Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

EXERCISE 13.1
Evaluate the following limits in Exercise 1 to 22.

1. xlim
→3
x + 3.
Sol. We know that the limit of a polynomial function is the
value of the function at the prescribed point. i.e., if f (x) is

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

a polynomial function, then lim f (x) = f (a), obtained by

x→a
writing a for x in the function.
∴ lim x + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6.
x→3
 22 
2. lim  x – .
x→π  7 
 22   22 
Sol. lim  x – = π −
x→π  7   7 
22 22
Remark. π ≠ since π is irrational whereas is
7 7
22
rational. However, is an approximate value of π.
7
355
is another approximate value of π.
113
3. lim πr2.
r →1

Sol. lim πr2 = π × 1 2 = π.

r →1

4x + 3
4. lim .
x→4 x–2
4x + 3 4(4) + 3 19
Sol. lim = = .
x→4 x–2 4−2 2

5. lim x10 + x5 + 1 .
x→–1
x–1
lim x10 + x5 + 1 (− 1)10 + (− 1)5 + 1 1 − 1 + 1 1
Sol. = = = – .
x → –1 x –1 (− 1) – 1 −2 2
5
6. lim ( x + 1) – 1 .
x→0 x
15 – 1 0
On putting x = 0, we get = which is an
0 0
indeterminate form.
Sol. Put x + 1 = y, i.e., x = y – 1 so that y → 1 as x → 0.
( x + 1)5 − 1 y5 − 15
∴ lim = lim
x→0 x y →1 y−1
 xn − an 
Form lim , Here n = 5, a = 1
 x→a x − a 

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

= 5 × 15 – 1
[nan – 1]
= 5.
3 x 2 – x – 10
7. lim .
x→2 x2 – 4
3 x2 − x − 10  0
Sol. lim  Putting x = 2, we get the Form 
x→2 x −4 2 0
Forming Factors
[3x2 – x – 10 = 3x2 – 6x + 5x – 10 = 3x(x – 2) + 5(x – 2)
= (x – 2) (3x + 5)]
( x − 2)(3 x + 5)
= lim [Cancelling (x – 2) ≠ 0]
x→2 ( x − 2)( x + 2)
3x + 5 3× 2 + 5 11
= lim = = .
x→2 x+2 2+2 4
4
x – 81
8. lim .
x→3 2 x2 – 5 x – 3
x4 − 81  0
Sol. lim  Putting x = 3, we get the Form 
x→3
2
2 x − 5x − 3  0
Let us form factors of both Numerator and Denominator,
[x4 – 81 = (x2 – 9) (x2 + 9) = (x – 3) (x + 3) (x2 + 9)
and 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 2x2 – 6x + x – 3 = 2x(x – 3) + (x – 3)
= (x – 3)(2x + 1)]
(x − 3)(x + 3)(x2 + 9)
= lim [Cancelling (x – 3) ≠ 0]
x→3 (x − 3)(2x + 1)
( x + 3)( x2 + 9) (3 + 3)(32 + 9) 6 × 18 108
= lim = = = .
x→3 2x + 1 2(3) + 1 7 7
ax + b
9. lim .
x→0 cx + 1
ax + b a(0) + b
Sol. lim = = b.
x→0 cx + 1 c(0) + 1

z1/3 – 1
10. lim .
z→1 z1/6 – 1
0
Sol. On putting z = 1, we get the form  
0

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

Put z1/6 = y so that y → 1 as z → 1. Then

z1 / 3 − 1 y2 − 1
lim = lim [z1/3 = z2/6 = (z1/6)2 = y2]
z →1 z1 6
−1 y →1 y −1
 0 
 This is again form 
 0 
( y + 1)( y – 1)
= lim
y →1 y –1

Cancelling (y – 1), = lim (y + 1) = 1 + 1 = 2.

y →1
Second solution:
z1 / 3 − 1 z1/3 − 11/3
lim 1/6= lim
z1 6 − 1
z →1 z →1 z − 11/6
Dividing both numerator and denominator by (z–1),
 z1/3 − 11/3 
  1 1/3–1
(1)
 z −1  3 xn – an
lim  1/6 1/6  lim = nan–1 ]
= z −1 = 1 1/6–1 [ä x → a
x–a
z →1   (1)
 z −1  6
1
3 1 6
= 1 = × =2
3 1
6
ax 2 + bx + c
11. lim , a + b + c ≠ 0.
x → 1 cx 2 + bx + a

ax2 + bx + c a(1) 2 + b(1) + c a+b+c

Sol. lim 2
= 2
= = 1.
x → 1 cx + bx + a c(1) + b(1) + a c+b+a
1 1
+
12. lim x 2.
x→–2 x +2
1 1
+  0
Sol. lim x 2  Putting x = –2, we get the Form 
x→–2 x+2  0
Taking L.C.M. to write the given function as a rational
function.
x+2
= lim
x→–2 2 x( x + 2)

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

lim 1
= [Cancelling (x + 2) ≠ 0]
x→–2 2x
1 1
= = – .
2(− 2) 4
sin ax
13. lim .
x→0 bx
sin ax  a sin ax  a  sin ax 
Sol. lim = lim  .  = b axlim  ax 
x→0 bx x → 0  b ax  →0  
. .
[ . as x → 0, ax → 0]
a a
= × 1 = .
b b
sin ax
14. lim , a, b ≠ 0.
x→0 sin bx
sin ax  a sin ax bx 
Sol. lim = lim  . . 
x→0 sin bx x→0  b ax sin bx 
 
 c 1 
a  sin ax sin bx  ∴ = 
=  lim ÷ lim  d d 
b  ax → 0 ax bx → 0 bx    
  c 
[ ... as x → 0, ax → 0 and bx → 0]
a a
= (1 ÷ 1) = .
b b
sin (π – x)
15. lim .
x→π π (π – x )
Sol. Put π – x = t so that t → 0 as x → π.
sin (π − x) 1 sin t 1 1
∴ lim = lim = × 1 = .
x→π π(π − x) π t→0 t π π
cos x
16. lim .
x→0 π–x
cos x cos 0 1
Sol. lim = = .
x→0 π–x π − 0 π
cos 2 x – 1
17. lim .
x→0 cos x – 1
cos 2 x – 1 2 cos2 x − 1 − 1
Sol. lim = lim
x→0 cos x – 1 x→0 cos x − 1

