\ vJii Oi
oycellle ,(t ,lt l) "O? rg-:rq ;'\r.\" r.rioyla,i l-lntc-ru r it, ."-l.i:j : .i*a-j
rL")\ cL-,)l - .-*_
=,
"t.(f f ,\o .-") "o;LS;';t" trxa.ua.Na.la.
"ib Fi .cr';j r.j-*
AeJ,"-Jl

*- "ai" coN e";U)" ..._ "

,"3iL," rceBHC :LF -Hc + ,jg {rU;\ oU...}\ .p1 - r

.",.r*il \ Jr'-;" eyreNHC "t**!t ri,(dl," rs-Aro j " .-

,U*'!t ri,(!j,"6,ri" a.r2HT ."..

1"
Ibid., 94
" Layton 2000, 60

(rv
i?-.
 _,,aiJl alrrr,,ajl in Ul

- .\. l' \Jt-oJ

-- 3at)rl - r.Jl j
r*\lt ai;l
L
-! '" *.o*ll ai)\e
BoJ:'. 'r ,*) "r! g-" Attributive constuctions and adjectival predicates
.oc r,rnrc-rtKu c(ro :\( c-^")
aJ)\.,Jl
"rA.iji.- ,jir,, ,*;l f'i! i;V c,LiJl l^,r;
J :--.-t *'!\ ;K \:! .-'i ;r; Oi\:;i r(attributive construction) "r+.arJ\ ej_r--rtt" ,

.; f ?crlB lllM r.ra.ra.eou .(adjectival predicate) "GJl ,a!t" .,;1,,

"j- .r .5
.r | .-[" tta.pron :4J-ar\.)1*5jjl
i-3 ir c--.) "3, fr 5"
, .* t ,-lt ,+ (ai*S p:*-*lt r)tri) ai;\ gL -i
. i-,.:': ) $ -+
"-l..oJl JU teNMa, ttXaete ,r'r;\:U iJd- (r.ur.a;\ilI Ip \-.) .L=.L J_r*Jl
- -': -4-:t'.rr-o,I, -.r, "LlE .!2r" oypcoue ppeqpr.roBe ((\1 ,o J) "; *; ,FLi"
[l :i: -^e -):12,-lt;'t alut
-:
Li) "5At +,.;"
noelK laue o(rr ,\t -req36cco r,rppo ,(rr ,o;J)
j -:; ,r-\\ ;-,\.,e.ajl " Lr,,-j!.7i a:," co Ngylpra. t tcoue .(rr, r r* ) " ji+! I lcLl',
-',
-=: -.,;i 31 a!tb)! .(tt :rJ) "!-*- lL^" oycpror Ncorqa.,(r ,r;e)
t't,(lr! --o
a*-i}! LJ;J! i+r dp _*-J r",
ii riiJ e=fir r:.a
eoYelr oypcuMe necr2co-r ,(L;a
?2.€
^jj+") r--u J-i)" -;".)1 ,*$)
?IK x(l)(l)Pe "ai!]l a-orfll" r3r-r3a.X lu,.rnoo-re ,(ro :tr c_-,) "(;r\.crJ\
?HKE x\xe oYPOMe lreococr) r.rcroyp luyna.-roc r.rre ,(rv ,\A;*)

2lr.o .(rv ,rr

1i; "rft*Kt As flf .*.!-1r" ra.uaa.rH
ogrirUf ) crL-r ;rc L,! a.yo L,,J\ ;t-ri6tsu--\ o<=.*
lrelnoo rkcor ,;.[.i fralKa.loc a.yco r.ra.ra.ooc r.r2opcr; r.r3trr :(tt,r _"a t,,Jl

|"--:r- r^-1" .<ft ellll" nppo r.rca.re a.yo Hoou,"j'UI\

nNOG NPPO elLJlrul"
.9-Pr

'oo Ibid.. 79-84

(rA
 )1 Je"ib sU".Jl'o".rull !t oijl
t :'-

oyp(DMe r.ra.lKa.roc :LJl \.i.o qltr

C- 4Ju\ c.,u.,J\ '' i*-_ _--
"dU\ CJ\ \-(/,i" ncag r.la.ra.eoc c(t. ,r;*) "r!
J-.r" Attributive con:i;.:. ,:] J

.(r ,ti ;,i) "e .trrf," Na.pi.oc fintc-nru ,(ro ,tt c.*) ajy,.Jl
"-i-6 rjio .-.*_*
-ts_.
aij\ r.uu;liL r-tr*j\\ JK li!
f ) \F
r.r, \3'3e
r.ur,r J"U r-ll \l,z -:

JU t\ r(attriL'ur;'.: ; -,

cA\de rur,r .(,r '1_5 r) "CL- J*-c S:" tcuB NIM lra,ra,eon .(adlec:-'...
Cttoq tlll,l tt-ttra.toc ,(rt c.*") "aJ\L t.K 5" t'ta.pror.r
'tl
.(ro :tr *-") "&,l, S"
*:*)\ ,*'rl *+ (;ii ,.^.>:_
_+ (- J.. or-Jt aiJ\ e**$ {^t^-'i\) &..J\ J'U -r.3 -.>
|CNM\ tlJ(a.ete :ll !,:\; - :-^--,
,i -L :tt "\r;u--L ai-^alt ,--g,.r-,I\ r't,,*.}..rJl
-'ll ,J"-:-,, f-'r\ "t*\-! .t-.r" oypcur re ppeu.plr
.;\:i,-:rrr r!\ &J\ J+ (Nru;\r'Jl \*g L) -,*--lt *)\* aJUt
+L-r noclK laue.(l :\r ; ) 5_* ._
,{Ju;\ .:\,J1 J-S r-or.arll
r'rl J.; ;i, cJ\ c,U..Jl a,-r;+ jlr."l&- 'co t1p1. . pra. I

ai,p ,5 a^" ,^+\,)

v ,\> e.) !\r,l\ ;i!Jl crLi"oJl Jl ait")\,
t't'(f yt
--
t-.+b Ll! i<:.i f ,..= -
EBIHN C\BC u&e SoYelT .*t") J-tj oyptutre r-te.t
"|--.r"
royi CO)TN taK x(l)(l)Pe "+i\,]\ ,.,.:LL\" T?r.-l?;,.X fri.rr r.r.
MePIT car.-ll.ro tHKe x\xe oypcuMe treocucr; r1cro17 il_...
(r)oPn
1i; "rfr-*(
NO6 3Lxo .(rv ,,r
_=-.) ;_
ogrirf:t) c.,L.o;-r-e !_- a)..r.,.

.(r ,tr _r) "i-rLJl a.+\1 or-o" NeiNoo r.rrcot ,alli IIIIKa.IOC a.yCU tra.ra.eOc r{i'Lr:

gr" oyttoo [uHq, (Yo ,o c-*) "-"LJ\ dlll\" nuoo nppo r<fl cllll" nppo r.rca.ae e\-u)

'o' Layton 2007, 33.

'o'Layton 2000,91.
"'lbid.. 79-94

(rl
i --.i -t^aiJl 4J,'=..d1 ++JJ1

:GJ\r4l\ nta.e ((\. :\r "Jy!t .:U\" nogopr ,r;a) "_gf

l) r'rpo ,(o

*, Y',)'
i f'*- crU--Jl 3'\: teNcoooc ,(rv :v:) "-Uf ,c;'J\ d\" r.rgooy tu.roo
-':
c ---<i ; )ii g;i a,J\!\ dlf jr ;"1rJ. \
"-r-""
TeiloHT r.tcatr.ae .", L(-- L5" t trpaMMa.Teyc

0c lle .",-j ,J" oYx(t)(l)Pe re .";ra^J\ L-r,J\ .ia" reiroyi llfue."ilaS\

3aq r.-rnpoQHruc :ol.:li .9ir*+.s'J gaq a,"rJl
;i ----i -+i "U-'rtf:*.i "!pi"
n€':-5 ",,i;ai'i iiJ l*:q, tat 6(\f ,1r+) ";;arf
6'J-f'gaq trgrce,(tv 'tr *--")
";,..ra:(
t..t
i
rt
-: j : )" -* oYoYelN IIe
s.-U" ).ffcuoyN r.ror ga.g ttccoua. ,"i1.6 .:l,;" Npoune

'''l)..e'r\ j\-: nr M;tr'iU t3i.i .r,,-J\ 6K \:)

'i;.oJ\ -r+
r.ru.a
"L*'b c,[i.rj\ -'!\
)'_t--ri J", S" noNHpoc NIM NpoMe
*' - ;;.. ^\1 al*i.:--l -r.:-e
I

.;t-ri,p! ;r.o:J\ "Jai-,,_$i" o)ula i;,.J\ -C

t.5-:- ,";: 'i Ui *i,(r\o -^, -'!t, ;.::',
(.a ,-l ;,) "-.!J\ ,itl"
,(urr-r ;l>'l\ \-rc \-.) .9,.-J\ .-i-,\
.i-.i, ,-'!\ ,n 9i:;
nNoo
.";r^iJI(;Jl" To)eepe o)HM ("Jli"r r'!;i" 3er.rcr;Hpe g)LtM
-. : rl\lKa.loc i(l)B ," s,rb,
.( I
' e.,rr U. jz\l
il
rlrr ,_J" noo, ")!)-" rof ;\:-i"o.!\ g;: ;r-:[ o'J\- j
.(tr :t.r..) *)\;-a,\ii" ''t,$\ lr,b ".*Jie
3escgHpe Koyi
i- :.:- --i-: 3r)U JYL j
fl(gHpe r<oyi,(rr :rt r5 r) ";--JiJl J\" uexa.plcMa. Noo
", ,'' :-) "<+J\ .!,L" r.rr.roo
,r fi; "r-(1
(( l. lt aa*;i" neycoN Norl.(\t ,L\2)"1;-)\ ;,'!\"
.
\'
!,-l:.,\

.(rr

:;-nJl -\! NIM j\: r.nu;trYU t3ii u*^r,]\

-'J\ ;K
\:J

.(tr ,r .:-) ";LJt,U,\t 5 ,rt--jr\-tr'qHpe g)HM NrM

'o'Ibid.. 83.

