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Anki Manual

Anki is a free flashcard program that uses spaced repetition and active recall testing techniques to help users efficiently memorize and retain large amounts of information. It is available on multiple platforms and addresses issues with other flashcard programs by being open source and easier to use. The document provides background on Anki's learning techniques and guides users on installing and upgrading Anki on Windows computers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

39 views

Anki Manual

Uploaded by

42a6fa652aecb6

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 195

Introduction

Quickstart
In a hurry? Jump straight to Getting Started.

Getting Help
Looking for help? Please see Getting Help.

Translations
Volunteers have contributed translations of this manual. The translations may not always
be up to date.

• Bahasa Indonesia
• Deutsch
• Español
• Français
• Italiano
• Polski
• Português Brasileiro
• русский язык
• ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
• ‫ﻓﺎ ر ﺳﻰ‬
• 日本語
• 简体中文
If you would like to help translate the manual into a diﬀerent language, please see the
translation docs.
Background
• Active Recall Testing
• Use It or Lose It
• Spaced Repetition
• Why Anki?

Anki is a program which makes remembering things easy. Because it is a lot more
eﬃcient than traditional study methods, you can either greatly decrease your time spent
studying, or greatly increase the amount you learn.

Anyone who needs to remember things in their daily life can beneﬁt from Anki. Since it is
content-agnostic and supports images, audio, videos and scientiﬁc markup (via LaTeX),
the possibilities are endless. For example:

• learning a language

• studying for medical and law exams

• memorizing people’s names and faces

• brushing up on geography

• mastering long poems

• even practising guitar chords!

There are two simple concepts behind Anki: active recall testing and spaced repetition.
They are not known to most learners, despite having been written about in the scientiﬁc
literature for many years. Understanding how they work will make you a more eﬀective
learner.

Active Recall Testing

Active recall testing means being asked a question and trying to remember the answer.
This is in contrast to passive study, where we read, watch, or listen to something without
pausing to consider if we know the answer. Research has shown that active recall testing
is far more eﬀective at building strong memories than passive study. There are two
reasons for this:

• The act of recalling something strengthens the memory, increasing the chances we’ll
be able to remember it again.

• When we're unable to answer a question, it tells us we need to return to the

material to review or relearn it.

You have probably encountered active recall testing in your school years without even
realizing it. When good teachers give you a series of questions to answer after reading an
article, or make you take weekly progress-check tests, they are not doing it simply to see
if you understood the material or not. By testing you, they are increasing the chances you
will be able to remember the material in the future.

A good way to integrate active recall testing into your own studies is to use flashcards.
With traditional paper flashcards, you write a question on one side of a card, and the
answer on the other side. By not turning the card over until you've thought about the
answer, you can learn things more effectively than passive observation allows.

Use It or Lose It
Our brains are eﬃcient machines, and they rapidly discard information that doesn't seem
useful. Chances are that you don't remember what you had for dinner on Monday two
weeks ago, because this information is not usually useful. If you went to a fantastic
restaurant that day and spent the last two weeks telling people about how great it was,
however, you're likely to still remember in vivid detail.

The brain's "use it or lose it" policy applies to everything we learn. If you spend an
afternoon memorizing some science terms, and then don't think about that material for
two weeks, you'll probably have forgotten most of it. In fact, studies show we forget about
75% of material learnt within a 48 hour period. This can seem pretty depressing when
you need to learn a lot of information!

The solution is simple, however: review. By reviewing newly-learnt information, we can

greatly reduce forgetting.

The only problem is that traditionally, reviewing has not been very practical. If you are
using paper ﬂashcards, it's easy to ﬂick through all of them if you only have 30 of them to
review, but as the number grows to 300 or 3000, it quickly becomes unwieldy.

Spaced Repetition
The spacing effect was reported by a German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885.
He observed that we tend to remember things more effectively, if we spread reviews out
over time, instead of studying multiple times in one session. Since the 1930s, there have
been a number of proposals for utilizing the spacing effect to improve learning, in what
has come to be called spaced repetition.
One example was in 1972, when a German scientist called Sebastian Leitner popularized
a method of spaced repetition with paper flashcards. By separating the paper cards into a
series of boxes, and moving the cards to a different box on each successful or
unsuccessful review, it was possible to see at a glance a rough estimate of how well a card
was known and when it should be reviewed again. This was a great improvement over a
single box of cards, and it has been widely adopted by computerized flashcard software.
It is a rather rough approach however, as it cannot give you an exact date on which you
should review something again, and it does not cope very well with material of varying
difficulty.

The biggest developments in the last 30 years have come from the authors of
SuperMemo, a commercial ﬂashcard program that implements spaced repetition.
SuperMemo pioneered the concept of a system that keeps track of the ideal time to
review material and optimizes itself based on the performance of the user.

In SuperMemo's spaced repetition system, every time you answer a question, you tell the
program how well you were able to remember it — whether you forgot completely, made
a small mistake, remembered with trouble, remembered easily, etc. The program uses
this feedback to decide the optimal time to show you the question again. Since a memory
gets stronger each time you successfully recall it, the time between reviews gets bigger
and bigger — so you may see a question for the ﬁrst time, then 3 days later, 15 days later,
45 days later, and so on.

This was a revolution in learning, as it meant material could be learnt and retained with
the absolute minimum amount of eﬀort necessary. SuperMemo's slogan sums it up: with
spaced repetition, you can: "forget about forgetting".

Why Anki?
While there is no denying the huge impact SuperMemo has had on the ﬁeld, it is not
without its problems. The program is often criticized for being buggy and diﬃcult to
navigate. It only runs on Windows computers. It is proprietary software, meaning that
end-users cannot extend it or access the raw data. And while very old versions have been
made available for free, they are quite limited for modern use.

Anki addresses these issues. There are free clients for Anki available on many platforms,
so struggling students and teachers with budgetary constraints are not left out. Anki is
open source, with an already ﬂourishing library of add-ons contributed by end-users. It is
multi-platform, running on Windows, macOS, Linux/FreeBSD, and some mobile devices.
And it is considerably easier to use than SuperMemo.

Anki's spaced repetition system is based on an older version of the SuperMemo

algorithm called SM-2.
Platform Notes
The way Anki is installed, and the possible problems you may encounter, depend on the
type of computer you are using.
Installing & Upgrading Anki on Windows
• Requirements
• Installing
• Qt5 vs. Qt6
• Upgrading
• Add-on Compatibility
• Problems

Requirements
Recent Anki releases require a computer running the 64 bit version of Windows 10 or 11.

• The last Anki release that supported Windows 7 and 8.1 was Anki 2.1.49.
• The last Anki release that supported 32 bit Windows was Anki 2.1.35-alternate.

If you're on an old machine, you can obtain old releases from the releases page.

Installing
To install Anki:

1. Download Anki from https://apps.ankiweb.net. See the next section for how to
choose between -qt5 and -qt6.
2. Save the installer to your desktop or downloads folder.
3. Double-click on the installer to run it. If you see an error message, please see the
links on the left.
4. Once Anki is installed, double-click on the new star icon on your desktop to start
Anki.

Qt5 vs. Qt6

Recent Anki versions come in separate Qt5 and Qt6 variants. The Qt6 version is
recommended for most users.

Advantages of the Qt6 version:

• Various bugfixes, including things like better support for less common languages.
• Very large images load faster than the Qt5 version.
• Security updates. Support for the Qt5 library was discontinued in Nov 2020,
meaning that any security flaws discovered since then will remain unfixed.

Disadvantages of the Qt6 version:

• Some users experience freezes when using a custom shortcut key to switch input
languages. This issue can be worked around in the Qt5 version by switching the
video driver to ANGLE, but ANGLE is not available in Qt6.
• Some add-ons currently only work with the Qt5 version.

Upgrading
If upgrading from Anki 2.1.6+, there is no need to uninstall the previous version ﬁrst. All
you need to do is close Anki if it is open, and then follow the installation steps above.
Your cards will be preserved when you upgrade.

If upgrading from an Anki version before 2.1.6, or switching from the standard to the
alternate version or vice versa, we recommend uninstalling the old version ﬁrst, which will
remove Anki's program data, but not delete your card data.

If you wish to downgrade to a previous version, please make sure you downgrade ﬁrst.

Problems
If you encounter any issues when installing or starting Anki, please see the following links
on the left.
Installing & Upgrading Anki on Windows
• Requirements
• Installing
• Qt5 vs. Qt6
• Upgrading
• Add-on Compatibility
• Problems

Requirements
Recent Anki releases require a computer running the 64 bit version of Windows 10 or 11.

• The last Anki release that supported Windows 7 and 8.1 was Anki 2.1.49.
• The last Anki release that supported 32 bit Windows was Anki 2.1.35-alternate.

If you're on an old machine, you can obtain old releases from the releases page.

Installing
To install Anki:

Qt5 vs. Qt6

Recent Anki versions come in separate Qt5 and Qt6 variants. The Qt6 version is
recommended for most users.

Advantages of the Qt6 version:

Disadvantages of the Qt6 version:

If you wish to downgrade to a previous version, please make sure you downgrade ﬁrst.

Problems
If you encounter any issues when installing or starting Anki, please see the following links
on the left.
Windows installation issues
Some error messages you may encounter when installing Anki:

• "Error opening ﬁle for writing"

• "Windows protected your PC"

Please also see startup issues.

"Error opening ﬁle for writing"

If closing Anki and your browser does not help, please try restarting your computer, then
running the installer again.

"Windows protected your PC"

When a new Anki version is released, Windows may display a scary-looking message until
it has seen enough people using the new version. To be able to proceed with app
installation, please use Run anyway.

Antivirus programs may sometimes also report a false positive.

Windows startup issues
• No error, but app does not appear
• Windows updates
• Windows 7/8
• Video driver issues
• Multiple displays
• Antivirus/ﬁrewall software
• Admin access
• Multiple Anki installations present after updating
• Debugging
• If all else fails

No error, but app does not appear

Recently there have been some reports of Anki failing to appear, without any error
message showing up. If you run into this situation, you can either:

• Install the latest Anki version (try both qt6 and qt5)
• Or you can try adjusting your decimal separator if it is not a period.
• Or you can try the old 2.1.35-alternate build of Anki.

Windows updates
When starting Anki, you may receive a message like the following:

• Error loading Python DLL

• The program can't start because api-ms-win.... is missing
• Failed to execute script runanki
• Failed to execute script pyi_rth_multiprocessing
• Failed to execute script pyi_rth_win32comgenpy

These errors are usually because your computer is missing a Windows update or
Windows library.

Please open Windows update, and ensure your system has all updates installed. If any
needed to be installed, please restart your device after installing.
Windows 7/8
On Windows 7/8, you may need to manually install extra updates. Please try:

• https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=48234
• https://aka.ms/vs/15/release/vc_redist.x64.exe
• http://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=kb4474419
• http://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=kb4490628

Video driver issues

Please see display issues.

Multiple displays
If you get a LoadLibrary failed with error 126, this may be caused by the toolkit Anki is built
on having trouble with multiple displays.

Antivirus/ﬁrewall software
Third-party software on your machine may prevent Anki from loading. You can try adding
an exception to Anki, or temporarily disabling your antivirus/ﬁrewall to see if it helps.

Admin access
Some users have reported that Anki did not run for them until they right-clicked on the
Anki icon and chose "Run as administrator". Anki stores all of its data in your user folder,
and should not need administrator privileges, but it's something you can try if you've
exhausted other options.

Multiple Anki installations present after updating

If the update process leaves you with multiple Anki installs (such as within C:\Program
Files\Anki and C:\Program Files (x86)\Anki ), they may be left in a non-working state,
and Anki may refuse to start without showing an error message.

Try uninstalling all copies - you may be able to do so with the Windows Apps & features
settings menu, or by running uninstall.exe in each Anki program folder. Afterward,
install Anki again.

Debugging
Starting Anki from a terminal may reveal a bit more information about some errors. After
installing the latest Anki version and ensuring all Windows updates are installed, instead
of running Anki directly, use Start>Run and type cmd.exe. When a console window
appears, type

cd \program files\anki & anki-console

Presumably Anki will fail to open like before, but it may reveal something about what is
causing the problem.

If all else fails

If you are unable to start Anki after trying the above workarounds, you have two
remaining options:

• You can try running from Python.

• You can try an older Anki version built with an older toolkit, such as 2.1.35-alternate,
and 2.1.15.
Windows display issues
• Qt5
• Qt6
• Full screen

On Windows, there are three ways of content being displayed on screen. The default is
software, which is slower, but the most compatible. There are two other options that are
faster: OpenGL and ANGLE. They are faster, but they may not work, or may cause display
issues such as missing menubars, blank windows, and so on. Which one works best will
depend on your computer.

If and how you can change this display method depends on which Anki version you are
using, more precisely on the version of the used Qt toolkit.

Qt5
This toolkit is used by all Anki versions prior to 2.1.50. Here, the display driver can be
adjusted via the Tools>Preferences menu. Make sure you restart Anki after adjusting it.

If you’re unable to get to Anki’s preferences screen, and restarting Anki a few times does
not help, you may need to manually adjust the graphics driver. You can do this by starting
cmd.exe and typing the following:

echo auto > %APPDATA%\Anki2\gldriver

It will not print anything. You can then start Anki again.

The default is software ; the other two drivers you can try are angle and auto .

Qt6
Anki 2.1.50+ is available with the more recent Qt6 toolkit. The new toolkit defaults to
having graphics acceleration enabled. If you run into display issues, you can try switching
to software mode:

echo software > %APPDATA%\Anki2\gldriver6

It will not print anything. You can then start Anki again.

To revert to the default behaviour, change software to auto , or delete that file.
Full screen
Anki 2.1.50+ comes with a full screen mode, but due to various issues, it had to be
disabled while OpenGL is used. Turning on software rendering as described above will
allow the full screen option to be used, though please bear in mind that rendering
performance may suffer.
Copy and paste issues
If you are experiencing problems with copying and pasting, please check if you are
running other programs on your computer that monitor the clipboard, such as dictionary
programs, clipboard managers or clipping tools. The toolkit Anki uses can have trouble
when such programs are running.
Text Size
If you find the text is the wrong size, there are two environmental variables you can try:

• ANKI_NOHIGHDPI=1 will turn oﬀ some of Qt’s high dpi support

• ANKI_WEBSCALE=1 will alter the scale of Anki’s web views (like the deck list, study
screen, etc), while leaving interface elements like the menu bar alone. Replace 1
with the desired scale, such as 1.5 or 0.75.

On Windows you can add these to a batch ﬁle to make it easier to start Anki. For example,
create a ﬁle called startanki.bat on your desktop with the following text:

set ANKI_WEBSCALE=0.75
start "Anki" "C:\Program Files\Anki\anki"

After saving, you can double click on the ﬁle to start Anki with that setting.
Windows permission problems
Permission Problems

If you receive "access denied" messages, some of Anki's ﬁles may be set to read only
mode, meaning Anki is not able to write to them.

To ﬁx the problem, you can do the following:

• in the search area of the start bar, type cmd.exe and hit enter
• in the window that opens, type the following and hit enter to see your username:

whoami

• type the following, hitting enter after each line, and replacing ____ (and keeping the
:F part) with your username from the previous command

cd %APPDATA%

icacls Anki2 /grant ____:F /t

That command should ﬁx the permissions on Anki's data folder, and you should now be
able to start the program.

Antivirus/Firewall/Anti-Malware

Some users have experienced "permission denied" or "readonly" errors that were caused
by security software installed on their machine. You may need to add an exception for
Anki, or try temporarily disabling the software to rule it out as the cause. Some users
have reported that simply turning oﬀ their software did not ﬁx the problem, and they
either had to add an exception for Anki or uninstall the software.

Debugging Permission Problems

If problems persist after you've ruled out Antivirus and related programs, have
performed the steps above to ﬁx permissions, and don't use OneDrive, please run the
following commands in cmd.exe, pressing enter after each one.

whoami

cd %APPDATA%

icacls Anki2 /t

Then please copy & paste or screenshot what you see, and post it to us in a support
ticket.
Installing & Upgrading Anki on macOS
• Requirements
• Installing
• Qt5 vs. Qt6
• Upgrading
• Add-on Compatibility
• Problems

Requirements
Recent Anki releases require a Mac running macOS 10.13.4 or later.

The last Anki release that supported macOS 10.10 to 10.13.3 was 2.1.35-alternate. If
you're on an old machine, you can obtain the old version from the releases page.

Installing
1. Download Anki from https://apps.ankiweb.net. See the next section for how to
choose between -qt5 and -qt6.
2. Save the ﬁle to your desktop or downloads folder.
3. Open it, and drag Anki to your Applications folder or desktop.
4. Double-click on Anki in the location you placed it.

Qt5 vs. Qt6

Recent Anki versions come in separate Qt5 and Qt6 variants. The Qt6 version is
recommended for most users.

Advantages of the Qt6 version:

• Native support for recent Apple Silicon Macs (faster, better battery life).
• Various bugfixes, including things like better support for less common languages.
• Security updates. Support for the Qt5 library was discontinued in Nov 2020,
meaning that any security flaws discovered since then will remain unfixed.

Disadvantages of the Qt6 version:

• Tabbed windows (eg in full screen) are no longer possible.

• Some Mac users have reported that the Intel Qt5 version was faster and more
reliable for them.
• Some add-ons currently only work with the Qt5 version.

Upgrading
To upgrade, close Anki if it is open, and then follow the steps above. Drag the Anki icon
into the same location you previously stored it, and when prompted, overwrite the old
version. Your card data will be preserved.

Problems
If you encounter any issues when installing or starting Anki, please see the following links
on the left.
Installing & Upgrading Anki on macOS
• Requirements
• Installing
• Qt5 vs. Qt6
• Upgrading
• Add-on Compatibility
• Problems

Requirements
Recent Anki releases require a Mac running macOS 10.13.4 or later.

The last Anki release that supported macOS 10.10 to 10.13.3 was 2.1.35-alternate. If
you're on an old machine, you can obtain the old version from the releases page.

Qt5 vs. Qt6

Recent Anki versions come in separate Qt5 and Qt6 variants. The Qt6 version is
recommended for most users.

Advantages of the Qt6 version:

Disadvantages of the Qt6 version:

• Tabbed windows (eg in full screen) are no longer possible.

• Some Mac users have reported that the Intel Qt5 version was faster and more
reliable for them.
• Some add-ons currently only work with the Qt5 version.

Problems
If you encounter any issues when installing or starting Anki, please see the following links
on the left.
Display Issues on macOS

Qt6 Video Driver

Hardware acceleration defaults to on. This should be ﬁne for most Macs, but if you are
experiencing crashes or display issues, you can try enabling software rendering.

Open Terminal.app, then paste the following and hit enter:

echo software > ~/Library/Application\ Support/Anki2/gldriver6

It will not print anything. You can then start Anki again.

If you wish to switch back to the default, change software to auto , or remove that ﬁle.

eGPUs
If you experience blank screens when using an external graphics card on a Mac, you can
ctrl+click on the Anki app, click "Get Info", and enable the "prefer eGPU" option.

Monitors with diﬀerent resolutions

Please see this forum post.
Installing & Upgrading Anki on Linux
• Requirements
• Installing
• Qt5 vs. Qt6
• Upgrading
• Add-on Compatibility
• Problems

Requirements
The packaged version requires a recent 64 bit Intel/AMD Linux with glibc, and common
libraries like libwayland-client and systemd. If you are on a diﬀerent architecture, or a
barebones Linux distro, you will not be able to use the packaged version, but you may be
able to use the Python wheels instead.