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

2(cos 2 x − 1)
= lim
x→0 (cos x − 1)
Forming factors of numerator,
2(cos x + 1)(cos x − 1)
= lim
x→0 cos x − 1
= lim 2(cos x + 1)
x→0
= 2(cos 0 + 1) = 2 (1 + 1) = 4
ax + x cos x
18. lim .
x→0 b sin x
Sol. Dividing numerator and denominator by x
lim ( a + cos x)
ax + x cos x a + cos x x→0
lim = lim =
x→0 b sin x x→0  sin x   sin x 
b  lim b  
 x  x → 0  x 
a+1 a+1
= = .
b(1) b
19. lim x sec x.
x→0

x 0 0
Sol. lim x sec x = lim = = = 0.
x→0 x→0 cos x cos0 1
sin ax + bx
20. lim .
x → 0 ax + sin bx

Sol. Dividing numerator and denominator by x

sin ax
+b
sin ax + bx x
lim = lim
x → 0 ax + sin bx x→0 sin bx
a+
x
 sin ax 
a +b
= lim  ax 
x→0  sin bx 
a+ b 
 bx 
  sin ax  
lim  a  + b
ax → 0   ax  
=
  sin bx  
lim  a + b  
bx → 0   bx  
[ ... as x → 0, ax → 0 and bx → 0]
a(1) + b a+b
= = = 1.
a + b(1) a+b

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

21. lim (cosec x – cot x).

x→0

 1 cos x 
Sol. lim (cosec x – cot x) = lim  − 
x→0 x → 0  sin x sin x 
(on changing all T-ratios in terms of sin x and cos x)
1 − cos x
Taking L.C.M; = xlim
→0 sin x
 1 – cos x 1 + cos x 
Rationalising the numerator, = xlim  × 
→ 0  sin x 1 + cos x 
1 − cos 2 x sin 2 x
= lim = lim
x → 0 sin x(1 + cos x) x → 0 sin x(1 + cos x)

sin x sin 0 0
Cancelling sin x, = lim (1 + cos x) = (1 + cos 0) = (1 + 1)
x→0

0
= = 0
2
22. lim tan 2 x .
x→
π π
2 x–
2
π π π
Sol. Put x = + t so that t = x – and as x → , t → 0
2 2 2
tan 2 x tan (π + 2t)
∴ lim = lim
π π t→0 t
x→
2 x−
2
tan 2t tan 2t
= lim = lim 2.
t→0 t t→0 2t
[ä tan(π + θ) = tan θ]
tan 2t
= 2 lim = 2 × 1 = 2.
2t → 0 2t
23. Find lim f (x) and lim f (x), where f (x)
x→0 x →1

 2 x + 3, x ≤ 0
=  .
 3( x + 1), x > 0
Sol. In the neighbourhood of 0, f (x) is defined differently.
Therefore, we shall find both left hand limit and right hand limit.
lim f (x) = lim (2x + 3)
–
x→0 –
x→0
..
[ . when x → 0–, x < 0 and f (x) = 2x + 3 (given)]
= 2 × 0 + 3 = 3

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

lim f (x) = lim 3(x + 1)

x → 0+ x → 0+

[ ... when x → 0+, x > 0 and f (x) = 3(x + 1) (given)]

= 3(0 + 1) = 3
⇒ lim f (x) = 3 = lim f (x)
x → 0– x → 0+

∴ lim f (x) exists and = 3

x→0

In the neighbourhood of 1, f (x) = 3(x + 1)

[ ... x → 1– or x → 1+ ⇒ x > 0]
∴ lim f (x) = lim 3(x + 1) = 3(1 + 1) = 6.
x →1 x →1

 x2 – 1, x ≤ 1
24. Find lim f (x), where f (x) =  .
x →1 2
 – x – 1, x > 1
Sol. Here f (x) is defined differently in the neighbourhood of 1.
Therefore, we shall find both left hand limit and right hand
limit.
lim f (x) = lim (x2 – 1)
x → 1– –
x →1
..
[ . when x → 1–, x < 1 and f (x) = x2 – 1]
= 12 – 1 = 0
lim f (x) = lim (– x2 – 1)
x → 1+ x → 1+
..
[ . when x → 1+, x > 1 and f (x) = – x2 – 1]
= – 12 – 1 = – 2
Since lim f (x) ≠ lim f (x), therefore, lim f (x) does
x → 1– x → 1+ x →1

not exist.
| x |
 , x≠0
25. Evaluate lim f (x), where f (x) =  x .
x→0
 0, x=0
 x, if x ≥ 0
Sol. We know that | x | = 
 − x, if x < 0
We shall find both left hand limit and right hand limit.

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

| x| −x
Now lim f (x) = lim = lim = lim (– 1) = –1
x → 0– x → 0– x x→0 – x x → 0–

[x → 0– ⇒ x < 0 ⇒ |x| = – x]
| x| x
Again lim f (x) = lim = lim = lim (1) = 1
x→0 +
x→0 + x x → 0+ x x → 0+

[x → 0 +
⇒ x > 0 ⇒ |x| = x]
Since lim f (x) ≠ lim f (x), therefore, lim f (x) does
x → 0– x → 0+ x→0

not exist.

 x
 , x≠0
26. Find lim f (x), where f (x) = | x | .
x→0
 0, x=0

x
Sol. L.H.L. = lim f (x) = lim
x → 0– x → 0– |x|
x ..
= lim [ . x → 0– ⇒ x < 0 ∴ | x | = – x]
x → 0– −x
= lim (– 1) = – 1
x → 0–

x
R.H.L. = lim f (x) = lim
x → 0+ x → 0+ |x|
x
= lim [... x → 0+ ⇒ x > 0 ∴ | x | = x]
x → 0+ x
= lim 1 = 1
x → 0+

Since L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L., therefore, lim f (x) does not exist.

x →0

27. Find lim f (x), where f (x) = | x | – 5.

x→5

Sol. L.H.L. = lim (| x | – 5)

x → 5–

= lim (x – 5) [... x → 5– x is slightly less than 5

x → 5–
⇒ x > 0 ∴ | x | = x]
= 5 – 5 = 0

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

R.H.L. = lim (| x | – 5)
x → 5+

= lim (x – 5) [... x → 5+ ⇒ x > 0 ∴ | x | = x]

x → 5+
=5 – 5 = 0
Since L.H.L. = 0 = R.H.L.
∴ lim f (x) exists and = 0.
x→5

a + bx, x < 1

28. Suppose f (x) =  4, x =1
b – ax, x > 1

and if lim f (x) = f (1) what are possible values of a
x →1

and b?
Sol. Here f (x) is defined differently in the neighbourhood of 1.
Therefore, we shall find both left hand limit and right hand
limit.
lim f (x) = lim (a + bx) = a + b × 1 = a + b
x → 1– – x →1

