Volume 8, Issue 10, October – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Emerging Technologies and Applications of IoT:

Current and Future Perspectives
Hudson Nandere 1* Muwanga Kosea Erasto 2
1*.2
School of Computing and Informatics, Bugema University, P.O. Box 6529, Kampala, Uganda

Abstract:- This article presents an in-depth analysis of the patients remotely and collect data on their vital signs and
current and future Internet of Things (IoTs) technologies medication adherence, leading to more personalized and
and applications. A brief overview of the significance of effective treatments. In transportation, IoT can improve safety
the current state of IoT technologies is discussed. The and efficiency by enabling real-time monitoring of vehicles
article examines emerging technologies and techniques and traffic flow, leading to reduced congestion and emissions.
such as 5G, edge computing, and AI, that will continue to In smart cities, IoT can improve energy efficiency and reduce
transform ongoing IoT applications. The article explores waste by enabling intelligent management of public
the applications of IoT in various industries such as infrastructure such as lighting, water, and waste management
healthcare, transportation, smart cities, and agriculture. systems.
The article highlights the security and privacy concerns
and solutions to IoT applications in different domains. Furthermore, the IoT has the potential to create new
This article offers some unique predictions on IoT growth business models and revenue streams. For example,
in the next 5–10 years and a final discussion on the roles of companies can use data collected from IoT devices to develop
IoT technologies in enabling Industry 4.0. new products and services, such as personalized health
monitoring or predictive maintenance for industrial
Keywords:- Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, Edge computing, equipment. The IoT can also enable new ways of interacting
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Healthcare, Smart Cities, with customers, such as using smart speakers or chatbots to
Agriculture, Security, Privacy, Predictions. provide personalized recommendations or support.

I. INTRODUCTION B. A Brief History of IoT

IoT has its roots in the early days of networking when
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology the first interconnected computer systems emerged in the
that has gained significant attention in recent years. It is a 1960s and 1970s. However, it wasn't until the early 1980s that
network of physical objects, devices, vehicles, and other items the first example of an IoT device was created. In 1982, a
embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to enable group of students at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh,
them to collect and exchange data with each other and Pennsylvania, connected a Coca-Cola vending machine to the
humans. The IoT is transforming various industries, such as internet, making it one of the first internet-connected devices.
healthcare, transportation, smart cities, and agriculture, by The machine was equipped with sensors that could detect
improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing the user when drinks were running low or when the temperature inside
experience. the machine was too high or too low. By connecting the
machine to the internet, the students were able to monitor its
A. Definition of IoT and its Importance status remotely and ensure that it was always stocked with
The definition of the "Internet of Things" has evolved drinks that were at the right temperature (Atzori, Iera, &
over time, but it can be broadly defined as a network of Morabito, 2010).
interconnected devices that are capable of exchanging data
with each other and with the cloud. According to Gartner, Inc., Despite this early example of IoT, it wasn't until the
the IoT is a network of physical objects that contain embedded 1990s that the term "Internet of Things" was coined. Kevin
technology to communicate, sense, or interact with their Ashton, a British technology pioneer, first used the term in a
internal states or the external environment. These objects presentation to describe a system in which objects could be
range from consumer devices such as smartphones and smart identified and tracked using radio-frequency identification
watches to industrial equipment such as turbines and pipelines. (RFID) technology. However, it wasn't until the early 2000s
that advances in technology, such as wireless networking and
The importance of the IoT lies in its ability to collect and low-cost sensors, made IoT more practical and feasible (Al-
analyze vast amounts of data from various sources, enabling Fuqaha et al., 2015).
businesses and individuals to make more informed decisions.
For example, IoT can help healthcare providers monitor

