BASICS OF STOCK

MARKET

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What is a STOCK MARKET?
A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers
and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims
on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange,
as well as stock that is only traded privately, such as shares of private
companies which are sold to investors through equity crowd funding
platforms.
Investment in the stock market is most often done via stockbrokerages and
electronic trading platforms.
Investment is usually made with an investment strategy in mind.

Less than 3% population in India, invest in the share market.

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What is a STOCK?
At some point every company needs to raise money. Companies can either
borrow it from somebody or raise it by selling part of the company.
By issuing stock, the company does not have to pay back the money or make
interest payments.

How do stocks trade?

Most stocks are traded on exchanges such as the National Stock Exchange
(NSE) or Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
Exchanges are simply places where buyers and sellers meet and decide on a
price for a stock. Think of it as a flea market where buyers and sellers come
together and agree on a price for a product.
BSE is the biggest stock exchange in the world in terms of number
of listed companies (Over 5500 listed companies)
23 stock exchanges are in India
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Where to buy a stock?
Upsotx ‐ EQUITY

Can we buy anything apart from

stocks?
COMMODITY
FUTURES & OPTIONS
ETF

nd
UPSTOX is the 2largest broker in INDIA

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What is Nifty, Bank NIFTY & Sensex?
NIFTY‐The NIFTY 50 is a benchmark Indian stock market index that
represents the weighted average of 50 of the largest Indian companies listed
on the NSE.
BANK NIFTY‐Nifty Bank, or Bank Nifty, is an index comprised of the most
liquid and large capitalised Indian banking stocks.
It provides investors with a benchmark that captures the capital market
performance of Indian bank stocks.
The index has 12 stocks from the banking sector.
SENSEX‐The BSE SENSEX (also known as the S&P Bombay Stock Exchange
Sensitive Index or simply SENSEX) is a free‐float market‐weighted stock
market index of 30 well‐established and financially sound companies listed
on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The 30 constituent companies which are
some of the largest and most actively traded stocks, are representative of
various industrial sectors of the Indian economy.

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What is INTRADAY?
Intraday is a form of speculation in securities in which a trader buys and sells
a financial instrument within the same trading day, so that all positions are
closed before the market closes for the trading day to avoid unmanageable
risks and negative price gaps between one day's close and the next day's price
at the open.
Traders who trade in this capacity are generally classified as speculators.

What is MARKET TIMINGS? (EQUITY& FNO)

Pre Market –
9:00am to 9:15am
Regular Market –
9:15am to 3:30pm Post Market –
3:30pm to 4:00pm
Commodity markets starts at 9:00am and ends at 11:30pm

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What is LEVERAGE?
Leverage refers to the use of debt (borrowed funds) to amplify returns fro
m an investment or project.
Investors use leverage to multiply their buying power in the market.

What is MIS?
MIS stands for Margin Intraday Square‐Off.
MIS, as the name suggests, is a facility that can be used only for intraday
trading.
With MIS, you can trade across segments – cash, derivatives, index options
and commodity futures.

If we use MIS type of order, we can get minimum 5x leverage

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What is SHORT TERM TRADING?
Short‐term trading refers to those trading strategies in stock market or
futures market in which the time duration between entry and exit is within a
range of few days to few weeks.
All the stocks are in DEMATERIALISED format in your DEMAT ACCOUNT.

What is LONG TERM TRADING?

When the duration between buying and selling ranges within a few months t
o a few years, it is referred to as long‐term trading.
Less stressful: There is no need to constantly follow the market when tradin

g
long‐term.

All the stocks are in DEMATERIALISED format in your DEMAT ACCOUNT.

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What is a Watch list?
A watch list is a set of securities that an investor monitors for potenti
al trading or investing opportunities.

What is LONG?
Having a “long” position in a security means that you own the security.
Investors maintain “long” security positions in the expectation that the stock
will rise in value in the future.

What is SHORT?
A "short" position is generally the sale of a stock you do not own. Investo
rs who sell short believe the price of the stock will decrease in value.

Shorting is only allowed in INTRADAY trading.

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BASIC MARKET JARGONS
OPEN – Price of the stock at open.
HIGH –Highest price of the stock from open till the current time.
LOW –Lowest price of the stock from open till the current time.
CLOSE – Price of the stock at close.
52 weeks High –
Highest price of the stock in a period of 52 weeks.
52 weeks Low –
Lowest price of the stock in a period of 52 weeks.

You can place a price alert for any stock and get notified.

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TYPES OF ORDERS
MARKET –BUY/SELL at the market price.
LIMIT –BUY/SELL at a mentioned price.
STOPLOSS MARKET – Order gets triggered only when the price breaches a
particular level. BUY/SELL at the market price.
STOPLOSS LIMIT –Order gets triggered only when the price breaches a
particular level. BUY/SELL at the limit price.
AFTER MARKET ORDER – Place an order after the markets are closed or
before market is open
Simple thumb rule:
XFor long, use limit when LTP is higher.
XFor short, use limit when LTP is lower.
XFor long, use SL-L/SL-M when LTP is lower.
XFor short, use SLL/SLM when LTP is higher.

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WHEN TO USE LIMIT ORDER?
For BUY –CMP is higher than the LIMIT price
For SELL –CMP is lower than the LIMIT price

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WHEN TO USE SL‐L OR SL‐M ORDER?
For BUY –CMP is lower than the TRIGGER price
For SELL –CMP is higher than the TRIGGER price

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RISK REWARD RATIO
The risk/reward ratio marks the prospective reward an investor can earn fo
r every rupee they risk on an investment.
Many investors use risk/reward ratios to compare the expected returns of a

n
investment with the amount of risk they must undertake to earn these
returns.
Consider the following example:
An investment with a risk‐reward ratio of 1:7 suggests that an investor is
willing to risk Rs.1, for the prospect of earning Rs.7.

HIGH RR 1:3 > 1:1 > 1:0.5 LOW RR

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POSITION SIZING
Position sizing refers to the size of a position within a particular portfolio, o
r the dollar amount that an investor is going to trade.
Investors use position sizing to help determine how many units of security
they can purchase, which helps them to control risk and maximize returns.

E.g.: Lets assume your capital is Rs.10,000/‐& RR is 1%

Risk = 1% * 10,000 = Rs.100/trade
We give a call in TATAMOTORS, say
BUY @ 339
TRGT is 342
SL is 338
Your position sizing for this trade should be 100 Qty, since the SL poi
nt is Rs. 1/‐

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BREAKEVEN
A break‐
even price is the amount of money, or change in value, for which an
asset must be sold to cover the costs of acquiring and owning it.

