Lab Name: To take linear measurement of given specimens using Vernier Caliper, Micrometer and height

gauge
Course title: Metrology and Statistical QC Total Marks: 20
Practical No. 01 Date of experiment performed: ____________
Course teacher/Lab Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Usman Date of marking: ____________
Student Name: __________________________
Registration no.__________________________

Marking Evaluation Sheet

Knowledge components Domain Contribution Max. Obtained

Taxonomy level
marks marks

1. Student is aware with requirement

Imitation (P1) 3
and use of apparatus involved in
experiment.
2. Student has conducted the
Psychomotor Manipulate (P2) 70% 11
experiment by practicing the
hands-on skills as per instructions.
3. Student has achieved required
Precision (P3) -
accuracy in performance.

4. Student aware of discipline

&safety rules and followed the Receiving (A1) 2
rules during experiment. Affective
20%
5. Student has responded well
Respond (A2) 2
andcontributed affectively in form
of group or team.
6. Student has applied theoretical Apply
knowledge to obtain and report Cognitive 10% 2
(C3)
the results.
Total 20

Normalize
marks out of 5
(5)

Signed by Course teacher/ Lab Instructor

 EXPERIMENT # 01
To take linear measurement of given specimens using Vernier Caliper, Micrometer and
height gauge

PRE LAB TASK

1. Title:
To take linear measurement of given specimens using Vernier Caliper, Micrometer and height
gauge
2. OBJECTIVE:
After studying this experiment, you should be able to:
1. Understand the constructional parts of Linear measuring instruments like Vernier Caliper,
Micrometer and Vernier height Gauge
2. How to calculate least count of Linear measuring instruments like Vernier Caliper,
Micrometer and Vernier height Gauge
3. How to take measurement with the help of Vernier Caliper, Micrometer and Vernier
height Gauge

3. THEORY:
1. LINEAR MEAUREMENT:

Linear measurement is defined as measurement of length. Linear measurement is when you

measure things in a straight line using tools such as a ruler, yardstick or tape measure.

Different type of linear measurements include distance, width, height, length, thickness,
perimeter, circumference etc.

EXAMPLE:

An example of linear measure is using a yard stick to find out the length of table.

2. TYPES OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT:

There are two types of Linear Measurement.
1. Direct Measurement
2. Indirect Measurement.

3. SYSTEMS OF MEAURMENT:
There are two main systems of measurements in the world as given below.
1. Metric System
2. Imperial System
 There is also a third measuring system that is given below.
3. US Standard system.
METRIC SYSTEM:
Base unit for metric system is meter. Units used to measure length depends on what is
measured e.g.

• distance between towns and cities is measured in kilometres

• width of a textbook is measured in millimetres or centimetres
• height is measured in metres and centimetres.
IMPERIAL SYSTEM:
Units for measuring length in the imperial system are inches, feet, yards and miles. Units
used to measure length depends on what is measured

12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet or 36 inches = 1 yard
1760 yards or 5280 feet = 1 mile
4. LINEAR MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS:

The meter scale enables us to measure the length to the nearest millimeter only. Engineers and
scientists need to measure much smaller distances accurately. For this type of length measurement
special instruments are used such as Vernier Caliper and Micrometer, Vernier Height gauge is
used for height measurement. Thus, Linear measurement instruments for precise measurements
can be listed as following.

1. Vernier Caliper
2. Micrometer
3. Vernier Height Gauge

4.1 VERNIER CALIPER:

The Vernier caliper is an instrument which can measure 1/10 of ‘mm. The Vernier Calipers
consists of two scales one is fixed and the other is movable. The fixed scale called main scale is
calibrated on L-Shaped frame and carries a fixed jaw. The movable scale called Vernier Scale
slides over the main scale and carries a movable jaw. The movable jaw carries measuring tip.
When the two jaws are closed the zero of the Vernier Scale coincides with the zero of the main
scale. For precise setting of the movable jaw an adjustment screw is provided. Also, an
arrangement is provided to lock the sliding scale on the fixed main scale.

4.1.1 CONSTRUCTIONAL PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER:

• Inside jaw
• Stem
• Screw clamp
• Outside jaw
 • Main scale
• Vernier scale

INSIDE JAW:

It used for measuring internal diameter of the test specimen.

OUTSIDE JAW:

It is used for measuring the outer diameter of the specimen.

STEM:

It is used for measuring depth of the test specimen

MAIN SCALE:

The Vernier caliper consists of a main scale fitted with a jaw at one end graduated in
centimeters and millimeters.
VERNIER SCALE:

The Vernier caliper consists of a movable scale that moves on main scale and is called
Vernier scale. On the Vernier scale 0.9 cm is divided into equal parts.