(t'
 )l*J)b crU,all'r*.u!t J. ";tt

"-_.i,
nfla.e r(\. ,rr
1i; --
,(r.t -o,o*)\ {f-l\}r\) a*-'!\ r}; oU-.lr j'r: geucoQoc ,(rv ,v ) --
,-1*!l + _: :

:')\JJ\;4" a.N eeNnoNHpoc ,ra(; ;lrL .ri,-i ilUl d! iJ 6lr.\l 015 Tela.eHT ltr{:t.ii.-

"rt i*" t€NAlKa.loc Ne 6"Lj gt" oyxcucope re ii_

. s 7r._:..
J-
:_ .;_

. r..
cq:.jl' ?a€ unpoQur,rc _-
ta€ ((\('1r+) ".;,j,'. 3tr

*o" Jq\ "i;

..6. , ;; | *9
."li\,;
YJJ J JJ
)'
J+a''
oYoYelN ne c-oU" a.yrooyll rlor 3a..r i;-

t'',i)\.gY\,L*'! crLiJ\ :i"-Jlr, -rr NIM j'i-i tttrt ;:r:_

."--; >
J.J\ g:!) JJ i"u p>t'i 'u*i g c-'LiJ\ ,"\-r;:*"1 -r-c
,;tri C;L .;r"oJ\
_- ---
'. '
rrNofr€ :\-rr ,iul *.)\ .>L57l\ 'J Wi *i ,(tto -a
6- -'r.
g.r-r;J\" nea.rloc nerpoc ,(tl :rl t)) "-.L,Jt iil" nNoo
."0-4rJ1 ,r;-Jl" TCpecptl rl)L:.l
[M].Ka.ploc na.yxoc ,"r\]\ .r.9i" nAlKaloc itoe ,"s.r[,

,( tr : t. r,") ")\;--,r;-r-i" 2er l.r,1s.

-rea.nylrcur.r|Li*j)\ 9!5/\ crU-oj\ r.^ii ; ':[], g'j\-- t)
UJ
nqHpe r.oyi,(rr :\( j' i "-*
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,a;.oJl -r+ nru g'\: lul,t -: ji. - .

.(rr :r c--") ';\;-..)l ,u.'t, j ._-

'ooLayton 2007,34.
'o'Layton 2000, 99. "'Ibid.. 93.

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-_-. ii: ji' qxooP ePoi

J. hlu airUll
S- l- - 5\
/ - -zlt; --
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I pt-r.,r J a\-v;.:-L
\ k*i,-t "L;l ,i;i,pl" ee i.K fi*.j ;!tJl dp ,1.,-:lJ
,.7 -:->.,* ;lU S; (e3oYe ,.L:;Jl ;;!c; rtlo *
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Ka.TA oe a.N ,(trt ,t.-;J)
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ntift]Yo eioNa.c ,(tr ,l;J) "or*)|i L-ji
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:,-- ts qoLlooM NtoYe €PoN a.qelpe K\Ta. ee r.rra.t12<ou eTooTq r.lor .(\ :rr
J)
+J, -r-.:i ,.\-v;':-L lroe ecr;a.pe fitHBC ,(tr ,r c.-) "JUl .r"iL'e., " na.[rexoc

R ne \ll nePne ne:")*"a;rJ\ .(rr ,tt-J) "1L^o.tt poyoeru

"...bi L_lio"
[.('. .r .*.) "t,_S-J\6i.-r-i\ ,F:.;.J-JI a;1J\
+ ,I.a;jU rrLrJl uV V -r4 .J
a.utrlc.(:I :1r) "9d# d.r'J' :e1Ji;cra"r.IJ S;\ A) ,+;
,5i" (rrr --"r) na,pa.-rilrrr --) e;-,}t j_r- 6ls.:--u
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Keca.(gq r'anueyua. ,(f . ,o jr) "o-,.o JL_ci" ema,i
d*d;gi
TNo6 .(to :tr e*) "+;. ,-t\ sr\
6[i o**" eytooy €poq
J+-lei) ;-^""I1 st dxi" jSi ,.*-LJl" ,\e eNa.i Te ra.ra.rrH
J-lI.-rlSi" na.pa.lll.roo lra.nocroXoc c(\r :Irrf \) "(L.-.lI
\J -\"Ji !" ulr cBoyi o r'll.loo snaqca.fl,(,r ,rrrf () ",L!Jl
* ") "aolr_o.r,-f,,i
MHnOTe a.t1-raqr.-l oya. eqTa.luy c(rt .r.

,(,r ,rrl) "eJt 66 Fi) ,5i 'J'*C rL9 \c: atJ" epor

'ou Tlll 1955,76-77

tt(
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na.pa, nKeceene ,(tt ,f .:-.) "G- g" qXoop epoi

CA\
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Cotnpurr::.. r- :--,.1 :

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k:=-_; "l;.Jltr ,,.e.:
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-: __-_. . -,
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:ro al
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6i) Ka.Ta. oe a.N .(ra,.r.
I
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.(to 'tA J) "o;lr rr(u 3.c F+ ;i ;r ,5i" r..lnr.royre ttOe .(rr :\t _q) _-.-y _-;
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a:rUlt Heeeu;a.pe nSHac -'
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_f c" NIM ne nNo6 erltgu-roy,(tt ,.:^) "t"$J\

'tt 6i-o.:J\ F:.iJ.Jl +iIJ\
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MHnOTe a.tlraqt.l oYa. eqra.lli)
.(,t ,rr ,J) "rl- tLtf jS'l -r:'
"'Ibid., 78.
"uTill 1955,76-77,

(!r
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:t.r-c'!l

Numerals

rd: i^*..(Jt ;i rr,.J\ eF

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fr-re, {tce
Cardinal numbers

J\ ;JJ ttrl gy, $J. l

ri -=j t ,c ;*Lr'J \, t-^c'J 1 ra,,:
-:: j-=.i 3;-*}pErYt .r..
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fi*-*i';,lU)),J 4LKJ\ ;,rJ\ \.,i ."y..." F
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a.J\i .-itiJi
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fre, )r Jax

qr(o)oy-, qr€Y- .(41*s;i) a.;.a; g;i\-'!1 \*.-1

(r)
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1 a. oYa oYel

2 B cNa.Y ctt-re

'o'Layton 2000,58; and Plisch 1999, 19.

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cfl 5;* ea'9,c

J i o2our.rr g)oMTe
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I H (l)MoYN g)MoYNe

9 o frc, frr frre, frce

u"5 t(dlr'\y c(\' ,rr) cr\^:JU ,-UaJ ;,.pLi ;2"a \.-I

6Ur'Jt "*, t'-" J$-JJ tFl
:gtr'r\J c,ru.Il;;r(.:J fi.*-j (6u;!r5rd) ili; "..,
tI.li
olrr.rJu iJdll;JJ-JI
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1 -oYe -oYer oY-

2 -cNooYC -o.rooyc(e)

J -g)oMT€ cgll-r-, o7llr.rr- ,:U'- Q4l-rx-"1, 6 4i i-,

4 -a.qTe q-r(o)oy-, qrey-

5 -TH

6 -a.ce CCY-
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2 B CI[a.
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"'Layton 2000. 58; ancl plisch 1999. r:

(to
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j- rt'\jJ\ a\-r;:-\ :O\/-::il (()

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--; :+: " xoYTa.qTe ;'r:-c ((

10 i MHT MHTC r.-ltr-r-

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tlb.a.BT\C€ ."uDl,Li; a-,.ri" -ra.(e)roy ra.(e)roye
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-TH ,\-";:-l -r:-s t0 o g)qe, g)Be, cqqe olqe-

-r
; \t-rYT- ,";;"9" uf.fl-) -f 80 rt SMeNe gu(e)ue-

.g:., q
li;) ti3 -r-! r or--
90 n0ra.(e)roy nc-ra.roy-, fa.r-r-

LITH .";_.--:-c-e i.i" J1OYTH

cr\;cL:, JrJn :L'Jl g. "o1r;*" rtoYoT i]\ fi*-j

o"g;Lj" qroyxoyo-r ri .1-rooy trroycor ('1:r,--r g;
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."-.' .r*)\;" o)MNTqe

.-,S- ,- *j\ f \G:-\ -

-ril-r trrr;e ,rr:\gu--L L$+,

'on Till 1955, 84; and Lay.ton 2000, 59

"oTill 1955,94.
"' Westcnriorf 1971 ,253.