Various cost for trading are as follows,

BROKERAGE
EXCHANGE TRANSACTION CHARGES
SEBI TURNOVER FEES
IGST
STAMP DUTY

Usually the cost for intraday trade is Rs.40~50

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 TECHNICAL
ANALYSIS

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What is a TECHNICAL ANALYSIS?
In finance, technical analysis is an analysis methodology for forecasting the
direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and
volume.
Technical analysis is a trading discipline employed to evaluate investments
and identify trading opportunities by analyzing statistical trends gathered
from trading activity, such as price movement and volume.
Price action, support & resistance, types of candles, pattern, trends,
indicators

Technical analysis is used by traders on all time frames, from one-

minute charts to weekly and monthly charts.

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What is an INDEX
An index is a method to track the performance of a group of assets in a
standardized way.
Indexes typically measure the performance of a basket of securities intended
to replicate a certain area of the market.
These could be a broad‐based index that captures the entire market, such as
the SENSEX or NIFTY, or more specialized such as indexes that track a
particular industry or segment, such as BANK NIFTY or FINNIFTY.

Major sectorial indices in Indian market are BANK, AUTO, FIN. SERVICE,
FMCG, IT, MEDIA, METAL, PHARMA, PSU bank, PVT bank & REALTY

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What is a stock chart?
A chart is a graphical representation of price and volume movements of a
stock over a certain period of time.
In the graphical chart, the X‐axis represents the time period and the Y‐axis
represents the price movement.
The time period can vary from intra‐day to even a few months or more.

Commonly used charts are BARS, CANDLES, HOLLOW CANDLES, LINE,

AREA & BASE LINE

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What is a TIME FRAME?
Time Frame is the duration of time of a single price bar on a chart.
On a 1‐minute time frame chart, each candle contains the opening, closing,
high and low price of that 1‐minute.
The commonly used time frames are 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15
minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month

Intra day trading–5 min to 60 min

Swing trading –60 min to 1 day
Long term investment –1 day to 1 month

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What is a CANDLE?
A candlestick is a type of price chart used in technical analysis that displa
ys
the high, low, open, and closing prices of a security for a specific period.

BODY OF A CANDLE

Bullish means the price is increasing, Bearish means the price is

decreasing.

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What is a SUPPORT & RESISTANCE?
Support is a price level where a downtrend can be expected to pause due t
o a concentration of demand or buying interest.
As the price of assets or securities drops, demand for the shares increases,
thus forming the support line.
Meanwhile, resistance zones arise due to selling interest when prices have
increased.
Support = Demand zone
Resistance = Supply zone

Technical analysts use support and resistance levels to identify price

points on a chart where the probabilities favour a pause or reversal of a
prevailing trend.

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What is an MA?
In statistics, a moving average is a calculation used to analyze data points by
creating a series of averages of different subsets of the full data set.
In finance, a moving average (MA) is a stock indicator that is commonly used
in technical analysis.
The reason for calculating the moving average of a stock is to help smooth out
the price data by creating a constantly updated average price.

A golden cross is a chart pattern in which a relatively short-term

moving average (50 SMA) crosses above a long-term moving average
(200 SMA).
A death cross is a chart pattern in which a relatively short-term moving
average
SMA). (50 SMA) crosses below a long-term moving average (200

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What is an EMA?
An exponential moving average (EMA) is a type of moving average (MA) that
places a greater weight and significance on the most recent data points.
The exponential moving average is also referred to as the exponentially
weighted moving average.
An exponentially weighted moving average reacts more significantly to recent
price changes than a simple moving average (SMA), which applies an equal
weight to all observations in the period.

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Whatis an VWAP?
The volume‐weighted average price (VWAP) is a trading benchmark used by
traders that gives the average price a security has traded at throughout the
day, based on both volume and price.
VWAP is important because it provides traders with insight into both the
trend and value of a security.

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What is an VOLUME?
Trading volume is a measure of how much a given financial asset has trade
d in a period of time.
For stocks, volume is measured in the number of shares traded.
For futures and options, volume is based on how many contracts have
changed hands.
Looking at volume patterns over time can help get a sense of the strength
or
conviction behind advances and declines in specific stocks and entire
markets.
The same is true for options traders, as trading volume is an indicator of an

option’s current interest.

In fact, volume plays an important role in technical analysis and features
prominently among some key technical indicators.
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What is GAP UP/DOWN?
Gapping occurs when the price of a stock, or another asset, opens above or
below the previous day's close with no trading activity in between.
A gap is the area discontinuity in a security's price chart.
Gaps may materialize when headlines cause market fundamentals to change
rapidly during hours when markets are typically closed; for instance, the
result of an earnings call after‐hours.

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 CANDLE STICK
PATTERNS

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CANDLE STICK PATTERN
The candlesticks are used for identifying trading patterns which help the
technical analyst to set up their trades.
These candlestick patterns are used for predicting the future direction of the
price movements.
The candlestick patterns are formed by grouping two or more candlesticks in
a certain way.
Sometimes powerful signals can be also given by just one candlestick.

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HAMMER
Hammer is a single candlestick pattern that is
formed at the end of a downtrend and signals
bullish reversal.
The real body of this candle is small and is
located at the top with a lower shadow which
should be more than twice the real body. This
candlestick chart pattern has no or little upper
shadow.
The psychology behind this candle formation is
that the prices opened and sellers pushed down
the prices. BULLISH
Suddenly the buyers came into the market and
pushed the prices up and closed the trading
session more than the opening price.

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INVERTED HAMMER
An Inverted Hammer is formed at the end of the
downtrend and gives a bullish reversal signal.
In this candlestick, the real body is located at th

e
end and there is a long upper shadow.
It is the inverse of the Hammer Candlestick
pattern.
This pattern is formed when the opening and
closing prices are near to each other and the
upper shadow should be more than twice the
real body. BULLISH

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HANGING MAN
Hanging Man is a single candlestick pattern which i
s
formed at the end of an uptrend and signals bearish
reversal.
The real body of this candle is small and is located a

t
the top with a lower shadow which should be more
than the twice of the real body.
This candlestick pattern has no or little upper
shadow.
The psychology behind this candle formation is that

the prices opened and seller pushed down the

prices.
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Suddenly the buyers came into the market and
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SHOOTING STAR
Shooting Star is formed at the end of the uptren
d and gives bearish reversal signal.
In this candlestick chart the real body is locate
d at the end and there is long upper shadow.
It is the inverse of the Hanging Man Candlestic

k
pattern.
This pattern is formed when the opening and
closing prices are near to each other and the BEARISH
upper shadow should be more than the twice o
f
the real body.

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DOJI
Doji pattern is a candlestick pattern of
indecision which is formed when the opening
and closing prices are almost equal.
It is formed when both the bulls and bears are
fighting to control prices but nobody succeeds in
gaining full control of the prices.
The candlestick pattern looks like a cross with
very small real body and long shadows.