On recent Ubuntu installations, please use the following before installing:

sudo apt install libxcb-xinerama0 libxcb-cursor0

If Anki fails to start after installing, you may be missing other libraries.

Anki's build system only supports glibc, so musl-based distros are not currently
supported.

Installing
To install Anki:

1. Download Anki from https://apps.ankiweb.net to your Downloads folder. See the

next section for how to choose between -qt5 and -qt6.
2. If zstd is not already installed on your system, you'll need to install it (eg sudo apt
install zstd ).
3. Open a terminal and run the following commands, replacing the ﬁlename as
appropriate.

tar xaf Downloads/anki-2.1.XX-linux-qt6.tar.zst

cd anki-2.1.XX-linux-qt6
sudo ./install.sh
On some Linux systems, you may need to use tar xaf --use-compress-program=unzstd .

4. You can then start Anki by typing 'anki' and hitting enter. If you encounter any
issues, please see the links on the left.

Qt5 vs. Qt6

Recent Anki versions come in separate Qt5 and Qt6 variants. The Qt6 version is
recommended for most users.

Advantages of the Qt6 version:

• Compatibility with recent glibc versions (fixes blank screens on recent distros).
• Better HiDPI support.
• Better Wayland support.
• Various bugfixes, including things like better support for less common languages.
• Security updates. Support for the Qt5 library was discontinued in Nov 2020,
meaning that any security flaws discovered since then will remain unfixed.

Disadvantages of the Qt6 version include:

• Some add-ons currently only work with the Qt5 version.

Upgrading
If you were running Anki from a .deb/.rpm/etc in the past, please make sure to remove
the system version before installing the package provided here.

If you're upgrading from a previous package, simply repeat the installation steps to
upgrade to the latest version. Your user data will be preserved.

If you wish to downgrade to a previous version, please make sure you downgrade ﬁrst.

Add-on Compatibility
Some add-ons may not always work with the latest Anki release. If you upgrade to the
latest Anki version and ﬁnd an add-on you cannot live without stops working, you can
download older Anki versions from the releases page.
Problems
If you encounter any issues when installing or starting Anki, please see the following links
on the left.
Installing & Upgrading Anki on Linux
• Requirements
• Installing
• Qt5 vs. Qt6
• Upgrading
• Add-on Compatibility
• Problems

On recent Ubuntu installations, please use the following before installing:

sudo apt install libxcb-xinerama0 libxcb-cursor0

If Anki fails to start after installing, you may be missing other libraries.

Anki's build system only supports glibc, so musl-based distros are not currently
supported.

Installing
To install Anki:

1. Download Anki from https://apps.ankiweb.net to your Downloads folder. See the

tar xaf Downloads/anki-2.1.XX-linux-qt6.tar.zst

cd anki-2.1.XX-linux-qt6
sudo ./install.sh
On some Linux systems, you may need to use tar xaf --use-compress-program=unzstd .

4. You can then start Anki by typing 'anki' and hitting enter. If you encounter any
issues, please see the links on the left.

Qt5 vs. Qt6

Recent Anki versions come in separate Qt5 and Qt6 variants. The Qt6 version is
recommended for most users.

Advantages of the Qt6 version:

Disadvantages of the Qt6 version include:

• Some add-ons currently only work with the Qt5 version.

Upgrading
If you were running Anki from a .deb/.rpm/etc in the past, please make sure to remove
the system version before installing the package provided here.

If you're upgrading from a previous package, simply repeat the installation steps to
upgrade to the latest version. Your user data will be preserved.

If you wish to downgrade to a previous version, please make sure you downgrade ﬁrst.

Add-on Compatibility
Some add-ons may not always work with the latest Anki release. If you upgrade to the
latest Anki version and ﬁnd an add-on you cannot live without stops working, you can
download older Anki versions from the releases page.
Problems
If you encounter any issues when installing or starting Anki, please see the following links
on the left.
Missing Libraries
If Anki fails to start, please run it from a terminal with anki . If it says a library is missing,
please install it and try again.

If it complains about no platform being available, please start Anki with the following
command line, which should reveal a missing library:

QT_DEBUG_PLUGINS=1 anki

After installing the library with apt-get or similar, repeat the process. You may need to do
this a few times before all required libraries are installed.
Display Issues on Linux

Qt5

Hardware acceleration defaults to oﬀ. Enabling it in the preferences screen and restarting
Anki may make Anki’s interface more responsive, but some users may experience missing
menubars, blank windows or crashes when it is enabled. (Blank windows may also be
caused by this problem.)

You can adjust the display driver in Anki's Preferences screen. We recommend you try
both settings, and see which one works best for you.

If you're unable to open Anki, you can adjust the driver in a terminal, by writing either
auto or software into ~/.local/share/Anki2/gldriver . Please note that if you’re using
nouveau, it is known to be buggy, and it only supports software mode.

Qt6

Hardware acceleration defaults to on. If you experience blank screens or display issues,
you can try enabling software rendering using the terminal:

echo software > ~/.local/share/Anki2/gldriver6

If you wish to switch back to the default, change software to auto , or remove that ﬁle.
Blank Main Window
Some Linux distros have recently updated glibc. Recent versions break the web toolkit
that Anki is built on, causing Anki's main window to appear blank.

There are two ways to work around this:

1. Install the latest Qt6 version of Anki, which uses an updated toolkit:

https://apps.ankiweb.net

2. Use one of the workarounds posted on the following threads:

• https://forums.ankiweb.net/t/please-use-ﬁle-import-popup-on-startup/14695
• https://forums.ankiweb.net/t/setting-disable-seccomp-ﬁlter-sandbox-by-default-on-
linux/13765
• https://forums.ankiweb.net/t/fedora-35-and-anki-2-1-47-updates-with-blank-anki-
window/13431/11
Packages Distributed by Linux
Distributions
We have seen a lot of issues caused by the customized versions of Anki distributed by
Linux distributions:

• Anki depends on third-party libraries like Qt, and Linux distributions often substitute
diﬀerent versions of those libraries, without testing the impact of those changes.
• Sometimes the version of Anki they distribute is years old, or is an alpha/beta
version not intended for stable release. Distributions will often disable the built-in
update check as well, to prevent you from being notiﬁed of newer versions.

Compiled builds of Anki are available on https://apps.ankiweb.net. Most of the necessary

libraries are included, and Anki has been tested to work with these library versions. If
you're experiencing issues with your distro's version, the ﬁrst thing you should try is
switching to the latest packaged version we provide.

You are welcome to continue using your distro's version of Anki if you prefer, but if you
run into any issues, you will need to report them to your distribution's package
maintainers.
Anki not picking up GTK theme on
Gnome/Linux
You can work around this issue by explicitly telling Anki what the GTK theme is. Run the
following commands in a terminal:

theme=$(gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.interface gtk-theme)

echo "gtk-theme-name=$theme" >> ~/.gtkrc-2.0
echo "export GTK2_RC_FILES=$HOME/.gtkrc-2.0" >> ~/.profile

Then log out and log back into your computer, and Anki should pick up the GTK theme.
Wayland
From Anki 2.1.48, you can force Anki to use Wayland by deﬁning ANKI_WAYLAND=1
before starting Anki. Wayland may give you better rendering across multiple displays, but
it is currently oﬀ by default, due to the following issues:

• On some distros, windows are rendered without borders.

• Bringing windows to the front is not possible, so for example, clicking on Add to
reveal an existing Add Cards window will not work.
Input Methods on Linux

Fcitx
The standard Anki build includes fcitx support, but it may not work on all distributions. If
you are unable to use fcitx, you may want to run Anki from Python wheels instead.
Getting Started
• Installing & Upgrading
• Videos
• Key Concepts
◦ Cards
▪ Types of Cards
◦ Decks
◦ Notes & Fields
◦ Card Types
◦ Note Types
◦ Collection
• Shared Decks

Installing & Upgrading

Please see the instructions for your computer:

• Windows
• Mac
• Linux

Videos
For a quick way to dive into Anki, please have a look at these intro videos. Some were
made with a previous Anki version, but the concepts are the same.

• Shared Decks and Review Basics

• Syncing

• Switching Card Order

• Styling Cards

• Typing in the Answer

If YouTube is unavailable in your country, you can download the videos instead.
Key Concepts

Cards

A question and answer pair is called a 'card'. This is based on a paper ﬂashcard with a
question on one side and the answer on the back. In Anki a card doesn’t actually look like
a physical card, and when you show the answer the question remains visible by default.
For example, if you’re studying basic chemistry, you might see a question like:

Q: Chemical symbol for oxygen?

After thinking about it, and deciding the answer is O, you click the show answer button,
and Anki shows you:

Q: Chemical symbol for oxygen?

A: O

After conﬁrming that you are correct, you can tell Anki how well you remembered, and
Anki will choose a next time to show you again.

Types of Cards

• New: A new card is one that you have downloaded or entered in, but have never
studied before.

• Learning: Cards that were seen for the ﬁrst time recently, and are still being learnt.

• Review: Cards that were previously learnt, and now need to be reviewed so you
don’t forget them. There are two types of review cards:

• Young: A young card is one that has an interval of less than 21 days, but is not in
learning.

• Mature: A mature card is one that has an interval of 21 days or greater.

• Relearn: A relearning card is a card that you have failed in review mode, thus
returning it to learning mode to be relearned.

Decks

A 'deck' is a group of cards. You can place cards in diﬀerent decks to study parts of your
card collection instead of studying everything at once. Each deck can have diﬀerent
settings, such as how many new cards to show each day, or how long to wait until cards
are shown again.

Decks can contain other decks, which allows you to organize decks into a tree. Anki uses
“::” to show diﬀerent levels. A deck called “Chinese::Hanzi” refers to a “Hanzi” deck, which
is part of a “Chinese” deck. If you select “Hanzi” then only the Hanzi cards will be shown; if
you select “Chinese” then all Chinese cards, including Hanzi cards, will be shown.

To place decks into a tree, you can either name them with “::” between each level, or drag
and drop them from the deck list. Decks that have been nested under another deck (that
is, that have at least one “::” in their names) are often called 'subdecks', and top-level
decks are sometimes called 'superdecks' or 'parent decks'.

Anki starts with a deck called “default”; any cards which have somehow become
separated from other decks will go here. Anki will hide the default deck if it contains no
cards and you have added other decks. Alternatively, you may rename this deck and use
it for other cards.

Decks are displayed in the deck list alphabetically. This can result in a surprising order if
your decks contain numbers - for example, "My Deck 10" will come before "My Deck 9", as
1 comes before 9. If you wish to number your decks, you can add a "0" in front of single-
digit numbers, eg "Deck 01", "Deck 02" .. "Deck 10".

Decks are best used to hold broad categories of cards, rather than speciﬁc topics such as
“food verbs” or “lesson 1”. For more info on this, please see the using decks appropriately
section.

For information on how decks aﬀect the order cards are displayed in, please see the
display order section.

Notes & Fields

When making ﬂashcards, it’s often desirable to make more than one card that relates to
some information. For example, if you’re learning French, and you learn that the word
“bonjour” means “hello”, you may wish to create one card that shows you “bonjour” and
asks you to remember “hello”, and another card that shows you “hello” and asks you to
remember “bonjour”. One card is testing your ability to recognize the foreign word, and
the other card is testing your ability to produce it.

When using paper flashcards, your only option in this case is to write out the information
twice, once for each card. Some computer flashcard programs make life easier by
providing a feature to flip the front and back sides. This is an improvement over the
paper situation, but there are two major downsides:

• Because such programs don’t track your performance of recognition and production
separately, cards will tend not to be shown to you at the optimum time, meaning
you forget more than you’d like, or you study more than is necessary.

• Reversing the question and answer only works when you want exactly the same
content on each side. This means it’s not possible to display extra info on the back
of each card for example.

Anki solves these problems by allowing you to split the content of your cards up into
separate pieces of information. You can then tell Anki which pieces of information you
want on each card, and Anki will take care of creating the cards for you and updating
them if you make any edits in the future.

Imagine we want to study French vocabulary, and we want to include the page number
on the back of each card. We want our cards to look like this:

Q: Bonjour
A: Hello
Page #12

And:

Q: Hello
A: Bonjour
Page #12

In this example, we have three pieces of related information: a French word, an English
meaning, and a page number. If we put them together, they’d look like this:

French: Bonjour
English: Hello
Page: 12

In Anki, this related information is called a 'note', and each piece of information is called a
'ﬁeld'. So we can say that this type of note has three ﬁelds: French, English, and Page.

To add and edit ﬁelds, click the “Fields…” button while adding or editing notes. For more
information on ﬁelds, please see the Customizing Fields section.

Card Types

In order for Anki to create cards based on our notes, we need to give it a blueprint that
says which ﬁelds should be displayed on the front or back of each card. This blueprint is
called a 'card type'. Each type of note can have one or more card types; when you add a
note, Anki will create one card for each card type.

Each card type has two 'templates', one for the question and one for the answer. In the
above French example, we wanted the recognition card to look like this:
Q: Bonjour
A: Hello
Page #12

To do this, we can set the question and answer templates to:

Q: {{French}}
A: {{English}}<br>
Page #{{Page}}

By surrounding a field name in double curly brackets, we tell Anki to replace that section
with the actual information in the field. Anything not surrounded by curly brackets
remains the same on each card. (For instance, we don’t have to type “Page #” into the
Page field when adding material – it’s added automatically to every card.) <br> is a special
code that tells Anki to move to the next line; more details are available in the templates
section.

The production card templates work in a similar way:

Q: {{English}}
A: {{French}}<br>
Page #{{Page}}

Once a card type has been created, every time you add a new note, a card will be created
based on that card type. Card types make it easy to keep the formatting of your cards
consistent and can greatly reduce the amount of eﬀort involved in adding information.
They also mean Anki can ensure related cards don’t appear too close to each other, and
they allow you to ﬁx a typing mistake or factual error once and have all the related cards
updated at once.

To add and edit card types, click the “Cards…” button while adding or editing notes. For
more information on card types, please see the Cards and Templates section.

Note Types

Anki allows you to create different types of notes for different material. Each type of note
has its own set of fields and card types. It’s a good idea to create a separate note type for
each broad topic you’re studying. In the above French example, we might create a note
type called “French” for that. If we wanted to learn capital cities, we could create a
separate note type for that as well, with fields such as “Country” and “Capital City”.

When Anki checks for duplicates, it only compares other notes of the same type. Thus if
you add a capital city called “Orange” using the capital city note type, you won’t see a
duplicate message when it comes time to learn how to say “orange” in French.
When you create a new collection, Anki automatically adds some standard note types to
it. These note types are provided to make Anki easier for new users, but in the long run
it’s recommended you deﬁne your own note types for the content you are learning. The
standard note types are as follows:

• Basic Has Front and Back ﬁelds, and will create one card. Text you enter in Front will
appear on the front of the card, and text you enter in Back will appear on the back
of the card.

• Basic (and reversed card)

Like Basic, but creates two cards for the text you enter: one from front→back and
one from back→front.

• Basic (optional reversed card) This is a front→back card, and optionally a

back→front card. To do this, it has a third ﬁeld called “Add Reverse.” If you enter any
text into that ﬁeld, a reverse card will be created. More information about this is
available in the Cards and Templates section.

• Basic (type in the answer) This is essentially Basic, with an extra text box on the
front where you can type your answer in, after ﬂipping to the back your input would
be checked and compared with the answer. More information is available in the
Checking Your Answer section.

• Cloze
A note type which makes it easy to select text and turn it into a cloze deletion (e.g.,
“Man landed on the moon in […]” → “Man landed on the moon in 1969”). More
information is available in the cloze deletion section.

To add your own note types and modify existing ones, you can use Tools → Manage Note
Types from the main Anki window.

Notes and note types are common to your whole collection rather than limited to an
individual deck. This means you can use many different types of notes in a particular
deck, or have different cards generated from a particular note in different decks. When
you add notes using the Add window, you can select what note type to use and what deck
to use, and these choices are completely independent of each other. You can also change
the note type of some notes after you’ve already created them.

Collection

Your 'collection' is all the material stored in Anki – your cards, notes, decks, note types,
deck options, and so on.
Shared Decks
You can watch a video about Shared Decks and Review Basics on YouTube.

The easiest way to get started with Anki is to download a deck of cards someone has
shared:

1. Click the “Get Shared” button at the bottom of the deck list.

2. When you’ve found a deck you’re interested in, click the “Download” button to
download a deck package.

3. Double-click on the downloaded package to load it into Anki, or File→Import it.

Please note that it’s not currently possible to add shared decks directly to your AnkiWeb
account. You need to import them with the desktop program, then synchronize to upload
them to AnkiWeb.

Creating your own deck is the most eﬀective way to learn a complex subject. Subjects like
languages and the sciences can’t be understood simply by memorizing facts — they
require explanation and context to learn eﬀectively. Furthermore, inputting the
information yourself forces you to decide what the key points are, leading to a better
understanding.

If you are a language learner, you may be tempted to download a long list of words and
their translations, but this won’t teach you a language any more than memorizing
scientiﬁc equations will teach you astrophysics. To learn properly, you need textbooks,
teachers, or exposure to real-world sentences.

Do not learn if you do not understand.

--SuperMemo

Most shared decks are created by people who are learning material outside of Anki –
from textbooks, classes, TV, etc. They select the interesting points from what they learn
and put them into Anki. They make no effort to add background information or
explanations to the cards, because they already understand the material. So when
someone else downloads their deck and tries to use it, they’ll find it very difficult as the
background information and explanations are missing.

That is not to say shared decks are useless – simply that for complex subjects, they
should be used as a 'supplement' to external material, not as a 'replacement' for it. If
you’re studying textbook ABC and someone has shared a deck of ideas from ABC, that’s a
great way to save some time. And for simple subjects that are basically a list of facts, such
as capital city names or pub quiz trivia, you probably don’t need external material. But if
you attempt to study complex subjects without external material, you will probably meet
with disappointing results.
Studying
• Decks
• Study Overview
• Questions
• Learning/Relearning Cards
• Review Cards
• Due Counts
• Fuzz Factor
• Editing and More
• Display Order
• Siblings and Burying
• Keyboard Shortcuts
• Falling Behind

When you have found a deck you like or entered some notes in, it’s time to start studying.

Decks
Study in Anki is limited to the currently selected deck as well as any subdecks it contains.

On the decks screen, your decks and subdecks will be displayed in a list. New, Learn and
Due (To Review) cards for that day will be also displayed here.
When you click on a deck, it will become the 'current deck', and Anki will change to the
study screen. You can return to the deck list to change the currently selected deck at any
time by clicking on “Decks” at the top of the main window. (You can also use the Study
Deck action in the menu to select a new deck from the keyboard, or you can press the
s key to study the currently selected deck.)

You can click the gears button to the right of a deck to rename or delete a deck, change
its options, or export it.

Study Overview
After clicking on a deck to study, you’ll see a screen that shows you how many cards are
due today. This is called the 'deck overview' screen:
The cards are split into three types: New, Learning, and To Review. If you have Bury
siblings activated in your deck options, you may see how many cards will be buried in
grey:

To start a study session, click the Study Now button. Anki will proceed to show you cards
until the cards to be shown for the day have run out.

While studying, you can return to the overview by pressing the s key on your
keyboard.