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
One of the first major IoT applications was the In manufacturing, IoT technologies can be used to
introduction of smart home technology, such as the Nest optimize production processes and improve quality control.
thermostat, in 2011. This marked the beginning of the IoT era, IoT sensors can be used to monitor machine performance,
with companies investing heavily in IoT research and detect faults, and predict maintenance needs, reducing
development. Today, IoT is a multi-billion-dollar industry downtime and improving overall efficiency (Bai, Yang, Chen,
with countless applications and use cases (Gubbi, Buyya, & Chen, 2021). IoT-enabled systems can also be used to
Marusic, & Palaniswami, 2013). improve quality control by enabling real-time monitoring and
analysis of production data to identify and address issues
The growing accessibility of cloud computing and big (Boulanger & Chioukh, 2021).
data analytics in recent years has fueled the growth of the IoT.
The ability to store and analyze vast amounts of data in real- In general, IoT technologies have the potential to
time has enabled businesses to derive valuable insights and transform a wide range of industries, enabling organizations to
make data-driven decisions. The emergence of 5G networks collect, analyze, and utilize data in new and innovative ways.
has also created new opportunities for IoT, with faster and As IoT technologies continue to advance, they will become
more reliable connectivity enabling the deployment of new increasingly important in enabling organizations to remain
applications and use cases (Kranenburg, 2014). competitive and meet the evolving needs of their customers.

C. Significance of the IoT D. Motivation for the research paper

The Internet of Things (IoT) has significant implications The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a critical
for a wide range of industries, including healthcare, technology for businesses and governments alike. Its potential
transportation, energy, manufacturing, and agriculture. IoT to revolutionize the way we live, work, and interact with the
technologies offer new ways to collect, analyze, and utilize world is immense (Zanella et al., 2014). However, despite the
data, allowing organizations to optimize their operations, rapid growth of the IoT in recent years, there are still many
reduce costs, and enhance the customer experience (Zanella et challenges that need to be addressed to fully realize it’s
al., 2014). potential.

One of the most significant applications of IoT is in the One of the main challenges facing the IoT is its security.
healthcare industry. IoT devices such as wearable sensors and As more and more devices are connected to the internet, the
remote patient monitoring systems can be used to collect and risk of cyber-attacks increases. According to a report by the
analyze real-time health data, enabling healthcare providers to Identity Theft Resource Center (2020), the number of data
monitor patients remotely and provide personalized treatment breaches in the United States increased by 17% in 2019, with
plans (Alam et al., 2020). For example, IoT-enabled devices over 1,400 reported breaches. This highlights the need for
can be used to monitor vital signs, detect falls, and track stronger security measures to protect IoT devices and the data
medication adherence, improving patient outcomes and they collect.
reducing healthcare costs (Bassi, Horn, Kourtellis, & Nikaein,
2018). Another challenge facing the IoT is the interoperability
of devices from different manufacturers. The lack of
In the transportation industry, IoT technologies can be standardization among IoT devices makes it difficult for them
used to improve safety and efficiency. Connected vehicles can to communicate with each other. This can lead to a fragmented
share data with each other and with infrastructure, allowing ecosystem where devices cannot be integrated into larger
for real-time traffic monitoring and optimization (Taleb et al., systems, limiting their functionality and usefulness (Shi et al.,
2017). IoT-enabled systems can also be used to monitor 2016).
vehicle performance and predict maintenance needs, reducing
downtime and improving overall vehicle reliability (Hermann, The exponential rise in IoT devices has also generated a
Pentek, & Otto, 2016). vast amount of data that needs to be processed and examined
right away. This calls for substantial computing power and
In the energy sector, IoT technologies can be used to storage capacity, which can be costly and energy-intensive
optimize energy consumption and reduce costs. Smart grid (Gubbi et al., 2013).
systems, which utilize IoT sensors and analytics to monitor
and manage energy usage, can help utilities better manage Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of the IoT
their resources and reduce waste (Chen, Wan, Li, & Li, 2020). are enormous. IoT has the potential to optimize business
IoT-enabled devices can also be used to monitor energy usage operations, improve public safety, and enhance the quality of
in buildings, enabling more efficient heating and cooling life for individuals. For example, IoT can be used in smart
systems and reducing energy consumption (Baldini, Castro, cities to monitor traffic flow, reduce energy consumption, and
Chang, & Jara, 2019). improve public safety. In healthcare, IoT can be used to
monitor patients remotely, improve drug adherence, and
prevent medical errors (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).