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SPINNING TOP
The spinning top candlestick pattern is same a
s the Doji indicating indecision in the market.
The only difference between spinning top and
doji is in their formation, the real body of the
spinning is larger as compared to Doji.

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PIERCING PATTERN
Piercing pattern is multiple candlestick chart
pattern that is formed after a downtrend
indicating a bullish reversal.
It is formed by two candles, the first candle
being a bearish candle which indicates the
continuation of the downtrend.
The second candle is a bullish candle which
opens gap down but closes more than 50% of
the real body of the previous candle which
shows that the bulls are back in the market and
a bullish reversal is going to take place. BULLISH

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PIERCING PATTERN
Piercing pattern is multiple candlestick chart
pattern that is formed after a downtrend
indicating a bullish reversal.
It is formed by two candles, the first candle
being a bearish candle which indicates the
continuation of the downtrend.
The second candle is a bullish candle which
opens gap down but closes more than 50% of
the real body of the previous candle which
shows that the bulls are back in the market and
a bullish reversal is going to take place. BULLISH

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BULLISH ENGULFING
Bullish Engulfing is a multiple candlestick chart
pattern that is formed after a downtrend
indicating a bullish reversal.
It is formed by two candles, the second
candlestick engulfing the first candlestick.
The first candle is a bearish candle that
indicates the continuation of the downtrend.
The second candlestick is a long bullish candle
that completely engulfs the first candle and
shows that the bulls are back in the market. BULLISH

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THE MORNING STAR
The Morning Star is multiple candlestick charts
pattern which is formed after a downtrend
indicating bullish reversal.
It is made of 3 candlesticks, first being a bearish
candle, second a Doji and the third being a
bullish candle.
The first candle shows the continuation of the
downtrend, the second candle being a doji
indicates indecision in the market, and the third
bullish candle shows that the bulls are back in
the market and reversal is going to take place.
The second candle should be completely out of BULLISH
the real bodies of the first and third candles.

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THREE WHITE SOLDIERS
The Three White Soldiers is a multiple
candlestick pattern that is formed after a
downtrend indicating a bullish reversal.
These candlestick charts are made of three long
bullish bodies which do not have long shadows
and are open within the real body of the
previous candle in the pattern.

BULLISH

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WHITE MARUBOZU
The White Marubozu is a single candlestick
pattern that is formed after a downtrend
indicating a bullish reversal.
This candlestick has a long bullish body with no
upper or lower shadows which shows that the
bulls are exerting buying pressure and the
markets may turn bullish.

BULLISH

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THREE INSIDE UP
The Three Inside Up is multiple candlestic
k
pattern which is formed after a downtrend
indicating
It consistsbullish
of threereversal.
candlesticks, the first
being a long bearish candle, the second
candlestick being a small bullish candle
which should be in the range the first
candlestick.
The third candlestick should be a long bullish
candlestick confirming the bullish reversal.

BULLISH

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BULLISH HARAMI
The Bullish Harami is multiple candlestick
chart pattern which is formed after a
downtrend indicating bullish reversal.
It consists of two candlestick charts, the first
candlestick being a tall bearish candle and
second being a small bullish candle which
should be in the range of the first
candlestick.
The first bearish candle shows the
continuation of the bearish trend and the
second candle shows that the bulls are back
in the market. BULLISH

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TWEEZER BOTTOM
The Tweezer Bottom candlestick pattern is a
bullish reversal candlestick pattern that is
formed at the end of the downtrend.
It consists of two candlesticks, the first one
being bearish and the second one being
bullish candlestick.
Both the candlesticks make almost or the
same low.When the Tweezer Bottom
candlestick pattern is formed the prior
trend is a downtrend.

BULLISH

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THREE OUTSIDE UP
The Three Outside Up is multiple
candlestick pattern which is formed after a
downtrend indicating bullish reversal.
It consists of three candlesticks, the first
being a short bearish candle, the second
candlestick being a large bullish candle
which should cover the first candlestick.
The third candlestick should be a long
bullish candlestick confirming the bullish
reversal.

BULLISH

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ON-NECK PATTERN
The on neck pattern occurs after a
downtrend when a long real bodied bearish
candle is followed by a smaller real bodied
bullish candle which gaps down on the open
but then closes near the prior candle’s close.
The pattern is called a neckline because the
two closing prices are the same or almost
the same across the two candles, forming a
horizontal neckline.

BULLISH

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THREE OUTSIDE UP
The Three Outside Up is multiple
candlestick pattern which is formed after a
downtrend indicating bullish reversal.
It consists of three candlesticks, the first
being a short bearish candle, the second
candlestick being a large bullish candle
which should cover the first candlestick.
The third candlestick should be a long
bullish candlestick confirming the bullish
reversal.

BULLISH

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DARK CLOUD COVER
Dark Cloud Cover is multiple candlestick
pattern which is formed after the uptrend
indicating bearish reversal.
It is formed by two candles, the first candle
being a bullish candle which indicates the
continuation of the uptrend.
The second candle is a bearish candle which
opens gap up but closes more than 50% of
the real body of the previous candle which
shows that the bears are back in the market
and bearish reversal is going to take place.
BEARISH

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BEARISH ENGULFING
Bearish Engulfing is a multiple candlestick
pattern that is formed after an uptrend
indicating a bearish reversal.
It is formed by two candles, the second
candlestick engulfing the first candlestick.
The first candle being a bullish candle
indicates the continuation of the uptrend.
The second candlestick chart is a long
bearish candle that completely engulfs the
first candle and shows that the bears are BEARISH
back in the market.

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THE EVENING STAR
The Evening Star is multiple candlestick
pattern which is formed after the uptrend
indicating bearish reversal.
It is made of 3 candlesticks, first being a
bullish candle, second a doji and third being
a bearish candle.
The first candle shows the continuation of
the uptrend, the second candle being a doji
indicates indecision in the market, and the
third bearish candle shows that the bears
are back in the market and reversal is going
to take place.
BEARISH
The second candle should be completely out
of the real bodies of first and third candle.

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THREE BLACK CROWS
The Three Black Crows is multiple
candlestick pattern which is formed after an
uptrend indicating bearish reversal.
These candlesticks are made of three long
bearish bodies which do not have long
shadows and open within the real body of
the previous candle in the pattern.

BEARISH

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BLACK MARUBOZU
The Black Marubozu is a single candlestick
pattern which is formed after an uptrend
indicating bearish reversal.
This candlestick chart has a long bearish
body with no upper or lower shadows which
shows that the bears are exerting selling
pressure and the markets may turn bearish.
At the formation of this candle, the buyers
should be caution and close their buying
position.