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:crL;J\ g, :\-)\ l\-r;.:-\

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dJl
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10 I'IHT Il
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20 K XOY(DT l!r-
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30 lL
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'-i) l-{}.a.BTa.qre," .J-:j)by {:-," Ma,a,BT}.ce r"oJlL-3; L.ri" 50 N ra.(e )ro1' -:ri
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;r+ S+ olJ\ ar CJ C "i*." --rH 3l-r..=.:-l *r 70 o CDqe. 0)Bd. c'-i

,^:%1,("gyr-j" fa.rr- ,"61r"*" xofl-- ,";r&" r'-nll-) -r 80 rI ?r-r(]lr€

i'r:*c L.Ji" tltttr tt"'(r't --o ,"\c-r'J\ f b) t".a .s! r or.- 90 q ncta.t € rtor

." ys7ril L.r" fa'r'rH ," a qr^:,-c) a-i" J!oYTH

.:rLi.cL.a .J,-J<J rL)i -. "

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."r..,a-!Lilj" c9l-lt trgle

L.r\ C "\.. ,aj\-"" cr;e

,SJt e aL63l ; "Jl 6lr;.:-\-
."r.. ,;jL-jX" {glottttt r.ro;e ,r.r 6\x;.:_L l--e
+

:'n
Till 1955. 84; ancl Layton 2000. 59
''' Steindorff 1951, 85. "'Ti1l 195,5,84.
"'Plisch 1999,'l9. " Wcstcnciorf '1977
, 253.

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.o)HT:-c.; (; l "9L:o" frl-

100 P c9e

200 C (r)HT

300 t 0)MNTg)e, qoMl{T No)e

400 Y qToYo)e, qTeYg)e, qTooY N(l)e

tl)t-t Ctt).J 500 0 foy rlc9e
t-t-r'LDrl. (Dol lllT N0)O 600 i ccYg)e, cooY No)e
€\-rl)o. qTooY No)o 700 ca.qq Nqe
Y

800 (t) 0)MoYN Nqe

Ft'u9o.cooY No)o 900 T frc r.rcae

cgl rr)Yrr il(l)o

MHT N()e :c-'\:11 OrrS-:
^i,-} r*r+.:rJ'Jf dF d="i
L-" ce f,tc9r€,"\f .. ,gL*.y , ili" t.lfrrcNooyc f,tgte,"\... .. -Ji"
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200 C

300 T Lirl i!i-

1000 a, (l)o
400 Y qrLryo)t'.
2000 B o)o cNa.Y 500 0
c9ur.t-r<r2o, cr;)oull'r t t<9o
3000 I-
600 i cd:
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700 t I

I
s000 F, foy r.rqo 800 (D

c€Yo)o, cooy r.tcgo

6000 \
:
900 r
7000 Z ca.qQ nrgo

8000 H cr;r-royn tttgo

Un-r t'rCge :c.,L,J.l .r_*--- ,:_;
9000 o frc r.r<9o
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10000 I TB}.

,a#tt ,t*"it

\++ L,.ll A-h ,ffi AriLJ\,"Ur!t;,, i5;t , t-^c!tJ,-f-i

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ceycge frt9ro ,"\tt." ,\-:Ji o*;\ in:\s i*" r-rn q-rooy t'rcr;o -Lll C "\... ,.jJi" go -,-
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Kil 106 cu-re r.tc2u..le,( it

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i-" orre ilsaxnu-z c(Al oyoelK r.roycur ... :(rrr -a) oy(l)T ,aJl 6\r;u..-L -
- "
CttTe ilPOMne."OLJ4" ,r-.^> ... ,r--!;a-" oycoMa, r.toyco-r ... neioelK troyco-r

,:t_"c.Jt3! _e .(tv ,t.f t) "--!l;gl li,6 ... -r--!

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a-* i .-:-\ "l-r;c-L - noYa. tr3teta:N At-!, -ry-',Jl--lU frr)\_[..] lL [:[ -
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ttt.( o

"uTill 1955,92.
"usteindorfl' 1951, 85; and Till 1955, 82

(0.
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cNa.Y rlgooy ,(t ,t. ,-,,.c) "#y" cfrTe p63.1s1p2 c(At oYoelK r'toyor ... :(r.'_-
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-'
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''' Till 1955, 93.

'''Tilt 1955.82.
"t Layton 2000, 60.
'''steinckrrfl 1951, 85; antl Till 1955. hl

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(-^-l; e; l-rc L)
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i r,
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a.qMoYTe a.e enetluNTcNooyc t.ltqa,ouTlrc ,\.1a ;rr<=
{e?cfiTe rroypcge
'--'i\ j"i ,(t ,t.c.-^) "...eUrb .ly),j \cry" a.qf Ney ...
.":-ij\ ;:tr\" "i.e G-:)l
'cro\' r..luegcna.y
9lr,.*ri i*,.ri Ul" Keqrooy lreeo-r Ne N-re ntogc er
: nl le?COOY N€BOT."dJ\J\
+lG" a.yrcor.llr-r epotl r'ror pcoue cNa.y,(ro :r;,r) ":Lol\
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rHci T).lr)\' l.lN oya. r..lla.xr..roc

,
I ^-.- l?r
ULsl

j MnMeecer cNa,Y

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(c(
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a.qxt unfol' rloerx r:-l - r

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l' s3-"-L\1 \

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3r.r rr.-re2poune Ct.r're 2r.a ."a^,bJ\ +l *" r.anue3cen cNa.Y

.(tt :t. -rc) "oibJ\r+jJ\+ a-bl\LJ\*" nuegesor cNa.Y

"u Layton 2000. 60. "'Leipoldt and Crum 1908. 43. l. :

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flt\rg€ .(rr:'1/) "G<I( eltr t.tnXa.NH 6(tt :o s-,) 'F)t J*[J\" lrrcolpa.u-ruc
.,,;, .( ri, tv .-^) ";ra;Yl a.J).\J\"
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=i -
Fractions
LJUJI ;cLJl" rn clxrrr:c :l:t

:6lsc*.[ ("G.o)" \-rc L) at*J\JJ*,(J\;,-r=; -i - r,tt

a;Jl TCn CNT€ ." i;_ _- -:
(oy<os fr- ,i) oytr- i.K -
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noyNcgor-1fr'r,"r--i" neqoyllfoy o"r;.lJ\" noynuu-r

-j" noyrlqrooy unra.g.(rr, 'rr 3;) "ro..tt e^.l.l" frea.).a.cca,

.(r ,,r y;r) ,,r;r.!\

nPa.qTooY ,.!-i :r.^, to)* " r.*" pe- ;i pl- a^K -

peMHT ,"g--Ll" p\cooy ,"e^.BJl" npecgounr ,"6)\"
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.(r,r ";LJi *,r " r-.ttif.

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'.
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,,

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\J
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:..
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c ri'ratup,_r["oi:-,.c
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?. - j-J .-<.-.J\if Jr'!t,;f ,",,id) Jlil" cN\Y oY6oc
:,-'^ ^'\);rr.r" TB\ oY6oc

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io1'cr-x9 . necllay,,jjj ) I
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na.PMtoTn

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"'Till 1955, 94.

"'Till 1955, 86-89; and Layton 2000, 100-101

 )Ut'ib r:LL^l1'r.-Utt.1"";tt

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j" tt:rn c,.o)qe:.:;y J-,.i:-rc \a3i,,, ("arL" aXn i.K
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'" Till I 955, 86-89; and Layron 100u.

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lqel .Ae oN eBoX r-rnliil' u.:

A\ *sf ,g#)\Jl J,4rJl lr
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I
z i, t r_.!iT:

Chapter 6: Prepositions .(o .r ,t. .:-) "i-r_ t i; _

.i5Jt i;A\,*r* + (YtE) r-; A"!..;Jt arlJ\ ill Jsr

7-

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.(rro - L +J\,rUQJ\ C:b) i"n-;

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.6y r Jsrsrr;..icr\-r=y J)

iL**9Jrlr isr
Simple prepositions

e-s-Jll\;JJ-Jt dr"-J{+2jl ;JJ-JI d,rl

a.Xtt-, gXlt- a.Xttlz

e- €pOz af i.rr5irr; rJi

.-o
(, r(Jlc:9,Li

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r"ruag- -t-;o.y j,6\..i
rqtr- tt'itt.la,, a'
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N- frr.-ro, A.t-!, idrr f*

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e.--::: -. s-U)d) "J1" - N- NA, J.JI
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oYre- oYTO),

qa.- tr)a.poz JI
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e\- f a.poz 'a f ',9 !r:.-4
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: j_r^ €co\ol,lcDN t.lneirqa.
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rcct r,rnerepoc finecea.i .(rl :o ";; a.I" ,JJ+" a.xN o)a.xe lanopsra. ,ij:-.i
c.-)
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C
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a.qf neqoyoel enlxa.Toc:(u.li.x'i! F,\"yJ) "J!" -
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.(ci ,rr .-.) "ls J\-J- o, dici\:3,o" 6s616racux laneiua.