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The ability to remotely monitor patients has improved
Given the immense potential of IoT, it is essential to healthcare services and extended elderly people's average life
address the challenges facing its widespread adoption. This expectancy thanks to developments in biomedical sensors,
research paper aims to explore current and future trends in wearable technology, the Internet of Things (IoT), and smart
IoT, including the challenges and opportunities presented by sensors (Kumar, Wang, Poongodi, & Imoize, 2021). Despite
the technology. By doing so, we hope to contribute to the all the IoT advancements, IoT device reliability incorporates
ongoing discussion on how best to harness the potential of IoT conventional reliability metrics into IoT-centric solutions.
for the benefit of society. Assuming that the failure structures of IoT devices follow a
specific probability distribution, a probabilistic model for
II. CURRENT STATE OF IOT measuring reliability in connected IoT devices was used to
calculate reliability, failure rate, availability, and MTTR (Zin
The rapid growth of smart devices and the use of various et al., 2016).
technologies in the IoT lay the foundation for countless
research opportunities. Smart homes integrate various Challenges and opportunities of the IoT include the
domains, including home automation, which enables the development and implementation of context-aware
residents to control home appliances like air conditioners, middleware due to the particular characteristics of devices and
fans, washing machines, refrigerators, toasters, coffee makers, contexts, such as the limited resources of smart devices and
personal computers, smartphones, etc. remotely using the the dynamic nature of contexts; the development of
internet (Barodawala, Makwana, Punjabi, & Bhatt, Jan. 2018). frameworks for efficient and optimized energy consumption at
Clients can utilize all characteristics of the smart home system smart homes due to the increased amount of energy costs and
and screen the appliances through the smart system platform demands; and the improvement of security in smart homes due
operated on Android and advanced Internet of Things-based to the increased number of new technologies (Almusaylim &
security. (Abdulla et al., 2020) caution for Smart Home: when Zaman, 2018). According to Nord, Koohang, and
nobody is available there so as to identify an intruder or some Paliszkiewicz (2019), IOT challenges according to the
strange event at home, the IOT system begins without client theoretical framework were: integration of new technologies
intervention, and furthermore, it dynamically passes an email into existing technologies was a challenge; managing
to the proprietor if any threats are found, and the proprietor complexity: protocol proliferation; bringing data from the
takes the required action; edge: networking challenges; there are too few best practices
in the evolving area of IoT. User security and privacy are
Both smart gardening and indoor air quality monitoring significant problems, and the generation of reliable outputs
allow for remote plant monitoring as well as recurrent nutrient from extensive, complex databases using machine learning
and watering applications (Min & Park, 2018). Smart algorithms allows for predicting and detecting vulnerabilities
gardening improves both the mental health of the building's in IoT-based systems (Whaiduzzaman et al., 2022).
occupants and the quality of the air in the surrounding area. To
provide notifications, analytics, visualization, and real-time There is a need to secure IoT applications through the
updates on IAQ levels, modern monitoring systems must use of energy- and memory-aware lightweight security
include smart applications (Saini, Dutta, & Marques, 2020). algorithms; security mechanisms should consist of fewer
An indoor air quality detector (IAQD) can be used in a variety calculations, increase battery capacity, and use natural
of communication scenarios, including wired communication, resources such as solar and wind energy, which also require
short-range wireless network communication, long-distance upgrades to hardware and special skills (Swamy & Kota,
communication to a cloud platform, and mixed applications 2020).
(Zhao, Wu, & Li, 2019).
III. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN IOT
Smart home occupants are safe and secure thanks to the
integration of sensors, human-computer vision techniques, According to Whaiduzzaman et al. (2022), Smart City
video intercoms, and security cameras that are integrated into 5.0 can harmoniously balance all aspects of life and the
the system and controlled via a virtual private network (VPN), opposing interests of many city stakeholders since it blends
as well as IoT technology that can detect anomalies and human cooperation and artificial intelligence; Smart cities rely
intruders and send out real-time alerts (Froiz-Miguez, on the latest innovation in cloud, fog, and edge computing to
Fernández-Caramés, Fraga-Lamas, & Castedo, 2018). The conduct data analytics as close as feasible to the point of data
IOT surveillance system works without client intervention and creation; fog and edge computing were created as extensions
dynamically sends an email to the proprietor if any threats are to cloud networks; As the amount of acquired data increases,
found; the proprietor then takes the required action (Abdulla et machine learning techniques are employed to enhance an
al., 2020). application’s intelligence and capabilities. To address security
concerns, machine learning (ML) techniques that embed
intelligence in IoT devices and networks have to be employed.
IoT in our daily lives, such as AI-powered IoT for consumers