4.1.2 LEAST COUNT OF VERNIER CALIPER:

The least count or the smallest reading which you can get with the instrument. It can be
calculated as under:
Least count = one main scale (MS) division - one Vernier scale (VS) division.
= 1 mm - 0.09 mm
= 0.1 mm

= 0.01 cm
The least count of the Vernier
 = 0.01 cm
4.1.3 TAKING MEASURMENT WITH VERNIER CALIPER:
➢ Take the material (sample) for which the value must be measured.
➢ Check the Vernier and main scale must coincide at 0 (Zero Error measurement).
➢ Calculate the least count of Vernier Caliper
➢ Place the object between the two jaws.
➢ Record the position of zero of the Vernier scale on the main scale
➢ Notice that one of the Vernier scale divisions coincides with one of the main scale divisions
➢ Calculate the reading of the Vernier caliper as Reading of the instrument = MS div +
(coinciding VS div x L.C.)

4.2 MICROMETER:
Micrometer screw-gauge is another instrument used for measuring accurately the diameter of a
thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal.
The Most Engineering precision work has to be measured to a much greater accuracy than 0.02
mm, which is available with Vernier Calipers, to achieve interchangeability of component parts.
To achieve this greater precision, measuring equipment of a greater accuracy and sensitivity must
be used. Micrometer is one of the most common and most popular forms of measuring instrument
for precise measure with 0.01 mm accuracy. Micrometers with 0.001 mm accuracy are also
available.
4.2.1 CONSTRUCTIONAL PARTS OF MICROMETER:
Micrometer consists of a U-shaped frame fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a
thimble as shown in figure. It has following parts.
• U shaped frame
• Anvil
• Lock Nut
• Spindle
• Barrel
• Thimble
• Ratchet Screw

U SHAPE FRAME:

The outside micrometer has U-Shaped or C shaped frame. It holds all the micrometer parts
together. The gap of the frame permits the maximum diameter or length of the job to be
measured. It is generally made of steel, cast steel, malleable C.I or light alloy. It is desirable
that the frame of the micrometer be provided with conveniently placed finger grips of heat
insulating material.
ANVIL:
The outside micrometer has non movable contact in U-shaped frame which is called Anvil.
This is used to grip the specimen with help of movable spindle.
SPINDLE:
The outside micrometer has movable contact in U-shaped frame which is called spindle. It
moves with movement of spindle or rachet screw. This is used to grip the specimen with
help of non-movable Anvil.
BARREL:
The outside micrometer has a round non movable part on which graduated scale in
millimeters and centimeter is provide. This portion of the micrometer is called Barrel and
the scale provided on barrel is called main scale.
THIMBLE:
The outside micrometer has a round movable part having special texture for griping that
circulates and moves on barrel and have graduated scale on it. This portion of the
micrometer is called Thimble and the scale attached on end of thimble is called Vernier
scale. Thimble is used to move the spindle as movement of thimble advances the spindle
towards anvil and thus distance between anvil and spindle is reduces so that at last
specimen is gripped between anvil and spindle.
RACHET SCREW:
The outside micrometer has a screw present at end on opposite side of U shape frame of
micrometer. It is named as rachet screw. The rachet screw is used to fine adjust the griping
of specimen between anvil and spindle.
The rachet screw is tighten after the thimble has performed its movement for griping of a
specimen between anvil and spindle. Thimble is used to lightly grip the specimen while
later rachet screw is moved to apply fixed amount of pressure on specimen through spindle
and anvil. When rachet screw is moved it produces sound showing that proper pressure is
applied. Two consecutive noise of rachet screw are standard for confirmation of same
proper pressure on specimen.
 4.2.2 LEAST COUNT OF MICROMETER:
The least count or the smallest reading which you can get with the instrument. It can be
calculated as under:

Least count

= 0.01 mm

The least count of the Micrometer can also be find through general formula as

(½)mm
=
50
1 mm
=
50 ∗ 2
1 mm
=
100
= 0.01 mm
4.2.3 TAKING MEASURMENT WITH MICROMETER:
➢ Take the material (sample) for which the value must be measured.
➢ Check the Vernier and main scale must coincide at 0 (Zero Error measurement).
➢ Calculate the least count of Micrometer
➢ Place the object between the anvil and spindle.
➢ Move the spindle with the help of thimble to fix the specimen between anvil and spindle.
➢ Record the position of zero of the Vernier scale on the main scale
➢ Notice that one of the Vernier scale divisions coincides with one of the main scale divisions
➢ Calculate the reading of the Vernier caliper as Reading of the instrument = MS div +
(coinciding VS div x L.C.)

4.3 VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE:

Vernier Height Gauge is similar to Vernier Calipers but in this instrument the graduated bar is held
in a vertical position and it is used in conjunction with a surface plate.