Again lim f (x) = lim (b – ax) = b – a × 1 = b – a

x → 1+ x → 1+
Also f (1) = 4
... lim f (x) = f (1) (given),
x →1

∴ lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1) = 4

x → 1– x → 1+

∴ lim f (x) = 4 and lim f (x) = 4

x → 1– x → 1+
⇒ a + b = 4 and b – a = 4
Adding, 2b = 8 ∴ b =4
Putting b = 4 in a + b = 4, we have a + 4 = 4 or a = 0.
29. Let a1, a2, ..., an be fixed real numbers and define a
function
f (x) = (x – a1)(x – a2) ... (x – an).
What is lim f (x)? For some a ≠ a 1 , a 2 , ... a n ,
x → ai

compute lim f (x).

x→a

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

Sol. f (x) = (x – a1)(x – a2) ... (x – an) ...(i)

Let us find lim f (x) for i = 1
x → ai

i.e., lim f (x) = lim (x – a1) (x – a2) ... (x – an)

x → a1 x → a1

Putting x = a1
= (a1 – a1) (a1 – a2) ... (a1 – an)

= 0 (a1 – a2) ... (a1 – an) = 0

Again lim f (x) = lim (x – a1) (x – a2) ... (x – ai)

x → ai x → ai
... (x – an)
Putting x = ai
= (ai – a1) (ai – a2) ... (ai – ai) ... (ai – an)
= (ai – a1) (ai – a2) ... 0 ... (ai – an) = 0
for all i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n.
Again lim f (x) for some a ≠ a1, a2, ..., an
x→a

lim (x – a1) (x – a2) ... (x – an)

x→a
Putting x = a
= (a – a1) (a – a2) ... (a – an).
| x | + 1, x < 0

30. If f (x) =  0, x=0
| x | – 1, x > 0

For what value(s) of a does lim f (x) exist?
x→a

 x, x > 0
Sol. We know that | x | = 
 − x, x < 0
− x + 1, x < 0

∴ f (x) =  0, x=0
 x − 1, x > 0

Since a ∈ R, three cases arise.
Case 1. When a < 0, f (x) = – x + 1
∴ lim f (x) = lim (– x + 1) = – a + 1
x→a x→a

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

⇒ lim f (x) exists for all a < 0.

x→a

Case 2. When a > 0, f (x) = x – 1

∴ lim f (x) = lim (x – 1) = a – 1
x→a x→a

⇒ lim f (x) exists for all a > 0.

x→a
Case 3. When a = 0.
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = lim (– x + 1) = – 0 + 1 = 1.
x → a− x → 0− x → 0−

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = lim (x – 1) = 0 – 1 = – 1.

x → a+ +
x→0 +
x→0

Since lim f (x) ≠ lim f (x) for a = 0, lim f (x) does not exist.
x → a− x → a+ x→a

Hence lim f (x) exists for all a ≠ 0.

x→a

f ( x) – 2
31. If t h e f u n c t i o n f ( x ) s a t i s f i e s lim = π,
x →1 x2 – 1
evaluate lim f (x).
x →1

f ( x) − 2
Sol. Given: lim = π
x →1 x2 − 1
lim ( f ( x) − 2)
x →1
∴ =π
lim ( x 2 − 1)
x →1

But lim (x2 – 1) = 12 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0, therefore we must

x →1
have lim (f (x) – 2) = 0,
x →1

because if lim (f (x) – 2) is non-zero, then the given limit

x →1

becomes non-zero = ∞ which does not exist and hence

0
can’t be π (given).
∴ lim f (x) – lim 2 = 0
x →1 x →1

⇒ lim f (x) = lim 2 = 2. ∴ lim f (x) = 2.

x →1 x →1 x →1

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

 g( x) 
 Remark : If xlim
→ a h( x )
= a real number l and lim h ( x ) = h ( a ) = 0,
x→a 
 
then lim g ( x ) must be 0.
 x→a 
 mx 2 + n, x<0

32. If f (x) =  nx + m, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
 3
 nx + m, x >1
For what integers m and n does both lim f (x) and
x→0

lim f (x) exist?

x →1

Sol. Here f (x) is defined differently in the neighbourhood of 0 as

well as 1.
Therefore, we shall find both left hand limit and right hand
limit both for x = 0 and x = 1.
Now lim f (x) = lim (mx2 + n) = m × 02 + n = n
x → 0– x → 0–

Again lim f (x) = lim (nx + m) = n × 0 + m = m

x → 0+ x → 0+
... lim f (x) exist (given),
x→0

∴ lim f (x) = lim f (x) ∴ n = m ...(i)

x → 0– x → 0+

Also lim f (x) = lim (nx + m) = n × 1 + m = n + m

x → 1– –
x →1

Again lim f (x) = lim (nx3 + m) = n × 13 + m = n + m

x → 1+ x → 1+

Here lim f (x) = lim f (x) = n + m, therefore, lim f (x)

– x →1
x →1 x → 1+
exists for all values of m and n and lim f (x) = m + n
x →1
From (i), we conclude that m and n must be equal
integers.

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

EXERCISE 13.2
1. Find the derivative of x2 – 2 at x = 10.
Sol. Here f (x) = x2 – 2, (x=)a = 10.
ä f (a + h) = f (10 + h) = (10 + h)2 – 2
= 100 + h2 + 20h – 2 = h2 + 20h + 98
and f(a) = f(10) = (10)2 – 2 = 100 – 2 = 98

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

f ( a + h) – f ( a )
We know that f'(a) = lim
h→0 h
f (10 + h) – f (10)
∴ f '(10) = hlim
→0 h
h 2 + 20h + 98 – 98 h 2 + 20h
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
h( h + 20)
= lim
h→0 h
cancellling h, = hlim
→ 0 (h + 20) = 0 + 20 = 20
2. Find the derivative of 99x at x = 100.
Sol. Here, f (x) = 99x, (x =) a = 100

f (a + h) = f (100 + h) = 99 (100 + h), f (a) = f (100) = 99 (100)

f (100 + h) − f (100)
f ′(100) = lim
h→0 h
f ( a + h) – f ( a )
∵ f '(a ) = lim
h→0 h
99(100 + h) − 99(100)
= lim
h→0 h
9900 + 99h − 9900 99h
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
cancelling h, = lim 99 = 99
h→0
Hence the derivative of 99x at x = 100 is 99.
3. Find the derivative of x at x = 1.
Sol. Here f (x) = x, a = 1.
f (1 + h) − f (1)
f ′(1) = lim
h→0 h
(1 + h) − 1 h
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
= lim 1 = 1.
h→0
4. Find the derivative of the following functions from
first principle.
(i) x3 – 27 (ii) (x – 1)(x – 2)
1 x +1
(iii) (iv) .
x2 x–1

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

Sol. (i) Let f (x) = x3 – 27.