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
to listen to music on smartphones while driving or performing IoT technology has the potential to revolutionize the
other tasks, Headphones with the Internet of Things sensors healthcare industry by transforming traditional healthcare
can track heart rates and use artificial intelligence to predict practices into more patient-centric and proactive approaches.
emotions; the smartphone may select the world’s best song One of the significant advantages of IoT in healthcare is that it
from those stored. Smart devices can modify or automate a allows healthcare providers to monitor patients' vital signs and
state or behavior based on knowledge, which is considered a health conditions in real time, leading to early detection and
critical component of an IoT solution. timely intervention of health problems. This reduces hospital
readmissions and emergency room visits, thereby lowering
Machine learning techniques are used to create a healthcare costs.
prediction model of resource localization by incorporating
actual task scheduling. IOT’s primary aim in agriculture is to Moreover, IoT in healthcare has facilitated the
automate all agricultural operations and methods to maximize development of wearable devices that can track patient health
productivity. data, such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and
glucose levels, among others. These devices have improved
5G design (Mahmood et al., 2021) and evolution address the accuracy and frequency of patient health monitoring,
a multitude of use cases across multiple industries and even resulting in better diagnoses and personalized treatment plans.
allow multiple IoT segments to coexist to serve a single
vertical industry. Industrial wireless demands can broadly be IoT in healthcare has also led to the development of
grouped into three IoT segments: massive, broadband, and telemedicine, which allows healthcare providers to remotely
critical. Massive IoT (mIoT) targets a massive number of monitor and communicate with patients. This is especially
connected low- to medium-end industrial devices; Broadband important in rural or remote areas where healthcare access is
extends high data rate (i.e., eMBB) services to data-intensive limited. Telemedicine has also enabled healthcare providers to
applications and provides additional IoT-related features such provide consultation services to patients who are unable to
as low latency and enhanced battery-saving, coverage, and physically visit healthcare facilities.
uplink data rates; Critical IoT is for time-critical industrial Finally, the IoT in healthcare has enabled the
use-cases with a demanding requirement set of latency (1 ms development of electronic health records (EHRs), which
with a 0.001% packet error rate) and reliability and covers improve patient outcomes by providing healthcare providers
use-cases such as collaboration and control of machines, with access to a patient's complete medical history. EHRs
robots, and processes, mobile robots, real-time human- have also enhanced data sharing among healthcare providers,
machine interaction (HMI), automated guided vehicles, leading to better collaboration and improved patient care.
autonomous cars, and AR/VR applications.
Several studies have shown the positive impact of IoT on
In order to achieve massive data exchange at various healthcare, including improved patient outcomes, reduced
frequencies, near-instant, reliable broadband connectivity must healthcare costs, and enhanced patient satisfaction (Dorsey et
be provided. However, to implement 6G technology, several al., 2020; Mastellos et al., 2020). Therefore, it is imperative
challenges need to be overcome, which include new spectrum for the healthcare industry to continue to leverage IoT
allocation, network densification, inter-cell interference technology to improve patient care and outcomes.
suppression, and distributed massive MIMO antenna
technology (Sharma, Chehri, & Fortier, 2020). B. IoT in the Transportation Industry
The transportation industry has significantly benefited
IV. APPLICATIONS OF IOT from IoT technology, and its use has been gaining momentum
in recent years. IoT in the transportation industry involves the
The applications of IoT are diverse, and they span across integration of various devices, sensors, and platforms that
various industries, including healthcare, transportation, enable real-time communication, data sharing, and decision-
agriculture, and smart cities. These industries benefit from the making processes. This technology has revolutionized the way
technology's capability to improve efficiency, increase transportation services are provided, leading to increased
productivity, and enhance safety. In this section, we will efficiency, safety, and reduced costs.
discuss how the IoT is transforming these industries.
One of the most notable applications of IoT in the
A. IoT in the Healthcare Industry transportation industry is logistics and supply chain
The healthcare industry has shown significant growth management. IoT sensors and devices are used to monitor the
and innovation with the integration of IoT technology. IoT- movement and location of goods in transit, enabling
enabled medical devices, wearables, and mobile apps are companies to track the progress of their shipments in real-time
being widely used in healthcare to provide remote monitoring, (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). This allows for better planning and
and personalized treatment, and improve patient outcomes. scheduling of deliveries, reducing delays and ensuring on-time
delivery of goods.