BEARISH

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THREE INSIDE DOWN
The Three Inside Down is multiple
candlestick pattern which is formed after an
uptrend indicating bearish reversal.
It consists of three candlesticks, the first
being a long bullish candle, the second
candlestick being a small bearish which
should be in the range the first candlestick.
The third candlestick chart should be a long
bearish candlestick confirming the bearish
reversal.
The relationship of the first and second
candlestick should be of the bearish Harami BEARISH
candlestick pattern.

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BEARISH HARAMI
The Bearish Harami is multiple candlestick
pattern which is formed after the uptrend
indicating bearish reversal.
It consists of two candlesticks, the first
candlestick being a tall bullish candle and
second being a small bearish candle which
should be in the range of the first
candlestick chart.
The first bullish candle shows the
continuation of the bullish trend and the
second candle shows that the bears are back
in the market.
BEARISH

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TWEEZER TOP
The Tweezer Top pattern is a bearish reversal
candlestick pattern that is formed at the end
of an uptrend.
It consists of two candlesticks, the first one
being bullish and the second one being
bearish candlestick.
Both the tweezer candlestick make almost or
the same high.
When the Tweezer Top candlestick pattern is
formed the prior trend is an uptrend. BEARISH
A bullish candlestick is formed which looks
like the continuation of the ongoing uptrend.

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THREE OUTSIDE DOWN
The Three Outside Down is multiple
candlestick pattern which is formed after an
uptrend indicating bearish reversal.
It consists of three candlesticks, the first being
a short bullish candle, the second candlestick
being a large bearish candle which should
cover the first candlestick.
The third candlestick should be a long bearish
candlestick confirming the bearish reversal.
BEARISH

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FALLING THREE METHODS
The “falling three methods” is a bearish, five
candle continuation pattern which signals an
interruption, but not a reversal, of the ongoing
downtrend.
The candlestick pattern is made of two long
candlestick charts in the direction of the trend
i.e downtrend at the beginning and end, with
three shorter counter‐trend candlesticks in
the middle.
BEARISH

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RISING THREE METHODS
The “rising three methods” is a bullish, five
candle continuation pattern which signals an
interruption, but not a reversal, of the ongoing
uptrend.
The candlestick pattern is made of two long
candlesticks in the direction of the trend i.e
uptrend in this case. at the beginning and end,
with three shorter counter‐trend candlesticks
in the middle.

BULLISH

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UPSIDE TASUKI GAP
It is a bullish continuation candlestick pattern
which is formed in an ongoing uptrend.
This candlestick pattern consists of three candles,
the first candlestick is a long‐bodied bullish
candlestick, and the second candlestick is also a
bullish candlestick chart formed after a gap up.
The third candlestick is a bearish candle that
closes in the gap formed between these first two
bullish candles.

BULLISH

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DOWNSIDE TASUKI GAP
It is a bearish continuation candlestick pattern
which is formed in an ongoing downtrend.
This candlestick pattern consists of three candles,
the first candlestick is a long‐bodied bearish
candlestick, and the second candlestick is also a
bearish candlestick formed after a gap down.
The third candlestick is a bullish candle that
closes in the gap formed between these first two
bearish candles.

BEARISH

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MAT-HOLD
A mat hold pattern is a candlestick formation
indicating the continuation of a prior trend.
There can be either bearish or bullish mat hold
patterns.
A bullish pattern begins with a large bullish
candle followed by a gap higher and three smaller
candles which move lower.

BULLISH

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 CHART PATTERNS

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What is a CHART PATTERN?
Stock chart patterns are an important trading tool that should be utilised as
part of your technical analysis strategy .
From beginners to professionals, chart patterns play an integral part when
looking for market trends and predicting movements.
They can be used to analyse all markets including forex, shares, commodities
and more.
The following stock chart patterns are the most recognisable and common
chart patterns to look out for when using technical analysis to trade the
financial markets.

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ASCENDING TRIANGLE
The ascending triangle is a bullish ‘continuation’ chart pattern that signifies a
breakout is likely where the triangle lines converge.
To draw this pattern, you need to place a horizontal line (the resistance line) on
the resistance points and draw an ascending line (the uptrend line) along the
support points.

BULLISH

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DESCENDING TRIANGLE
Unlike ascending triangles, the descending triangle represents a bearish
market downtrend.
The support line is horizontal, and the resistance line is descending, signifying
the possibility of a downward breakout.

BEARISH

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SYMMETRICAL TRIANGLE
For symmetrical triangles,
two trend lines start to meet
which signifies a breakout in
either direction.
The support line is drawn
with an upward trend, and
the resistance line is drawn
with a downward trend.
Even though the breakout
can happen in either
direction, it often follows the
general trend of the market.

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PENNANT
Pennants are represented by two lines that meet at a set point.
They are often formed after strong upward or downward moves where traders
pause and the price consolidates, before the trend continues in the same
direction.

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FLAG
The flag stock chart pattern is shaped as a sloping rectangle, where the suppo
rt and resistance lines run parallel until there is a breakout.
The breakout is usually the opposite direction of the trendlines, meaning this i

s
a reversal pattern.

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WEDGE
A wedge pattern represents a tightening price movement between the suppo
rt and resistance lines, this can be either a rising wedge or a falling wedge.
Unlike the triangle, the wedge doesn’t have a horizontal trend line and is
characterised by either two upward trend lines or two downward trend lines.
For a downward wedge, it is thought that the price will break through the
resistance and for an upward wedge, the price is hypothesised to break
through the support.
This means the wedge is a reversal pattern as the breakout is opposite to the
general trend.

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WEDGE

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DOUBLE BOTTOM
A double bottom looks similar to the letter W and indicates when the price ha
s made two unsuccessful attempts at breaking through the support level.
It is a reversal chart pattern as it highlights a trend reversal. After
unsuccessfully breaking through the support twice, the market price shifts
towards an uptrend.

BULLISH

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DOUBLE TOP
Opposite to a double bottom, a double top looks much like the letter M.
The trend enters a reversal phase after failing to break through the resistance
level twice.
The trend then follows back to the support threshold and starts a downward
trend breaking through the support line.

BEARISH

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HEAD AND SHOULDERS
The head and shoulders pattern tries to predict a bull to bear market reversa
l. Characterised by a large peak with two smaller peaks either side, all three
levels fall back to the same support level.
The trend is then likely to breakout in a downward motion.

BEARISH

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ROUNDING TOP OR BOTTOM
A rounding bottom
or cup usually
indicates a bullish
upward trend,
whereas a rounding
top usually indicates
a bearish downward
trend.
Traders can buy at
the middle of the U
shape, capitalising
on the trend that
follows as it breaks
through the
resistance levels.

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CUP AND HANDLE
The cup and handle is a
well‐known
continuation stock chart
pattern that signals a
bullish market trend. It
is the same as the above
rounding bottom, but
features a handle after
the rounding bottom.
The handle resembles a
flag or pennant, and
once completed, you can
see the market breakout
in a bullish upwards
trend.

