Lab Name: To perform verification of Nodal and Mesh analysis.

Course title: Industrial Electronics Total Marks: ___20_________

Practical No. 3 Date of experiment performed: ____________
Course teacher/Lab Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Usman Date of marking: ____________
Student Name:__________________________
Registration no.__________________________

Marking Evaluation Sheet

Knowledge components Domain Contribution Max. Obtained

Taxonomy level
marks marks

1. Student is aware with requirement

Imitation (P1) 3
and use of apparatus involved in
experiment.
2. Student has conducted the Psychomotor 70%
Manipulate (P2) 11
experiment by practicing the
hands-on skills as per instructions.
3. Student has achieved required -
Precision (P3)
accuracy in performance.

4. Student aware of discipline &

safety rules and followed the rules Receiving (A1) 2
Affective
during experiment.
20%
5. Student has responded well and
Respond (A2) 2
contributed affectively in form of
group or team.
6. Student has applied theoretical Apply
knowledge to obtain and report Cognitive 10% 2
the results. (C3)

Total 20

Normalize
marks out of 5
(5)

Signed by Course teacher/ Lab Instructor

 EXPERIMENT No. 03

To perform verification of Nodal and Mesh Analysis

PRE LAB TASK

Objectives
1. To understand the Nodal and Mesh analysis for circuit analysis.
2. To learn how to calculate electrical parameters in a circuit using Nodal and Mesh
Analysis
3. To verify Nodal and Mesh Analysis Techniques in simple circuits.
Introduction
While Kirchhoff´s Laws give us the basic method for analyzing any complex electrical circuit,
there are also various other ways of complex circuit analysis, for example by using Mesh Current
Analysis or Nodal Voltage Analysis that results in a lessening of the math’s involved and when
large networks are involved this reduction in math’s can be a big advantage.

An easier method of solving any circuit is by using Mesh Current Analysis or Loop Analysis
which is also sometimes called Maxwell´s Circulating Currents method. Instead of labelling the
branch currents we need to label each “closed loop” with a circulating current.

As well as using Mesh Analysis to solve the currents flowing around complex circuits it is also
possible to use nodal analysis methods. Nodal Voltage Analysis complements the previous mesh
analysis in that it is equally powerful and based on the same concepts of matrix analysis. As its
name implies, Nodal Voltage Analysis uses the “Nodal” equations of Kirchhoff’s first law to find
the voltage potentials around the circuit.

Theory

Mesh Current Analysis

As a general rule of thumb, only label inside loops in a clockwise direction with circulating
currents as the aim is to cover all the elements of the circuit at least once. Any required branch
current may be found from the appropriate loop or mesh currents as before using Kirchhoff´s
method.

The basic procedure for solving Mesh Current Analysis equations is as follows:

1. Label all the internal loops with circulating currents. (I1, I2, …IL etc.)
2. Write the (L x 1) dimensioned column matrix [ V ] giving the sum of all voltage sources
in each loop.
3. Write the (L x L) dimensioned matrix [ R ] for all the resistances in the circuit as follows;
a. R11 = the total resistance in the first loop.
b. RLL = the total resistance in the Nth loop.
c. RJK = the resistance which directly joins loop J to Loop K.
4. For a network with “L” loops, RLL will be positive and RJK will be negative or zero
value.
5. Write the matrix or vector equation [V] = [R] x [I] where [I] is the list of loop currents
to be found.

Nodal Voltage Analysis

In nodal analysis by adding together all the nodal voltages, the net result is equal to zero. Then, if
there are “N” nodes in the circuit there will be “N-1” independent nodal equations and these alone
are sufficient to describe and hence solve the circuit.

At each node point write down Kirchhoff’s first law equation, that is: “the currents entering a node
are exactly equal in value to the currents leaving the node” then express each current in terms of
the voltage across the branch. For “N” nodes, one node will be used as the reference node and all
the other voltages will be referenced or measured with respect to this common node.

The basic procedure for solving Nodal Analysis equations is as follows:

1. Identify all nodes

2. Choose a reference node. Identify it with reference (ground) symbol. A good choice is
the node with the most branches, or a node which can immediately give you another
node voltage (e.g., below a voltage source).
3. Write down the source current vectors, assuming currents into a node are positive.
4. Write the admittance matrix [Y] of the network where:
a. Y11 = the total admittance of the first node.
b. YMM = the total admittance of the Mth node.
c. YJK = the total admittance joining node J to node K.
5. For a network with “N” independent nodes, [Y] will be an (M x M) matrix and that YMM
will be positive and Yjk will be negative if current is flowing from kth to jth node and
it will be zero if no current is flowing from k towards j node.
6. The voltage vector will be (M x 1) and will list the “M” voltages to be found. i.e., a (M
x 1) matrices for “N” independent nodes. where “M = N-1”.
7. Write the matrix or vector equation [I] = [Y] x [V] where [I] are the driving current
sources, [V] are the nodal voltages to be found and [Y] is the impedance matrix which
operates on [V] to give [I].
 LAB SESSION
Lab task
To perform verification of Nodal and Mesh analysis.

Equipment and Materials

➢ Power supply
➢ Resistors
➢ Multi-meter
➢ Bread board
➢ Connecting wires
Experimental Procedure
Mesh Current Analysis
Circuit Diagram

4.7K
8

Experimental Procedure
1. Lay out the circuit on bread board.