,(ttt -a ;xaJ\ C:! t,-.,.-a.!1

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.(to:t;t)

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d'c
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tLY rrb.q il6.1 NeqMa.eHTHC elc tHHTe fcr;oon ,(sr ,l c-^) "L*^ o,il\" nuol-re NMMa.N

grlr-\1' fintrorr€ tN NeTxoce .(r. :trt **") "1!'!\ ,5 €*\:i\,^" ttt.lptu-nnrtregooy rHpoy
:--:i" llOYlrOBe KH Ne eBO}. .(rv :i;g) "!\*-o C(J \iU" a.tpoK Ko)a.:te nlaua.c
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,"*+" t-tltttccuz / ullnca.- (r) : Jc.^22._9. ._-

,

rqr.rr.rca. ,t ."r) 'l-:r\t ,i-o -r1" unlrca. r.ra.i ,,-[:.i

,(rr
r-lnr.ro. o)MoyN ,(tr ,tv *-) "l!ia.llj *,i" o;oun-r N3ooy 6( . t t r r

.(tr ,t.r) "6!iirL: *,r".a,e N2ooy

nr.i ,(tl ,r J;:-r:

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fna.royuocQ ,(tr '1;J) "erEJ\ 1l^ +" r-lneiua. -

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elc tHHTe fcgoon .('- j-
,(tt ,r rJ) "J\"'!t dt ,jl *+l" neooy r.-lnnoyre gtt nertoce ,(t. :f ,t.-.-)",,\.)r 5 -*, -'
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nr rrot HClllC ,(V '02) .(sr:rr;,i) "\r[ o-] J[a* lLri;ru,i"
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ta. nta.[ ,(\o 'o c--") "JL(. ci" ea. oYql ,",>]" - TCa.PZ ra.P enlOYl,i€t rr\Bd
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(tr,tor) "ct-i oyre npne ufr .(1 :,: ;' r r;.

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a.no- (rind) ,'F9 "t''

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na.pa.- Qrapd) ra,Pa.Po, Jlo. (JA P,.i I

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na.p).po, / na.pa.- (t) ((

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oY).T6oM . (\o ,\oJ*):'...git &* \-.5" N-re na.ercp-r ...

=-.-, l-tHTe -C .(tr ,tl.:,) "oLJ\pUi3-x-..- l-i-o" rluagprl npcoue ne na.i

gT1-rHTe N-
.-tJ^i"fiuo)onre
* (.;-F;\ri;y"r/-,) + L, .ir-- e-ir.' (r)
t-l-nltrre N-
'r.l- -\
+ rrntH-re r.rr.rca.2

a.q€l 6ncqua. ttOt :r-;,.J4]1 ;trL ,ys-L ;tri Jtu-i-

I rr rHre N-
'ep:,.rQ ,(rv,tr 3) "*rr^" o_6-,_r*.i+ gi" nopr.roc QHcroc
2r1
-reyuHre
.(rr ,rrrJ) "d,UiLKi" a.noyrDl.l l"rneK.fiTo eBot,
T}t HTr r r2 etroycul.to;)
t,+-Jt .>U\.g}J\ r+\,)
L! /', ^:,+-,:l\
't'
c,\\JI ,,-, MMo, -L,aJ -
,i llTO -) L

."LrE" ?lna.eoy i.ll-lor.r,(\ro --

rlne r rrr-r rt-
,ttzr'.;t'BoX -i
ir-{-: r iBo\ t-tnNoY're
N).c).?6pa.Tc ne unsox ,"erL;" r-rnsoX [r-

.(rt :r.;rr) ",$+rJ\6ttr ra\t c;(" r,rnra.Qoc ecprue

(v!
 )\ aSf :g"rLJl ,l'.aijl a :''

,(} -! -t tl-r u*-- ;i Oy-r,) nuoL N- t+i ;UJ BO)K ("4jJ1 e,, ;:-.j-' -:--:-..-;r:

1) "^a*tt a)V o1rz" a.YCYPP'. ftuoq nsoX t't-rno\tc * -

eTPeqNa.trre-r rr-i-e -"';-
.(n 'rt a.qra.).e -roorQ ef,ri ::'.:.

ra.yXu \i.^^, ,r\y ,72V" 2tsoX f,t- +b" erXl-l nxa.2.(:. .- _! -r

"';c "jitr\ J li, oLJ\ ,.:;" 2aqr; :l>:
.(r ,rr3;) 6;\.- 6Jt,\,J\" er2tro\ t"lnepne
";K.," Ml d.d+l" er2Mooc tatliiq -

enMr Wg ,d/ {rr" enMa. N-

ucor N-roq r.rrraqprl nb-:- .
"';.c
"r,-i,-:;-nA
,(rf ,f .^,) ar.i+" trtupculuc neqelcur r-
NeNra.icorlloJTHpt-r\' .
.(rr
'r;x)
"i; d,F tLg1*:" oyx).plc enMr
noyxa.prc
OYA.T6'OM , (\o,r: ".
---) =- _

l'L-;1" MHTe -C .(tr,tl e.*r) "-** ,; _--->:-

ayee erMHTe :'L) J!" erMHTe N-

.(v ,,rl) ":.1p,'!t -l ).*L." r.tt'lc9ou-re
'ii-'(-4---i: -,-
eqeMooc ,"d.ri ,L-1 C" lt-rplu-re N-
,;- -JL S-)y*a\ .-t_.:t --
.(t't ,t
-l)
";n-JIt drJ \IJtr" ltruHre r'rr'rca.2 -
a.qGl GneqUa. ttOt :. '.--:.
a.qra.goq i'6, ,L-1 *" e* TMHTe N-
.(tv,tr Li) ",-;*-
gr.r ,(rr ,l r*) "49 j uUi" epa.-rQ 3n reyuure --f-,.-
.(rr,rrrJ) ";-, -' :i'-'
.(rr ,t. g-.) "o\Jr L-1J" TMHTc r.rger.roycuncr;
L ,-1. )
-
t"tro -) ^Jlc.rLLcJ\
"','ui"
-rrlJ\
:eBoX \:J\c ar.i9 ,"g\-,t" llneuro
t't-

qNrp ,(r ,r ;J) "..i1\ ,"Ui" r-lneu-ro eBox MrtNoYTe

(Vo
 -..4iJ1 ,.,,,:r-411 A++IJI

, --. ?BOYP -L \'^

tye )g.c\" oyNoo ra.p MneMTo eBox lln:toerc
- ?l?BrlYP N- .(ro ,r;J)
..=--, ,_,

j+-. liTtl8BoYP MMoq i";?,.iJ.;" na€oy -:

.(ir
eqrrq tlna.eoy r.rrc,"")+,(.j,L" Srnaqoy r.r-
r-->: ?OYtt -tg .( t r,tr " r-I^o.-J"
rJ) Lp-.l.J-;
[rq,.-r1r r r]- ,"r.*or" oyNa.M -)
: _-=:: ll[eYtoYN
a.qeMooc ,"ult f ,e..-;c" gr(r)oyua.r..r r.1-

:\ u--c) "i.^t Jl o1.i dF ,*I7" tlroyN).M r.rrMtttbloo

-_.- -)*1 * (ll)ca.- (r) OYa. eloYNa.pl t-$-lOf ,"d.*"i

*,;n- g-c" gtO.gna.U tf ,(f
.(tr ,t. c*.) "tL-;c -r-!"
\: :-P t'.u": .C;f
Ji-i ," L
- ,a;r-r!" te _)

qr9( \Cl
&" ltoe lan3o tloya.rrexoc:""!-:.r" r.ree r.r-

rJ!* Je .(ro :r
Li)
"i)\- 4=.J

.L..r .-c ,"L\-u" gH -C

Jt\, ?}.eH .A.e r.1n(r;a.,"Ji ,fui" ea.OH N-

ro:fQ rrca.aoX upror,aJ::,i
'tr *) "6.-;lt * p" r'rnna.cxa.
qNa.Mooo)e ,(t
,l
Qllb.]ltDT t]ca.so\ fit.lcu-reu a."trl_#-.|- Sa.TeqtH eM nenNa. MN T6OM ttgHl,ta,C
frr"-repe ncloyp llnppo ...
tleH ra.p r,uleftooy ,(rv :r r) "+:i ;ps 7_:; (^+^**)
'r- t=-' ,,-'i J" g)oxNe epOC .(rr ,o Li) ".. 1:!\,*r Jj
)l4(\\ ttCa.Oytt}.t-l lrUOt,(lo
"!"...
,a4L;" 3toH r..ll-looy ,";p ,;\-i" 2roH ir-
a.r..r\"i i \l.l t-tneOyCta.CTHPlON
,",...J\ 1ui" greH r,tnxoelc c"r4^\-.i
 )\*uf :u^,:LJlrF-.Jl
t-=r