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What is a TRENDLINE?
Trendlines are easily recognizable lines that traders draw on charts to
connect a series of prices together or show some data's best fit.
The resulting line is then used to give the trader a good idea of the direction
in which an investment's value might move.
A trendline is a line drawn over pivot highs or under pivot lows to show the
prevailing direction of price.
Trendlines are a visual representation of support and resistance in any time
frame.
They show direction and speed of price, and also describe patterns during
periods of price contraction.

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 DERIVATIVE
MARKETS

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What are DERIVATIVE?
The term derivative refers to a type of financial contract whose value is
dependent on an underlying asset, group of assets, or benchmark.
A derivative is set between two or more parties that can trade on an exchange
or over‐the‐counter (OTC).
These contracts can be used to trade any number of assets and carry their
own risks.
Prices for derivatives derive from fluctuations in the underlying asset.
These financial securities are commonly used to access certain markets and
may be traded to hedge against risk.

Common derivatives include futures contracts, forwards, options, and

swaps.

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What are FUTURES?
Futures are derivative financial contracts that obligate the parties to transa
ct an asset at a predetermined future date and price.
The buyer must purchase or the seller must sell the underlying asset at the
set price, regardless of the current market price at the expiration date.
Underlying assets include physical commodities or other financial
instruments.
Futures contracts detail the quantity of the underlying asset and are
standardized to facilitate trading on a futures exchange.
Futures can be used for hedging or trade speculation.

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What is an Expiration date?
All futures contracts are time‐bound.
The expiry or the expiry date of the futures contract is the date upto which
the agreement is valid.
Beyond the valid date, the contract ceases to exist.
Also, be aware that the day a contract expires, the exchanges introduce new
contracts.

For stocks, there are monthly expiry in NSE

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What is LOT size?
Future is a standardized contract where everything related to the agreeme
nt is pre‐determined.
The lot size is one such parameter. Lot size specifies the minimum quantity
that you will have to transact in a futures contract.
Lot size varies from one asset to another.

Stock specific, varies from 10 qty. (MRF) to 70000 qty. (IDEA)

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What is MARGIN?
In finance, the margin is the collateral that an investor has to deposit with
their broker or an exchange to cover the credit risk the holder poses for the
broker or the exchange.
An investor can create credit risk if they borrow cash from the broker to buy
financial instruments, borrow financial instruments to sell them short, or
enter into a derivative contract.
Buying on margin occurs when an investor buys an asset by borrowing the
balance from a broker.
Buying on margin refers to the initial payment made to the broker for the
asset; the investor uses the marginable securities in their brokerage account
as collateral.

Daily margin in equity segment comprise of the sum of VaR(Value

at Risk) margin & Extreme Loss Margin
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What are Stocks in Futures category?
Total of 188 stocks are in Futures category
AARTI INDUSTRIES LTD, ACC LIMITED, ABBOTT INDIA LIMITED, ALKEM LABORATORIES LTD., AMARA RAJA BATTERIES LTD., ATUL LTD, ADANI PORT & SEZ LTD, APOLLO
HOSPITALS ENTER. L, ASHOK LEYLAND LTD, AXIS BANK LIMITED, BAJAJ FINANCE LIMITED, ASIAN PAINTS LIMITED, ASTRAL LIMITED, AU SMALL FINANCE BANK LTD, BAJAJ
FINSERV LTD., BANDHAN BANK LIMITED, BIRLASOFT LIMITED, CANARA BANK, BATA INDIA LTD, CHAMBAL FERTILIZERS LTD, COAL INDIA LTD, BHARAT FORGE LTD,
COFORGE LIMITED, BHARTI AIRTEL LIMITED, BHEL, BOSCH LIMITED, BHARAT PETROLEUM CORP LT, EICHER MOTORS LTD, BRITANNIA INDUSTRIES LTD, CADILA
HEALTHCARE LIMITED, FIRSTSOURCE SOLU. LTD., CAN FIN HOMES LTD, GUJARAT STATE PETRO LTD, CIPLA LTD, HCL TECHNOLOGIES LTD, COLGATE PALMOLIVE LTD., HDFC
LIFE INS CO LTD, COROMANDEL INTERNTL. LTD, HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LTD, CROMPT GREA CON ELEC LTD, INTERGLOBE AVIATION LTD, CUMMINS INDIA LTD, DABUR
INDIA LTD, INDUS TOWERS LIMITED, DELTA CORP LIMITED, DIVI'S LABORATORIES LTD, DIXON TECHNO (INDIA) LTD, ITC LTD, DR. REDDY'S LABORATORIES, EXIDE
INDUSTRIES LTD, FEDERAL BANK LTD, GAIL (INDIA) LTD, LAURUS LABS LIMITED, GMR INFRASTRUCTURE LTD., GODREJ CONSUMER PRODUCTS, GODREJ PROPERTIES LTD,
GRANULES INDIA LIMITED, GRASIM INDUSTRIES LTD, MANAPPURAM FINANCE LTD, GUJARAT GAS LIMITED, HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LTD, HAVELLS INDIA LIMITED,
UNITED SPIRITS LIMITED, HDFC LTD, HDFC AMC LIMITED, HDFC BANK LTD, INDIABULLS HSG FIN LTD, NTPC LTD, ICICI BANK LTD., VODAFONE IDEA LIMITED, IDFC FIRST
BANK LIMITED, INDIAN ENERGY EXC LTD, INDRAPRASTHA GAS LTD, THE INDIAN HOTELS CO. LTD, INDIAMART INTERMESH LTD, POWER FIN CORP LTD., INDUSIND BANK
LIMITED, INFOSYS LIMITED, INDIAN OIL CORP LTD, JINDAL STEEL & POWER LTD, THE RAMCO CEMENTS LIMITED, JK CEMENT LIMITED, RBL BANK LIMITED, L&T FINANCE
HOLDINGS LTD, LIC HOUSING FINANCE LTD, L&T TECHNOLOGY SER. LTD., AMBUJA CEMENTS LTD, LUPIN LIMITED, MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA LTD, M&M FIN. SERVICES LTD,
SBI CARDS & PAY SER LTD, MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LTD., ADANI ENTERPRISES LIMITED, MULTI COMMODITY EXCHANGE, METROPOLIS HEALTHCARE LTD, MAHANAGAR GAS
LTD., MPHASIS LIMITED, MRF LTD, MUTHOOT FINANCE LIMITED, TATA CONSULTANCY SERV LT, NIPPON L I A M LTD, NATIONAL ALUMINIUM CO LTD, TVS MOTOR COMPANY
LTD, NESTLE INDIA LIMITED, ULTRATECH CEMENT LIMITED, WHIRLPOOL OF INDIA LTD, OBEROI REALTY LIMITED, ORACLE FIN SERV SOFT LTD., BAJAJ AUTO LIMITED, OIL
AND NATURAL GAS CORP., PAGE INDUSTRIES LTD, PIRAMAL ENTERPRISES LTD, PERSISTENT SYSTEMS LTD, PETRONET LNG LIMITED, PFIZER LTD, PIDILITE INDUSTRIES
LTD, BALKRISHNA IND. LTD, PI INDUSTRIES LTD, PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK, POLYCAB INDIA LIMITED, POWER GRID CORP. LTD., REC LIMITED, STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA,
SBI LIFE INSURANCE CO LTD, STATE BANK OF INDIA, SIEMENS LTD, SRF LTD, STRIDES PHARMA SCI LTD, SUN PHARMACEUTICAL IND L, SUN TV NETWORK LIMITED, SYNGENE
INTERNATIONAL LTD, TATA CHEMICALS LTD, TATA CONSUMER PRODUCT LTD, TATA POWER CO LTD, TATA STEEL LIMITED, TORRENT POWER LTD, BHARAT ELECTRONICS
LTD, TRENT LTD, VEDANTA LIMITED, WIPRO LTD, ZEE ENTERTAINMENT ENT LTD, ADITYA BIRLA FASHION & RT, APOLLO TYRES LTD, CHOLAMANDALAM IN & FIN CO,
AUROBINDO PHARMA LTD, BANK OF BARODA, BERGER PAINTS (I) LTD, CONTAINER CORP OF IND LTD, CITY UNION BANK LTD, DEEPAK NITRITE LTD, DALMIA BHARAT
LIMITED, DLF LIMITED, ESCORTS INDIA LTD, GLENMARK PHARMACEUTICALS, HERO MOTOCORP LIMITED, HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORP, HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LTD.,
ICICI PRU LIFE INS CO LTD, THE INDIA CEMENTS LIMITED, INDIAN RAIL TOUR CORP LTD, JSW STEEL LIMITED, JUBILANT FOODWORKS LTD, DR. LAL PATH LABS LTD., LARSEN
& TOUBRO LTD., L&T INFOTECH LIMITED, MARICO LIMITED, MINDTREE LIMITED, INFO EDGE (I) LTD, NAVIN FLUORINE INT. LTD, NMDC LTD., PVR LIMITED, RELIANCE
INDUSTRIES LTD, SHREE CEMENT LIMITED, SHRIRAM TRANSPORT FIN CO., TATA MOTORS LIMITED, TECH MAHINDRA LIMITED, TORRENT PHARMACEUTICALS L, UNITED
BREWERIES LTD, UPL LIMITED, BIOCON LIMITED., ICICI LOMBARD GIC LIMITED, IPCA LABORATORIES LTD, MOTHERSON SUMI SYSTEMS LT, KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK LTD,
TITAN COMPANY LIMITED, VOLTAS LTD, ALEMBIC PHARMA LTD, MAX FINANCIAL SERV LTD