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The field of public transportation is also changing as a leading to reduced energy consumption and increased safety.
result of the IoT. Cities are using IoT-enabled sensors and Similarly, IoT sensors in waste bins can detect the level of
devices to monitor traffic flow, predict congestion, and adjust waste and optimize garbage collection schedules, resulting in
traffic signals in real-time to improve traffic flow (Gubbi et reduced fuel consumption and better utilization of resources
al., 2013). This has the potential to reduce congestion, air (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).
pollution, and travel time for commuters. In addition, IoT is
also being used to monitor the performance of public In addition to these examples, IoT is also used in various
transportation vehicles, ensuring they are running efficiently other applications in smart cities, including smart buildings,
and minimizing breakdowns (Hussain & Salah, 2019). smart grids, and environmental monitoring. Smart buildings
leverage the IoT to optimize energy consumption and reduce
IoT-based solutions can also help reduce the costs by collecting data from various sensors, such as
maintenance costs of transportation vehicles. The use of temperature, humidity, and occupancy. Smart grids use IoT to
sensors and predictive analytics can help monitor the health of manage energy distribution, monitor power quality, and
vehicle components and identify potential issues before they reduce outages (Min & Park, 2018).
become major problems (Lee & Lee, 2015). This proactive
approach to maintenance can reduce the downtime of the IoT in smart cities has the potential to revolutionize the
vehicles and improve the overall efficiency of the way cities operate by making them more sustainable, efficient,
transportation system. and livable. By leveraging data from connected devices, city
planners can make data-driven decisions to improve public
Another significant application of IoT in the services, enhance citizen engagement, and foster innovation
transportation industry is the use of autonomous vehicles. (Zanella et al., 2014). However, as with any technology, IoT
Autonomous vehicles rely on IoT-based solutions for in smart cities also presents various challenges, such as data
communication and decision-making. They use sensors and privacy and security concerns, interoperability issues, and the
machine-learning algorithms to analyze the environment and need for a robust infrastructure to support IoT devices.
make real-time decisions. Since human error is a major factor
in most accidents, using autonomous vehicles can greatly To overcome these challenges and maximize the
reduce the number of collisions on the road. potential of IoT in smart cities, it is crucial to have a holistic
approach that considers the entire ecosystem, including
The use of IoT in the transportation industry is not infrastructure, policies, and regulations. Collaboration
limited to land-based transportation. According to Zanella et between various stakeholders, including city governments,
al. (2014), IoT technology is being used in the aviation technology providers, and citizens, is also crucial to the
industry to monitor aircraft performance, enabling real-time successful implementation of IoT in smart cities (Zanella et
monitoring of fuel consumption, engine performance, and al., 2014).
maintenance requirements. This ensures that aircraft are
running efficiently, reducing fuel consumption, and D. IoT in Agriculture
minimizing downtime due to maintenance issues. IoT has numerous applications in agriculture, enabling
farmers to optimize crop yields, reduce waste, and increase
In general, IoT technology is transforming the efficiency. Smart farming technology allows for real-time
transportation industry, leading to increased efficiency, safety, monitoring of crops, soil, and weather conditions, providing
and reduced costs. Its applications are vast, and there is farmers with valuable data to make informed decisions.
potential for further development and innovation in this field. One application of IoT in agriculture is precision
farming, which involves the use of sensors and mapping tools
C. IoT in Smart Cities to gather data on crop yield, soil moisture, and other variables
A "smart city" is a concept that aims to integrate various (González-de-Soto et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021). This data
technologies, including IoT, to improve the quality of life for is then analyzed to optimize fertilizer and water usage, leading
its residents, enhance urban services, and promote sustainable to reduced costs and increased crop yields. For example, the
development. Smart cities leverage data from connected use of IoT technology in vineyards has been shown to increase
devices to improve infrastructure, transportation, public safety, grape quality and yield while reducing water usage (Hosseini
and more. IoT plays a crucial role in the development of smart et al., 2021).
cities by providing real-time data to help city planners make
informed decisions (Bai et al., 2021). Another application of IoT in agriculture is smart
irrigation, which uses sensors to measure soil moisture and
IoT in smart cities can be seen in various applications, weather conditions to optimize irrigation schedules (Han &
such as smart transportation, smart parking, smart lighting, Wang, 2021). This technology reduces water waste and lowers
and smart waste management systems. For instance, IoT- costs while also improving crop yields. A study by Ramrez-
enabled sensors in street lights can help detect the presence of Hernández et al. (2020) found that the use of smart irrigation
pedestrians and vehicles and adjust lighting accordingly,