: j--_ tBoyp -L \'^rY9 *-e-.1;" er-r;.r' 1:-:

nQrooc ttnrooye :'j.--.- ji 3r3eoyp r.r-

:f o c--,) ")b_;e;rli;,_;)J :*;'er?l?Boyp r.,tr.aot1

i->'
.(rr
eqlrq ArrAtoy rrrd " ; --o
;" i;\)" eoyN _,J

eyMee r.lsa.x ,";p\: ,i" fin2oylr N-

.(,r ,t;;) "5J;\-, + U"ri"SlJ" r..rneygoyr.r

a.qtMOOC ,",-1- j.---- j
:\ ---c) "i-.t Jl _._1 _.i _.-
,r.r- * (.;-rrc;\.:i9y-r,/ i) (r.r)ca.- (r) OYa. ?lOYlla.t"l rttttlx ,'-_--- ;
-\+
(r.r)ca.uox N- 'ljrCf 1111,6;f
ttca.necu-r N- J,-l
r.tca.-rne r.r- ,i.!, Lci ttoe l"rngo t1o1'a.rre\tr
L.>
"F"
r.rca.oyna.u n- ,'f.o'3

r.rcaqeoyp r.r- .L.,r .-o

caqoyN r.r- J;\, ta.OH .Ae l-ln<9a. :" .-i

.,(r1 :o c-") "g].:o \io \*iji" r.rir.rorQ r.rca.soX l-luor,aj:-"i qNa.MOOg)e .1t --,-"
't.
.(v:i 6) "^-4r-o \1.1 .r.ra*-" qNlrttDT ttca.eox taucu-reu r i tt
a.rLol_1-^"|- ea.Te(l?H ?l- I IrL
--j

l-rnexr<r;grooy e\a.a.y ca.uo\ r.lner-epe ncloyp unppo ... ta,ell ra.p r'rr.rei2oo\. .('r'
'r ,-i; "... d[I\ oo- t )u,i u 'ii \r$ s ji d" o)oxNe epoc -(t-.
.(tt ,ti c.-") "G=":;c ,J\" ?Mooc ttca.oyl.u.tl l.tuot,(to
,.<Ij" ?reH ill-roo1' ,"_ ;
u{-"i dF u,o!r " a.qa.6 g epa.rQ ltca.oyna.u la neoyct a,crHPl oN
;- -,=iJl ;:
=r.a,li=tilJl

fa.\t-lg eePa.i cxN Teqb.ne

,LJ ',s." ncaquolp ttttexa.tta.na.roc ,(tt ,\ ,) "Fa*I\
-a :,o)c;; ,!'Jl .f ulror,(r 'tr():,i) "Cl*\*KJt
.!:

,j9" a.yco Keoy;.I Nca.gaoyp

, i4, eBo\ glxM [Ka.t "i;L+;"
-- .(rv :t.r")
".> (-,:i.i" uHeleeu

- -. -# . NTOK 2pa.i r'qnr

t-l -rllrc-nc.(.0 ,rt :J+ ,-\ (Oyriri; * \.r; e-b,- + -j,J, (i)
-f)"Lp-
{r . '\ ,
jj ) "E o!)!;U" a.JjJ I,-i LJIJ \ r.Ej ) a.JjJ I,-.",rlJ I -,-i
\ uJ r .-! JJ \
_,^ 6

.(ru -..,
,l;":r;,J.AJI ;J"-J+*JI iJJ"4Jl
-1--i;,r*$ (.) J-J,l
eBox ga.- eBoX A).po,

eBo}. Al- euol gtcocuz

-iI;,"u, i'!l
eBoL tN- eeox r.r2u-rz lL-\St (tt'
.i-.-Y P!1i!) oy+
euoX grrlr- eBo\ plroor, ,-l=r
-l
aj, taU-tg
l-rc \-",'J!
euoX 3rrr.r- eBox glxo, l^
.-}" .r,

tl\l arr oY?roP 'alii

enecHT e- eI]ecHT ePo, Jl#-iJI
eeoYN e- €toYN ePo, -r; i"!-\: J!
ca.trg caa.rtl oy). ((f A ,to
1i;
€tpa.i e- e2pa.i epo, JJ
O)'tDl-l .(it ,tt rf t) ";-r--!
e3pa.i ertl- etPa.i exo),
--; -: il)).Trl r.ra.noc'ro\oc
,qo95 IC

+ _-_..L_ .-+ 0)).TN Oy\ (n)epa.i an- (n)epa.i r'r3u-r, (,

': : --i ; "-,l; oy-rr" NoBe
..\ - ..---_.,u1JLrioy+'.
-.- ).yxooy rlra.rprnX na.rr€Xoc eroX 2rrfi nNoyre:i.J:,.i
a.ycr;out r.loyx).ou ,(rt ,r r) "- -+ --o -,i\l Jt-r& Li"
 )t*sf :e"rLJlJ.aijl
t-:'.'l

\iP" eBox eN llcgoxre a.1-ra.loq eePa.i exN Teqrn€

_,L+ ,f" Hca.gao17 r-llln::r

eYo)rNXlcT .(tr :fY ,.:.,) "^-! $ ,Pil JFI\ if ,;"1y" aVcu Keo)'a.l x,;.a..1s.1
3pa.i gr.r .(rt ,tt r) ";r!r -b -.
j^,-i'.
.r-," eBox tlxM rtKa.e
a.NoK tpa.i NtHToY a.YO,(c :r c^o) "J o..,,3" BHo\eeM
-r.b" e3o1'N erc,(tr :\v;t) '':]-.j'j -+.j \ji" t't-ror 2pa.i lr2nr
:J--i.- { .-.
ep€ nJ.lK\loc NL<oN3 eaox 2t1 Tnlcrlc ,(oo ;11 -f) "Ly4

.(u ,t c-*") "cJl Jl" qpa.i enui.(rv ,t 2) "!4 ,-,L*)!;U" i4\ esA\ * );--{-:- -

(o)
'.gr-icrf;
€BL-)\ f ,}
*5-;t;,J,4Jr eJ"J4.;Jl;j"aJl d,rl
egt-t\ ?tr
NCa.- ltcco, ,-irl; r-u, rt!!
(;\rigy-r,
r.royecgr.r- f!ri!) Or+
eBrr\ ei-
gla.'rtt-, (t)}.Te- \r.c \-o,t1!
€BO\ ?U

en€aliT
"i..-U\ -,_lr\\ oj,o .g-" nca. Na.i gr.r oytroP :;.bi
€?o)'ti €
'rl ;,.1+ cx*.;i aLL" a'ixt Ngr.ae nca.cr; tr;a.'nr oYa. (((A i)
'lo
efpa.l c-!
,(r ,,r r*) "'Fi ,r+" lloyecr;ln oYOM ,(st
'tt ,f
r) ";l-'!
e3pa.i extl-
a.'rXr eue r.rca.cr;) .1I,,r
1) "J-]\\-r.s \-o" caa.-rlr ttanoc-roXoc
(n)epa.i ar.r- ;(tu?pa.t
cr;a.-nr ,(rt ,tt rf t) ";-r-! 'it ;-,t c.to.ti d^Ji" <r;a.-rll oyl
r.royecalr NeeBHYe t.lnuouoc,(lo :l V.s) "16;- ,J;-r," NoBe
.( ra,,r 2 ) "."r,Ul JLri.r;+" a.yxooy Nra.aprH\ n).rrd\rl
a.yu)cout rloyrlot t .( i -. ' _.

(Yl
..: _,,aiJl Ai+r.d, ++IJl

Hca.- ,"i*" C(DTfr -

!:
)t u,r* a.aUJ r er'G>)tll,_a,*
rHPrrY t rCa. neya.rrexloN
Some remarks concerning prepositions
.(rr
tsr "',(periphrasis) i.r$t :i vk-)r (r)
1 2t-:"racl' t-
:
=-u-J
-
, j_ ,_*-l',il -
I|KOKKOC
repb.Tz ,J$")d.# ;,r*. G oJ +l Js_r (J4+ -
i,a.- '"
---"'
TNNooy - ":Q.,)1" ,;; +Vf'J! *yll ".i-6 ,,La,: e.lJ-d ,(cr;a.pa.r,

q' ilcu-rr eeoyN eneqHl +tiJ )**o \ OJ-t L-r*J I ;,rJ I..: + I c-!r-
1 .
$ yi I

"'L.;
,.r+\ ,: C+l .:v ,Jr-;*) (-oy c-c c-e)
.1rr,r.f) -'Jt e 6"i ,J;.:J\

I
ga.pa.rQ ,ak"i ..*'r!
J"^.r GJI N Jl aitb)L i:-r,J\y
I'fHT: '".^-i 6(D(l)T - .. I, r.tt
! .".irl J)" epa.-rQ r.lnNoyre.(rr :or+) "3-Ir Jr-i" rlnrooy
)T fHTt]\', ?Il a.oHNa.c ...
,aSr, err.. U
C, J:)\ .. U.i -)s ;=.,1!\ ,ri-
.(rr :rv Li) "...
,(u ,t _*) "-<-"\si c.-+" ga.pooy ttxerNoyepute
c.i" g\poc llrne,(rl ,trrH) "l.r,{i r.rtoo-rQ r.rioyla.c
C
:-,_- :, -.er1 ^-.i (f) . rL-Jl
,
-.'
(_1-<i
-.i
j=,-; ;f.L G.-j)
J1-Il
'"',i--JLll
-
r"ii t^L*" j,i ,ir JLi.i\ f ,}\ , r,_.= (r)
--!) ol'b
elTne N-
'(tvrt -^o
ea.oH N-
a.qKo Nccoq Nua.za.peo t.'!;" rco lrca.- r"i"br" KtD -
](.lil-
.(tr :l c_^r) ";r.oU\ :\j"
cMoy :''r) r-r4Lb\" no)T NCa.- r"g_,-,.r.r" rIo)T-
.( I r, t t 2) " r-:s ;$;",-*-:J t,_5r r " enernHT lrccu-n r

"oLaytorr 2000.172.