Changing x to x + h, f (x + h) = (x + h)3 – 27.
f ( x + h) – f ( x)
We know that f ′(x) = lim
h→0 h
[( x + h) − 27] − ( x3 − 27)
3
= lim
h→0 h
( x + h)3 − 27 − x3 + 27
= lim
h→0 h
( x + h)3 − x3
= lim
h→0 h
x3 + h3 + 3 xh( x + h) − x3
= lim
h→0 h
h3 + 3 x2 h + 3 xh2 h(h2 + 3 x2 + 3 xh)
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
= lim (h + 3x + 3xh) = 0 + 3x + 0 = 3x2
2 2 2
h→0

d
⇒ (f (x)) = 3x2.
dx
d
Hence (x3 – 27) = 3x2.
dx
(ii) Let f (x) = (x – 1)(x – 2) = x2 – 3x + 2.
Changing x to x + h, f (x + h) = (x + h)2 – 3(x + h) + 2.
f ( x + h) – f ( x)
We know that f ′(x) = lim
h→0 h
[( x + h)2 − 3( x + h) + 2] − ( x2 − 3 x + 2)
= lim
h→0 h
( x2 + h2 + 2hx − 3x − 3h + 2 − x2 + 3x − 2)
= lim
h→0 h
h2 + 2 hx − 3h h(h + 2 x − 3)
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
= lim (h + 2x – 3) = 0 + 2x – 3 = 2x – 3
h→0

d d
⇒ (f (x)) = 2x – 3. Hence ((x – 1)(x – 2)) = 2x – 3.
dx dx

MathonGo 16
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

1
(iii) Let f (x) = .
x2
1
Changing x to x + h, f (x + h) = .
( x + h)2
We know that f ′(x) = lim f ( x + h) – f ( x)
h→0
h
1 1
2
− 2
= lim ( x + h) x
h→0
h
Taking L.C.M.
1  x2 − (x + h)2  x2 − ( x2 + h2 + 2 xh)
= lim   = lim
h→0 h  x2 (x + h)2  h→0 hx2 ( x + h)2

− 2 xh − h2 − h(2 x + h)
= lim = hlim
h→0
2
hx ( x + h) 2 →0
hx2 ( x + h)2
− (2 x + h) − (2 x + 0) − 2x −2
= lim = = =
h→0 2
x ( x + h) 2 2
x ( x + 0) 2 2
x ( x) 2
x3
d −2 d  1  −2
⇒ (f (x)) = 3 Hence  2  = 3 .
dx x dx  x  x
x +1
(iv) Here f (x) =
x −1
x + h +1
Changing x to x + h, f(x + h) =
x + h –1

We know that f ′(x) = lim f ( x + h) − f ( x)

h→0 h

1  ( x + h) + 1 x + 1 
= lim  −
h → 0 h  ( x + h) − 1 x − 1 
Taking L.C.M,
1  ( x + 1 + h)( x − 1) − ( x + 1)( x − 1 + h) 
= hlim
→0 h  ( x + h − 1)( x − 1) 
 

1  [( x 2 − x + x – 1 + hx − h – x 2 + x – hx – x + 1 – h 
= hlim
→0 h  
 ( x + h − 1)( x − 1) 

MathonGo 17
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

1  − 2h 
= lim  ( x + h − 1)( x − 1) 
h→0 h  
−2
cancelling h, = lim
h→0 ( x + h − 1)( x − 1)

−2 −2 −2
= = ( x − 1)( x − 1) =
( x + 0 − 1)( x − 1) ( x − 1) 2

d  x + 1 2
∴   = – .
dx  x − 1  ( x − 1) 2
5. For the function

x100 x 99 x2
f (x) = + + ... + + x + 1,
100 99 2
prove that f ′ (1) = 100 f ′ (0).

x100 x 99 x2
Sol. Given f (x) = + + ... + + x + 1
100 99 2

100 x 99 99 x98 2x
⇒ f ′(x) = + + ... + + 1 + 0
100 99 2

d n d d d
[ä x = nxn–1, (c) = 0, (c f(x) = c f(x)]
dx dx dx dx
or f ′(x) = x99 + x98 + ... + x + 1 ...(i)
Putting x = 0 and x = 1 in (i), we have
f ′(0) = 0 + 0 + ... + 0 + 1 = 1 ...(ii)
and f ′(1) = 199 + 198 + ... + 1 + 1 (100 terms)
= 1 + 1 + ... + 1 + 1 = 100
= 100 × 1
∴ f ′(1) = 100 f ′(0) [By (ii)]
n n – 1 2 n – 2
6. Find the derivatives of x + ax + a x + ...
an–1x + an for some fixed real number a.
Sol. f (x) = xn + axn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ... + an – 1x + an
d
⇒ f ′(x) = (xn + axn – 1
+ a 2x n – 2
+ ... + an – 1
x + a n)
dx

MathonGo 18
 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

d d n–1 d n–2
= (xn) + a (x ) + a2 (x ) + ...
dx dx dx
d d n
+ an – 1 (x) + (a )
dx dx
= nxn – 1 + a(n – 1)xn – 2 + a2(n – 2)xn – 3 + ...
+ an – 1(1) + 0
= nxn – 1 + a(n – 1)xn – 2 + a2(n – 2)xn – 3 + ...
+ an – 1.
7. For some constants a and b, find the derivative of
x–a
(i) (x – a)(x – b) (ii) (ax2 + b)2 (iii) .
x–b
Sol. (i) Let f (x) = (x – a) (x – b); | uv form
Applying product rule,
d d
then f ′(x) = (x – a) × (x – b) + (x – a) × (x – b)
dx dx
= 1 × (x – b) + (x – a) × 1 = x – b + x – a
= 2x – (a + b).
(ii) Let f (x) = (ax2 + b)2 = a2x4 + 2abx2 + b2, then
d 4 d 2 d 2
f ′(x) = a2 (x ) + 2ab (x ) + (b )
dx dx dx
= a2 (4x3) + 2ab (2x) + 0
[ä b is constant (given) ⇒ b2 is also constant. For
example 32 = 9 = constant]
= 4a2x3 + 4abx = 4ax (ax2 + b).
x−a
(iii) Here f (x) =
x−b
Applying quotient rule, then
d d
( x − a) . ( x − b) − ( x − a) . ( x − b)
f ′(x) = dx dx
( x − b)2
1 . ( x − b) − ( x − a) . 1 ( x – b) – ( x – a )
= =
( x − b) 2
( x − a)2
x–b– x+a a−b
= = .
( x − b) 2
( x − b)2
x n – an
8. Find the derivative of for some constant a.
x–a
xn – an
Sol. Let f (x) = , then by applying quotient rule
x–a