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systems increased crop yield by up to 25% while reducing security threats in precision agriculture are: sensors being
water usage by up to 30%. vulnerable to eavesdrop, steal, and inject malicious data due to
signal loss from their long-distance deployment strategy and
In addition to precision farming and smart irrigation, IoT harsh environment; location tampering of outdoor sensors and
technology can also be used for livestock monitoring. Smart actors resulting in agricultural facility failure and abnormal
sensors can be attached to livestock to monitor their health, operation; 5G (Yang et al., 2021) is vulnerable to security
behavior, and location in real-time. This data can help farmers threats like interception of node communication, network
identify potential health issues and optimize feeding attacks, authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality.
schedules, resulting in better animal health and increased
efficiency (Cavalcante et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021). To enhance the security and privacy of smart agriculture,
user authentication systems should ensure the following
All in all, the use of IoT in agriculture has the potential security and performance requirements: resilience to various
to revolutionize the way farmers manage their crops and attacks, device anonymity, session key agreement, mutual
livestock. By using IoT devices and sensors to collect and authentication, and unlinkability; The proposed spatial
analyze data, farmers can optimize crop yield, reduce water spectrum framework supports reuse and truthfulness,
usage, and improve the overall efficiency of agricultural including a cryptographic authority, multiple bidders, and an
supply chains. auctioneer; (Yang et al., 2021) To provide traceability and
trust in the agrifood supply chain, a security solution deployed
V. SECURITY AND PRIVACY CONCERNS IN THE over the Ethereum blockchain network is proposed. To ensure
IOT confidentiality with end-to-end security guarantees, a clustered
and distributed key management framework based on group-
Since IoT is able to connect a large number of based keys is proposed. Intrusion detection systems based on
heterogeneous devices, a unified architecture or middleware is machine learning and data mining algorithms are proposed.
needed to implement it (Sobin, 2020). Interoperability is
another challenge where authentication is key and the user’s VI. PREDICTIONS OF IOT GROWTH IN THE
identity must not be revealed. During communication between NEXT 5–10 YEARS
devices, user data must not be tapped. Data confidentiality is a
challenge because of the constant change in terminologies and The Internet of Things (IoT) has witnessed tremendous
the requirements of end-users. Identification technology growth in recent years, and this trend is expected to continue
challenges map a unique identifier to an entity to make it in the next 5–10 years. The current IoT market is valued at
without ambiguity identifiable and retrievable; Internet of $250 billion, and it is projected to reach $1.6 trillion by 2025
Things Architecture: Technology becomes imperative for the (McKinsey & Company, 2020). The growth of IoT can be
providers and requesters to communicate meaningfully with attributed to several factors, such as the increasing adoption of
each other, irrespective of their heterogeneous nature; smart devices, the availability of low-cost sensors, and the
Establishment of communication technology challenges like proliferation of wireless networks. The use of IoT will become
proper deployment, Constraint-free mobility of items, cost, more widespread, not only in developed countries but also in
heterogeneity, and communication modality overcome the developing countries, where businesses will begin to invest in
existing network dynamically to change the continuous IoT solutions to increase productivity and efficiency.
evolution of things so that they can feature varying degrees of
autonomy; Correct identification of data and further signal One of the key drivers of IoT growth is the increasing
processing Standards are to be designed so that they support a adoption of smart devices. Smart devices such as smartphones,
wide range of applications and address the common smart watches, and smart home devices have become an
requirements of all the possible applications that are integral part of our lives. According to Statista (2021), there
interrelated to the IoT. Security threats in IoT-based healthcare are currently 4.5 billion active internet users globally, and this
systems (Ferrag, Shu, & Choo, 2021): Replay Attack (provide number is expected to reach 6 billion by 2022. As the number
replay attacking resistance in epidemic situations), of internet users increases, the demand for smart devices will
Impersonation Attack, Denial-of-Service Attack, Stolen Smart also increase, thereby driving the growth of the IoT.
Card Attack, Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack, Tampering
Attack, De-Synchronization Attack, Privileged-Insider Attack, In addition, the availability of low-cost sensors has also
False Data Injection Attack, Ephemeral Secret Leakage played a significant role in the growth of the IoT. Sensors are
Attack, Attacks Against Block chain-Based Solutions, Sybil used in IoT devices to collect data, and the cost of sensors has
Attack, and Botnet Attack. decreased significantly in recent years. According to IoT
Analytics (2020), the cost of sensors has decreased by 50% in
Ho-Sam-Sooi, Pieters, & Kroesen (2020) show that high- the last decade, making it more affordable for companies to
level descriptions of security and privacy risks, through incorporate sensors into their IoT devices. This has led to an
hacking, and in the real world, people may (wrongfully) increase in the number of IoT devices in use, thereby driving
assume that IoT products have built-in security; The main the growth of IoT.