Questions
When a card is shown, only the question is shown at ﬁrst. After thinking about the
answer, either click the Show Answer button, or press the spacebar. The answer will then
be shown. It’s okay if it takes you a little while to recall the answer, but as a general rule if
you can’t answer within about 10 seconds, it’s probably better to give up and show the
answer than keep struggling to remember.

When the answer is shown, you should compare the answer you thought of with the
answer which is shown and tell Anki how well you remembered. If you don’t trust yourself
to compare your answer accurately, you can ask Anki to prompt you to type in the answer
rather than just showing it to you.
Learning/Relearning Cards
When learning new cards, or when relearning cards that you have forgotten, Anki will
show you the cards one or more times to help you memorize them. Each time is called a
'learning step'. By default there are two steps: 1 minute and 10 minutes. You can change
the number of steps and the delays between them in the deck options.

There are four rating buttons when learning:

• Again moves the card back to the ﬁrst step.

• Hard repeats the current step.

◦ If the card is on the ﬁrst step, the delay will be the average of Again and Good.
◦ After the ﬁrst step, Hard repeats the previous delay.

• Good moves the card to the next step. If the card was on the ﬁnal step, the card is
converted into a review card (it 'graduates'). By default, once the card has reached
the end of the learning steps, the card will be shown again the next day, then at
increasingly long delays (see the next section).

• Easy immediately converts the card into a review card, even if there were steps
remaining. By default, the card will be shown again 4 days later, and then at
increasingly long delays. In the v1 scheduler, the "Easy" button will not be shown if
you are in relearning mode as it would give the same interval as “Good.” With the v2
scheduler+, when cards are in relearning, the "Easy" button boosts the interval by 1
day.

When cards are seen for the ﬁrst time, they start at step one. This means answering Good
on a card for the ﬁrst time will show it one more time in 10 minutes, and the initial 1
minute step will be skipped. If you push Again, though, the card will come back in 1
minute.

You can use the 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 keys on your keyboard to select a particular
button, where 1 is Again. Pressing Space or Enter will select Good.

If there are no other cards to show you, Anki will show learning cards again even if their
delay has not elapsed completely. If you’d prefer to wait the full learning delay, you can
change this behaviour in Preferences>Scheduling>Learn Ahead Limit.

Review Cards
When a card has been previously learnt and is ready to be reviewed again, there are four
buttons to rate your answer:
• Again marks your answer as incorrect and asks Anki to show the card more
frequently in the future. The card is said to have 'lapsed'. Please see the lapses
section for more information about how lapsed reviews are handled.

• Hard by default, shows the card at a slightly longer delay than last time, and tells
Anki to show the card more frequently in the future.

• Good tells Anki that the last delay was about right, and the card easiness doesn’t
need to be adjusted down or up. At the default starting easiness, the card will be
shown again approximately 2 1/2 times longer than the previous time, so if you had
waited 10 days to see the card previously, the next delay would be about 25 days.

• Easy tells Anki you found the delay too short. The card will be scheduled further into
the future than 'Good', and Anki will schedule the card less frequently in the future.
Because 'Easy' rapidly increases the delay, it’s best used for only the easiest of cards.
Usually you should ﬁnd yourself answering 'Good' instead.

As with learning cards, you can use 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 on the keyboard to select
an answer. Pressing the spacebar or Enter will select Good.

See Deck Options and the FAQ to learn more about how the algorithm works.

Due Counts
When only the question is shown, Anki shows three numbers like 6 + 9 + 59 at the bottom
of the screen. These represent the new cards (blue), cards in learning (orange), and cards
to review (green). If you’d prefer not to see the numbers, you can turn them oﬀ in Anki’s
preferences.

In the v1 scheduler, the numbers count reviews needed to ﬁnish all the cards in that
queue, not the number of cards. If you have multiple steps conﬁgured for lapsed cards,
the number will increase by more than one when you fail a card, since that card needs to
be shown several times.

From the v2 scheduler, the numbers count cards, so the number will always increase by
one regardless of the steps remaining.

When the answer is shown, Anki shows an estimate of the next time a card will be shown
above each button. If you’d prefer not to see the estimates, you can disable them in Anki’s
preferences.
Fuzz Factor
When you select an ease button on a review card, Anki also applies a small amount of
random “fuzz” to prevent cards that were introduced at the same time and given the
same ratings from sticking together and always coming up for review on the same day.
This fuzz will appear on the answer buttons when the v3 scheduler is enabled, so if you
are using a previous version and you’re noticing a slight discrepancy between what you
select and the intervals your cards actually get, this is probably the cause.

Learning cards are also given up to 5 minutes of extra delay so that they don’t always
appear in the same order, but answer buttons won't reﬂect that. It is not possible to turn
this feature oﬀ.

Editing and More

You can click the Edit button in the bottom left to edit the current note. When you ﬁnish
editing, you’ll be returned to study. The editing screen works very similarly to the add
notes screen.

At the bottom right of the review screen is a button labeled More. This button provides
some other operations you can do on the current card or note:

• Flag Card: Adds a colored marker to the card, or toggles it off. Flags will appear
during study, and you can search for flagged cards in the Browse screen. This is
useful when you want to take some action on the card at a later date, such as
looking up a word when you get home. If you're using Anki 2.1.45+, you can also
rename flags from the browser.

• Bury Card / Note: Hides a card or all of the note’s cards from review until the next
day. (If you want to unbury cards before then, you can click the “unbury” button on
the deck overview screen.) This is useful if you cannot answer the card at the
moment or you want to come back to it another time. Burying can also happen
automatically for cards of the same note.

With the old scheduler, if cards were in learning when they are buried, they are
moved back to the new card queue or review queue prior to being buried.

With the 2.1 scheduler, however, burying cards does not reset a card's learning
steps.

• Forget card: Move current card to the end of the new queue.

From Anki 2.1.50+, Anki will remember the original order of a new card when it is
ﬁrst studied with the V3 scheduler. The "Restore original position" option allows you
to reset the card back to its original position when you forget it.

The "Reset repetition and lapse count" option, if enabled, will set the review and
failure counters for the card back to zero. It does not remove the review history that
is shown at the bottom of the card info screen.

• Set Due Date: Put cards in the review queue, and make them due on a certain date.

• Suspend Card / Note: Hides a card or all of the note’s cards from review until they
are manually unsuspended (by clicking the suspend button in the browser). This is
useful if you want to avoid reviewing the note for some time, but don’t want to
delete it. With the old scheduler, if cards were in learning when they are suspended,
they are moved back to the new card queue or review queue prior to being
suspended.

With the 2.1 scheduler, however, suspending cards does not reset a card's learning
steps.

• Options: Edit the options for the current deck.

• Card Info: Displays statistical information about the card.

• Previous Card Info: Displays statistical information about the previous card.

• Mark Note: Adds a “marked” tag to the current note, so it can be easily found in the
browser. This is similar to ﬂagging individual cards, but works with a tag instead, so
if the note has multiple cards, all cards will appear in a search for the marked tag.
Most users will want to use ﬂags instead.

• Create Copy: Opens a duplicate of the current note in the editor, which can be
slightly modiﬁed to easily obtain variations of your cards. By default, the duplicate
card will be created in the same deck as the original.

• Delete Note: Deletes the note and all of its cards.

• Replay Audio: If the card has audio on the front or back, play it again.

• Pause Audio: Pauses the audio if it is playing.

• Audio -5s / +5s: Jump backwards / forward 5 seconds in the currently playing audio.

• Record Own Voice: Record from your microphone for the purposes of checking
your pronunciation. This recording is temporary and will go away when you move to
the next card. If you want to add audio to a card permanently, you can do that in the
edit window.

• Replay Own Voice: Replay the previous recording of your voice (presumably after
showing the answer).
Display Order
Studying will show cards from the selected deck and any decks it contains. Thus, if you
select your “French” deck, the subdecks “French::Vocab” and “French::My
Textbook::Lesson 1” will be shown as well.

The way Anki fetches cards from the decks depends on the algorithm used:

• With the v1 scheduler, when a deck has subdecks, the cards will appear from each
deck in turn.

• With the v2 scheduler, when a deck has subdecks, reviews are taken from all
children decks at once. The review limit of the child decks is ignored - only the limit
of the deck you clicked on applies.

• With the v3 scheduler each child deck's limit is also enforced, and you do not need
to see the cards in deck order either. See the deck options section of the manual for
more information.

By default, for new cards, Anki fetches cards from the decks in alphabetical order. So in
the above example, you would get cards first from “French”, then “My Textbook”, and
finally “Vocab”. You can use this to control the order cards appear in, placing high priority
cards in decks that appear higher in the list. When computers sort text alphabetically, the
“-” character comes before alphabetical characters, and “~” comes after them. So you
could call the deck “-Vocab” to make them appear first, and you could call the other deck
“~My Textbook” to force it to appear after everything else.

New cards and reviews are fetched separately, and Anki won’t wait until both queues are
empty before moving on to the next deck, so it’s possible you’ll be exposed to new cards
from one deck while seeing reviews from another deck, or vice versa. If you don’t want
this, click directly on the deck you want to study instead of one of the parent decks.

Since cards in learning are somewhat time-critical, they are fetched from all decks at once
and shown in the order they are due.

To control the order reviews from a given deck appear in, or change new cards from
ordered to random order, please see the deck options. For more ﬁne-grained ordering of
new cards, you can change the order in the browser.

Siblings and Burying

Recall from the basics that Anki can create more than one card for each thing you input,
such as a front→back card and a back→front card, or two diﬀerent cloze deletions from
the same text. These related cards are called 'siblings'.
When you answer a card that has siblings, Anki can prevent the card’s siblings from being
shown in the same session by automatically 'burying' them. Buried cards are hidden from
review until the clock rolls over to a new day or you manually unbury them using the
“Unbury” button that’s visible at the bottom of the deck overview screen. Anki will bury
siblings even if the siblings are not in the same deck (for instance, if you use the deck
override feature).

You can enable burying from the deck options screen - there are separate settings for
new cards and reviews.

Anki will only bury siblings that are new or review cards. It will not hide cards in learning,
as time is of the essence for those cards. On the other hand, when you study a learning
card, any new/review siblings will be buried.

Note: A card cannot be buried and suspended at the same time. Suspending a buried
card will unbury it. Burying a suspended card does not work on Anki 2.1.49+, whereas on
earlier versions, it will unsuspend the card.

Keyboard Shortcuts
Most of the common operations in Anki have keyboard shortcuts. Most of them are
discoverable in the interface: menu items list their shortcuts next to them, and hovering
the mouse cursor over a button will generally show its shortcut in a tooltip.

When studying, either Space or Enter will show the answer. When the answer is
shown, you can use Space or Enter to select the Good button. You can use the
1 - 4 keys to select a specific ease button. Many people find it convenient to answer
most cards with Space and keep one finger on 1 for when they forget.

The "Study Deck" item in the Tools menu allows you to quickly switch to a deck with the
keyboard. You can trigger it with the '/' key. When opened, it will display all of your decks
and show a ﬁlter area at the top. As you type characters, Anki will display only decks
matching the characters you type. You can add a space to separate multiple search
terms, and Anki will show only decks that match all the terms. So “ja 1” or “on1 ja” would
both match a deck called “Japanese::Lesson1”.

Falling Behind
If you fall behind in your reviews, Anki will prioritize cards that have been waiting the
longest. It does this by taking the cards that have been waiting the longest and showing
them to you in a random order up until your daily review limit. This ordering ensures that
no cards will be left waiting indeﬁnitely, but it means that if you introduce new cards,
their reviews won’t appear until you’ve gotten through your backlog.

If you wish to change the order of the overdue reviews, you can do so by creating a
ﬁltered deck.

When you answer cards that have been waiting for a while, Anki factors in that delay
when determining the next time a card should be shown. Please see the section on Anki’s
spaced-repetition algorithm for more information.
Adding/Editing
• Adding Cards and Notes
◦ Duplicate Check
◦ Eﬀective Learning
• Adding a Note Type
• Customizing Fields
• Changing Deck / Note Type
• Organizing Content
◦ Using Decks Appropriately
◦ Using Tags
◦ Using Flags
◦ The "Marked" Tag
◦ Using Fields
◦ Custom Study and Filtered Decks
• Editing Features
• Cloze Deletion
• Inputting Foreign Characters and Accents
• Unicode Normalization

Adding Cards and Notes

Recall from the basics that in Anki we add notes rather than cards, and Anki creates cards
for us. Click 'Add' in the main window, and the Add Notes window will appear.
The top left of the window shows us the current note type. If it does not say "Basic," then
you may have added some note types when you downloaded a shared deck. The text
below assumes that "Basic" is selected.

The top right of the window shows us the deck cards will be added to. If you would like to
add cards to a new deck, you can click on the deck name button and then click "Add".

Below the note type, you'll see some buttons, and an area labelled "Front" and "Back".
Front and Back are called ﬁelds, and you can add, remove, and rename them by clicking
the "Fields…" button above.

Below the ﬁelds is another area labelled "tags". Tags are labels that you can attach to
your notes, to make organizing and ﬁnding notes easier. You can leave the tags blank if
you wish, or add one or more of them. Tags are separated by a space. If the tags area
says

vocab check_with_tutor

…then the note you add would have two tags.

When you have entered text into the front and back, you can click the "Add" button or
press Ctrl + Enter ( Command + Enter on a Mac) to add the note to your
collection. When you do so, a card will be created as well, and placed into the deck you
chose. If you would like to edit a card you added, you can click the history button to
search for a recently added card in the browser.

For more information on the buttons between the note type and the ﬁelds, please see the
editor section.

Duplicate Check

Anki checks the first field for uniqueness, so it will warn you if you enter two cards with a
Front field of "apple" (for example). The uniqueness check is limited to the current note
type, so if you're studying multiple languages, two cards with the same Front would not
be listed as duplicates as long as you had a different note type for each language.

Anki does not check for duplicates in other ﬁelds automatically for eﬃciency reasons, but
the browser has a "Find Duplicates" function, which you can run periodically.

Eﬀective Learning

Diﬀerent people like to review in diﬀerent ways, but there are some general concepts to
keep in mind. An excellent introduction is this article on the SuperMemo site. In
particular:

• Keep it simple: The shorter your cards, the easier they are to review. You may be
tempted to include lots of information "just in case," but reviews will quickly become
painful.

• Don't memorize without understanding: If you are studying a language, try to

avoid large lists of words. The best way to learn languages is in context, which
means seeing those words used in a sentence. Likewise, imagine you're studying a
computer course. If you attempt to memorize the mountain of acronyms, you'll ﬁnd
it very diﬃcult to make progress. But if you take the time to understand the
concepts behind the acronyms, learning the acronyms will become a lot easier.

Adding a Note Type

While basic note types are sufficient for simple cards with only a word or phrase on each
side, as soon as you find yourself wanting to include more than one piece of information
on the front or back, it's better to split that information up into more fields.

You may find yourself thinking "but I only want one card, so why can't I just include the
audio, a picture, a hint, and the translation in the Front field?" If you'd prefer to do that,
that's fine. But the disadvantage of that approach is that all the information is stuck
together. If you wanted to sort your cards by the hint, you wouldn't be able to do that as
it is mixed in with the other content. You also wouldn't be able to do things such as
moving the audio from the front to the back, except by laboriously copying and pasting it
for every note. By keeping content in separate fields, you make it much easier to adjust
the layout of your cards in the future.

To create a new type of note, choose Tools → Manage Note Types from the main Anki
window. Then click "Add" to add a new type of note. You will now see another screen that
gives you a choice of note types to base the new type on. "Add" means to base the newly
created type on one that comes with Anki. "Clone" means to base the newly created type
on one that is already in your collection. For instance, if you'd created a French vocab
type already, you might want to clone that when creating a German vocab type.

After choosing OK, you will be asked to name the new type. The subject material that you
are studying is a good choice here – things like "Japanese", "Trivia", and so on. Once you
have chosen a name, close the Note Types window, and you will return to the adding
window.

Customizing Fields
To customize fields, click the "Fields…" button when adding or editing a note, or while the
note type is selected in the Manage Note Types window.
You can add, remove, or rename fields by clicking the appropriate buttons. To change the
order in which the fields appear in this dialog and the add notes dialog, you can use the
reposition button, which asks for the numerical position you want the field to have. So if
you want to change a field to be the new first field, enter "1".

Do not use 'Tags', 'Type', 'Deck', 'Card', or 'FrontSide' as ﬁeld names, as they are special
ﬁelds and will not work properly.

The options at the bottom of the screen allow you to edit various properties of the ﬁelds
to be used when adding and editing the cards. This is not where you customize what
appears on your cards when reviewing; for that, please see templates.

• Editing Font allows you to customize the font and size used when editing notes.
This is useful if you want to make unimportant information smaller, or increase the
size of foreign characters which are hard to read. The changes you make here do
not aﬀect how cards appear when reviewing: to do that, please see the templates
section. If you have enabled the "type in the answer" function, however, the text you
type will use the font size deﬁned here. (For information about how to change the
actual font face when typing the answer, please see the checking your answer
section.)

• Sort by this field… tells Anki to show this field in the Sort Field column of the
browser. You can use this to sort cards by that field. Only one field can be the sort
field at once.
• Reverse text direction is useful if you are studying languages that display text from
right to left (RTL), such as Arabic or Hebrew. This setting currently only controls
editing; to make sure the text displays correctly during review, you'll need to adjust
your template.

• Use HTML editor by default is useful if you prefer to edit the ﬁelds directly in
HTML.

• Collapse by default. Fields can be collapsed/expanded. The animation can be

disabled in the preferences.

• Exclude from unqualified searches (slower) can be used if you want the content
of a certain field not to appear in unqualified (not limited to a specific field)
searches.

After you have added ﬁelds, you will probably want to add them to the front or back of
your cards. For more information on that, please see the templates section.

Changing Deck / Note Type

While adding, you can click on the top left button to change note type, and the top right
button to change deck. The window that opens up will not only allow you to select a deck
or note type, but also to add new decks or manage your note types.

Organizing Content

Using Decks Appropriately

Decks are designed to divide your content up into broad categories that you wish to study
separately, such as English, Geography, and so on. You may be tempted to create lots of
little decks to keep your content organized, such as "my geography book chapter 1", or
"food verbs", but this is not recommended, for the following reasons:

• Lots of little decks may mean you end up seeing cards in a recognizable order. On
older scheduler versions, new cards can only be introduced in deck order. And if you
were planning to click on each deck in turn (which is slow), you will end up seeing all
the "chapter 1" or "food verb" reviews together. This makes it easier to answer the
cards, as you can guess them from the context, which leads to weaker memories.
When you need to recall the word or phrase outside Anki, you won't always have the
luxury of being shown related content ﬁrst!
• While less of a problem than it was in earlier Anki versions, adding hundreds of
decks may cause slowdowns, and very large deck trees with thousands of items can
actually break the display of the deck list in Anki versions before 2.1.50.

Using Tags

Instead of creating lots of little decks, it's a better idea to use tags and/or fields to classify
your content. Tags are a useful way to boost search results, find specific content, and
keep your collection organized. There are many ways of using tags and flags effectively,
and thinking in advance about how you want to use them will help you decide what will
work best for you.

Some people prefer using decks and subdecks to keep their cards organized, but using
tags have a big advantage over decks for that: you can add several tags to a single note,
but a single card can only belong to one deck, which makes tags a more powerful and
ﬂexible categorization system than decks in most cases. You can also organize tags in
trees in the same way as you can do for decks.

For example, instead of creating a "food verbs" deck, you could add those cards to your
main language study deck, and tag the cards with "food" and "verb". Since each card can
have multiple tags, you can do things like search for all verbs, or all food-related
vocabulary, or all verbs that are related to food.