(A.
 )l.sf :e":LJl .!,a-cJl

,,- - 9..
r.{noyccu-n,l ,"1Ui" cco-rt.t ttca.- r"&*" c(DTfr -

,\'2) "J*+)\ r-S U--t" ,.J" -rHpoy nca. neya.rrel,tott

.(rr

a.yf2rcocuq r.loyxxa.layc ,".,;Ji" f gr- r",rtci" 1-

.( t,r., rv -i "(yj \',1-:, ._rJi" lmorroc

,r\) J-)\" rttNooy ltca.- t"j-i" 'rttttooy -

"'g:-,:-l
"n:.+ J! Ac-u--{ 6i" erllrooy r.rccor €toyN eneqHl
.(rr ,r. 1i)

epe nb.yxoc.Ae :",Ji::l"otDg)T eur, i"&"o.tD{gT -

u-ji + e,.t:,1 ,Jr L+" 6cocl)T eHToy gtr a.eHna.c ...
.(rr ,rv
1) "...

,L-'rS \.1,,u-
/Ll p r'=,'u-j, )\ Jsr € L..:J. *=.i (r)
usr aeJ*"J\ ..1-6 J*iiJ rc-,L.,,ri 1r<r: ,\.^-*;frl,;#)
"',r.JL)\,}l
eeox gtt- nPoc- Strne tt-
eao\ grrr.r- qa.- 3a.eu lr- "
a.qKo) Nccoq i.rNa.za.pee -
Ka.Ta.- el- xlN-
na,Pa.- EIPN-
cMoy :'3;L,3+.b\" nor-r r1u
.(ti,rr o;) ".,.a;--i--+ _=.

"'Ibid., 96-97 .
"o Lirytorr 2000, 172.
 a.:Jin Jl4++!l

,r.Li) ";r"oLJ\;* g*\tLp-" rc neeol, gN Na.za.peo,aJ.l"i

,- - t"4iJl
,*,r^-7.^.J J " oyeBo\ gr.r nHi MN Tna.Tpla. Nla.yel^ ((yA

: Adverbs ,(t,r ,r .."e) "oiit ;9 ;4" oyeBol,3rr[ ntroyre ne.(r 's]) ":y\r
.(tt
't Ji) "r"Jtt*o e*J" oyKa,Ta. poMe \N ne
!a-
-*-Jl ,i; -,r!t
> -.3 JJz,i J
";J, ,C1"
, . -:J.-

.''*i.-o-: Y t+1(1J

-i-d=j
'Ihe :cr erbs

i- _-,--.=.J1 r.};Jlji
,;4+,'qq.J. (r)

._-\: _, ;;5 j -t:-b €:

'1-" erra.re :-!i ir$! \,o-:-rc

11rp(r)' ,"!_;r" T(DN."L1" T).i

=
r:- -:-E\ Jl aiL>)!
ITe ." _.5" noXr.a.Klc ("6'\-r.-i"

J:-A jc Cr\l-)L
-;2a
.5- * :* :Oe c-brlJ t-
i , .r
-- '- r ,,,\t
-*)

(A(
 "ir^oV
:!Ul 'r.a)
L.i.
JJ -LJl (.
Lailt
L,
v 6 ,t-,i,.gq
J' J
r:d-.j 'r

Chapter 7: Adverbs ,(trt ,t *) "ojlt

.(rr :

J\,ji (B\..) LQ.)a) oLK d (^*r}Jt ola,cJl

,i; -.,rUt
, ;,) Ji "\1?
J-+" c-,l.,e"a :i "!;+ G-A'
alt , t,
I ll> ly1,rq-)) ^t
l5s>t

.rL*i.;ra', k.(JJ
,-ior.LJl!ed=i

Formation of the adverbs

,Jlk;,-rg; dzrb 4 J" Lul , I.JLJ\

-1-ij
,a4d -iL.t (r)
LlJ\ .ily ,.srti c,LK oFs ,i u:j I Jr) €, ir
;t
Ma.y."aiE ,\5l" oN t"li-" eMa.Te :Ji, f_[], \-or-rc
r. rr tt'- ,- , t llt t(t, ,t
,"-dLa"
t(t, ,, rL^ l;l .!t ,t ..
. lr.> T(I)NOJ c Y;rl T(DN r UA T\l

. "
JUJL., 11" oyr.r ." -r.:io"
. \ Tore r" Y';5 " no).\a.Klc, "i,l.-.;"

:c>;rlJlra+.ls o\!-)\."

-r*, l'J A"JiL. .+L-Il

. ,lY-J,1.\t ;.-KJl -u, Y.iL :rse .-b-Lll-
J
.. (r(..,?r
ccrl ,
l)l ol..b l,*l-el €lMe 6e eNa.l ' : lr) cg)l
-\ll!r - -t ir,
p-1["y .r*)l

"' steindorff 1951, 101.

(Ar
 -,,4.iJ1 airi..4Jl ;.++lJl

'-' t-= a..a;-:Jl lrLJJl "\-*t*\,t J)\ !rU"

-*:i r.rro-ru oe n-rerr.rlarou,(tt ,il;,.)
i- ^ .1- .,.
{JUl Js-E\
--" _i=j .(io,ir.:^")
.-,i- i;Jl .Ja)
.ccDl,la.TlKoc
*i1"\L,JLlL.r.li)";L-^;r.c d j[3 u!; :ofN.rJJ\ -
Hel:J ;----' _*,) "ii;LlL.f--"
,r* JLf$ {t+l rJ'\,J li**o, .aJ-}t Jri+ 9! ', r-.; 'J
:,.-'- .xa-\oc ai-all jro) "[1*"
fconc oyN MMoK na.elo)T "''4+JJ\ C J.,"LS,olr-i
.(rv ,rr _J)
",_ti t ti1 iLt"
_2,
:.)s4, oq* (r) '-. , -
AirU-. - tl
Ai-\.,.aJ\ -
++X\
I
j 6\u":*'!\ J"lj ,--rJJ\ l],6
- > --j> J-. +l\e Jr<rr dr
-!.! -'jj

!c)€,j-:-.L -i :i..c-L" ,-'+ (t)

'll .">-;" eBOX :al:.i TepoMne,"\-LLt ,\.1,,i" ene3 JibS fii.^l ,U-i t*!,;i
J ;-"'en?a.e,"tJl ,i5 xa.a.y ,"(L^r-i" ?-eNcon ,(oyr.roy..r) "otj\" TeNoy ,"t'-,;-"
.. : 1r
.ltL\H . *-r--r I lcl egp).I .(rr ,r "lG" pa.cre,"\5).t1"
C)
." 1-," epoyte ,(r :r. ,*)
o)HM o)HM = KoYi Koyi :;\-:i oJ+ ,\r=: J=.*\-L-\
.*'r\
;il\" cxa,y cNa.y i'1* ,F ,\i,5," eooy tooy ."j$ 1..8"
. J$l

.-!_rr1 "J" Meo)b.z Cr 61:-l "L*)" ueg)a.r ,-; *LJl

-
111r)'cOtl ."6r" M[ Ht{e
"lJ\
'
.(to
'rJ) "g-*Il;* o,s=: L.r" Megrlr trroq nc nexc
111-r1'rr,)Hr t ,"q)5" r.ruoyx (s!ij'!
j" ua.ya.a.(r)u .9+5/lJ*J\ a.t' J-- Mua,re ,-; JJI
, ia.pxa.toc ."c^!rJl e1J!
.(rrr -^, ai*51\;L;J\ 5-!) "}; cor2"

"'Liddel and Soott 1966. l21l-1272.

(At
 ..1.
JJ(.9
JiJl :rr\Jl . Lajil

.-^lci o'l ,+Ul ,-irJijl t^Iii \-r,.i J*$ 4-aiJI .-,,/Jl

"[-^+" c(DM].TlK(Dc :a-L_/l o\r..J\ dr.# 4aU\ -;r]J\
a.l,Heroc ,("g--?" ,oaparrc6q rc(DM).TlKoc a;Jl ,"J") tttr- lr !. a "
-
19c Lii>r lU;g..:
,Y'.a si-;
Ka.\oc, ( "&i"i--", ilrl 0 tj q ra.LHeHC a;-.J I .1," ) "lii.!L,G="
:r* JL(); i^-. -+ i ,-.2:
.("6;" rt<u)o; rK).),oc a;JI..,;") "[*"
fconc oyu r rr tox lr]-c-..,r'l

;5r:,;Y (r) '-. t -

a-)fA.
-
aJ.llJL^a'
lr -
+>*- : r-
=

f-")\;\i $.J*;ir-\JIa;L>)\_* e-? ,.BE;rss 3, .6e -l_.-: -

'ra(s
;\riyi -i,,.rts;l-rL 6r*^- ;U st ;t:i \
-\

,\-1L":" enrHpq ,"j,-;l-r" egoyN ,"\-1.;E" eso\ ,alri TePoMtIe ,"G-L-. .