“A Vernier height gauge is a measuring device used Either for determining the height of
something, or for repetitious marking of items to be worked on”
4.3.1 CONSTRUCTIONAL PARTS OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE:
It has following parts.
• Base
• Vertical beam
• Vernier Scale
• Clamping Screw
• Auxiliary head
• Scriber

BASE:

Vernier height gauge has a finely ground and lapped base. The base is massive and robust
in construction to ensure rigidity and stability.

VERTICAL BEAM:

Vernier height gauge has A vertical graduated beam or column supported on a massive
base.

VERNIER SCALE:

Vernier height gauge has a sliding Vernier head carrying the Vernier scale and a clamping
screw which is attached to beam
AUXULARY HEAD:
Vernier height gauge has an auxiliary head which is also attached to the beam above the sliding
Vernier head. It has fine adjusting and clamping screw
SCRIBER:

Vernier height gauge has a measuring jaw or scriber attached to the front of the sliding
Vernier.
 4.3.2 LEAST COUNT OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE:
The least count of the Micrometer can also be find through general formula as

1 mm
=
50
1 mm
=
50
1 mm
=
50
= 0.02 mm
4.3.3 TAKING MEASURMENT WITH MICROMETER:
➢ Take the material (sample) for which the value must be measured.
➢ Check the Vernier and main scale must coincide at 0 (Zero Error measurement).
➢ Calculate the least count of Vernier height gauge.
➢ After checking the zero-error measure the least count of the Vernier height gauge
➢ Put the sample piece and slowly leaves the measuring jaw or scriber over the work-piece.
➢ Tight the screw and measure the main scale & Vernier scale reading.
➢ Check the Vernier scale division coincide with the main scale that is the VSR.
➢ Multiply the Vernier scale reading (VSR) with Least count (LC)
➢ Calculate the total reading by adding MSR with VSR*LC.
 LAB SESSION
LAB TASK:

To take linear measurement of given specimens using Vernier Caliper, Micrometer and height
gauge
APPARATUS:
• Vernier caliper
• Micrometer
• Vernier height gauge
• Test specimen

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

(a) VERNIER CALIPER:

The experimental procedure to take measurement using Vernier caliper is provided in section
4.1.3 of PRE-LAB TASK.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Table 01: Units in Inches

S. Specimen Main Vernier Least Vernier Total reading

No scale Scale Count scale
reading Reading reading×L.C M.S.R+(V.S.RxL.C)
(L.C)
(M.S.R) (V.S.R) (V.S.RxLC)

1 Steel Ball 10 8×0.02=0.16 10.16

2 Pen

3 Glass Lock

4 Board
Marker

5 Stool Sheet

Table 02: Units in Millimeters

(b) MICROMETER:
 The experimental procedure to take measurement using Vernier caliper is provided in section
4.2.3 of PRE-LAB TASK.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

S. Specimen Main Vernier Least Vernier Total reading

No scale Scale Count scale
reading Reading reading×L.C M.S.R+(V.S.RxL.C)
(L.C)
(M.S.R) (V.S.R) (V.S.RxLC)

1 Steel Ball 10 8×0.02=0.16 10.16

2 Pen

3 Glass Lock

4 Board
Marker

5 Stool Sheet

(c) MICROMETER:

The experimental procedure to take measurement using Vernier caliper is provided in section
4.3.3 of PRE-LAB TASK.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Table 01: Units in Inches

Vernier scale
Sr. No. of Vernier readings Total reading
Main scale reading (A) mm
No. scale division Division X L.C. A+B
(B)

Table 02: Units in Millimeters

 Vernier scale
Sr. No. of Vernier readings Total reading
Main scale reading (A) mm
No. scale division Division X L.C. A+B
(B)

Conclusion:
Design and development of routing for order picking in a warehouse facility is completed.
LAB REPORT
Prepare the Lab Report as below:
TITLE:

OBJECTIVE:

APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
(Note: Use all steps you studied in LAB SESSION of this tab to write procedure and to complete
the experiment)
 DISCUSSION:

Q1.: What do you mean by Direct and Indirect measurement?

___________________________________________________________________________
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Q2.: What do you mean by Least Count of Linear Measuring instrument?

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Conclusion /Summary
___________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________

Domains Psychomotor (70%) Affective (20%) Cognitive

(10%)
Attributes Realization of Conducti Data Data Discipline Teamwork Apply
Experiment ng Collection Analysis (Respond/
(Receiving)
Experime Contribute)
(Awareness) (Use (Perform)
nt
Instrument)
(Act)
Taxonomy P1 P2 P2 P2 A1 A2 C3
Level
Marks 3 5 3 3 2 2 2
distribution
Obtained
Marks