You can add tags from the Edit window and from the Browser, and you can also add,
delete, rename, or organize tags there. Please note that tags work at note level, which
means that when you tag a card that has siblings, all the siblings will be tagged as well. If
you need to tag a single card, but not its siblings, you should consider using ﬂags instead.

Using Flags

Flags are similar to tags, but they will appear during study in the review window, showing
a colored flag icon on the upper right area of the screen. You can also search for flagged
cards in the Browse screen, rename flags from the browser and create filtered decks
from flagged cards, but unlike tags, a single card can have only one flag at a time. Another
important difference is that flags work at card level, so flagging a card that has siblings
won't have any effect on the card's siblings.

You can ﬂag / unﬂag cards directly while in review mode (by pressing CTRL + 1-7
on Windows or CMD + 1-7 on Mac) and from the Browser.

The "Marked" Tag

Anki treats a tag called "marked" specially. There are options in the review screen and
browse screen to add and remove the "marked" tag. The review screen will show a star
when the current card's note has that tag. And cards are shown in a diﬀerent color in the
browse screen when their note is marked.

Note: Marking is mainly left around for compatibility with older Anki versions; most users
will want to use ﬂags instead.

Using Fields

For those who like to stay very organized, you can add fields to your notes to classify your
content, such as "book", "page", and so on. Anki supports searching in specific fields,
which means you can do a search for "book:my book" page:63 and immediately find
what you're looking for.

Custom Study and Filtered Decks

Using custom study and filtered deck you can create temporary decks out of search
terms. This allows you to review your content mixed together in a single deck most of the
time (for optimum memory), but also create temporary decks when you need to focus on
particular material, such as before a test. The general rule is that if you always want to be
able to study some content separately, it should be in a normal deck; if you only
occasionally need to be able to study it separately (for a test, when under a backlog, etc.),
then filtered decks created from tags, flags, marks or fields are better.

Editing Features
The editor is shown when adding notes, editing a note during reviews, or browsing.

On the top left are two buttons, which open the ﬁelds and cards windows.
On the right are buttons that control formatting. Bold, italic and underline work like they
do in a word processing program. The next two buttons allow you to subscript or
superscript text, which is useful for chemical compounds like H 2O or simple
mathematical equations like x2. Then, there are two buttons to allow you to change text
colour.

The rubber eraser button clears any formatting in the currently selected text — including
the colour of the text, whether the selected text is bold, etc. The next three buttons allow
creating lists, text alignment and text indent.

You can use the paper-clip button to select audio, images, and videos from your
computer's hard drive and attach them to your notes. Alternatively, you can copy the
media onto your computer's clipboard (for instance, by right-clicking an image on the web
and choosing 'Copy Image') and paste it into the ﬁeld that you want to place it in. For
more information about media, please see the media section.

The microphone icon allows you to record from your computer's microphone and attach
the recording to the note.

The Fx button shows shortcuts to add MathJax or LaTeX to your notes.

The […] buttons are visible when a cloze note type is selected.

The </> button allows editing the underlying HTML of a ﬁeld.

Anki 2.1.45+ supports adjusting sticky fields directly from the editing screen. If you click
on the pin icon on the right of a field, Anki will not clear out the field's content after a note
is added. If you find yourself entering the same content into multiple notes, you may find
this useful. On previous Anki versions, sticky fields were toggled from the Fields screen.

Most of the buttons have shortcut keys. You can hover the mouse cursor over a button to
see its shortcut.

When pasting text, Anki will keep most formatting by default. If you hold down the
Shift key while pasting, Anki will strip most of the formatting. Under Preferences, you
can toggle "Paste without shift key strips formatting" to modify the default behaviour.

Cloze Deletion
'Cloze deletion' is the process of hiding one or more words in a sentence. For example, if
you have the sentence:

Canberra was founded in 1913.

…and you create a cloze deletion on "1913", then the sentence would become:

Canberra was founded in [...].

Sometimes sections that have been removed in this fashion are said to be 'occluded'.

For more information on why you might want to use cloze deletion, see Rule 5 here.

Anki provides a special cloze deletion type of note, to make creating clozes easy. To
create a cloze deletion note, select the Cloze note type, and type some text into the "Text"
ﬁeld. Then drag the mouse over the text you want to hide to select it, and click the […]
button. Anki will replace the text with:

Canberra was founded in {{c1::1913}}.

The "c1" part means that you have created one cloze deletion on the sentence. You can
create more than one deletion if you'd like. For example, if you select Canberra and click
[…] again, the text will now look like:

{{c2::Canberra}} was founded in {{c1::1913}}.

When you add the above note, Anki will create two cards. The ﬁrst card will show:

Canberra was founded in [...].

…on the question, with the full sentence on the answer. The other card will have the
following on the question:

[...] was founded in 1913.

You can also elide multiple sections on the same card. In the above example, if you
change c2 to c1, only one card would be created, with both Canberra and 1913 hidden. If
you hold down Alt ( Option on a Mac) while creating a cloze, Anki will automatically
use the same number instead of incrementing it.

Cloze deletions don't need to fall on word boundaries, so if you select "anberra" rather
than "Canberra" in the above example, the question would appear as "C[…] was founded
in 1913", giving you a hint.

You can also give yourself hints that don't match the text. If you replace the original
sentence with:

Canberra::city was founded in 1913

…and then press […] after selecting "Canberra::city", Anki will treat the text after the two
colons as a hint, changing the text into:

{{c1::Canberra::city}} was founded in 1913

When the card comes up for review, it will appear as:

[city] was founded in 1913.

For information on testing your ability to type in a cloze deletion correctly, please see the
section on typing answers.

From version 2.1.56, nested cloze deletions are supported. For example, the following is
valid:
{{c1::Canberra was {{c2::founded}}}} in 1913

The inner cloze is entirely nested within the outer. There is no support for partial
overlaps, such as:

[...] founded in 1913 -> Canberra was

Canberra [...] in 1913 -> was founded

with the word "was" appearing in both deletions.

Prior to version 2.1.56, if you need to create clozes from overlapping text, add another
Text ﬁeld to your cloze, add it to the template, and then when creating notes, paste the
text into two separate ﬁelds, like so:

Text1 field: {{c1::Canberra was founded}} in 1913

Text2 field: {{c2::Canberra}} was founded in 1913

The default cloze note type has a second ﬁeld called Extra, that is shown on the answer
side of each card. It can be used for adding some usage notes or extra information.

The cloze note type is treated specially by Anki, and cannot be created based on a regular
note type. If you wish to customize it, please make sure to clone the existing Cloze type
instead of another type of note. Things like formatting can be customized, but it is not
possible to add extra card templates to the cloze note type.

Inputting Foreign Characters and Accents

All modern computers have built-in support for typing accents and foreign characters,
and multiple ways to go about it. The method we recommend is by using a keyboard
layout for the language you want to learn.

Languages with a separate script like Japanese, Chinese, Thai, and so on, have their own
layouts speciﬁc to that language.

European languages that use accents may have their own layout, but can often be typed
on a generic "international keyboard" layout. These work by typing the accent, then the
character you want accented - e.g. an apostrophe (') then the letter a (a) gives á.

To add the international keyboard on Windows machines, please see

https://thegeekpage.com/how-to-add-us-international-keyboard-in-windows-10/

To add it on Macs, please see http://www.macworld.com/article/1147039/os-

x/accentinput.html
Keyboards for a speciﬁc language are added in a similar way, but we can not cover them
all here. For more information, please try searching Google for "input Japanese on a mac",
"type Chinese on Windows 10", and so on.

If you are learning a right-to-left language, there are lots of other things to consider.
Please see this page for more information.

The toolkit on which Anki is built has trouble dealing with a few input methods, such as
holding down keys to select accented characters on macOS, and typing characters by
holding down the Alt key and typing a numeric code on Windows.

Unicode Normalization
Text like á can be represented in multiple ways on a computer, such as using a specific
code for that symbol, or by using a standard a and then another code for the accent on
top. This causes problems when mixing input from different sources, or using different
computers - if your computer handles keyboard input in one form, but the content is
stored in a different form, it will not match when searching, even though the end result
appears identical.

To ensure content can easily be found in searches, Anki normalizes the text to a standard
form. For most users this process is transparent, but if you are studying certain material
like archaic Japanese symbols, the normalization process can end up converting them to a
more modern equivalent.

If you want character variants preserved, the following in the debug console will turn oﬀ
normalization:

mw.col.conf["normalize_note_text"] = False

Any content added after that will remain untouched. The trade-off is that you may find it
difficult to search for the content if you're switching between operating systems, or
pasting content from mixed sources.
Card Templates
Card templates tell Anki which fields should appear on the front and back of your card,
and control which cards will be generated when certain fields have text in them. By
adjusting your card templates, you can alter the design and styling of many of your cards
at once.

Card templates are covered in some of the intro videos:

• Switching Card Order

• Styling Cards

• Typing in the Answer

The Templates Screen

You can modify card templates by clicking the "Cards..." button inside the editing screen.

For older Anki versions, on the top left is the front template, on the bottom left is the back
template, and in between them is the card styling section. For Anki versions 2.1.28+ the
front, back, and styling are no longer shown at the same time. You can switch between
them with Ctrl + 1 , Ctrl + 2 , and Ctrl + 3 .

In Anki, templates are written in HTML, which is the language that web pages are written
in. The styling section is CSS, which is the language used for styling web pages.

On the right is a preview of the front and back of the currently selected card. If you
opened the window while adding notes, the preview will be based on the text you had
typed into the Add Notes window. If you opened the window while editing a note, the
preview will be based on the content of that note. If you opened the window from Tools
→ Manage Note Types, Anki will display each ﬁeld’s name in parentheses in place of
content.

At the top right of the window is an Options button that gives you options to rename or
reorder the cards, as well as the following two options:

• The 'Deck Override' option allows you to change the deck that cards generated from
the current card type will be placed into. By default, cards are placed into the deck
you provide in the Add Notes window. If you set a deck here, that card type will be
placed into the deck you speciﬁed, instead of the deck listed in the Add Notes
window. This can be useful if you want to separate cards into diﬀerent decks (for
instance, when studying a language, to put production cards in one deck and
recognition cards in another). You can check which deck the cards are currently
going to by choosing Deck Override again.

• The 'Browser Appearance' option allows you to set diﬀerent (perhaps simpliﬁed)
templates for display in the Question and Answer columns of the browser; see
browser appearance for more information.
Field Replacements
• Basic Replacements
• Newlines
• Text to Speech
• Special Fields
• Hint Fields
• Dictionary Links
• HTML Stripping
• Right To Left Text
• Ruby Characters
◦ Additional Ruby Character Filters
• Media & LaTeX
◦ Static Sounds/Images
◦ Field References
• Checking Your Answer

Basic Replacements
The most basic template looks something like this:

When you place text within curly brackets, Anki looks for a ﬁeld by that name, and
replaces the text with the actual content of the ﬁeld.

Field names are case sensitive. If you have a ﬁeld named Front , writing {{front}} will
not work properly.

Your templates are not limited to a list of ﬁelds. You can also include arbitrary text on
your templates. For example, if you’re studying capital cities, and you’ve created a note
type with a “Country” ﬁeld, you might create a front template like this:

What's the capital city of {{Country}}?

The default back template will look something like this:

{{Back}}
This means “show me the text that’s on the front side, then a divider line, and then the
Back ﬁeld”.

The 'id=answer' part tells Anki where the divider is between the question and the answer.
This allows Anki to automatically scroll to the spot where the answer starts when you
press 'show answer' on a long card (especially useful on mobile devices with small
screens). If you don’t want a horizontal line at the beginning of the answer, you can use
another HTML element such as a paragraph or div instead.

Newlines
Card templates are like web pages, which means a special command is required to create
a new line. For example, if you wrote the following in the template:

one
two

In the preview, you’d actually see:

one two

To add a new line, you need to add a <br> code to the end of a line, like so:

one<br>
two

The br code stands for "(line) br(eak)".

The same applies for ﬁelds. If you want to display two ﬁelds, one on each line, you would
use

{{Field 1}}<br>
{{Field 2}}

Text to Speech
This feature requires Anki 2.1.20, or AnkiMobile 2.0.56. AnkiDroid does not currently
support this method.

To have Anki read the Front ﬁeld in a US English voice, you can place the following in your
card template:
{{tts en_US:Front}}

On Windows, macOS, and iOS, Anki will use the OS’s built in voices. On Linux, no voices
are built in, but voices can be provided by add-ons, such as this one.

To see a list of all available languages/voices, place the following on your card template:

If there are multiple voices that support your chosen language, you can specify desired
voices in a list, and Anki will choose the ﬁrst available voice. For example:

This would use Otoya when on an Apple device, and Haruka when on a Windows PC.

Specifying a diﬀerent speed is possible in some TTS implementations:

Both speed and voices are optional, but the language must be included.

On a Mac, you can customize the available voices:

• Open the System Preferences screen.

• Click on Accessibility.

• Click on Speech.

• Click on the system voice dropdown, and choose Customize.

Some voices sound better than others, so experiment to choose the one you prefer.
Please note that the Siri voice can only be used by Apple apps. Once you’ve installed new
voices, you’ll need to restart Anki for the new voices to become available.

On Windows, some voices like Cortana can not be selected, as Microsoft does not make
those voices available to other applications.

On a cloze note type, you can make Anki read only the elided sections using the cloze-
only ﬁlter, like so:

The cloze-only ﬁlter is supported in Anki 2.1.29+ and AnkiMobile 2.0.65+.

You can enable Anki's TTS feature on supported platforms while falling back to
AnkiDroid's own method. Until AnkiDroid supports the {{tts:FieldName}} syntax, it will
render these ﬁelds as text, while other platforms will render a (re)play audio button. In
order to temporarily ﬁx this discrepancy between platforms, we can use the following in
our templates:

<tts service="android" voice="en_US">{{Front}}</tts>

<span class="ankitts">{{tts en_US:Front}}</span>

<button class="ankidroidTtsButton" onclick="

AnkiDroidJS.ankiTtsSpeak('{{Front}}');">Play TTS</button>

Then in the styling section:

/*Anki (desktop) TTS needs to be hidden because AnkiDroid currently renders

it as text instead of a play button like desktop.*/
.android .ankitts {
display: none;
}

/*The AnkiDroid tts button won't work on other platforms because it uses the
JS API, therefore it should be hidden*/
html:not(.android) .ankidroidTtsButton {
display: none;
}

Special Fields
There are some special ﬁelds you can include in your templates:

The note's tags: {{Tags}}

The type of note: {{Type}}

The card's deck: {{Deck}}

The card's subdeck: {{Subdeck}}

The card's flag: {{CardFlag}}

The type of card ("Forward", etc): {{Card}}

The content of the front template

(only valid in back template): {{FrontSide}}

FrontSide will not automatically play any audio that was on the front side of the card. If
you wish to have the same audio play automatically on both the front and back of the
card, you’ll need to manually include the audio fields on the back as well.
As with other fields, special field names are case sensitive - you must use {{Tags}}
rather than {{tags}} for example.

Hint Fields
It’s possible to add a ﬁeld to the front or back of a card, but make it hidden until you
explicitly show it. We call this a 'hint ﬁeld'. Before adding a hint, please bear in mind that
the easier you make it to answer a question in Anki, the less likely you are to remember
that question when you encounter it in real life. Please have a read about the 'minimum
information principle' on http://www.supermemo.com/articles/20rules.htm before
proceeding.

First, you’ll need to add a ﬁeld to store the hint in if you have not already. Please see the
ﬁelds section if you’re not sure how to do this.

Assuming you’ve created a ﬁeld called MyField, you can tell Anki to include it on the card
but hide it by default by adding the following to your template:

This will show a link labeled “show hint”; when you click it, the content of the ﬁeld will be
displayed on the card. (If MyField is empty, nothing will be shown.)

If you show the hint on the question and then reveal the answer, the hint will be hidden
again. If you want to have the hint always revealed when the answer is shown, you will
need to remove {{FrontSide}} from your back template and manually add the ﬁelds
you wish to appear.

It is not currently possible to use a hint ﬁeld for audio — the audio will play regardless of
whether you’ve clicked on the hint link.

If you want to customize the appearance or behaviour, you’ll need to implement the hint
ﬁeld yourself. We can not provide any support for doing so, but the following code should
get you started:

{{#Back}}
<a class=hint href="#"
onclick="this.style.display='none';
document.getElementById('hint4753594160').style.display='inline-block';return
false;">
Show Back</a><div id="hint4753594160" class=hint style="display: none">
{{Back}}</div>
{{/Back}}
Dictionary Links
You can also use ﬁeld replacement to create dictionary links. Imagine you’re studying a
language and your favourite online dictionary allows you to search for text using a web
URL like:

http://example.com/search?q=myword

You could add an automatic link by doing the following in your template:

<a href="http://example.com/search?q={{Expression}}">check in dictionary</a>

The template above would allow you to search for each note’s expression by clicking on
the link while reviewing. There is a caveat however, so please see the next section.

HTML Stripping
Like templates, ﬁelds are stored in HTML. In the dictionary link example above, if the
expression contained the word "myword" without any formatting, then the HTML would
be the same: "myword". But when you include formatting in your ﬁelds, extra HTML is
included. If "myword" was bolded for example, the actual HTML would be
"<b>myword</b>".

This can present a problem for things like dictionary links. In the above example, the
dictionary link would end up being:

<a href="http://example.com/search?q=<b>myword</b>">check in dictionary</a>

The extra characters in the link would likely confuse the dictionary site, and you’re likely
not to get any matches.

To solve this, Anki provides the ability to strip formatting from fields when they are
replaced. If you prefix a field name with text:, Anki will not include any formatting. So a
dictionary link that worked even with formatted text would be:

<a href="http://example.com/search?q={{text:Expression}}">check in
dictionary</a>
Right To Left Text
If you’re using a language that reads from right to left, you’ll need to adjust the template
like so:

<div dir=rtl>{{FieldThatHasRTLTextInIt}}</div>

Ruby Characters
Some languages commonly use annotations above the text to display the pronunciation
of characters. These annotations are known as ruby characters. In Japanese, these are
known as furigana.

In Anki, you can display ruby characters by using the following syntax:

Text[Ruby]

Suppose the text above is written in MyField. By default, if you simply use {{Myfield}} ,
the ﬁeld will be displayed as is. To properly position the ruby characters above the text,
use the furigana ﬁlter in the templates like so:

Here are some examples:

Raw Text Rendered Text

Ruby
Text[Ruby] Text
にほんご
日本語[にほんご] 日本語
よなか
世[よ]の中[なか] 世の中
よなか
世[よ]の中[なか] 世の中 (incorrect!)
Notice how the third example has a space before the 中 character. This is necessary to
specify that the ruby text applies only to that character. If there was no space, the ruby
text will be misplaced above the の character, as shown in the fourth example.

Additional Ruby Character Filters

In addition to the furigana filter, you can also only show certain parts of the ruby text,
with the kana and kanji filters. The kana filter will only show the ruby text, while the
kanji filter removes the ruby text entirely.

Raw Text Field Filter Rendered Text

にほんご
日本語[にほんご] {{furigana:MyField}} 日本語
日本語[にほんご] {{kana:MyField}} にほんご
日本語[にほんご] {{kanji:MyField}} 日本語
These names are again, borrowed from Japanese. The term kana represents the phonetic
system used to describe how words are pronounced, whereas the term kanji represents
its Chinese characters.