-"' itiq
.",La-i" enecHT ,"iL:A" eMa.y ,"Y'r;\" enule ,"&-J\ ,q5 Xb.\y ,"[L-i'' .rt-r1
l€ltct'ln
"\f\" eerooye ,")i!!" efixlNxu ,""F-i r1oi" egpa.i
."liL*o" €poyte,(r's. ;c)
O)HM 0)HM = KOll KL)\.i : :
,\ .er**" f\ .*,: +!l n gls.:*"L -? ;t'J\" cua.y cnb.\' :'z: 5
^o;l:L
,(iiru
. oso,:/i'U ,, ).i.;l:i \-.y-J, iL "i )-,<ri

r"i,o,-rlJ\
"i.q .I-rfi" tt-reige ."{J" n-reyr9n ,aJ:,i ;"r)rr.-'J" Meg)a.,
_--. _-
.(tt ,t g) "\G" rlpa.cre ,"tro" r'roycon o"\Lr" t-tr.luNe .(ro ,r-J)"----- j -_-
!

j" laneyoercg erlaua.y . " )*8" lroycr)uu "\j 5" r'ruoyx

.

."6ri" lla.pxa.toc,"cJrJ\ eJJi

na.ya.a.(-r)z +$* -.-i _

(Ao
- _.,4.iJ1 di.r.+4Jlir,.dJl

rrrcc,' '---*,! -r ;futt ;l:L ,;y"---

r-\ "r+ ;t qtUl 3r'r 6\-u.:-,L C
. llPoC OYoerQ :+h,i ,(oy- rr;-lJ

.(rr:!-J)"[.;j^" eN oY[].PpHCl\ ."{i-i}L ,G-" eN oyMe ,ajii

2r ' *;:-L -) ,"j.1" elt oy ,lKalocyNH c"icr.*:" gi.t oyoenH,"i;),e"
,,j*" 3ll oyr'rrlr).TcooyN oo.,- Jg-r" elr cop.:l nrr.a
,"
-- ?l?Boyp ,alli
."pL:aL" gn oyurlrqa.lpooyo) i'aer,- ,x,u
,.> > ?lBoX,"!i-"" oycon

5. :
-> f

tt..- -;-seLlj\ o;-rr" lxN pooyo),",..r,jrf, oJ+" a.xN NoMoc ,illoi

."J\i:jl
;- -S-. =1"
xeua. ,ajjri
r/
. r:-9c.b,1
. JV Y'
.))
oyb\ i^;J\ ; rJ\ ;r a.x.r 6l-r;.:*L
^.t3l
, ILJJ\
(rt:3N
j.; _L
a.Xlr 3o-re ,",)&" tN oyeoTo 6\r;:-L a.(3f
: _: ;-
oy-rr" trJiN cooyN ,"airrrn"" 3r.r oycooylt :".>,r; oJ+"
nrr I tcpL)\'C ."^o;IL ,G-"
f1;:.i rxN ri gr.r 61-r;u.-[ ,-{}\,-ILJJ\ .-lii .";;r*,
;-;s,-:1$
:+bp.L
:Kb.T),6\r,;t-L -o

-a -:-S -:-,A\ "t' ,-$;Jt ,o'Jr" Ka.Tb. oe ((\t &)"\\rL^b\" Ka.Ta. oftrop:;.bi
..:.,+ -,o ))u-,.g.iJl ,.-..:Jl .'?', ,>31 ;n" Ka.Ta. con
-.-
.-, €-ii ;.2,-JJ\ j,.1.r;:-'!1
1 €Bt-r\ erfa.xl\a.la. 3"
"'"r.ijl
.1 .- ' : ) "_utlt Jl 6; *lt

"'Layton 2000,1'74

fAl
 .--i. :!LJl
JJ -EJl I. V
L^44J1

:o;a.;inpoc 6\-r;-:-L -) :
-r-. .

g)4. oYoelg .(tr

.(rr,trJ) "6?' tN oYna.PPHCla. ."::-;
( J,p ZN OY\lK\lN\.1iH
:lf ,.l-r;:-L -)
,,p" gN oyr rtlra.TL:r\-tf'
2l . ;\-,J\ tttoYN ."rL!t ;,c" 3r3BOyp 'a!"i
."1;;," 7ri
."C-Ll\ri,E;E" Stuol' ,"\L" oYCo[
I
/-t | -

:-^-s .-]-;J ,,+ ir- JJ+ .9rti -tt ! _C

,t
"''fr,}\ -', -ir-LJ\ o;J* -
a.XN Poo}tD . _--,

oyelo) NIM ,"13,E" clBotr,"rj 9K, j" reua. ,Alloi

;'*) 5+" .-rrJLIJ i."-o-{\ ;,_--z
-} a
a.Xr.r 3o're ,"--i.r" ?tt .
N).M€ r"C! *^," MeNeNC(DC ,Sr\ 'Jr) -L
o;-rr" trxN coo\1l ."21-*
.(ro
'ro
y)"*-g-" ).rto Mepoyc,";.-ai.!L,\j-"
ar>ij
tJ
bJit{ r' 2tl , -.>j-

)-\eJ J*l? C d4 e r"';- & Gri ur,b\ O" JJiJ\ .""1-:-o" Ka.Ta oe .( r. _r -
"

;:\,) "JLL\ ,J" carooru :.[" iea*]t Ar ss+ g;;J\ ,.-J\

l'rneqpa.cre,(L-ra-,J\ 4-+X! irU-. ir*;\ ;.?*XI j 6\-r;:-'!\
jy" llneqpa.cre a.qoyoo) eel eBox erl-a,xil'a'ta.,"riJ\ g"
.(tr,r,'i) "JJ+\J!6; *Jt

"'Ibid. "o Layton 2000,1'71

- ,€iJl 4iri+dl4++!l

l,c-ltL)lcl
LJ u!_erJiJtgt r
FyK" * Functions of the adverbs
JU,6

t' l -
5.Jr
:Jl(a.i.Jrtril ,;.t\.-..- ur" -;LlJt jj
Urr
,an-J]J\ri a*4(lr rrg (r)

\ir; a.J(tr cooyr.r

r-r 7*
,LJl .-c eza.rnNa. ti\2r-9
o
J-lJ

royi royi
, ,,
X.lr )\JJ
Uee f.l- l.

J-il-r+ .F
trrei3e a'bP\ '
o-r4r
,../
rl-S-b

tqrun qi;
CO)M}.TIKO)C (--*
gN oyroyi I -.1
J\."@Y

3r'r oypa.cr)e
\a-l

t-t
gr.r oyrgeue ot !3

3r.r oyoenH *t^.

;oEJ.l,-;+ (r)
eBoL \;JE
eM).Y JL-6

ETECHT
J'-l
etoYN )tt-'
 ,--i.
JJ
$Jl : arLJl9L^,aiJl
(.

9'
eePa.l to-l: (Jicl
\-, I
-
KCMA, ,; qK" * E.--
I u-. ---.-. L'-.
--

MTY JU.b

ca.Box rrr
Ta.i Lrr

trBox 6rr a.xN COOytt

?r?BoYP ,LJ\ .-c eza.rnNa.

royi royi
t{Oe f.f-
:o\-"rJ\, t'rt (r)
N-reige
enea,e
r.l3on
etTooYe
c(l)Ma.TlK(l)c
iluuue
3r.r oyroyi
rqt'tr.tccoc
3r.r oypa.cae
r-tnraeS (l)oMNT NSooy
Sn oy<gcue
r-rneoyercg e-naua.y
3tr oyoenu
r-rne3ooy

lra.pxa.roc

(n)pa.cre

trcov .
+;,
\J
eBol,

r.rca.pa.c-re eMa.Y

nca.roorQ ETIECHT

eSoYN

rAl
 {Ji*.alli+{lJl

;alf cr! r{cuy Ntu riJc-t/.tv b,9.

Y
4*lU \rr
r.lca.q )Y
-#
Urj r.r-reycr)u )J
)"ti ,.:i"
JV tr YI
r.roloero; nrr..r

t'tglOpn, trcr;Opn \f\

_:- _r ,-lt--gr,.t (o) nPoc oYoelo) tr-
Uej/

IL TeNOY o'!t
rtrpoune -
f'-'S TePOMne, 4j* Ji'2,16u-i-
TOTC
;jj=-

\-t",s oYoelg)NlM .:i.

, JV
K Y'i

IL 0)a. oYoelo) \:ej,a

J.K.._fu ur oYcon (.irl,^.a *) t1"

eeNCon ULsl

?ooY tooY q*:t

oe J.,\
.= .---.)*1
-.J.t (t)
L.r
-;LJ (i)
//l'

:r-rJ\y LS.l\
L.)
l+necua.y t'')K
r{oycon z
,-'
$t,-r,rt (v)
ncen cua.y ,'td
v-t s
-- -lt ,i
do..gt-\r tt a-

\L r+S),.}Jle
ntgr.rr c(l)(l)fr ?F 5X

(1.
 ..i.JJ -hjl :r.rL*Il
T. 9
I ;11

r.r3a,2 r.rCOn ;rat:f Cr!.^ ttctry Nn-r

i .r*
ON 4! tJ
ttCAt-l

Noyr.oyi )\"lJ nreycr;u

troycr;ur..r )\-J3 r.royoercg tilr r

r.rgrcopn, fiqgopn

,6;-,.117i a-.)J\,J.) (.) nPoc oYoel(9

et-la.Te IL TeNOY

ene?oYo \"{ TePOMre, rrrporrne

enTHPq TOTE

no\\a.Klc f'.'S oYoelg)Nlrr

T(l)NOY l-\. o)). oYoer(l)

glr oyJ(cur< euol, ?l oYcon

J.K..-trt)
eo).(l)c L.Ld ucNCorI

?ooY zooY

,alt"--'il, ,.,l (t)

6-e

APHY L.r
Meo)a.K L.)
t.tnecNa.y

r'roycon
,+511,-rrg (v)
ttcen cua.y
a.\uococ -- -r, ,i.
A-n-^-nlU cLir>
l.trgtrr c(r)(r)Il
MENTOI G- r+Sr,"}'J\i

(1\
- -r.a-Ul ai*f;l+dl

O :(
NA,MC

9+l r.rroq
f:-
\-> ON ' (na.Inr
rcriJl OYN
o:Jtr- lt
\J na.l,lN

P(t)

tN oYMe

eN oYr-).xPo

,j;J\.:rr.t (,t)

eNet ulru,ti,i
en-rHpQ [u-.,ti"i
(rl)xa.a.y \5>nl

(r)
'pk;*Y\,-r+
I
eBo\ T(l)N I u-'.1 (,'-"
erBe oY f\iu
er0)N 9;\Ji
r.ra.c9 qe 9in
,-)Y -t, cL t.;J
It-rcobl e..l

lrrua.y I\J:-.