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 DECODING
OPTIONS

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What is an Option?
An option is simply a contractual agreement between two parties, the
buyer and the seller.

The contractstipulates:
•Expirationdate
• For NIFTY & BANKNIFTY weekly expiry is on every ForTHURSDAY and for FINNIFTY its on every TUESDAY
• NIFTY & BANKNIFTY monthly expiry is on last THURSDAY and for FINNIFTY its on last TUESDAY

•Strikeprice
• For NIFTY its in 50 multiples
• For BANKNIFTY its in 100 multiples
• For FINNIFTY its in 100 multiples

•Underlying(can bestock, index, commodity or crypto)thatthecontractwillbe basedupon

•For NIFTY its 50, BANKNIFTY its 25 & FINNIFTY its 40
•When theholdercanexercisetheoption (convertto theunderlying)
•Anytimebeforeexpiration(Americanstyle)
•Only at expiration(EuropeanStyle)

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WhydoPeople TradeOptions?
People trade options for many different reasons. Since we are focusing
on options basics today, we will focus on the most common reasons.

1. Leverage:As stated on the last slide, one option contract controls 100 shares of the
underlying’s stock
Eg: 300 qtyof INFOSYS
2. Capital outlay:You can purchase an option for significantly less than purchasing the
underlying stock outright.
Eg: 300 qtyof INFY 30 dec2021 CE 176030 (Capital required = 30 * 300 = 9000/-)
Whereas if you want to purchase 300 qtyof INFY @ 1760, capital required = 300 * 1760 = 528000/-
What’s the tradeoff ?
1. Time:Options have a finite expiration date. They are a “wasting” asset. They will either
expire worthless or be turned into long/short shares of the underlying.
2. Leverage:Leverage goes both ways, it can hurt you as much as it helps you.We will show
an example shortly.

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Call or Put?
1. CALL
There are two types of options, Calls and Puts
XCall option is a contract that allows the option holder (buyer) to buy 100 shares (typically) at the
strike price up to the defined expiration date.
XLONG the call. Bullish
XCall options obligate the seller (writer) to sell 100 shares (typically) of the underlying at the strike
price up to the defined expiration date.
XSaid to be SHORT the call. Bearish

2. PUT
XPut option is a contract that allows the option holder to sell 100 shares (typically) at the strike price
up to the defined expiration date.
XLong the put. Bearish
XPut options obligate the seller to buy 100 shares (typically) of the underlying at the strike price up
to the defined expiration date.
XShort the put. Bullish

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Buyer or Seller?

XBUYER
With options, you can either be a buyer or seller
X Have a right to Exercise and buy or sell 100 shares of the underlying
X Also called a call/put holder (long the option)

XSELLER
X Have obligation to buy/sell at Assignment 100 shares of the underlying
X Also called a call/put writer (short the option)

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OPTION CHAIN

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What is a strike price?
XThe strike price is the price at which you contract to buy or sell
a particular stock. For example, if the stock of ASHOK LEYLAND
is quoting at Rs. 126, and if you are expecting a 5% increase in
price, then you need to buy an ASHOK LEYLAND call option
with a strike price of 130 or 132.

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What is a EXPIRY & TIME DECAY?

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What is a strike price?
XThe strike price is the price at which you contract to buy or sell
a particular stock. For example, if the stock of ASHOK LEYLAND
is quoting at Rs. 126, and if you are expecting a 5% increase in
price, then you need to buy an ASHOK LEYLAND call option
with a strike price of 130 or 132.

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ATM, ITM, OTM

STRIKE PRICE CALLS PUT

17300 ITM S
17350 ITM OTM
17400 ITM OTM
17450 ATM OTM
17500 OTM ATM
17550 OTM ITM
17600 OTM ITM
ITM

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OPTIONS GREEKS
X DELTA
X GAMMA
X THETA
X VEGA

INTRINSIC VALUE
EXTRINSIC VALUE
OPTION CHAIN
OPTION INTREST
MAX PAIN ……
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 SCANNERS

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What is a SCANNER?
A stock scanner is a screening tool that searches the markets to find stocks
that meet a set of user‐selected criteria and metrics for trading and investing.
Scanners can be modified to find the most suitable candidates that meet your
specific filters.