Media & LaTeX

Anki does not scan templates for media references, because it is slow to do so. This has
implications for including media on the template.

Static Sounds/Images

If you wish to include images or sounds on your cards that are the same for every card
(eg, a company logo at the top of each card):

1. Rename the ﬁle so it starts with an underscore, eg "_logo.jpg". The underscore tells
Anki that the ﬁle is used by the template and it should be exported when sharing
the deck.

2. Add a reference to the media on your front or back template, like:

Field References

Media references to ﬁelds are not supported. They may or may not display during review,
and will not work when checking for unused media, importing/exporting, and so on.
Examples that won’t work:
<img src="{{Expression}}.jpg">

[sound:{{Word}}]

[latex]{{Field 1}}[/latex]

Instead, you should include the media references in the ﬁeld. Please see the importing
section for more information.

Checking Your Answer

You can watch a video about this feature on YouTube.

The easiest way to check your answer is to click "Basic" at the top left of the card adding
screen, and select "Basic (type in the answer)".

If you have downloaded a shared deck and would like to type in the answer with it, you
can modify its card template. If it has a template like:

To type in the foreign word and check if you are correct, you need to edit your front
template so that it looks like this:

Note that we have added type: in front of the ﬁeld we want to compare. Since FrontSide
is on the back of the card, the type answer box will appear on the back as well.

When reviewing, Anki will display a text box where you can type in the answer, and upon
hitting Enter or showing the answer, Anki will show you which parts you got right and
which parts you got wrong. The text box’s font size will be the size you conﬁgured for that
ﬁeld (via the “Fields” button when editing).

This feature does not change how the cards are answered, so it’s still up to you to decide
how well you remembered or not.

Only one typing comparison can be used on a card. If you add the above text multiple
times, it will not work. It also only supports a single line, so it is not useful for comparing
against a ﬁeld that is comprised of multiple lines.

Anki uses a monospaced font for the answer comparison so that the “provided” and
“correct” sections line up. If you wish to override the font for the answer comparison, you
can put the following at the bottom of your styling section:

code#typeans { font-family: "myfontname"; }

Which will aﬀect the following HTML for the answer comparison:

Advanced users can override the default type-answer colors with the css classes
'typeGood', 'typeBad' and 'typeMissed'. AnkiMobile supports 'typeGood' and 'typeBad',
but not 'typeMissed'.

If you wish to override the size of the typing box and don’t want to change the font in the
Fields dialog, you can override the default inline style using !important , like so:

#typeans { font-size: 50px !important; }

It is also possible to type in the answer for cloze deletion cards. To do this, add
{{type:cloze:Text}} to both the front and back template, so the back looks something
like this:

Note that since the cloze type does not use FrontSide, this must be added to both sides
on a cloze note type.

If there are multiple sections elided, you can separate the answers in the text box with a
comma.

Type answer boxes will not appear in the "preview" dialog in the browser. When you
review or look at the preview in the card types window, they will display.
Card Generation
• Reverse Cards
• Card Generation & Deletion
• Selective Card Generation
• Conditional Replacement
• Blank Back Sides
• Limitations in Older Anki Versions
• Adding Empty Notes
• Cloze Templates

Reverse Cards
You can watch a video about reversing cards on YouTube.

If you want to create cards that go in both directions (e.g., both “ookii”→“big” and
“big”→“ookii”), you have several options. The simplest is to select the “Basic (and reversed
card)” built-in note type. This will generate two cards, one in each direction.

If you want to generate reverse cards for only some of your material (perhaps you only
want to take the time to study reverses for the most important material, or some of your
cards don’t make sense reversed), you can select the “Basic (optional reversed card)” note
type. This note type generates a forward-only card when you fill in only the first two
fields; if you additionally enter something in the “Add Reverse” field (like a 'y'), Anki will
generate a reverse card as well. The contents of this field will never be displayed on a
card.

Card Generation & Deletion

Anki will not create cards with empty front sides. Thus if “My Field” was empty, and one
card’s front template included only that ﬁeld, the card would not be created.

If no cards can be created because all of the cards would have empty front sides, then the
Add Notes window will warn you and not allow the note to be added until at least one
card would be generated.

When you edit a previously added note, Anki will automatically create extra cards if they
were previously blank but no longer are. If your edits have made some cards blank when
they previously were not, however, Anki will not delete them immediately, as that could
lead to accidental data loss. To remove the empty cards, go to Tools → Empty Cards in the
main window. You will be shown a list of empty cards and be given the option to delete
them.

Because of the way that card generation works, it is not possible to manually delete
individual cards, as they would just end up being recreated the next time the note was
edited. Instead, you should make the relevant conditional replacement ﬁelds empty and
then use the Empty Cards option.

Anki does not consider special ﬁelds or non-ﬁeld text for the purposes of card generation.
Thus if your front template looked like the following, no card would be generated if
Country was empty:

Where is {{Country}} on the map?

Selective Card Generation

Sometimes you may want to generate extra cards for only some of your material, such as
testing your ability to recall the most important words of a set. You can accomplish this
by adding an extra ﬁeld to your note, and adding some text into it (such as "1") on the
notes you want the extra card. Then in the card template, you can make the card’s
creation depend on that ﬁeld being non-empty. For more information on this, please see
the conditional replacement section below.

Conditional Replacement
It is possible to include certain text, ﬁelds, or HTML on your cards only if a ﬁeld is empty
or not empty. An example:

This text is always shown.

{{#FieldName}}
This text is only shown if FieldName has text in it
{{/FieldName}}

{{^FieldName}}
This text is only shown if FieldName is empty
{{/FieldName}}

A real life example is only showing a label if the ﬁeld is not empty:
{{#Tags}}
Tags: {{Tags}}
{{/Tags}}

Or say you want to display a specific field in blue on the front of your card if there are
extra notes on the back (perhaps the fact that there are notes serves as a reminder that
you should spend more time thinking about the answer). You can style the field as
follows:

{{#Notes}}
<span style="color:blue;">
{{/Notes}}

{{#Notes}}
</span>
{{/Notes}}

You can also use conditional replacement to control which cards are generated. This
works since Anki will not generate cards which would have a blank front side. For
example, consider a card with two ﬁelds on the front:

Normally a card would be generated if either the expression or notes ﬁeld had text in it. If
you only wanted a card generated if expression was not empty, then you could change
the template to this:

And if you wanted to require both ﬁelds, you could use two conditional replacements:

Keep in mind that this only works when you place the conditional replacement code on
the front of the card; if you do this on the back, you will simply end up with cards with a
blank back side. Similarly, since this works by checking if the front ﬁeld would be empty, it
is important to make sure you wrap the 'entire' front side in the conditional replacement;
for instance, the following would not work as expected:

Blank Back Sides

Card generation only looks at the front side of the card. For example, if you have a front
template:

and a back template:

Then a card will be generated if Field 1 is non-empty. If Field 2 is empty, the card will still
be generated, and you will get a blank back side.

If you wish to avoid a blank back side, you will need to place a required ﬁeld on the front
template as a conditional, like so:

This will ensure the card is generated only if both Field 2 and Field 1 are non-empty.

Limitations in Older Anki Versions

The following limitations do not apply to Anki 2.1.28+ and AnkiMobile 2.0.64+.

Older Anki versions cannot use negated conditionals for card generation. For example, on
Anki 2.1.28, the following would add a card if a ﬁeld called AddIfEmpty is empty, and Front
is non-empty:

{{^AddIfEmpty}}
{{Front}}
{{/AddIfEmpty}}
On earlier Anki versions, the negated conditional is ignored, and card generation will
depend only on Front being non-empty.

Mixing AND and OR conditions can also cause problems on older versions. For example,
the following ("add the card if A OR B OR C is non-empty") is ﬁne:

And the following ("add the card if A AND B AND C are non-empty") is ﬁne:

But the following ("add the card if A OR (B AND C) are non-empty") will not work properly:

Adding Empty Notes

When you add a new note in Anki 2.1.28+ and AnkiMobile 2.0.64+, if the card templates
and note ﬁelds combine to produce no cards, a blank card will be created using the ﬁrst
template. This allows you to add material even if it's incomplete, and modify it or the
template later to make it valid. If you don't wish to keep an empty note, you can remove it
with the Empty Cards function.

On older Anki versions, Anki refuses to add or import a note if no cards would be
generated.

Cloze Templates
Please see the cloze deletion section for background info.
The cloze note type functions diﬀerently from regular note types. Instead of a
customizable number of card types, it has a single type which is shared by all cloze
deletions on a note.

As mentioned in the card generation section above, generation of regular cards depends
on one or more ﬁelds on the question being non-empty. Cloze deletion note types are
generated diﬀerently:

• Anki looks on the front template for one or more cloze replacements, like
{{cloze:FieldName}}.

• It then looks in the FieldName ﬁeld for all cloze references, like {{c1::text}}.

• For each separate number, a card will be generated.

Because card generation functions diﬀerently for cloze deletion cards, {{cloze:…}} tags
can not be used with a regular note type - they will only function properly when used with
a cloze note type.

Conditional generation provides a special field so you can check which card you are
rendering. If you wanted to display the "hint1" field on the first cloze, and "hint2" field on
the second cloze for example, you could use the following template:

{{#c2}}
{{Hint2}}
{{/c2}}
Styling & HTML
• Card Styling
• Image Resizing
• Field Styling
• Audio Replay Buttons
• Text Direction
• Other HTML
• Browser Appearance
• Platform-Speciﬁc CSS
• Installing Fonts
• Night Mode
• Fading and Scrolling
• Javascript

Card Styling
You can watch a video about styling cards on YouTube. The video shows Anki 2.0’s
interface, but the concepts are largely the same.

The styling section of the Cards screen can accessed by clicking the "Styling" button next
to the "Back Template" button. In that section, you can change the background color of
the card, the default font, the text alignment, and so on.

The standard options available to you are:

font-family
The name of the font to use on the card. If your font has spaces in it like "MS Unicode",
then you need to surround the font name in double quotes as in this sentence. It is also
possible to use multiple fonts on one card; for information on that, please see below.

font-size
The size of the font in pixels. When changing it, make sure you leave px at the end.

text-align
Whether the text should be aligned in the center, left, or right.

color
The color of the text. Simple color names like 'blue', 'lightyellow', and so on will work, or
you can use HTML color codes to select arbitrary colors. Please see this webpage for
more information.

background-color
The color of the card background.

Any CSS can be placed in the styling section – advanced users may wish to do things like
add a background image or gradient, for example. If you’re wondering how to get some
particular formatting, please search the web for information about how to do it in CSS, as
there is a great deal of documentation available.

The styling is shared between all cards, which means that when you make an adjustment
it will affect all cards for that note type. It is also possible to specify card-specific styling,
however. The following example will use a yellow background on all cards except the first
one:

.card {
background-color: yellow;
}
.card1 {
background-color: blue;
}

Image Resizing
Anki shrinks images to ﬁt the screen by default. You can change this by adding the
following to the bottom of your styling section (outside of the default .card { ... } ):

img {
max-width: none;
max-height: none;
}

AnkiDroid sometimes has trouble scaling images to fit the screen. Setting maximum
image dimensions using css should fix this, but seems to be ignored as of AnkiDroid 2.9.
A fix is to append !important to each style directive, for example:

img {
max-width: 300px !important;
max-height: 300px !important;
}

If you try to change the style for images and ﬁnd that the star that appears on marked
cards is aﬀected (for instance, it becomes way too large), you can target it with the
following:

img#star {
...;
}
You can explore the styling of cards interactively by using Chrome:

https://addon-docs.ankiweb.net/porting2.0.html#webview-changes

Anki 2.1.50+ supports image resizing within the editor natively.

Field Styling
The default styling applies to the whole card. You can also make certain ﬁelds or part of
the card use a diﬀerent font, color, and so on. This is particularly important when
studying foreign languages, as Anki will sometimes be unable to correctly display
characters unless an appropriate font has been chosen.

Say you have an “Expression” ﬁeld, and you want to give it the OSX Thai font “Ayuthaya”.
Imagine your template already reads:

What is {{Expression}}?

What we need to do is wrap the text we want to style in some HTML. We will put the
following in front of the text:

And the following behind it:

</div>

By wrapping the text like the above, we tell Anki to style the wrapped text with a custom
style called “mystyle1”, which we will create later.

Thus if we wanted the entire “What is …?” expression to use the Thai font, we would use:

<div class=mystyle1>What is {{Expression}}?</div>

And if we wanted only the expression ﬁeld itself to use the Thai font, we’d use:

What is <div class=mystyle1>{{Expression}}</div>?

{{Notes}}
After we’ve edited the template, we now need to move to the Styling section between the
templates. Before editing it, it should look something like:

.card {
font-family: arial;
font-size: 20px;
text-align: center;
color: black;
background-color: white;
}

Add your new style to the bottom, so it looks like:

.card {
font-family: arial;
font-size: 20px;
text-align: center;
color: black;
background-color: white;
}

.mystyle1 {
font-family: ayuthaya;
}

You can include any styling you want in the style. If you wanted to increase the font size
too, you’d change the mystyle1 section to look like:

.mystyle1 {
font-family: ayuthaya;
font-size: 30px;
}

It’s also possible to bundle custom fonts with your deck, so you don’t need to install them
on your computer or mobile device. Please see the installing fonts section for more info.

Audio Replay Buttons

When audio or text to speech is included on your cards, Anki will show buttons you can
click on to replay the audio.

If you prefer not to see the buttons, you can hide them in the preferences screen.

You can customize their appearance in your card styling, for example, to make them
smaller and colored, you could use the following:
.replay-button svg {
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
}
.replay-button svg circle {
fill: blue;
}
.replay-button svg path {
stroke: white;
fill: green;
}

Text Direction
If you use a language that is written right-to-left, such as Arabic or Hebrew, you can add
the CSS direction property to the .card section for correct display during review:

.card {
direction: rtl;
}

This will change the direction of the entire card. You can change the direction of only
certain ﬁelds by wrapping their references in some HTML:

<div dir="rtl">{{Front}}</div>

To change the direction of ﬁelds in the editor, please see the editing section.

Other HTML
Your templates can contain arbitrary HTML, which means that all the layout possibilities
used on internet web pages can also be used on your cards. Things like tables, lists,
images, links to external pages and so on are all supported. With tables for example, you
could change the layout so that the front and back of a card appear on the left and right
instead of the top and bottom.

Covering all of HTML’s features is outside the scope of this manual, but there are plenty
of good introductory guides to HTML available on the web if you’d like to learn more.

Browser Appearance
If your card templates are complex, it may be difficult to read the question and answer
columns (called "Front" and "Back") in the card list. The "browser appearance" option
allows you to define a custom template to be used only in the browser, so you can
include only the important fields and change the order if you desire. The syntax is the
same as in standard card templates.

Platform-Specific CSS
Anki defines some special CSS classes that allow you to define different styling for
different platforms. The example below shows how to vary the font depending on where
you’re reviewing:

/* Windows */
.win .example {
font-family: "Example1";
}
/* macOS */
.mac .example {
font-family: "Example2";
}
/* Linux desktops */
.linux:not(.android) .example {
font-family: "Example3";
}
/* both Linux desktops, and Android devices */
.linux .example {
font-family: "Example4";
}
/* both Android and iOS */
.mobile .example {
font-family: "Example5";
}
/* iOS */
.iphone .example,
.ipad .example {
font-family: "Example6";
}
/* Android */
.android .example {
font-family: "Example7";
}

And in the template:

<div class="example">{{Field}}</div>

You can also use properties like .gecko, .opera, and .ie to select particular browsers when
using AnkiWeb. Please see http://rafael.adm.br/css_browser_selector/ for a full list of
options.

Installing Fonts
If you’re using Anki on a work or school computer where you don’t have permission to
install new fonts, or you’re using Anki on a mobile device, it’s possible to add fonts directly
to Anki.

To add a font to Anki, it must be in the TrueType format. TrueType fonts have a ﬁlename
ending in .ttf, such as "Arial.ttf". Once you’ve located a TrueType font, we’ll need to add it
to the media folder:

1. Rename the ﬁle, adding an underscore at the start, so it becomes like "_arial.ttf".
Adding an underscore will tell Anki that this ﬁle will be used on a template, and
should not be deleted when checking for unused media.

2. In your computer’s file browser, go to your Anki Folder, and then a folder called
"User 1" (or your profile name if you’ve renamed/added profiles).

3. Inside the folder, you should see a folder called collection.media. Drag the renamed
ﬁle to that folder.

After that, we need to update the template:

1. Click Add at the top of the main screen, and then select the note type you want to
change with the top left button.

2. Click Cards.

3. In the styling section, add the following text to the bottom (after the last "}"
character), replacing "_arial.ttf" with the name of the ﬁle you copied into your media
folder:

@font-face {
font-family: myfont;
src: url("_arial.ttf");
}

Only change the "arial" part, not the "myfont" part.

After that, you can either change the font for the entire card, or for individual ﬁelds. To
change the font for the entire card, simply locate the font-family: line in the .card section
and change the font to "myfont". To change the font for only certain ﬁelds, please see the
Field Styling instructions above.

Please make sure the ﬁlenames match exactly. If the ﬁle is called arial.TTF and you write
arial.ttf in your card templates, it will not work.

Night Mode
You can customize the way templates appear when night mode is enabled in the
preferences screen.

If you wanted a lighter grey background, you could use something like:

.card.nightMode {
background-color: #555;
}

If you have a 'myclass' style, the following would show the text in yellow when night mode
is enabled:

.nightMode .myclass {
color: yellow;
}

Fading and Scrolling

Anki will automatically scroll to the answer by default. It looks for a HTML element with
id=answer, and scrolls to that. You can place the id on a diﬀerent element to adjust the
scrolling position, or remove the id=answer to turn oﬀ scrolling.

The question side of a card fades in by default. If you wish to adjust this delay, you can
place the following at the top of your front card template:

100 (milliseconds) is the default; set to 0 to disable fading.

Javascript
As Anki cards are treated like webpages, it is possible to embed some Javascript on your
cards via the card template. For a good reference please read this post in the forums.
Because Javascript is an advanced feature and so many things can go wrong, Javascript
functionality is provided without any support or warranty. We can not provide any
assistance with writing Javascript, and can not guarantee any code you have written will
continue to work without modiﬁcation in future Anki updates. If you are not comfortable
addressing any issues you encounter on your own, then please avoid using Javascript.

Each Anki client may implement card display diﬀerently, so you will need to test the
behaviour across platforms. A number of clients are implemented by keeping a long
running webpage and dynamically updating parts of it as cards are reviewed, so your
Javascript will need to update sections of the document using things like
document.getElementById() rather than doing things like document.write().

Functions like window.alert are also not available. Anki will write javascript errors to the
terminal, so if you’re running on a Mac or Windows computer, you’ll need to manually
catch the errors and write them to the document to see them. There is no debugger
available, so to ﬁgure out problems you’ll need to break down your code until you
discover which parts are causing problems.
Checks and Errors
• Basics
• Speciﬁc Issues
◦ Template Syntax Error
◦ Identical Front Sides
◦ No Field Replacement on Front Side
◦ Cloze Filter Outside Cloze Notetype
◦ No Cloze Filter on Cloze Notetype

When you save changes to a notetype or export a deck, Anki 2.1.45+ checks for some
common errors. These errors will cause issues later on when anyone studies the aﬀected
cards, so Anki won't let you proceed before you have ﬁxed them.

Basics
Please see Key Concepts before reading further.