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

d n d
( x − an ) . ( x − a) − ( xn − an ) . ( x − a)
f ′(x) = dx dx
( x − a)2
nx n − 1 . ( x − a) − ( x n − an ) . 1
=
( x − a)2
 n d n 
∵ a is a constant, ∴ dx a = 0
 
nx n − nax n − 1 − x n + an
=
( x − a)2
(ä xn–1. x = xn–1. x1 = xn –1+1 = xn)
(n − 1) x n − nax n − 1 + an
= .
( x − a)2
9. Find the derivative of
3
(i) 2x – (ii) (5x3 + 3x – 1)(x – 1)
4
(iii) x– 3(5 + 3x) (iv) x5(3 – 6x– 9)
2 x2
(v) x– 4(3 – 4x– 5) (vi) – .
x +1 3x – 1
3
Sol. (i) Let f (x) = 2x – , then
4
d  3
f ′(x) =  2x − 4 
dx  
d d  3
= (2x) –  
dx dx  4 
d
=2 (x) – 0 = 2(1) = 2.
dx
(ii) Here f (x) = (5x3 + 3x – 1)(x – 1)
Applying product rule of differentiation
d
f ′(x) = (5x3 + 3x – 1) × (x – 1) + (5x3 + 3x – 1)
dx
d
× (x – 1)
dx
2 3
= (15x + 3)(x – 1) + (5x + 3x – 1) × 1

MathonGo 20
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

= 15x3 – 15x2 + 3x – 3 + 5x3 + 3x – 1

= 20x3 – 15x2 + 6x – 4.
(iii) Here f (x) = x– 3(5 + 3x)
= 5x– 3 + 3x– 2, then
d d( x − 3 ) d( x − 2 )
f ′(x) = (5x– 3 + 3x– 2) = 5 +3
dx dx dx
= 5(– 3x– 4) + 3(– 2x– 3)
15 6 15 + 6x
= – 4
– 3 = –
x x x4
3
= – (5 + 2x).
x4
(iv) Let f (x) = x5(3 – 6x–9) = 3x5 – 6x– 4, then
d 5 d –4
f ′(x) = 3 (x ) – 6 (x )
dx dx

24
= 3(5x4) – 6(– 4x– 5) = 15x4 + .
x5
(v) Let f (x) = x– 4(3 – 4x–5) = 3x– 4
– 4x– 9, then
d –4 d –9
f ′(x) = 3 (x ) – 4 (x )
dx dx
12 36
= 3(– 4x– 5) – 4 (– 9x–10) = – 5
+ 10
x x
12  3 
= 5  5
− 1 .
x x 
2 x2
(vi) Let f (x) = –
x +1 3x − 1
2
d  1  d  x 
∴ f ′(x) = 2   –  
dx  x + 1  dx  3x − 1 
Applying quotient rule,
 d d 
 dx (1) . ( x + 1) − 1 dx ( x + 1) 
f ′ (x) = 2  
 ( x + 1)2 
 

MathonGo 21
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

 d 2 2 d 
 dx ( x ) . (3x − 1) − x dx (3x − 1) 
–  
 (3x − 1)2 
 
 0( x + 1) − 1 . 1   2 x(3x − 1) − x2 . 3 
= 2  –  
 ( x + 1)
2
  (3x − 1)2 
 −1   6 x2 − 2 x − 3 x2 
= 2  –  
 ( x + 1)2  (3x − 1)
2

 
−2 (3 x2 − 2 x)
= – .
( x + 1)2 (3 x − 1)2
10. Find the derivative of cos x from first principle.
Sol. Let f (x) = cos x.
Changing x to x + h, f (x + h) = cos (x + h)
We know that

f ′ (x) = lim f(x + h) – f(x)

h→0 h
cos ( x + h) − cos x
= lim
h→0 h
 2x + h  h
− 2 sin   sin
 2  2
= lim h
h→0 2.
2
 C+D C − D
∵ cos C − cos D = − 2 sin 2 sin 2 
 
 h  sin h / 2
= lim – sin  x +  .
h→0  2 h/ 2
 h sin h / 2
= – lim sin  x +  . lim
h→0  2 h h/ 2
→0
2

= – sin (x + 0) . 1 = – sin x
 sin θ 
∵ θlim θ
= 1
 →0 
d d
⇒ (f (x)) = – sin x Hence (cos x) = – sin x.
dx dx

MathonGo 22
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

11. Find the derivative of the following functions:

(i) sin x cos x (ii) sec x
(iii) 5 sec x + 4 cos x (iv) cosec x
(v) 3 cot x + 5 cosec x (vi) 5 sin x – 6 cos x + 7
(vii) 2 tan x – 7 sec x.
Sol. (i) Let f (x) = sin x cos x; | uv form
Applying Product rule,
d
then f ′(x) = (sin x cos x)
dx
d d
= (sin x) × cos x + sin x × (cos x)
dx dx
= cos x . cos x + sin x (– sin x)
= cos2 x – sin2 x = cos 2x.
1
(ii) Here f (x) = sec x =
cos x
Applying quotient rule of differentiation,
d d
(1) × cos x − 1 × (cos x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
cos2 x
0 × cos x − (− sin x) sin x
= = 2
2 cos x
cos x
1 sin x
= . = sec x tan x.
cos x cos x
(iii) Here f (x) = 5 sec x + 4 cos x
d d
∴ f ′(x) = 5 (sec x) + 4 (cos x)
dx dx
= 5(sec x tan x) + 4(– sin x)
= 5 sec x tan x – 4 sin x.
1
(iv) Here f (x) = cosec x =
sin x
Applying quotient rule of differentiation,
d d
(1) × sin x − 1 × (sin x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
sin 2 x

MathonGo 23
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

0 × sin x − cos x cos x

= 2
= –
sin x sin2 x
1 cos x
=– . = – cosec x cot x.
sin x sin x
(v) Here f (x) = 3 cot x + 5 cosec x
∴ f ′(x) = 3(– cosec2 x) + 5(– cosec x cot x)
= – 3 cosec2 x – 5 cosec x cot x.
(vi) Here f (x) = 5 sin x – 6 cos x + 7
∴ f ′(x) = 5(cos x) – 6(– sin x) + 0
= 5 cos x + 6 sin x.
(vii) Here f (x) = 2 tan x – 7 sec x
∴ f ′(x) = 2 sec2 x – 7 sec x tan x.