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 ALGO TRADING

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What is a ALGO TRADING?
Algo trading is also known as Algorithmic trading, is a method of executing
orders using automated pre‐programmed trading instructions accounting for
variables such as time, price, and volume.
Algorithmic trading(automated trading, black‐box trading, or simply algo
trading) is the process of using computers programmed to follow a defined
set of instructions for placing a trade in order to generate profits at a speed
and frequency that is impossible for a human trader.
While you can build your own algorithm and deploy it to generate buy or sell
signals, Manual intervention is needed for placing orders as full automation is
not permitted for retail traders.

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AMREV’S SECRET
Everyday in the morning
In BANKNIFTY
Short atmat 09:45am, Eg. 36200 ce/peshort
Buy hedges +1000/-1000 for CE/PE Eg.37200 ce35200 pebuy

30% slper leg

Max loss = 2000
Max profit = 4000
2:55 auto square off

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 TRADETRON

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What is a BACKTEST?
Backtesting is the general method for seeing how well a strategy or model
would have done ex‐post.
Backtesting assesses the viability of a trading strategy by discovering how it
would play out using historical data.
If backtesting works, traders and analysts may have the confidence to employ
it going forward.

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 FUNDAMENTAL
ANALYSIS

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What is FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS?
Fundamental analysis (FA) is a method of measuring a security's intrinsic
value by examining related economic and financial factors.
Fundamental analysts study anything that can affect the security's value, from
macroeconomic factors such as the state of the economy and industry
conditions to microeconomic factors like the effectiveness of the company's
management.
The end goal is to arrive at a number that an investor can compare with a
security's current price in order to see whether the security is undervalued
or overvalued.
This method of stock analysis is considered to be in contrast to technical
analysis, which forecasts the direction of prices through an analysis of
historical market data such as price and volume.

Quantitative analysis & Qualitative analysis

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 What is QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS?
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
A company's balance sheet, also known as a "statement of financial
position," reveals the firm's assets, liabilities and owners' equity (net worth).
The balance sheet, together with the income statement and cash flow
statement, make up the cornerstone of any company's financial
statements.
P&L ANALYSIS
A company's balance sheet, also known as a "statement of financial
position," reveals the firm's assets, liabilities and owners' equity (net worth).
The balance sheet, together with the income statement and cash flow
statement, make up the cornerstone of any company's financial
statements.
CASHFLOW ANALYSIS
Cash flow analysis is a financial statement that records how money flows into
and out of your business during a specific predetermined period of time.

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What is FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS?

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FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS
MARKET CAP
Market cap—or market capitalization—refers to the total value of all a
company's shares of stock.
It is calculated by multiplying the price of a stock by its total number of
outstanding shares.
For example, Reliance with 676.4 crore shares selling at Rs.2359.1 a share
would have a market cap of Rs.1,595,713 crore.

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FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS
BETA
Beta is a measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the overall market. By
definition, the market, such as the S&P 500 Index, has a beta of 1.0, and
individual stocks are ranked according to how much they deviate from the
market.
A stock that swings more than the market over time has a beta above 1.0.
EPS
Earnings per share (EPS) is a company's net profit divided by the number of
common shares it has outstanding.
EPS indicates how much money a company makes for each share of its stock
and is a widely used metric for estimating corporate value.

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FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS
P/E
The price‐to‐earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is the ratio for valuing a company that
measures its current share price relative to its earnings per share (EPS).
The price‐to‐earnings ratio is also sometimes known as the price multiple or
the earnings multiple.
P/E ratios are used by investors and analysts to determine the relative value
of a company's shares in an apples‐to‐apples comparison.
It can also be used to compare a company against its own historical record or
to compare aggregate markets against one another or over time.
P/E may be estimated on a trailing (backward‐looking) or forward
(projected) basis.

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FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS
BOOK VALUE
The book value of a stock is theoretically the amount of money that would be
paid to shareholders if the company was liquidated and paid off all of its
liabilities.
As a result, the book value equals the difference between a company's total
assets and total liabilities.
P/B
The price‐to‐book (P/B) ratio has been favored by value investors for decades
and is widely used by market analysts.
Traditionally, any value under 1.0 is considered a good P/B value, indicating a
potentially undervalued stock.
However, value investors often consider stocks with a P/B value under 3.0.

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FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS
FACE VALUE
Face value is a financial term used to describe the nominal or dollar value of a
security, as stated by its issuer.
For stocks, the face value is the original cost of the stock, as listed on t
he certificate.

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CORPORATE ACTION
Corporate actions are events initiated by a company that will bring changes
to the stock.
These actions are authorised by shareholders and the Board of Directors.
Examples include stock splits, bonus issues, write‐offs and mergers.
They are accompanied by an ex‐date ‐ representing the date on which the
action will be executed

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CORPORATE ACTION
DIVIDEND
A dividend is the distribution of some of a company's earnings to a class of its
shareholders, as determined by the company's board of directors.
Common shareholders of dividend‐paying companies are typically eligible as
long as they own the stock before the ex‐dividend date.

GAIL 40%

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CORPORATE ACTION
STOCK SPLIT
A stock split, sometimes called a bonus share, divides the value of each of the
outstanding shares of a company.
A two‐for‐one stock split is most common. An investor who holds one share
will automatically own two shares, each worth exactly half the price of the
original share.
So, the company has just cut its own stock price in half. Inevitably, the market
will adjust the price upwards the day the split is implemented.
The effects: Current shareholders are rewarded, and potential buyers are
more interested.

TTK PRESTIGE 10:1

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CORPORATE ACTION
RIGHTS ISSUES
A company implementing a rights issue is offering additional or new shares
only to current shareholders.
The existing shareholders are given the right to purchase or receive these
shares before they are offered to the public.
A rights issue regularly takes place in the form of a stock split, and in any case
can indicate that existing shareholders are being offered a chance to take
advantage of a promising new development.

BHARTI AIRTEL 1:14

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SHARE HOLDING PATTERN
A shareholding pattern refers to an official disclosure requirement of
companies, whereby the namesake document details about its ownership
pattern, comprising of both promoters and non‐promoters.