Most of the errors below will require you to modify your notetype/card template. To do
so:

• Open the Browse screen, and look at the items on the left.
• Locate the notetype mentioned in error message. You can use the search bar at the
top left if necessary.
• Click on the notetype, to show its cards/notes on the right.
• Click the Cards... button at the top of the editing area to open the templates screen.

Speciﬁc Issues

Template Syntax Error

This kind of error indicates an incorrect usage of the ﬁeld replacement syntax. Visit the
templates screen for the reported note and card type, and look at the preview area for
more information. Some more information about template problems is available.

Identical Front Sides

You have Anki conﬁgured to create two identical questions for each input. This can
happen if you add a new card type without making any adjustments to it. Identical cards
double your workload, and make Anki's scheduling less eﬀective.

To ﬁx this, open the templates screen, and select one of the duplicates at the top. Then
use the button on the top right to remove the selected card type. This will delete all the
duplicate cards/notes that were using the card type as well.

No Field Replacement on Front Side

If you don't use a ﬁeld replacement in the front template of a card type, every card
created from it will look the same on the question side, regardless of its note. It would
then be impossible to answer the card, as you wouldn't know what answer is expected.

To resolve the issue, open the templates screen, and click the Add Field button to add one
or more ﬁelds to the front.

Cloze Filter Outside Cloze Notetype

The cloze ﬁlter (as in {{cloze:Some Field}} ) may only be used on the cloze notetype,
and on those created by cloning it.

If you get this error, you can remove the cloze ﬁlter from the template.

If you have notes with cloze deletions that are using that notetype, you can select them in
the Browse screen, and use the Change Notetype action to assign them to a standard
Cloze notetype instead.

Older Anki versions did not complain when you attempted to use cloze deletions on a
normal notetype, but this was never a use case that was intended to be supported. If you
want to combine cloze deletions with regular cards, you may ﬁnd an add-on like the
Closet add-on provides some alternatives.

No Cloze Filter on Cloze Notetype

A Cloze notetype's front and back templates should have a cloze ﬁlter. If one is missing,
you will need to add it back so that Anki can create cloze cards correctly.
Preferences
• Appearance
◦ General
◦ User Interface
◦ Distractions
• Review
◦ Scheduler
◦ Review
• Editing
◦ Editing
◦ Browsing
◦ Import/Export
• Syncing
◦ Synchronisation
◦ Ankiweb Account
◦ Self-hosted sync server
• Backups

The preferences are available from the Tools menu on Windows/Linux, or the Anki menu
on a Mac.

Appearance

General

Language
Change your display language. You can help to improve translations here

User Interface

Theme
Dark (night) mode will make Anki's interface dark, and will cause cards to be shown as
white text on a black background. Some card templates may need to be modiﬁed to work
properly with this option enabled - please see night mode styling for more information.

From 2.1.50+ there is an option to switch to day or night mode automatically.

User interface size If you ﬁnd that the interface elements are too small for you, you can
try to increase this setting.
Reset Windows Sizes This will reset all windows sizes and locations to the default
settings.

Video driver
Anki's libraries need a video driver to draw content on the screen. Due to diﬀerent
hardware and software conﬁgurations, the driver that works best on your machine may
vary. ANGLE and OpenGL will perform better than the software option, but they may not
function correctly on some systems. On Macs, you will almost always want to use the
OpenGL option.

Note: If you're using 2.1.50+ (Qt6), please, check this page.

Distractions

These options allow you to remove some unnecessary elements from the screen during
reviews. You can:

• Hide the top and bottom bar during reviews.

• Enable the "minimalist" mode, making the interface more compact/less fancy.
• Reduce motion, to disable some transitions/animations.
• Switching between native styling and the Anki theme (only on Mac/Linux).

Review

Scheduler

V3 Scheduler
Using the Anki V3 scheduler is recommended if you don't use AnkiDroid. It's documented
here:
https://faqs.ankiweb.net/the-2021-scheduler.html

Show learning cards with larger steps before

Only shown when the 2.1 scheduler is enabled. Normally learning cards with a 1+ day
delay are shown after normal reviews. If checked, Anki will show them before normal
reviews instead.

Legacy timezone handling

Please see here: https://faqs.ankiweb.net/timezone-handling-changes.html

Next day starts at

Controls when Anki should start showing the next day’s cards. The default setting of 4AM
ensures that if you’re studying around midnight, you won’t have two days' worth of cards
shown to you in one session. If you stay up very late or wake up very early, you may want
to adjust this to a time you’re usually sleeping. Note that the start of the next day is
relative to your current timezone. Also note that any cards that cross a day boundary will
appear at the start of the day they are scheduled for, just like review cards do.

Learn ahead limit

Tells Anki how to behave when there is nothing left to study in the current deck but cards
in learning. The default setting of 20 minutes tells Anki that cards should be shown early
if they have a delay of less than 20 minutes and there’s nothing else to do. If you set this
to 0, Anki will always wait the full delay, showing the congratulations screen until the
remaining cards are ready to be reviewed.

Timebox time limit

Timeboxing is a technique to help you focus by dividing a longer activity (such as a 30
minute study session) into smaller blocks. If you set the timebox time limit to a non-zero
number of minutes, Anki will periodically show you how many cards you’ve managed to
study during the prescribed time limit.

Mix new cards and reviews: Only shown when the v1/v2 schedulers are enabled. This
drop-down box controls when new cards are shown: either mixed with, before, or after all
reviews.

Review

Show play buttons on cards with audio

Whether a clickable (re)play button will be shown in the review screen for cards with
audio.

Interrupt current audio when answering

Whether a currently playing audio ﬁle should be stopped when answering a card.

Show remaining card count

Disable this option to hide the card count at the bottom of the screen.

Show next review time above answer buttons

Useful to know how far in the future your cards are being pushed.

Editing

Paste clipboard images as PNG

By default Anki pastes images on the clipboard as JPG ﬁles, to save disk space. You can
use the option to paste as PNG images instead. PNG images support transparent
backgrounds and are lossless, but they usually result in much larger ﬁle sizes.

Paste without Shift strips formatting

By default, formatting like bold and colors are kept when pasting, unless the Shift key
is held down. This option reverses the behaviour.

Default deck Controls how note types and decks interact. The default of "When adding,
default to current deck" means that Anki saves the last-used note type for each deck and
selects it again then next time you choose the deck (and, in addition, will start with the
current deck selected when choosing Add from anywhere). The other option, "Change
deck depending on note type," saves the last-used deck for each note type (and opens the
add window to the last-used note type when you choose Add). This may be more
convenient if you always use a single note type for each deck.

Browsing

Default search text Allows you to customize the starting search text in the browser (eg,
to start with "deck:current").

Ignore accents in search (slower) When enabled, simple text searches automatically
ignore accents.

Import/Export

Legacy import/export handling If enabled, legacy (pre 2.1.55) import / export code will
be used. It is recommended to deactivate this option.

Syncing
This tab contains options related to syncing with AnkiWeb.

Synchronisation

Synchronize audio and images too When enabled, media will also be synced with
Ankiweb.

Automatically sync on proﬁle open/close Disable this if you don't want an automatic
sync with Ankiweb when opening / closing a proﬁle].
Periodically sync media

On next sync, force changes on one direction When this option is enabled, the next
sync will ask you whether you wish to upload or download. This is useful if you have
made some changes accidentally, and wish to overwrite them with an older version that
is on AnkiWeb.

Ankiweb Account

When logged in, clicking on Log Out will log you out.

Self-hosted sync server

For info on the custom sync server option, see this section.

Backups
Please see this section of the manual.
Deck Options
• Presets
• Subdecks
• Daily Limits
◦ New Cards/Day
◦ Maximum Reviews/Day
◦ New cards ignore review limit
◦ Per-Deck Daily Limits
• New Cards
◦ Learning Steps
▪ Day Boundaries
◦ Graduating Interval
◦ Easy Interval
◦ Insertion Order
• Lapses
◦ Relearning Steps
◦ Minimum Interval
◦ Leeches
• Display Order
◦ New Card Gather Order
◦ New Card Sort Order
◦ New/Review Priority
◦ Interday Learning/Review Priority
◦ Review Sort Order
• Timer
• Burying
◦ Bury new siblings
◦ Bury review siblings
◦ Bury interday learning siblings
• Audio
• Advanced
◦ Maximum Interval
◦ Starting Ease
◦ Easy Bonus
◦ Interval Modiﬁer
◦ Hard Interval
◦ New Interval
• Custom Scheduling

Deck options primarily control the way Anki schedules cards. It is recommended that you
spend a few weeks with the defaults to get a feel for how Anki works before you start
adjusting options. Please make sure you understand the options before changing them,
as mistakes could reduce Anki's eﬀectiveness.

Deck options are accessed by:

• Clicking the gear icon on the Decks screen.

• Selecting a deck on the Decks screen, and then clicking Options at the bottom of
the screen.
• Clicking on More > Options while in review mode.
• Pressing o while in review mode.

This page describes the options shown in Anki 2.1.45+, when you have the v2 or v3
scheduler enabled. On older versions, some options will not be available, or will appear in
a diﬀerent section. Please keep in mind that the V1 scheduler is no longer supported in
Anki 2.1.50+. If you have not yet updated to V2 or V3, you will be prompted to update
when you attempt to review cards in 2.1.50+.

For more info on deck options, please check:

• Deck Options Explained

• Deck options in a Mental Map

Presets
Anki allows you to share options between diﬀerent decks, to make updating options in
many decks at once easy. To do this, options are grouped into presets. By default, all
newly created decks use the same preset.

If you’d like to alter the settings on one deck but not other decks, click the arrow icon in
the top right of the Deck Options window. The options are:

• Save: Saves all modiﬁcations you've made since opening the deck options screen.
• Add: Add a new preset, with the default options.
• Clone: Clone your current present, which is useful if you just want to modify certain
options, keeping the rest as they are.
• Rename Changes the name of the current preset.
• Delete Deletes the current preset. This will require that the next sync is a one-way
sync.
• Save to all subdecks. Like Save, but also assigns the selected preset to all subdecks
of the currently selected deck.

Deck Options are not retroactive. For example, if you change an option that controls the
delay after failing a card, cards that you failed prior to changing the option will have the
old delay, not the new one.
Subdecks
If your deck has subdecks, each deck can optionally be assigned a diﬀerent preset. When
Anki shows a card, it will check which subdeck the card is in, and use the options for that
deck. There are some exceptions:

• The new cards/day and reviews/day limits behave diﬀerently depending on the
scheduler version you have selected.
• The display order options in the v3 scheduler are taken from the deck you select to
study, not the deck of the current card.

For example, let's say you have this collection:

- Deck A (Preset 1)
- Deck A::Subdeck B (Preset 2)
- Card B1
- Card B2

Preset 1 and 2 are identical, with two exceptions:

• Preset 1:
• New Cards - Learning steps: 1m 10m
• Display Order - New/review priority: Mix with reviews
• Preset 2:
• New Cards - Learning steps: 20m 2h
• Display Order - New/review priority: Show after reviews

If you choose to study Deck A:

• Learning steps for all new cards will be 1m 10m (preset 1 applies)
• All new cards will be mixed with reviews (preset 1 applies)

If you choose to study Subdeck B:

• Learning steps for all new cards will be 20m 2h (preset 2 applies)
• All new cards will be shown after reviews (preset 2 applies)

Daily Limits

New Cards/Day

Controls how many new cards are introduced each day you open the program. If you
study fewer than the limit, or miss a day, the next day the counts will be back to your limit
- they do not accumulate.

When decks are nested (eg Parent, Parent::Child, Parent::Child::Grandchild), the way the
limits are applied depends on the scheduler version.

• V1 applies parent limits to children, regardless of which deck you click on

• V2 behaves similarly to V1 for new cards. For reviews, only the limits of the deck you
click on are honored.
• V3 honors the limits of the deck you click on, and any decks inside it. Limits from
parents above the deck you clicked on are ignored.

For more information, please see the v3 scheduler page.

Studying new cards will temporarily increase the number of reviews you need to do a day,
as freshly learnt material needs to be repeated a number of times before the delay
between repetitions can increase appreciably. If you are consistently learning 20 new
cards a day, you can expect your daily reviews to be roughly about 200 cards/day. You
can decrease the reviews required by introducing fewer new cards each day, or by
turning oﬀ new card display until your review burden decreases. More than one Anki user
has excitedly studied hundreds of new cards over their ﬁrst few days of using the
program, and then become overwhelmed by the reviews required.

Maximum Reviews/Day

Allows you to set an upper limit on the number of reviews to show each day. When this
limit is reached, Anki will not show any more review cards for the day, even if there are
some waiting. If you study consistently, this setting can help to smooth out occasional
peaks in due card counts, and can save you from a heart attack when returning to Anki
after a week oﬀ. When reviews have been hidden due to this option, a message will
appear in the congratulations screen, suggesting you consider increasing the limit if you
have time.

In the v3 scheduler and v1 schedulers, the counts are aﬀected by parents/selected decks
in the same way as new cards.

In the v2 scheduler, the limit is taken solely from the deck you select - any limits on its
parents or child decks are ignored.

The v3 scheduler includes learning cards with a 1+ day delay in the review count, so those
learning cards will be subject to the daily limit.

New cards ignore review limit

If using the v3 scheduler, please keep in mind that the new count is capped by the review
count by default. If your review limit is set to 200, and you have 190 reviews waiting, a
maximum of 10 new cards will be introduced. If your review limit has been reached, no
new cards will be shown. If you have a backlog of reviews and still want to introduce new
cards, you can do so by suspending the reviews, or increasing your review limit. That said,
it is recommended you hold oﬀ on new cards until you catch up instead, as introducing
more new cards when you're behind will only make the backlog worse.

From Anki 2.1.61 this feature is optional, and can be deactivated globally from the deck
options screen.

Per-Deck Daily Limits

From version 2.1.55 it is possible to use the same preset for diﬀerent decks / subdecks,
with customized limits for each one of them. This eliminates the need to create cloned
presets just for that purpose, and makes it easier to set custom limits on sub-decks when
you have many nested decks.

The options are:

• Preset: The limit is shared with all decks using this preset.
• This deck: The limit is speciﬁc to this deck.
• Today only: Make a temporary change to this deck's limit.

New Cards
The settings in this section only aﬀect new cards and cards in initial learning mode. Once
a card has graduated (i.e. there are no more learning steps for this card), it becomes a
review card, and the settings in this section are no longer applicable.

Learning Steps

Controls the number of learning repetitions, and the delay between them. One or more
delays, separated by spaces must be entered. Each time you press Good during review,
the card moves to the next step.

For example, let's say that your learning steps are 1m 10m 1d.

• When you press Again , the card goes back to ﬁrst step, and will be shown again
approximately 1 minute later.
• When you press Good on a new card, or a card answered Again , it will move to the
next step, and be shown again in approximately 10 minutes.
• When you press Good on a card after the 10 minute step, it will be delayed until the
next day.
• When you press Good on the card the next day, it will leave learning (i.e. it will
graduate), and become a review card. It will be shown again after the delay
conﬁgured by the graduating interval.

If there’s nothing else to study, Anki will show cards up to 20 minutes early by default. The
amount of time to look ahead is conﬁgurable in the preferences.

Please see the learning section for more info on how steps work.

Day Boundaries

Anki treats small steps and steps that cross a day boundary diﬀerently. With small steps,
the cards are shown as soon as the delay has passed, in preference to other waiting cards
like reviews. This is done so that you can answer the card as closely to your requested
delay as possible. In contrast, if the interval crosses a day boundary, it is automatically
converted to days.

Graduating Interval

The delay in days between answering "Good" on a learning card with no steps left, and
seeing the card again as a review card. Please see the example in the previous section.

Easy Interval

The delay between answering Easy on a learning card, and seeing it in review mode for
the ﬁrst time.

The Easy button immediately turns a learning card into a review card, and assigns it the
delay you have conﬁgured. It should always be at least as long as the graduating interval,
and typically a few days longer.

Insertion Order

Controls whether Anki should add new cards into the deck randomly, or in order. When
you change this option, Anki will re-sort the decks using the current Option Group. Cards
with a lower due number will be shown ﬁrst when studying, by default. Changing this
option will automatically update the existing position of new cards.

One caveat with random order mode: if you review many of your new cards, and then
add more new cards, the newly added material is statistically more likely to appear than
the new cards that were already in the deck. For example, if you have 100 cards in
random order, then review the ﬁrst 50, newly added cards are still given position 1-100,
but as you have already reviewed the ﬁrst 50, the newly added cards are more likely to
appear earlier. To correct this, you can change the order to Ordered mode and back
again to force a re-sort.

When you select random order, Anki will randomize your notes, keeping the cards of a
given note close together. The cards of a given note are shown in the order, in which their
card types appear, so that siblings are introduced consistently — otherwise you could end
up in a state where some notes had all their cards introduced and other notes had only
one or two. Please see the "bury related" and "display order" sections below for more
info.

Lapses
When you forget a review card, it is said to have 'lapsed', and the card must be relearnt.
The default behaviour for lapsed reviews is to reset the interval to 1 (i.e. make it due
tomorrow), and put it in the learning queue for a refresher in 10 minutes. This behaviour
can be customized with the options listed below.

Relearning Steps

The same as 'learning steps', but for forgotten reviews. When you fail a card (press
Again ), the card enters the relearning phase, and before it becomes a review card again,
you will have to pass all the relearning steps — or, alternatively, press Easy on the card.

If you leave the steps blank, the card will skip relearning, and will be assigned a new
review delay.

Minimum Interval

Specifies a minimum number of days a card should wait after it finishes relearning. The
default is one day, meaning once relearning is finished, it will be shown again the next
day.

Leeches

Control the way Anki handles leeches. Please see the leeches section for more
information.
Display Order
The options in this section are taken from the deck you select to study, not the deck of
the currently displayed card.

This section is only available when you have the v3 scheduler enabled.

Some further information about display order is available in the studying section.

New Card Gather Order

Controls how Anki gathers cards from each subdeck. The options are:

• Deck: gathers cards from each deck in order, starting from the top. Cards from each
deck are gathered in ascending position. If the daily limit of the selected deck is
reached, gathering may stop before all decks have been checked. This order is
fastest in large collections, and allows you to prioritize subdecks that are closer to
the top.

Decks / subdecks are always ordered alphabetically, so you can give them a numeric
preﬁx like 001 to control the order they are shown. You can also use _ and ~ as a
preﬁx to place items at the top or bottom.

Although position order depends initially on the 'Insertion Order' setting above, you
can manually reposition cards in diﬀerent ways.

• Ascending position: gathers cards by ascending position (due #), which is typically
the oldest-added ﬁrst.

• Descending position: gathers cards by descending position (due #), which is typically
the latest-added ﬁrst.

• Random notes: gathers cards of randomly selected notes. When sibling burying is
disabled, this allows all cards of a note to be seen in a session (eg. both a
front->back and back->front card)

• Random cards: gathers cards completely randomly.

New Card Sort Order

Controls how new cards are sorted after they have been gathered. The options are:

• Card type: Displays cards in order of card type number. If you have sibling burying
disabled, this will ensure all front→back cards are seen before any back→front
cards. This is useful to have all cards of the same note shown in the same session,
but not too close to one another.

• Order gathered: Shows cards exactly as they were gathered. If sibling burying is
disabled, this will typically result in all cards of a note being seen one after the other.