2. Carefully connect both the voltage sources.

3. Accurately measure all voltages and currents in the circuit using the Digital Multi-Meter
(DMM).
4. Record the all measurements in table given.
5. Calculate all branch currents using Mesh Current analysis steps.
5.1 Step 1 Label all the internal loops with circulating currents. (I1, I2, …IL etc.)
There are two loops involved in circuit labeled as I1 and I2
5.2 Step 2 Write the (L x 1) dimensioned column matrix [V] giving the sum of all
voltage sources in each loop.
 There are two voltage sources; one in each loop, labeled as V1 and V2. So
𝑉1
V=[ ]
−𝑉2
5.3 Step 3 Write the(L x L) dimensioned matrix [ R ] for all the resistances in the
circuit
5700 −4700
R =[ ]
−4700 6900
For our network with “2” loops, R11 and R22 will be positive while R with i≠j
will be negative or zero value.
5.4 Step 4 Write the matrix or vector equation [V] = [R] x [I] where [I] is the list
of loop currents to be found. Solve using MATLAB or MAPLE
(Hint R-1 = inv(R) in MATLAB)
𝐼1
[ ] = R-1 * V
𝐼2
and I3 = I1 – I2
5.5 Step 5 Solve I1, I2 , I3 for Voltages VR1 , VR2 , VR3 across three resistors.
6. Verify the Mesh Current analysis by calculating and recording error with help of data
obtained in step 4 and 5 and let your result be checked by lab instructor.
Observations
E1 = ________________________ E2 = ___________________________
R1 = _______________, R2 = ______________, R3 = ____________________
n (# of loops/mesh) = ____________________________________
Mesh Currents: _____________________________________________________

Parameters Calculated Measured Error

VR1
VR2
VR3
IR1
IR2
IR3
Nodal Voltage Analysis

Circuit Diagram

4.7K
8

Experimental Procedure

1. Lay out the circuit on bread board.

2. Carefully connect both the voltage sources.
3. Measure all voltages and currents in the circuit using the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM).
4. Record the all measurements in table given.
5. Calculate all node voltages using Nodal voltage analysis steps.
5.1 Step 1 Identify all nodes
There are two nodes involved in circuit say C and D. There are two source
voltages named as Va and Vb.
5.2 Step 2 Choose a reference node. Identify it with reference (ground) symbol.
The second node is chosen as reference node labeled as D.
5.3 Step 3 Write down the current vectors, assuming currents into a node are
positive.
There are three current vectors involved are labeled as I1 , I2 and I3.
5.4 Step 4 Write the admittance matrix [Y] of the network:
For one Node only named as Va we have scaler value instead of matrix as given
below
For node Va we have.
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎
+ =
1000 2200 4700
which gives a scalar value on solving.
 Ensure that for a network with “N” independent nodes, [Y] will be an (N x
N) matrix and that YMM will be positive and Yjk will be negative if current
is flowing from kth to jth node and it will be zero if no current is flowing
from k towards j node.

5.5 Step 5 The voltage vector is (N x 1) that lists the “N” voltages to be found.
In our case N=1 due to only one node involved so we have scalar instead of
matrix.
5.6 Step 6 Write the matrix or vector equation [I] = [Y] x [V] where [I] are the
driving current sources, [V] are the nodal voltages to be found and [Y] is the
impedance matrix which operates on [V] to give [I]. Solve matrix equation for
V using MATLAB or MAPLE. (Hint Y-1 = inv(Y) in MATLAB).
5.7 Step 7 Calculate branch currents I1, I2, I3 using voltages values obtained in last
step. (Hint In our case we have I3 = VR3 / R3)
6. Verify the Nodal Voltage analysis by calculating and recording error with help of data
obtained in step 4 and 5 and let your result be checked by lab instructor.
Observations
E1 = ________________________ E2 = ___________________________
R1 = _______________, R2 = ______________ , R3 = ____________________
n (# of nodes) = ___________________
Node Voltages: _________________________________________________________________
Table 2. Nodal Analysis
Parameters Calculated Measured Error
VR1
VR2
VR3
IR1
IR2
IR3
 LAB REPORT
Prepare the Lab Report as below:

TITLE:

OBJECTIVE:

APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
(Note: Use all steps you studied in PRE-LAB TASK & LAB SESSION of this tab to write
procedure and to complete the experiment)
RESULTS:
(Note: Use all Observation tables you studied in LAB SESSION of this lab to complete the
experiment)
 DISCUSSION:
Questions
1. In your opinion which one of these analysis is easier to apply on circuits?

2. Why there are (n-1) node equations in nodal analysis (for n nodes)?
______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
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Conclusion /Summary

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Domains Psychomotor (70%) Affective (20%) Cognitive

(10%)

Attributes Realization of Conducting Data Data Discipline Team work Apply

Experiment Experiment Collection Analysis (Respond/
(Receiving) Contribute)
(Awareness) (Act) (Use (Perform)
Instrument)

Taxonomy P1 P2 P2 P2 A1 A2 C3
Level

Marks 3 5 3 3 3 1 2
distribution

Obtained
Marks