MathonGo 24
 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE ON CHAPTER 13

1. Find the derivative of the following functions from

first principle:

 π
(i) – x (ii) (– x)– 1
(iii) sin (x + 1) (iv) cos  x –  .
 8
Sol. (i) Here f (x) = – x
Changing x to x + h, f(x + h) = – (x + h)
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
∴ f ′(x) = hlim
→0
h
− ( x + h) − (− x) lim (– x – h + x)
= lim =
h→0 h h→0 h
−h
= lim
h→0 h
cancelling h, = lim (– 1) = – 1.
h→0
–1 1 1
(ii) Let f (x) = (– x) = = – .
−x x
−1
Changing x to x + h, f (x + h) = .
x+h

We know that f ′ (x) = hlim f(x + h) – f(x)

→0
h

MathonGo 25
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

1  1
− − − 
x + h  x
= lim
h→0 h
1  1 1
= lim  − + 
h→0 h  x + h x
Taking L.C.M.
−x+x+h
or f ′(x) = lim
h → 0 h( x + h) ( x)

h
= lim
h→0 h( x + h) ( x)

1 1 1 1
cancelling h, = lim = ( x + 0) x = = 2
h→0 ( x + h) ( x) ( x) ( x) x
d 1 d 1
⇒ (f (x)) = 2 Hence ((– x)–1) = 2 .
dx x dx x
(iii) Here f (x) = sin(x + 1)
changing x to x + h, f(x + h) = sin (x + h + 1)
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
∴ f ′(x) = lim
h→0 h
sin ( x + h + 1) − sin ( x + 1)
= lim
h→0 h
( x + h + 1) + ( x + 1) ( x + h + 1) − ( x + 1)
2 cos sin
= lim 2 2
h→0 h
 C+D C – D
∴ sin C – sin D = 2cos 2 sin 2 

 2 x + 2 + h   x + h + 1 – x –1 
2 cos   sin  
= lim  2   2 
h→0 h
 h h
2 cos  x + 1 +  sin
 2 2
= lim h
h→0 2.
2 h
sin
 h  2
= lim cos  x + 1 +  .
h→0  2 h
2

MathonGo 26
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

sin
 h 2
= lim cos  x + 1 +  × hlim
h→0  2 →0 h
2
2
= cos (x + 1 + 0) × 1 = cos(x + 1).
 π
(iv) Let f (x) = cos  x − 
 8 
 π
Changing x to x + h; f (x + h) = cos  x + h −  .
 8
We know that f ′ (x) = lim f(x + h) – f(x)
h→0
h
 π  π
cos  x + h −  − cos  x − 
= lim  8  8
h→0
h
 π π  π π
 x + h− 8 + x − 8   x + h− 8 − x + 8 
− 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
= hlim    
→0
h
 C+D C − D
∵ cos C − cos D = − 2 sin 2 sin 2 
 
 π
 2x + h − 4  h
− 2 sin   sin
 2  2
lim
= h→0  
h
2.
2
 h
 sin 
 h π  2
= hlim  − sin  x + −  . 
→0
  2 8  h 
 2 
h
h π sin
 
= – lim0 sin  x + −  . hlim 2
h→
 2 8 2 →0 h
2
 π π  sin θ 
= –sin  x + 0 −  . 1 = – sin(x – ) ∵ lim = 1
 8 8  θ → 0 θ 
d  π
⇒ (f (x)) = – sin  x − 
dx  8 

MathonGo 27
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

d  cos  x − π    π
 = – sin  x −  .
 8  
Hence
dx    8 
Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be
understood that a, b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero
constants and m and n are integers):
2. (x + a).
Sol. Here f (x) = x + a
⇒ f ′(x) = 1 + 0 = 1.
r 
3. (px + q)  + s  .
 x 
r  qr
Sol. Let f (x) = (px + q)  + s  = pr + psx + + qs, then
x  x
d d d d
f ′(x) = (pr) + ps (x) + qr (x–1) + (qs)
dx dx dx dx
= 0 + ps (1) + qr (–1x–2) + 0
qr
.
= ps –
x2
4. (ax + b)(cx + d)2.
Sol. Here f (x) = (ax + b)(cx + d)2.
Applying product rule of differentiation
d d
f ′(x) = (ax + b) × (cx + d)2 + (ax + b) × (cx + d)2
dx dx
= (a × 1 + 0) × (cx + d)2 + (ax + b) × 2(cx + d)
d
× (cx + d)
dx
d d
[By chain rule: here un = nun–1 u]
dx dx
d
= a(cx + d)2 + 2(ax + b)(cx + d) × c ∵ (cx + d ) = c × 1 + 0 = c
dx
= a(cx + d)2 + 2c(ax + b)(cx + d).
ax + b
5. .
cx + d
ax + b
Sol. Here f (x) = .
cx + d
Applying quotient rule of differentiation,

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

d d
( ax + b) × ( cx + d) − ( ax + b) × ( cx + d)
f ′(x) = dx dx
( cx + d) 2
a(cx + d) − (ax + b) c acx + ad − acx − bc
= =
(cx + d)2 ( cx + d) 2
ad − bc
= .
( cx + d) 2
1
1+
6. x.
1
1–
x
1 x +1
1+
x x x +1
Sol. Let f (x) = = =
1 x −1 x −1
1−
x x
Applying quotient rule of differentiation,
d d
( x + 1) . ( x − 1) − ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
∴ f ′(x) = dx dx
( x − 1)2
1 . ( x − 1) − ( x + 1) .1 −2
= = .
( x − 1)2 ( x − 1)2
7. 1 .
2
ax + bx + c
1
Sol. Let f (x) = 2
ax + bx + c
By quotient rule,
d d
(1) . (ax2 + bx + c) − 1 . (ax2 + bx + c)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(ax2 + bx + c)2
(0)(ax2 + bx + c) − (2 ax + b)
=
(ax2 + bx + c)2
2 ax + b
= –
(ax2 + bx + c)2