• Card type, then random: Like Card type, but shuﬄes the cards of each card type
number. If you use Ascending position to gather the oldest cards, you could use this
setting to see those cards in a random order, but still ensure cards of the same note
do not end up too close to one another.

• Random note, then card type: Picks notes at random, then shows all of their siblings
in order.

• Random: Fully shuﬄes the gathered cards.

New/Review Priority

Whether new cards should be mixed in with reviews, or shown before or after them.

Interday Learning/Review Priority

Whether learning cards with a 1+ day delay should be mixed in with reviews, or shown
before or after them. Because learning cards tend to be harder than reviews, some users
prefer to see them at the end (getting the easy stuﬀ done ﬁrst), or at the start (allowing
more time to review forgotten ones).

Review Sort Order

Controls how review cards are sorted while reviewing. The options are:

• Due date, then random: The default option prioritizes cards that have been waiting
longer, and it's the recomended option when you are up to date, or when you only
have a small backlog. If you have taken an extended break or have fallen behind in
your reviews, you may want to consider changing the sort order temporarily.
• Due date, then deck. This also prioritizes cards that have been waiting longer, and
then will show reviews for each subdeck in turn.
• Deck, then due date: This option will ensure reviews are shown for each subdeck in
turn. This is generally not recommended, as having material appear consistently in
the same order makes it easier to guess the answer based on context, and may lead
to weaker memories.
• Ascending intervals: This will ensure cards with shorter intervals are shown first.
• Descending intervals: This will ensure cards with larger intervals are shown first.
• Ascending ease: This will show most difficult cards first.
• Descending ease: This will allow you to work through the easier material first.
• Relative overdueness: Display those cards first, that are most overdue in relation to
their current interval.

Timer
Anki monitors how long it takes you to answer each card, so that it can show you how
long was spent studying each day. The time taken does not inﬂuence scheduling.

The options are:

• Maximum answer seconds: The default limit is 60 seconds. If you take longer than
that, Anki assumes you have walked away from your computer or have been
distracted, and limits the recorded time to 60 seconds, so that you don’t end up with
inaccurate statistics. If you consistently take longer than 60 seconds to answer a
card (from when question is shown until you press an answer button), you may
want to either consider raising this limit, or ideally, making your cards simpler.
• Show answer timer: In the review screen, show a timer that counts the number of
seconds you're taking to review each card.

Burying

Bury new siblings

Whether other new cards of the same note (eg reverse cards, adjacent cloze deletions)
will be delayed until the next day.

When Anki gathers cards, it first gathers intraday learning cards, then interday learning
cards, then reviews, and finally new cards. This affects how burying works:

• If you have all burying options enabled, the sibling that comes earliest in that list will
be shown. For example, a review card will be shown in preference to a new card.
• Siblings later in the list can not bury earlier card types. For example, if you disable
burying of new cards, and study a new card, it will not bury any interday learning or
review cards, and you may see both a review sibling and new sibling in the same
session.

Bury review siblings

Whether other review cards of the same note will be delayed until the next day.

When Anki gathers cards, it first gathers intraday learning cards, then interday learning
cards, then reviews, and finally new cards. This affects how burying works:

Bury interday learning siblings

Whether other learning cards of the same note with intervals > 1 day will be delayed until
the next day.

When Anki gathers cards, it first gathers intraday learning cards, then interday learning
cards, then reviews, and finally new cards. This affects how burying works:

• If you have all burying options enabled, the sibling that comes earliest in that list will
be shown. For example, a review card will be shown in preference to a new card.

• Siblings later in the list can not bury earlier card types. For example, if you disable
burying of new cards, and study a new card, it will not bury any interday learning or
review cards, and you may see both a review sibling and new sibling in the same
session.

For more info about burying cards, please see this section of the manual.

Audio
By default, Anki automatically plays audio on the front and back of cards. If you check
Don't play audio automatically, Anki will not play audio until you press the replay audio
key, r or F5 .

Always include question side when replaying audio controls whether audio from the
question side should be played when replaying the audio while an answer is shown.
Please note that it does not control what happens when you show the answer; for that
please see this section.
Advanced

Maximum Interval

Allows you to place an upper limit on the time Anki will wait to reshow a card. The default
is 100 years; you can decrease this to a smaller number if you’re willing to trade extra
study time for higher retention.

Starting Ease

Controls the easiness that cards start out with. It is set when a card graduates from
learning for the ﬁrst time. It defaults to 2.50, meaning that once you have ﬁnished
learning a card, answering Good on subsequent reviews will increase the delay by
approximately 2.5x (e.g. if the last delay was 10 days, the next delay would be around 25
days). Based upon how you rate the card in subsequent reviews, the easiness may
increase or decrease from its starting value.

Easy Bonus

An extra multiplier applied to the interval when a review card is answered Easy . With the
default value of 1.30, Easy will give an interval that is 1.3 times the Good interval (e.g. if
the Good interval was 10 days, the Easy interval would be around 13 days).

Interval Modiﬁer

An extra multiplier that is applied to all reviews. At its default of 1.00 it does nothing. If
you set it to 0.80, though, for example, intervals will be generated at 80% of their normal
size (so a 10 day interval would become 8 days). You can thus use the multiplier to make
Anki present cards more or less frequently than it would otherwise, trading study time for
retention or vice versa.

For moderately difficult material, the average user should find they remember
approximately 90% of mature cards that come up for review. You can find out your own
performance by opening the graphs/statistics for a deck and looking at the Answer
Buttons graph - mature retention is the correct% on the right side of the graph. If you
haven’t been studying long, you may not have any mature cards yet. As performance with
new cards and younger cards can vary considerably, it’s a good idea to wait until you have
a reasonable amount of mature reviews before you start drawing conclusions about your
retention rate.
On the SuperMemo website, they suggest that you can find an appropriate multiplier for
a desired retention rate. Their formula boils down to:

log(desired retention%) / log(current retention%)

Imagine we have a current retention rate of 85% and we want to increase it to 90%. We’d
calculate the modiﬁer as:

log(90%) / log(85%) = 0.65

You can use Google to calculate it for you.

If you plug the resulting 65% into the interval modiﬁer, you should ﬁnd over time that
your retention moves closer to your desired retention.

One important thing to note however is that the trade-off between time spent studying
and retention is not linear: we can see here that to increase our retention by 5
percentage points, we would have to study 35% more frequently. If the material you are
learning is very important then it may be worth the extra effort – that is, of course,
something you will need to decide for yourself. If you are simply worried that you are
forgetting too much, then you may find investing more time at the initial learning stage
and/or using mnemonics will give you more gain for less effort.

One ﬁnal thing to note is that Anki forces a new interval to be at least 1 day longer than it
was previously, so that you do not get stuck reviewing with the same interval forever. If
your goal is to repeat a card once a day for multiple days, you can do that by setting more
learning mode steps, instead of by adjusting this modiﬁer.

Hard Interval

The multiplier used when you use the Hard button. The percentage is relative to the
previous interval: e.g. with a default of 1.20, a card with a 10-day interval will be given 12
days.

New Interval

The multiplier used when you use the Again button on a review card. The default 0.00
means that a review card's delay is reset to zero when you forget it (which then becomes
1 day after the minimum interval is applied).

If changed from the default, it is possible for forgotten cards to preserve part of their
previous delay. For example, if a card had a 100 day interval, and you set the New Interval
to 0.20, the new interval would be 20 days.
While preserving part of the interval may seem to make sense, SuperMemo has observed
that preserving part of the delay can actually be counter-productive. For this reason, we
recommend you leave it on the default setting.

Custom Scheduling
Please see this page.
Syncing with AnkiWeb
• Intro Videos
• Setup
• Automatic Syncing
• Button Color
• Media
• Conﬂicts
• Merging Conﬂicts
• Firewalls
• Proxies

AnkiWeb is a service that allows you to keep your collection synchronized across multiple
devices, and to study online. Please sign up for a free account before following the steps
below.

Intro Videos
For a quick introduction to syncing, please check out the syncing intro videos.

Setup
To start syncing your collection across devices, click the sync button (the top right one on
the main screen, or press 'y' on your keyboard. You’ll be prompted for your AnkiWeb ID
and password, which you created in the signup process.

When you synchronize your collection for the ﬁrst time, Anki will ask you if you want to
upload or download. If you have cards on your computer and your AnkiWeb account is
empty, choose "upload" to send your data to AnkiWeb. If you have cards on AnkiWeb
from another device, and no cards on your computer, choose "download" to replace the
empty local collection with the cards that are on AnkiWeb. If you have diﬀerent cards on
both devices, more work is required to avoid losing data.

Once the initial one way sync is completed, Anki will be able to merge changes from
multiple locations with a few exceptions.

If you have multiple people using Anki on one machine and have created a proﬁle for
each user, each user will need to create their own AnkiWeb account to sync with. If you
attempt to synchronize multiple proﬁles with a single AnkiWeb account, you will lose
data.
Automatic Syncing
Once syncing is enabled, Anki will automatically sync each time your collection is closed
or opened. If you would prefer to synchronize manually, you can disable automatic
syncing in Anki’s preferences.

Button Color
The sync button will change to blue when a normal sync is required, and red when a full
sync is required.

Media
Related video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phP9GGG-PxY

Anki will synchronize any sounds and images used by your notes. It will notice when
media has been added or removed from your media folder, but will not notice if you have
edited some existing ﬁles without adding or removing any. To get your edits noticed, you
need to add or remove a ﬁle as well.

If you’re running Anki off a USB flash drive, you should use an NTFS file system, as Anki
may not be able to detect media changes on a FAT32 filesystem.

Conﬂicts
Related video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEAcpfMQnjo

Under normal circumstances, reviews and note edits can be merged, so if you review or
edit on two diﬀerent devices before syncing, Anki will preserve your changes from both
locations. If the same card has been reviewed in two diﬀerent locations, both reviews will
be marked in the revision history, and the card will be kept in the state it was when it was
most recently answered.

There are certain changes that Anki is unable to merge. These mainly relate to the format
of notes: things like adding a new ﬁeld, or removing a card template. When you perform
an operation that can’t be merged, Anki will warn you, and give you the option of aborting
the operation. If you choose to continue, you’ll be asked to choose whether to keep the
local copy or the copy on AnkiWeb when your collection is next synchronized.
If certain problems are detected while syncing, it will also force a one way sync. If you ﬁnd
this consistently happens, please post on our support site.

When a one way sync is required, you need to choose whether you wish to keep the
collection on your local device, or the collection on AnkiWeb. If changes have been made
on both ends, only changes on one end can be preserved.

If you choose Upload, the content on your local device will be sent to AnkiWeb. You then
need to sync your other devices, and choose "Download" to have them grab a copy of
that content.

If you choose Download, it will replace any local changes you’ve made with the data that
is on AnkiWeb.

Once all devices are in sync, future syncs will return to the normal behaviour of merging
changes from both ends.

If you wish to force a full upload or download (for example, because you accidentally
deleted a deck on one side and want to restore the deck rather than having its deletion
synchronized), you can check the "On next sync, force changes in one direction" box in
Tools>Preferences>Network, then sync as usual. (You’ll be given the option to choose
which side you want to use.)

Forcing a one way sync only affects card syncing - media is synced as normal. If you have
files that you want to remove from AnkiWeb, please ensure your client is fully in sync first.
After syncing is up to date, any files you remove (eg via the Check Media function) will be
removed from AnkiWeb on the following sync.

Merging Conflicts
Because the first sync can only sync changes in one direction, if you have added different
content to different devices or profiles before setting syncing up, content on one device
will be lost if you overwrite it with the content from the other device. With some work, it is
possible to manually merge data into a single collection.

Start by taking a backup on each device/profile, in case something goes wrong. With the
computer version you can use File>Export to export "all decks" with scheduling
information and media files included, and save the file somewhere safe. In AnkiMobile,
the Add/Export button on the decks list screen will let you export all decks with media.

Next, if one of your devices is a mobile device, synchronize it first. If there’s a conflict,
choose "upload" to overwrite any existing data on AnkiWeb with the data from your
mobile device. If both devices/profiles are on your computer, synchronize the
device/profile with the most number of decks first.
Now return to the other device/profile. If automatic syncing is enabled, a message may
pop up asking if you want to upload or download. Click the cancel button - we don’t want
to sync yet.

Once you’re looking at the deck list, click the cog icon next to the ﬁrst deck, and choose
"export". Export the content with scheduling information and media included, and save
the .apkg ﬁle somewhere. Now you’ll need to repeat this for each top-level deck.

Once all top-level decks have been exported, click the sync button at the top right, and
choose "download", which will overwrite the local content with the content you synced
from your other device.

You can now use File>Import to import the .apkg ﬁles you exported earlier, which will
merge the exported content with the existing content, so everything will be in one place.

Firewalls
Anki needs to be able to make outbound HTTPS connections to sync. It must be able to
connect to ankiweb.net, sync.ankiweb.net, sync2.ankiweb.net, and so on. These domains
may change over time, and the IP addresses they point to may also change, so we
recommend you allow wildcard access to *.ankiweb.net to reduce the chance of the
ﬁrewall rules needing to be updated in the future.

If you have a ﬁrewall on your machine, you should add an exception for Anki. If you are
on a work or school network, please contact your network administrator for assistance - it
is not something we can help you with.

Proxies
If you need a proxy to access the internet, Anki should automatically pick up your system
proxy settings if you’re on Windows or macOS, and will honour the HTTP_PROXY
environment variable if you’re on another platform.

Anki will only be able to pick up your system settings if a proxy is manually conﬁgured,
and does not require a password. If your system uses automatic proxy setup, or uses a
proxy that requires a username and password, you will need to manually tell Anki the
proxy conﬁguration.

To tell Anki your proxy settings, deﬁne a HTTPS_PROXY environmental variable that points
to the proxy server. It will look like:

http://user:[email protected]:8080
If your username or password contains an @ (eg [email protected] ), you need to
change it to %40, like so:

http://user%40workdomain.com:[email protected]:8080

Anki 2.0 expects to ﬁnd HTTP_PROXY instead of HTTPS_PROXY.

To set environmental variables on Windows, please see https://www.google.com

/search?q=windows+set+environmental+variable

If you’re on a Mac, please see http://stackoverﬂow.com/questions/135688/setting-

environment-variables-in-os-x

Heavily locked down networks that intercept secure connections and present their own
certiﬁcate instead may cause Anki to throw up SSL errors. In such environments, you may
be able to work around the errors with https://ankiweb.net/shared/info/878367706

An alternative solution is to install a local proxy server, and point that proxy server at
your normal proxy server. You can then tell Anki to use the local proxy, which will redirect
requests to the proxy you normally use.
Profiles
If more than one person wants to use Anki on your computer, you can set up a separate
profile for each user. Each user profile has their own collection, and own program
settings. Add-ons are shared across profiles. Profiles are configured by going to the File
menu and choosing "Switch Profile".

Only a single profile can be synced to an AnkiWeb account. If you have different users
on your computer, each user will need to set up a separate AnkiWeb account for their
profile. If you attempt to link two or more profiles to the same AnkiWeb account, you will
overwrite the data from one profile with the data from the other.

Profiles are primarily intended to be used by different people, and are not recommended
for splitting up your own content. If you have created multiple profiles for yourself, the
best option is to merge them into a single profile. You can do so by exporting one deck
from profile A, and then importing it into profile B, repeating for any other decks in profile
A, until everything is in profile B.

AnkiDroid does not support proﬁles.

Profiles window
From the Profiles window (accessible via File>Switch Profile from the main window), you
can:

• Open / Add / Rename / Delete user proﬁles.

• Quit the program.
• Restore an automatic backup.
• Downgrade your collection, which is necessary if you want to open it with an earlier
Anki release. If you skip this step, you may get an error message when opening your
collection in an older Anki version, and you will need to return to this version,
downgrade, then try again.
Browsing
• Table Modes
• Sidebar
◦ Search Tool
◦ Selection Tool
◦ Saved Searches
◦ Editing Items
◦ Finding Items
• Search Box
• Card/Note Table
◦ Rows
◦ Columns
• Editing Area
• Menus and Actions
◦ Edit
◦ Notes
◦ Cards
◦ Go
• Find and Replace
• Finding Duplicates

The Browse window allows you to search through your cards and notes, and edit them. It
is opened by clicking Browse in the main window, or by pressing B . It is comprised of
three sections: the sidebar on the left, the card/note table on the top right, and the editing
area on the bottom right. By positioning the mouse between two sections, it is possible to
click and drag to expand one section and shrink the other.

Table Modes

Anki 2.1.45+ oﬀers two modes: either cards or notes are shown in the data table. You can
change the current mode by clicking the switch at the top, to the left of the search area,
or pressing Ctrl + Alt + T or Cmd + Opt + T . The switch also indicates if
Cards or Notes are currently shown.

Note: For the sake of simplicity, this manual generally assumes the Cards mode to be the
active one. Whenever selecting/ﬁnding/etc. "cards" is mentioned, the reader may
substitute it for "cards or notes depending on the active mode".

The sidebar on the left allows quick access to common search terms. On Anki 2.1.45+, it
also provides a searchbar, facilities to edit tags and decks, and a choice of two diﬀerent
tools, which are discussed in the following sections. You can switch tools using the
toolbar at the top of the sidebar or the shortcuts Alt + 1 / 2 .

Search Tool

With this tool, the sidebar behaves as in previous versions: Clicking on an item will search
for it.

You can hold down Ctrl ( Command on Mac) while clicking in order to append the
clicked item to the current search with an AND condition, instead of starting a new
search. If you wanted to show learning cards that were also in the German deck for
instance, you could click on "Learning", then Ctrl -click on "German".

You can hold down Shift to create an OR search instead of an AND. For example, you
could click one deck, then Shift -click another to show cards from either of the decks in
the same view.

You can hold down Alt ( Option on Mac) in order to reverse the search (prepend a
- ): for example, to show all cards in a current deck that do not have a certain tag. Alt /
Option can be combined with either Ctrl or Shift (e.g. clicking with Ctrl +
Alt will result in adding a new search term that is negated).

On Anki 2.1.39+, you can also hold down both Ctrl and Shift together when clicking
a search term to replace all occurrences of the same kind of search with the new one.
Let's say you had previously typed in a complicated search expression like deck:Swahili
(is:due or tag:important) and now want to perform the same search for your Urdu
deck. You can hold down Ctrl + Shift while clicking the Urdu deck in the sidebar to
obtain the following search expression: deck:Urdu (is:due or tag:important) .

Selection Tool
The Selection tool allows for selecting multiple items at the same time by holding down
Ctrl or Shift while clicking. It also enables drag-and-drop to reorder decks and tags.

Here is an example: Say you have the tags Math , Calculus , and Algebra . Click on the
Calculus tag, then Ctrl -click on the Algebra tag. Now both tags are selected, click
and drag any of the two onto the Math tag to make them both children of this tag.
Behind the scene, Anki has renamed the two tags to Math::Calculus and
Math::Algebra respectively and updated your notes accordingly.

Another use case for selecting multiple items is searching: If you right-click on a selection
of items, you can choose Search > All/Any Selected. This can be combined with
keyboard modiﬁers as described in Search Tool to append the resulting search to the
current search.

Saved Searches

If you regularly search for the same thing, you can save the current search by right-
clicking the topmost item in the sidebar, choosing “Save Current Search” and typing in a
name. You can also drag and drop any sidebar item onto this area to add an equivalent
saved search, eﬀectively pinning it at the top.

Editing Items

You can delete or rename tags, decks, and saved searches directly from the sidebar, from
the right-click menu, or by using a shortcut key ( Del and F2 on Windows). Deletion
even works for multiple items at once (see Selection Tool).