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One of the main drivers of IoT growth in the next 5–10 devices can be used to monitor patients' health remotely,
years is the increasing demand for automation and the enabling doctors to provide better and timelier care. Similarly,
adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. IoT can help optimize in the transportation industry, IoT sensors can be used to
industrial processes, reduce waste, and increase productivity. optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion, leading to more
As a result, more companies will invest in IoT to improve efficient transportation networks (Duffy, 2021). Moreover, the
their supply chain management, quality control, and predictive IoT has the potential to transform the way we live our daily
maintenance processes. In addition, the growth of wireless lives. Smart homes equipped with IoT devices can help us
networks such as 5G has also played a significant role in the manage our energy consumption, improve our home security,
growth of the IoT. 5G networks offer faster data speeds, low and provide us with more personalized experiences.
latency, and higher device connectivity. This makes it possible Additionally, IoT devices can help us stay connected to the
for more devices to be connected to the internet, thereby world around us, whether it be through wearable technology
enabling the growth of the IoT. According to Ericsson (2020), or smart cities that improve our quality of life (Rahmani et al.,
there will be 3.5 billion 5G subscriptions by 2026, which will 2021).
enable the growth of new IoT use cases. The combination of
IoT and 5G will also open up new opportunities for IoT While the IoT has the potential to have significant
applications, such as remote healthcare, autonomous vehicles, positive impacts, it also has the potential to cause harm. One
and smart cities. of the most significant concerns about the IoT is its impact on
privacy and security. With the increasing number of IoT
IoT growth is expected to be significant in various devices, the risk of data breaches and cyber-attacks is
industries. In the healthcare industry, IoT devices are being increasing, putting our personal information at risk. The use of
used to monitor patients remotely, which has become more IoT devices also raises issues with data ownership and control
important due to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to because businesses are able to gather and use our data without
Markets and Markets (2021), the healthcare IoT market is our permission (Kshetri, 2021). Additionally, job displacement
projected to grow from $72.5 billion in 2020 to $188.2 billion and income inequality may be brought on by the IoT.
by 2025. In the transportation industry, IoT devices are being Particularly in sectors that rely heavily on manual labor, the
used to track and manage vehicles, which has led to increased automation of various tasks through the use of IoT devices
efficiency and reduced costs. According to Business Insider may result in job losses. This may result in income inequality
Intelligence (2020), the transportation and logistics IoT market and a growing wealth disparity (Bughin et al., 2021).
is expected to grow from $10.4 billion in 2020 to $17.9 billion
by 2024. B. IoT ethical considerations
The IoT has significant ethical issues that need to be
Therefore, the growth of IoT in the next 5–10 years is addressed if we want to make sure it is used responsibly and
expected to be significant, driven by factors such as the ethically. The problem of consent is one of the biggest ethical
increasing adoption of smart devices, the availability of low- issues. We must have control over how our data is used and
cost sensors, and the growth of wireless networks such as 5G. who has access to it as IoT devices continue to gather more
The growth of IoT is expected to be significant in various and more information about us. There are more moral issues
industries, including healthcare and transportation. As the to take into account, especially when it comes to data security
demand for IoT devices continues to increase, companies that and privacy. IoT devices' massive data collection has the
incorporate IoT into their products and services will have a potential to compromise personal privacy and make sensitive
competitive advantage in the market. data accessible to third parties. The use of IoT devices also
raises concerns about surveillance and the potential for abuse
VII. IMPACTS OF THE IOT ON SOCIETY by governments and other organizations (Barnes, 2020).