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 INVESTMENT

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What is INVESTMENT?
An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating incom
e or appreciation.
Appreciation refers to an increase in the value of an asset over time.
When an individual purchases a good as an investment, the intent is not to
consume the good but rather to use it in the future to create wealth.
An investment always concerns the outlay of some capital today—
time, effort,
money, or an asset—in hopes of a greater payoff in the future than what was
originally put in.
For example, an investor may purchase a monetary asset now with the idea
that the asset will provide income in the future or will later be sold at a highe
r
price for a profit.
There are four main investment types, or asset classes, that you can choose
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What are GROWTH INVESTMENTS?
These are more suitable for long term investors that are willing and able t
o withstand market ups and downs.
Stocks, Commodity Futures, Security Futures, Options
Mutual Funds and ETFs
Precious metals & rare coins
Bonds
Bank Products
Annuities, Retirement
Insurance
Alternative and Complex Products
Initial Coin Offerings and Cryptocurrencies

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What is a MUTUAL FUND?
A mutual fund is a type of financial vehicle made up of a pool of money
collected from many investors to invest in securities like stocks, bonds, money
market instruments, and other assets. Mutual funds are operated by
professional money managers, who allocate the fund's assets and attempt to
produce capital gains or income for the fund's investors.
A mutual fund's portfolio is structured and maintained to match the
investment objectives stated in its prospectus.
Mutual funds give small or individual investors access to professionally
managed portfolios of equities, bonds, and other securities.
Each shareholder, therefore, participates proportionally in the gains or losses
of the fund.
Mutual funds invest in a vast number of securities, and performance is
usually tracked as the change in the total market cap of the fund—derived by
the aggregating performance of the underlying investments.
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What is SIP?
A systematic investment plan (SIP) is a plan in which investors make regul
ar,
equal payments into a mutual fund, trading account, or retirement account.

SIPs allow investors to save regularly with a smaller amount of money whil

e
benefiting from the long‐term advantages of dollar‐cost averaging (DCA).
By using a DCA strategy, an investor buys an investment using periodic equ

al
transfers of funds to build wealth or a portfolio over time slowly.

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What is DCA?
Dollar‐
cost averaging (DCA) is an investment strategy in which an investor
divides up the total amount to be invested across periodic purchases of a
target asset in an effort to reduce the impact of volatility on the overall
purchase.
The purchases occur regardless of the asset's price and at regular interval

s.
In effect, this strategy removes much of the detailed work of attempting t
o
time the market in order to make purchases of equities at the best prices.
Dollar‐cost averaging is also known as the constant dollar plan.

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What is an ETF?
An exchange traded fund (ETF) is a type of security that tracks an index,
sector, commodity, or other asset, but which can be purchased or sold on a
stock exchange the same way a regular stock can.
An ETF can be structured to track anything from the price of an individual
commodity to a large and diverse collection of securities.
ETFs can even be structured to track specific investment strategies.
ETFs can contain many types of investments, including stocks, commodities,
bonds, or a mixture of investment types.
An exchange traded fund is a marketable security, meaning it has an
associated price that allows it to be easily bought and sold.

NIFTY BEES

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What is PRESIOUS METALS?
Gold and silver have been recognized as valuable metals and have been
coveted for a long time.
Even today, precious metals have their place in a savvy investor's portfolio.
There are many ways to buy into precious metals like gold, silver, and
platinum.

Physical, SGB

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What are BONDS?
A bond is a fixed‐income instrument that represents a loan made by an
investor to a borrower (typically corporate or governmental).
A bond could be thought of as an I.O.U. between the lender and borrower that
includes the details of the loan and its payments.
Bonds are used by companies, municipalities, states, and sovereign
governments to finance projects and operations.
Owners of bonds are debtholders, or creditors, of the issuer.

Bond details include the end date when the principal of the loan is due to be
paid to the bond owner and usually include the terms for variable or fixed
interest payments made by the borrower.

INDIA’S debt market is 421.35 Billion USD

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 CRYPTOCURRENCY

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What is digital currency?
Digital currency is a form of currency that is available only in digital o
r electronic form.
It is also called digital money, electronic money, electronic currency,

or
cybercash.
Cryptocurrencies
Virtual Currencies
Central Bank Digital Currencies

PNB scam, 1990 Iraq vsKuwait

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What is BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is a distributed database that is shared among the nodes of a
computer network.
As a database, a blockchain stores information electronically in digital
format.
Blockchains are best known for their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems,
such as Bitcoin, for maintaining a secure and decentralized record of
transactions.
The innovation with a blockchain is that it guarantees the fidelity and
security of a record of data and generates trust without the need for a trusted
third party.

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Who is SATOSHI NAKAMOTO?
Satoshi Nakamoto is the anonymous name
used by the creators of the Bitcoin
cryptocurrency.
Although the name Satoshi Nakamoto is
often synonymous with Bitcoin, the actual
person that the name represents has never
been found, leading many people to believe
that it is a pseudonym for a person with a
different identity or a group of people.

Father of BITCOIN

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CRYPTOCURRENCY scamming
Initiatives aiming to obtain access to a target's digital wallet or authenticati
on credentials.
This means scammers try to get information that gives them access to a
digital wallet or other types of private information such as security codes.
In some cases, this even includes access to physical hardware.

Transferring cryptocurrency directly to a scammer due to impersonation,

fraudulent investment or business opportunities, or other malicious means.

Social Engineering Scams, Romance Scams, Imposter and Giveaway

Scams, Phishing Scams, Blackmail and Extortion Scams, Investment or
Business Opportunity Scams, New Crypto-Based Opportunities: ICOs
and NFTs, DeFiRug Pulls, Cloud Mining Scams,

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Is crypto currency banned in INDIA?
No crypto ban in India — SEBI will reportedly be pulled in to regulate the
sector.
The Indian government is not looking to ban cryptocurrencies, but to regulate
them as 'assets'.
All Indian crypto exchanges will reportedly come under the purview of the
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

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Why is crypto investing essential?
What happens if you buy $1 worth of #SHIB a year ago (AUGUST 202
0) Aug 2020 = Buy $1 of SHIB
Nov 2020 = $0.19
April 2021 = $12,000
May 2021 = $120,000
Aug 2021 = $20,000
Today = $243,333

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CRYPTO TRADING
Volatility
RR is much higher
Prices behave without rationale
24/7
Security threats
Legally not protected
Almost every day some or the other crypto performs +/‐ 100%~1000%

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What is BITCOIN MINING?
Bitcoin mining is the process by which new bitcoins are entered into
circulation; it is also the way that new transactions are confirmed by the
network and a critical component of the maintenance and development of the
blockchainledger.
"Mining" is performed using sophisticated hardware that solves an extremely
complex computational math problem.
The first computer to find the solution to the problem is awarded the next
block of bitcoins and the process begins again.
Cryptocurrency mining is painstaking, costly, and only sporadically
rewarding.
Nonetheless, mining has a magnetic appeal for many investors interested in
cryptocurrency because of the fact that miners are rewarded for their work
with crypto tokens.
This may be because entrepreneurial types see mining as pennies from
heaven.
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 QUERIES?

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