8. ax + b .
2
px + qx + r
ax + b
Sol. Here f (x) = 2
.
px + qx + r

MathonGo 29
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

Applying quotient rule of differentiation,

d d
(ax + b) × ( px2 + qx + r) − (ax + b) × ( px2 + qx + r)
f ′(x) = dx dx
( px2 + qx + r)2

a( px2 + qx + r) − (ax + b)(2 px + q)

=
( px2 + qx + r)2

apx2 + aqx + ar − 2apx2 − aqx − 2bpx − bq

=
( px2 + qx + r)2

− apx2 − 2bpx + ar − bq
= .
( px2 + qx + r)2

9. px 2 + qx + r .
ax + b

px2 + qx + r
Sol. Here f (x) = .
ax + b
Applying quotient rule of differentiation

d d
( px2 + qx + r) × (ax + b) − ( px2 + qx + r) × (ax + b)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(ax + b)2

(2 px + q)(ax + b) − ( px2 + qx + r)(a)

=
(ax + b)2
2apx2 + 2bpx + aqx + bq − apx2 − aqx − ar
=
(ax + b)2
apx2 + 2bpx + bq − ar
= .
(ax + b)2
a b
10. – + cos x.
4
x x2
a b
Sol. Let f (x) = 4 – 2 + cos x = ax– 4 – bx– 2 + cos x, then
x x
d –4 d –2 d
f ′(x) = a (x ) – b (x ) + (cos x)
dx dx dx

MathonGo 30
Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

= a (– 4x–5) – b (– 2x–3) + (– sin x)

4a 2b
=– 5
+ 3 – sin x.
x x
11. 4 x – 2.
Sol. Let f (x) = 4 x – 2, then
d d
f ′(x) = (4 x ) – (2)
dx dx
d 1/2  1 1/ 2 −1   d n n −1
=4 (x ) – 0 = 4  x  ∵ dx x = nx 
dx 2   
1
−
2
2 2
= 2x = 1 = .
x
x2
12. (ax + b)n.
Sol. Let f(x) = (ax + b)n
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x,
d
f '(x) = (ax + b)n
dx
d
= n(ax + b)n–1 (ax + b)
dx
d n d
[By chain rule: Here u = nu n–1 u where u is a
dx dx
function of x]
⇒ f '(x) = n(ax + b)n–1 [a(1) + 0] = n(ax + b)n–1a
= na (ax + b)n–1
13. (ax + b)n (cx + d)m.
Sol. Let f (x) = (ax + b)n(cx + d)m, then
d
f ′(x) =[(ax + b)n (cx + d)m]
dx
Applying product rule,
d d
= (ax + b)n . (cx + d)m + (ax + b)n . (cx + d)m
dx dx
d
= n(ax + b) n–1 dx (ax + b).(cx + d) m + (ax + b) nm(cx + d) m–1
d
(cx + d)
dx

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

d n d
[By chain rule: here u = nun–1 u]
dx dx
= na(ax + b)n – 1(cx + d)m + (ax + b)n . mc(cx + d)m – 1
= na(ax + b) n – 1 (cx + d) m – 1 (cx + d) + (ax + b) n – 1

(ax + b) m c (cx + d)m – 1

[ä (cx + d)m = (cx + d)m–1+1 = (cx + d)m–1 (cx + d).
similarly (ax + b)n = (ax + b)n–1 (ax + b)]
Taking (ax + b)n – 1 (cx + d)m – 1 common
= (ax + b)n – 1 (cx + d)m – 1 [na(cx + d) + mc(ax + b)]
= (ax + b)n – 1 (cx + d)m – 1 [nacx + nad + macx + mbc]
= (ax + b)n – 1 (cx + d)m – 1 [ac(n + m)x + nad + mbc].
14. sin(x + a).
Sol. Here f (x) = sin (x + a) = sin x cos a + cos x sin a.
d d
∴ f ′(x) = (sin x cos a) + (cos x sin a)
dx dx
d d
= cos a (sin x) + sin a (cos x)
dx dx
= cos a cos x + sin a(– sin x)
= cos x cos a – sin x sin a
= cos (x + a).
Alternatively:
d d
f ′(x) = [sin (x + a)] = cos (x + a) . (x + a)
dx dx
= cos (x + a) × (1 + 0) = cos (x + a) × 1 = cos (x + a)
15. cosec x cot x.
Sol. Let f (x) = cosec x cot x; | uv form
Applying product rule,
d d
then f ′(x) = (cosec x) × cot x + cosec x × (cot x)
dx dx
= (– cosec x cot x) cot x + cosec x (– cosec2 x)
= – cosec x cot2 x – cosec3 x
= – cosec x (cot2 x + cosec2 x).
cos x
16. .
1 + sin x
cos x
Sol. Here f (x) = .
1 + sin x

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

Applying quotient rule of differentiation,

d d
(cos x) × (1 + sin x) − cos x × (1 + sin x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(1 + sin x)2
− sin x × (1 + sin x) − cos x(cos x)
=
(1 + sin x)2
− sin x − sin 2 x − cos2 x
=
(1 + sin x)2
− sin x − (sin 2 x + cos2 x)
=
(1 + sin x)2
− sin x − 1 − (1 + sin x)
= =
(1 + sin x)2 (1 + sin x)2
−1
= .
1 + sin x

sin x + cos x
17. .
sin x – cos x
sin x + cos x
Sol. Let f (x) = , then by quotient rule,
sin x – cos x
d d
(sin x + cos x) . (sin x − cos x) − (sin x + cos x) . (sin x − cos x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(sin x − cos x)2
(cos x − sin x)(sin x − cos x) − (sin x + cos x)(cos x + sin x)
=
(sin x − cos x)2
sin x cos x − cos 2 x – sin 2 x + sin x cos x
– sin x cos x – sin 2 x – cos 2 x – sin x cos x
=
(sin x − cos x) 2
–2sin 2 x – 2 cos 2 x –2(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
= =
(sin x − cos x) 2 (sin x − cos x)2
–2
= [ä sin2 x + cos2 x = 1]
(sin x − cos x) 2