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing The issue of bias is a crucial ethical point to remember.
phenomenon that is transforming the way we live, work, and IoT device algorithms are only as effective as the data they are
interact with each other. While the IoT has the potential to trained on. The devices themselves will be biased if the data
revolutionize our lives and bring about significant benefits, it used to train these algorithms is biased, which will produce
also raises important questions about its impact on society. discriminatory results (Kshetri, 2021).
This section examines the positive and negative impacts of the
IoT on society, the ethical considerations of the IoT, and how C. Discussion of How IoT will shape our future
it will shape our future. The Internet of Things is expected to have a significant
impact on our future, both in terms of how we live our lives
A. Positive and negative impacts of the IoT on Society and how we interact with one another. One of the most
The IoT has the potential to have significant positive significant implications of the Internet of Things is the
impacts on society. One of the most significant benefits of the potential for a more connected and efficient world. We can
IoT is its ability to improve efficiency and productivity in expect to see advancements in areas such as transportation,
various industries. For instance, in the healthcare sector, IoT healthcare, and energy consumption as the number of IoT

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
devices grows (Rahmani et al., 2021). Furthermore, the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Internet of Things has the potential to transform the way we
work, with the automation of various tasks increasing We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the
productivity and efficiency. Furthermore, there are fears that Directorate of Research and the Department of Computing and
the widespread adoption of IoT will result in job displacement Informatics of Bugema University for their support in this
and exacerbate existing economic inequalities. Automation of research. Our appreciation also goes to the anonymous
previously performed tasks by human workers may result in reviewers for their valuable feedback and suggestions that
job losses, particularly in industries such as manufacturing, helped us improve the quality of this paper.
logistics, and transportation.
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