(1(
 .-i.JJ -EJl :arLJl t
(. U ^:ll

N(DC Ysej NA.MC

TO)N g .p\
r.rrotl
TNa.Y f.r'" ON
- : r.
g)4. T(DN t..,:t Jl OYN

0)4. TNa.Y rG'^ J! na.\lN

PCn

eN oYMe

3r.r oyra.rpo

er{€e

errrHPq

(ll)\a.a.f

eBox T(Dl{

eTBe oY

ETO)N

r.ra.cg r.qe

Itrcott

fi'rua.y

tlY
j
--rJt ;J.rg.4Jl;++IJl

.> !9.>
a.$sjJl,*:Lrl

Combinative adverbs

,y b)4 d '"'("o-binative adverbs) ;iJf\ J:A\

x Or"><rJ e;\ .>r;, )\ ,-^r--s J\,i'il C. fd .r,rHl
x :(spatial) gK, o*; d,c BE JsA\.16 rai .;+-r+ c-,!a.,,
x e) +ys,"J"Y" e3pa.i o";;;\*ll" eeoyN ,"er\-.lJ" eBotr
gHr i-K;r) tqH-r
'(emotional) .r.lb 4-.i dFran };! .s!
/(( t - r-ri
'( .Ps' i:-'tg
x
x .r." .r-ig. (cua;inyie); or €;*ti)\ ,-;rJJ\ Jr*r
x .";-a--i" rrecHT,""p;lr" 3oytt c"6;L;" Bol, ,(;\-ri;yr,) rL-.it
x ."+" fHT r", L\;" ra4oy,",.Li" oH,""Ir.-ir3oi" 3pa.i

oLKJt a"
L
\4."1-v;u--1, iJ,ijl
'',4 r .-b,-LJl ,'-bo
L r- Y
,lUJt .\.!-l
-r.
'J
- .ar,,
'{'}-;'> 2 t

s{lt-i J.Jr J" Fo? ,:)

,,_i\\pt- (r)
BOx:

,c ;j--- ;.IJ\ eBo\

"ps
-- _-j *. _-.,.: jJt .>l.r(jJl ftCCHT:

t'.t _4 -:.a--;;-:.-.l rfuS ENCHT x

i; _-:+ i.,: _Si; t". lrijl na.eoY:

j j_;+ =:*' Crum _*:oH era.eoY x x

I-ayton 2000. 16-i- 167 *r , i4r J,rlJl .s *iJ "'

(1t
 .i.JJ -EJl :r[Jl
(. U
L"aijl

.rJ;t'-i JiJt l*i le? e) +

OH:
C.'::-:-
eeH x x
',-. iS-,-1 4i :..:. 1::;
VJ.Y
EOYN:

eSoYN x .t"F rS;>' '-: '-: ' ->

:(spatial) .>, _; -
r.rSoyn x x =iS.-.
.iP ,+r:,. ," 1;t., d)"L:
(l)a€oYN x x J -J-J !j,

2H-r i.K ;.) rlgnr ,i:lir

gPa.l:

e3pa.i x
n2pa.i x x r=[ L\/(tUX .- tt .'r:, -
"r-o ^,
irr o\
rgaqpa.i x x t vIi,l neCHT. >' (\

tPri x x . uJe f HT. --.i> :

UHT: oLKJt ro 'w. i:-- . !-

L
lqH-r x x

(r)
'JU;"!t-
J" lr+ lf t1t^s r6(i J\,i)\ Je arJr'lt i-g,r"Ljl F$
Cf ! bU*. ol4dr\"sri\..,4+ .;r*b *U",.,t; ;Jtoflt
.r*- toL*" ril,+ 'J c-,!S,Jl J, i'il ,a-Lu;l ,fus
"4bto ("v.rl,njl I

Lrlt r-;\d ;=": F:.c,\"5r1 ,4 f;;-

,u\iLi.K+.US;t\ .i^ $ s-;* .s:Jt Crum -*roLJ

"'Layton 2000, 143.

(10
_t , ^rlt 1J-Jrn all e++Ul

; _j-* !,,; * tt2ur,-i *LJl

el: j
a at
ji.ri.:JE el eBox -,-:\.c.i ;
't
9u'ar el enecH'r i
uJ
S* 5
el en).?oY -_;g:.51)J
- ai - 7 --
L!..tat>!-*
(-' el eeH P J-4J
I

t1
.i- j- . t> r!-.-*-4 el etoYN J--,
UU4.J elNe: j* 1a-\
z,

elNe €Box -^i ci ;\ I

-: z
ellle eeoYN i. t
J5)l
'z:
etNe e?Pa.i , i':i ti,-^-i
KCD: ,4D q

IJ
La.i ' I
K(l) EBO\ ;.",*,'iL
LJ
-1 .
K(D ENECHT , iti
K(t) ena€oY .\-
Jr:

}D _j_- (r) K(l) eeoYrr ,\:J\ ..JILi- j;)l rj;"r t;ri

J>
3
cooYt:
e
c0oYt etoYN '.s.o- r,''ri-
J: -2-'."! (f)
f: a-t-l-i
\
F --_.-+ -=; J rf )?-i 1\
"iLl
f euoX rU
\-'
_r - r. \. T(Dll -: ;.r"
f enaqoy
z
,>l)(]J5^o\
L.' t t
| - .- r_

/ t _-
t eoH elrJI

(11
 -EJl :ri\Jl La;Jl
.-i.rJgu

"n'i-i!LJ\ altll ;,c ra',-y JU"it ,,a,* t, t r'rgur' -t JiJ\ el:

<7c
- ! - -il-
l-lraq: .\
L-JJ.! 6AJU el eBo\

r.araq r'r3ur JiL+aJ el enecHT

^t --
TO)K: t5:rb €l ena.?o\'

T(l)K N8HT
-s.
v) .iiJ. ,,i5
L.
el eoH

T(DKM: (-4J\) lr.-t,- *L,u el eeoYil

T(DKM r{8n'r . d \-,4,J elNe:

oYoxc: ju elNe eBo\

oYoxc r.r2u-r +'tft elN€ etoYil

oYoM: j5i erne egpa.i

oYoM r.r8u-r I
KCD:

xlce: l-o rl K(D CBOX

xlce NaHT 'i - - KO) CNCCHT

J}j-D

K(l) enatol'

.(rv,r-o (r) at;,i(;r}r,-i,-- Ci!),,}t Jro C (r) K(l) eeoYil

cooYe:

c(l)oY? etoYlr
:eyrJiJ\g. (r)
f:
eBoX MMa,y :L,o ccBo\,-t-LJ\ Je Jt-J^4 -Lii ..JU/ €:ri
f euoX
."fdiidt'" eBox T(DN; "J.lL-"
t" f enaqoy

t eoH

"' Ibid.. 167.

(1V
 F'zr-is-9
?B'B\irt
u$.$Bi

fi+h+6Jl dnUl r.clgn

fi.lrlonllfi;1olrl

p ieLJ e.,-,tt &lJL ,.rS 4rb[Il cr!*Jl g) ,-.1r.,a riJ

t/is
JU,6 Jf 'r 4ji 'r! ,Lr^.,-Jl ;*l ,;1! {,j[;l t*"'l e.:,,LiiJl or.o
c&r.,.all t{J+} Lg aildJl ail}l
:V O":.r-..rLt JI o-,U +\.-
J! ,;+ a:I{,iJl \;:*u{oLi dt' jrL" a=- U 3 Cl a741J"1 dpr
ob./;$U tsFll c.,rqalL br;*g lr ;4 f$i ;
4rtJl JI a*;* * :\ ** * J!: *, a{r.+^all a"Lali s4,At
V \6;alptrl \$J t) oo.,Al o-r,a ;rF oi gc t6 ca^,+Jl
,-f.oi
"iLf
,p;x*, * t\tLti
frrll .Fl *;** Le f\:lJl !*r
irs *t" Laa eaiKt+ ;c i*;tt Fas \r t&ti\; a;lJl crlLa
.d.^A o, , --- i.Il
qt)t: fui &-rut -,i{ &: }-" +u<Jt \f H*-irli 5l
ala L.a^ai,Jl o!3-r)! crLrLLl .r)t)l O". Ai+rJl i++!1
.L\c ai# a.^tijl dl .rr, e4"pL;

x
f
";U($1;-l*x