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

sec x – 1
18. .
sec x + 1

sec x − 1
Sol. Here f (x) =
sec x + 1
Applying quotient rule of differentiation,
d d
(sec x − 1) × (sec x + 1) − (sec x − 1) × (sec x + 1)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(sec x + 1)2
sec x tan x(sec x + 1) − (sec x − 1)(sec x tan x)
=
(sec x + 1)2
sec 2 x tan x + sec x tan x − sec 2 x tan x + sec x tan x
=
(sec x + 1)2
2 sec x tan x
= .
(sec x + 1)2
19. sinn x.
Sol. Let f (x) = sin n x = (sin x)n
Applying chain rule of differentiation,
 d n n –1 d 
 Here dx u = n u dx u where u = sin x is a function of x
 
d
f '(x) = n (sin x)n–1 (sin x)
dx
= n sinn–1 x cos x
a + b sin x
20. .
c + d cos x
a + b sin x
Sol. Here f (x) =
c + d cos x
Applying quotient rule of differentiation,
d d
(a + b sin x) × (c + d cos x) − (a + b sin x) × (c + d cos x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(c + d cos x)2
b cos x(c + d cos x) − (a + b sin x)(− d sin x)
=
(c + d cos x)2

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

bc cos x + bd cos2 x + ad sin x + bd sin 2 x

=
(c + d cos x)2
bc cos x + ad sin x + bd(cos2 x + sin 2 x)
=
(c + d cos x)2
bc cos x + ad sin x + bd
= .
(c + d cos x)2

sin ( x + a)
21. .
cos x

sin ( x + a)
Sol. Here f (x) = .
cos x
Applying quotient rule of differentiation,
d d
[sin ( x + a)] × cos x − sin ( x + a) × (cos x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
cos2 x
d
cos ( x + a) ( x + a)(By chain rule) × cos x − sin ( x + a )(− sin x)
= dx
cos 2 x
cos ( x + a)(1) cos x + sin ( x + a) sin x
=
cos2 x
Using cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos (A – B),
cos [( x + a) − x] cos a
= = .
cos2 x cos2 x
22. x4(5 sin x – 3 cos x).
Sol. Here f (x) = x4 (5 sin x – 3 cos x)
Applying product rule of differentiation,
d d
f ′(x) = (x4) × (5 sin x – 3 cos x) + x4 × (5 sin x –
dx dx
3 cos x)
= 4x3 (5 sin x – 3 cos x) + x4 (5 cos x + 3 sin x)
= x3 (20 sin x – 12 cos x + 5x cos x + 3 x sin x).
2
23. (x + 1) cos x.
Sol. Let f (x) = (x2 + 1) cos x,
Applying product rule of differentiation,

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

d d
then f ′(x) = (x2 + 1) × cos x + (x2 + 1) × (cos x)
dx dx
= 2x cos x + (x2 + 1) (– sin x)
= 2x cos x – (x2 + 1) sin x.
2
24. (ax + sin x)(p + q cos x).
Sol. Here f (x) = (ax2 + sin x)(p + q cos x)
Applying product rule of differentiation,
d
f ′(x) = (ax2 + sin x) × (p + q cos x) + (ax2 + sin x)
dx
d
× (p + q cos x)
dx
= (2ax + cos x)(p + q cos x) + (ax2 + sin x)(– q sin x)
= (2ax + cos x)(p + q cos x) – q sin x(ax2 + sin x).
25. (x + cos x)(x – tan x).
Sol. Let f (x) = (x + cos x) (x – tan x); | uv form
Applying product rule of differentiation,
d
then f ′(x) = (x + cos x) (x – tan x) + (x + cos x)
dx
d
× (x – tan x)
dx
= (1 – sin x) (x – tan x) + (x + cos x) (1 – sec2 x).
4 x + 5 sin x
26. .
3 x + 7 cos x

4 x + 5 sin x
Sol. Let f (x) = , then by quotient rule,
3 x + 7 cos x
d d
(4 x + 5 sin x) . (3x + 7 cos x) − (4 x + 5 sin x) (3x + 7 cos x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(3x + 7 cos x)2

(4 + 5 cos x) (3 x + 7 cos x) − (4 x + 5 sin x) (3 − 7 sin x)

=
(3 x + 7 cos x)2

(12x + 28 cos x + 15x cos x + 35 cos2 x)

− (12x − 28 x sin x + 15 sin x − 35 sin2 x)
=
(3x + 7 cos x)2

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Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

12 x + 28cos x + 15 x cos x + 35cos2 x –12 x + 28 x sin x –15sin x + 35sin 2 x

=
(3x + 7 cos x)2
28(cos x + x sin x) + 15( x cos x − sin x) + 35(cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
= .
(3 x + 7 cos x) 2
28(cos x + x sin x ) + 15( x cos x − sin x ) + 35
= .
(3 x + 7 cos x) 2
π
x 2 cos  
4
27. .
sin x
π
x2 cos
4 = 1 x2
Sol. Let f (x) =
sin x 2 sin x
d  1 x2 
∴ f ′(x) =  
dx  2 sin x 
1 d x2
=
2 dx sin x
Applying quotient rule,
 d 2 d 
( x ) . sin x − x2 . sin x 
1  dx dx
=  
2  sin2 x 
 
2 x sin x − x2 cos x
=
2 sin2 x
x(2 sin x − x cos x)
= .
2 sin2 x
x
28. .
1 + tan x
x
Sol. Here f (x) = .
1 + tan x
Applying quotient rule of differentiation,
d d
( x) × (1 + tan x) − x × (1 + tan x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(1 + tan x) 2
1(1 + tan x) − x sec 2 x 1 + tan x − x sec 2 x
= = .
(1 + tan x) 2 (1 + tan x) 2

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 Class 11 Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

29. (x + sec x)(x – tan x).

Sol. Here f (x) = (x + sec x)(x – tan x)
Applying product rule of differentiation,
d
f ′(x) = (x + sec x) × (x – tan x) + (x + sec x)
dx
d
× (x – tan x)
dx
= (1 + sec x tan x)(x – tan x) + (x + sec x)(1 – sec2 x).
x
30. .
sinn x
x
Sol. Let f (x) = , then by quotient rule,
sinn x
d d
( x) . sin n x − x . (sin n x)
f ′(x) = dx dx
(sin n x)2
1 . sin n x − x . n sin n − 1 x cos x
=
sin 2n x
 d n d n d n n –1 d
∵ by chain rule, dx sin x = dx (sin x) = dx u (where u = sin x) = n u dx

d 
n sin n –1 x sin x = n sin n –1 x cos x 
dx 
sin n − 1 x(sin x − nx cos x)
=
sin 2n x
[ä sinn x = (sin x)n = (sin x)n–1+1 = (sin x)n–1 sin x = sinn–1 x sin x]
sin x − nx cos x
= .
sin n + 1 x
(ä 2n – (n – 1) = 2n – n + 1 = n + 1)

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