Finding Items

To ﬁnd a certain item in the sidebar tree, type part of its name into the searchbar at the
top to temporarily hide all items not matching the search.

Search Box
Above the card list is a search box. You can type in various things there to search for
cards. For information on the search syntax, see Searching.

Card/Note Table
The table's rows represent cards or notes that match the current search. When you click
on a row, the corresponding note will be shown in the bottom section.

Rows

If you drag the mouse or hold Ctrl or Command to select multiple rows, the editor
will be temporarily hidden. Various operations (such as changing the deck) can operate
on multiple cards or notes at once, independent of the active mode. Therefore in Cards
mode, a note is considered to be selected if any of its cards is selected, and in Notes
mode, a card is considered to be selected if its note is selected.

Other operations (like showing card information) only operate on a single card or note.
This is called the current card or note, which is usually the one that was last selected or
clicked. In Cards Mode, again, the current note is the note of the current card and in
Notes mode, the current card is the ﬁrst card of the current note.

The background colour will change depending on the card and note. In Cards mode, the
ﬁrst match will be used:

1. if the card is ﬂagged, use the ﬂag colour,

2. if the card is suspended, yellow,
3. if the card's note is marked, purple.

In Notes mode, colour is only applied to marked notes.

For more information about marked notes and suspended cards, see Editing and More.

Columns

The columns are conﬁgurable: right click on one (or Ctrl -click on a Mac) to choose
which columns you'd like to see. You can drag columns to reorder them. Clicking on a
column will sort by that column; click again to reverse the sort order. Note that you
cannot sort by the Question and Answer columns.

All columns are available for both Cards and Notes mode but sometimes with slightly
different names and data. The following table lists the behaviours for both modes.
Column Cards mode Notes mode
The back side of the card in one
line with the question stripped. The same as in Cards mode,
Answer You can also choose a custom only for the first card of the
format in the card type editor note.
instead.
The number of cards the
Card(s) The name of the card's template.
note has.
The last time changes were made
to the card (e.g. when you The last time changes were
Card
reviewed the card and the review made to one of the note's
Modified
history and interval were cards.
updated).
The same as in Notes mode for The date the note was
Created
the card's note. created.
The number of different
The name of the deck the card is decks the note's cards are in,
Deck
in. or the deck name if all cards
are in the same deck.
The due date for cards in review
or (re)learning, and the position The due date for the note's
in the new card queue for new next due review or
Due cards. The line is wrapped in (re)learning card that is not
brackets if the card is suspended suspended, buried or in a
or buried. Sorting is done by type filtered deck.
and only then by date or position.
(Avg.) The average ease for the
The card's ease if it is not new.
Ease note's cards that are not new.
The average interval for the
(Avg.) The card's interval if the card is in
note's cards that are in
Interval review or relearning.
review or relearning.
How often the card was rated The total lapses for all cards
Lapses
“Again”. of the note.
The same as in Notes mode for The name of the note's
Note
the card's note. notetype.
The last time the note (e.g.
Note The same as in Notes mode for
the content of a field) was
Modified the card's note.
edited.
The front side of the card in one The same as in Cards mode,
Question line. You can also choose a only for the first card of the
custom format in the card type note.
Column Cards mode Notes mode
editor instead.
How often the card has been The total review count for all
Reviews
reviewed. cards of the note.
The content of the note's
field that is defined as the
notetype's sort field. Only this
The same as in Notes mode for one field can be displayed
Sort Field
the card's note. and sorted by. You can
change the sort field by
clicking Fields... in the editing
area.
The same as in Notes mode for
Tags The note's tags.
the card's note.

Editing Area
The bottom right area displays the note of the currently selected row. For more
information about cards and notes, see Getting Started. For more information on
formatting buttons, see Editing.

You can see a preview of what the currently selected card would look like when reviewing
by clicking the Preview button at the top of the editing area. Note that this will not
display any type-the-answer ﬁelds on your cards, which makes it easier to preview the
cards quickly. In Notes mode, the preview is shown for the ﬁrst card of the selected note.

Menus and Actions

At the top of the browser window, you ﬁnd a toolbar with various menus which in turn
oﬀer various actions that can be performed in the browser.

Edit

Name Action
Undo Revert the most recently performed operation.
Select All Select all rows displayed.
Select Notes Show only the currently selected notes and select all rows.
Name Action
Invert Select those rows not selected, and deselect the currently
Selection selected rows.
Show the filtered deck dialog and set the current browser search
Create
as a filter. Use Alt / Option to set the second filter instead
Filtered Deck
(requires scheduler version 2+).

Notes

Most of the following actions operate on the selected notes. They are also available
through a context menu when a selected row is right-clicked in Notes mode. In Cards
mode, they can be found in a submenu of the context menu.

Name Action
Add Notes Open the Add dialog.
Open a duplicate of the current note in the editor, which can be
Create slightly modified to easily obtain variations of your cards. By
Copy default, the duplicate card will be created in the same deck as the
original.
Export
Open the Export dialog.
Notes
Add Tags Add provided tags to all selected notes.
Remove
Enter tags and remove them from all selected notes.
Tags
Clear
Unused Remove all tags from the sidebar that are not used by any notes.
Tags
If the current note is marked (i.e., has the Marked tag), unmark all
Toggle
selected notes. If the current is not marked, mark all selected
Mark
notes.
Convert the selected notes from one type to another. For example,
imagine you have a Russian notetype and a Computer notetype,
Change and you accidentally added some computer-related text into a
Notetype Russian note. You can use this option to fix that mistake. The
scheduling of cards is not affected. Changing the type of a note
requires a one-way sync.
Find
Open the Duplicates dialog.
Duplicates
Find and
Open the Find and Replace dialog.
Replace
Name Action
Manage
Open the Notetypes dialog.
Notetypes
Delete all selected notes and their cards. It is not possible to
Delete remove individual cards, as individual cards are controlled by the
templates.

Cards

The following actions operate on the currently selected cards. They are also available
through a context menu when a selected row is rightclicked in Cards mode. In Notes
mode, they can be found in a submenu of the context menu.

Name Action
Change
Move currently selected cards to a different deck.
Deck
Turn cards into review cards, and make them due on a certain date.
This can be useful for moving cards forward or back a few days
when your study schedule is interrupted. Entering a range like
60-90 will make the selected cards due between 60 and 90 days
Set Due from now. New cards will have their interval set to the same delay,
Date but reviews will be rescheduled without changing their current
interval, unless '!' is included at the end of the range. (Note that
answer time is not recorded when manually scheduling cards, since
the action can be performed even outside of review, and Anki isn’t
aware of which card may or may not be shown at the time.)
Move currently selected cards to the end of the new queue. The
existing review history is preserved. In 2.1.50+, there are options to
Forget
restore the original card position, and to reset the card's lapse and
repetition counters.
Change the order new cards will appear in. You can find out the
existing positions by enabling the due column, as described in the
table section above. If you run the reposition command when
multiple cards are selected, it will apply increasing numbers to each
card in turn. By default the number increases by one for each card,
but this can be adjusted by changing the "step" setting. The Shift
Reposition
position of existing cards option allows you to insert cards
between currently existing ones, pushing the currently existing
ones apart. For instance, if you have five cards and you want to
move 3, 4, and 5 between 1 and 2, selecting this setting would
cause the cards to end up in the order 1, 3, 4, 5, 2. By contrast, if
you turn this option off, 1 and 2 will get the same position number
Name Action
(and it will thus be unpredictable which of the cards with the same
number comes up first). Please note that when enabled, any card
with a higher position will be modified, and all of those changed
cards will need to be sent the next time you sync.
Toggle Suspend or unsuspend all selected cards, depending on whether
Suspend the current card is suspended or not.
Toggle the flags of all selected cards. Whether a flag is added or
Flag
removed depends on whether the current card has the chosen flag.
Show various information about the current card, including its
Info
review history. For more information, see Card Info.

This menu exists to provide keyboard shortcuts to jump to various parts of the browser,
and to go up and down the card list.

Find and Replace

This dialog allows for replacing text on notes. As described above, it is available from the
toolbar and the table's context menu.

The first input field is for the text that is going to be replaced, the second one for the
replacement. Next, there is a dropdown menu that allows you to specify where Anki
should look for text to replace: in a note's tags (requires Anki 2.1.45+), in all fields, or just
in a specific field (only fields belonging to a selected note will be listed).

By default, only selected notes will be aﬀected. If you want to lift that restriction, you can
untick the "selected notes only" checkbox (requires Anki 2.1.45+).

The regular expression option allows you to perform complex replacements. For
example, assume there is the following text in a ﬁeld:

<img src="pic.jpg" />

We use these settings:

(Note that on Anki versions prior to 2.1.28, you would need to replace ${1} with \1 .)

Then the assumed ﬁeld content will change to:

pic.jpg

A full discussion on regular expressions is outside the scope of this document. There are
a number of syntax guides available on the web:

• For Anki 2.1.28+, see https://docs.rs/regex/latest/regex/index.html#syntax.

• For older Anki versions, see http://docs.python.org/library/re.html.

Finding Duplicates
You can use the Notes > Find Duplicates option to search for notes that have the same
content. When you open the window, Anki will look at all of your note types and present a
list of all possible ﬁelds. If you want to look for duplicates in the Back ﬁeld, you’d select it
from the list and then click Search.

By default, it will search in all note types that have the ﬁeld you provided. This diﬀers
from the duplicate check when you add cards manually, which is limited to a single note
type.

The Optional ﬁlter text box allows you to narrow down where Anki will look for
duplicates. If you only want to search for duplicates in the "French Vocab" and "French
Verbs" note types, you would enter:

"note:french vocab" or "note:french verbs"

Or you might want to look only for duplicates in a particular deck, so you could use:
"deck:myDeck"

The search syntax is the same as used when searching in the browser. For more
information, see Searching.

You can click one of the links in the search results list to display the duplicate notes in
that set. If the search brings up a large number of duplicates, you may wish to instead
click the Tag Duplicates button, which will tag all matching notes with duplicate. You can
then search for this tag in the browser and handle them all from the same screen.
Filtered Decks & Cramming
• Custom Study
• Home Decks
• Creating Manually
• Order
• Steps & Returning
• Counts
• Due Reviews
• Reviewing Ahead
• Rescheduling
• Catching Up

When you study a regular deck in Anki, only a limited number of cards are shown: the
cards Anki thinks you are about to forget, and a daily limit of new cards. This is generally
useful, as it ensures you don't spend more time studying than necessary. But sometimes
it can be useful to step outside of these normal limits, such as when you need to review
for a test, focus on particular material, and so on. To make this possible, Anki provides a
diﬀerent type of deck called a 'ﬁltered deck'.

Filtered decks oﬀer a lot of possibilities. They can be used for previewing cards, cramming
cards before a test, studying particular tags, catching up on a backlog with a particular
sort order, reviewing ahead of schedule, going over the day's failed cards, and more.

Custom Study
The easiest way to create a filtered deck is with the Custom Study button, which appears
at the bottom of the screen when you click on a deck. It offers some convenient preset
filters for common tasks like reviewing the cards that you have failed that day. It will
create a filtered deck called "Custom Study Session" and automatically open it for you.

If an existing "Custom Study Session" deck exists, it will be emptied before a new one is
created. If you wish to keep a custom study deck, you can rename it from the deck list.

Here is a summary of each of the options:

Increase today's new card limit

Add more new cards to the deck you are currently studying. Note that unlike other
options, this does 'not' create a new ﬁltered deck, it modiﬁes the existing deck.

Increase today's review card limit

If not all reviews due today were shown because of the daily review limit, this option
allows you to show more of them. As with the new cards option, this modiﬁes the existing
deck.

Review forgotten cards

Show all the cards, for which you've answered Again (1) within the number of days you
specify.

Review ahead
Show cards that will be due in the near future (the number of days you specify). This is
useful for working through some of your older cards before a vacation, but it will not help
with cards you have learnt recently. Please see the reviewing ahead section below for
more info.

Preview new cards

Show cards that you have recently added, without converting them to review cards as
they are answered.

Study by card state or tag

Select a certain number of cards from the current deck to study. You can choose to select
new cards only, due cards only, or all cards; after you click "Choose Tags", you can also
limit the selected cards by tags. If you wish to see all the cards in the deck (for instance, to
study before a big test), you can set the number of cards to more than the number of
cards in the deck.

Home Decks
When a card is moved to a ﬁltered deck, it retains a link to the deck, from which it came.
That previous deck is said to be the card's 'home deck'.

Cards automatically return to their home deck after they are studied in the ﬁltered deck.
This can be after a single review, or after multiple reviews, depending on your settings.

It is also possible to move all cards back to their home decks at once:

• The "Empty" button in the study overview moves all cards in the filtered deck back
to their home deck, but does not delete the empty filtered deck. This can be useful if
you want to fill it again later (using the Rebuild button).

• Deleting a ﬁltered deck does the same thing as "Empty" does, but also removes the
emptied deck from the deck list. No cards are deleted when you delete a ﬁltered
deck.

In the old scheduler, if you create, rebuild, empty, or delete a filtered deck while cards are
still in learning, they will be turned back into new cards. In the case of failed reviews in
relearning, any remaining relearning steps will be skipped. This was fixed in the v2
scheduler so cards are no longer reset.
Creating Manually
Advanced users can create filtered decks with arbitrary search strings (or 'filters'), instead
of relying on the preset filters. To create a filtered deck manually, choose Create Filtered
Deck from the Tools menu.

When you click the Build button, Anki finds cards that match the settings you specified,
and temporarily moves them from their existing decks into your new filtered deck for
study.

If you wish to fetch cards again using the same ﬁlter options (for instance, if you want to
study all cards with a particular tag every day), you can use the Rebuild button at the
bottom of the deck's overview screen.

The search area controls what cards Anki will gather. All of the searches possible in the
browser are also possible for filtered decks, such as limiting to tags, finding cards
forgotten a certain number of times, and so on. Please see the searching section of the
manual for more information on the different possibilities.

Filtered decks cannot pull in cards that are suspended, buried, or already in a different
filtered deck. And if you are using the v1 scheduler, cards in (re)learning will not be
included either. For this reason, a search in the browser may reveal cards that do not end
up in the filtered deck.

The limit option controls how many cards will be gathered into the deck. The order you
select controls both the order cards are gathered in, and the order they will be reviewed
in. If you select "most lapses" and a limit of 20 for example, then Anki will show you only
the 20 most lapsed cards.

Order
The "cards selected by" option controls the order that cards will appear in. If the
maximum number of cards you select is lower than the number of cards that match the
ﬁlter criteria, Anki will exclude the cards at the end of this sorted list ﬁrst.

Oldest seen ﬁrst

Display those cards ﬁrst, that you haven't seen in reviews for the longest time.

Random
Randomize the order of all cards that match the ﬁlter criteria (use no set order).

Increasing intervals
Display cards that have the smallest interval ﬁrst.
Decreasing intervals
Display cards that have the largest interval ﬁrst.

Most lapses
Display those cards ﬁrst, that you have failed the most times.

Order added
Display cards that you added ﬁrst (i.e. those cards that have the earliest creation date).

Order due
Display cards with the earliest due date ﬁrst.

Latest added ﬁrst

Display those cards ﬁrst, that you have most recently added to the deck. (This is the
opposite of 'Order added'.)

Relative overdueness
Display those cards ﬁrst, that are most overdue in relation to their current interval (for
instance, a card with a current interval of 5 days overdue by 2 days displays before a card
with a current interval of 5 years overdue by a week). This is useful if you have a large
backlog that may take some time to get through and you want to review those cards ﬁrst,
that you are most in danger of forgetting.

Steps & Returning

Please see the section on learning as a reminder of how steps work.

By default, Anki will use the steps of a card’s home deck. If a new card would normally be
reviewed twice when being learnt, the same thing will happen when you study it in a
ﬁltered deck.

Cards return to their home deck when (re)learning is complete. Thus if you have 3
learning steps, a new card will return to its home deck upon three presses of "Good" or a
single press of "Easy".

v1 and v2 scheduler

In the v1 scheduler, the custom steps option allows you to override the home deck’s
steps and provide your own steps instead. The provided steps apply to both cards being
learnt, lapsed reviews, and reviews ahead of time. Please note, however, that from the v2
scheduler ﬁltered decks no longer support custom steps.

v3 scheduler

Filtered decks with rescheduling disabled show 4 buttons in the v3 scheduler - the
provided delay applies to the Again button, and Hard/Good will use 1.5x and 2x the
provided delay. Easy will remove the card.

Counts
In a ﬁltered deck, reviews that were already due are displayed in the review count as
normal. Learning cards and non-due reviews are counted in the new card count, due to
how the underlying implementation works. Reviews that were not due are not scheduled
like new cards however: Anki uses a special algorithm that takes into account how close
they were to their normal due time when reviewed.

Due Reviews
If the ﬁltered deck includes cards that were due for review, they will be shown like they
would have been in their original deck: they appear in the review card count at the
bottom of the screen, and there are four choices for how well you remembered. Upon a
correct answer, the card will be moved back to its home deck, and its next delay adjusted
using the home deck's settings. If you forget the card, it will be shown according to the
relearning steps deﬁned in the home deck.

Reviewing Ahead
If your search included cards that are not due, Anki will show the reviews ahead of time.

Anki uses a special algorithm for these reviews that takes into account how early you are
reviewing. If the cards were almost due to be shown, they will be given a new delay
similar to what they would have received if you had reviewed them on time. If the cards
are reviewed soon after they were scheduled however, their new delay will be similar to
their previous delay. This calculation works on a sliding scale.

Because reviewing a card shortly after it is scheduled has little impact on scheduling (e.g.
a card due tomorrow with a one day interval will remain due tomorrow if reviewed early),
the "review ahead" custom study setting is not appropriate for repeated use. If
used to go through a week's worth of cards before a trip, the mature cards will be
rescheduled into the future and the new cards will remain at small intervals, because you
don't know them well enough for them to be rescheduled further. If you review ahead
again the next day, all you'll end up doing is going through those same new cards again,
to little beneﬁt.
Early reviews are included in the new card count rather than the review count, and will be
shown according to the number of relearning steps deﬁned in the home deck (unless you
have provided custom steps). This means that if you have customized the number of
relearning steps in the home deck, the non-due card may be shown more than once.

If you have multiple steps, Anki will only consider the ﬁrst answer when deciding the next
delay, and like relearning in normal decks, "Good" and "Easy" diﬀer only in the step
change and not the resulting delay.

Rescheduling
By default, Anki will return cards to their home decks with altered scheduling, based on
your performance in the ﬁltered deck. There is a reschedule cards based on my
answers option available which alters this behaviour.

From the v2 scheduler, when rescheduling is disabled, cards are shown in a simple
"preview mode", and when they are returned to the original deck, they are returned
exactly as they started.

In the v1 scheduler, cards were presented more similarly to how they normally are, but
studying cards had side eﬀects, and the original position of new cards was lost when you
studied them.

Catching Up
Filtered decks can be useful for catching up when you've fallen behind in your reviews.
One Anki user describes the way they use the ﬁltered decks to catch up as follows:
I did this for a backlog of 800 cards with filtered subdecks. Worked
very well for me.

Just Due filter with: "is:due prop:due>-7"

Over Due filter with: "is:due prop:due<=-7"

The Just Due deck will then contain cards that became due in the past
week. That's the deck you should study every day as it gets the cards
that become due regularly. With this you can study as if there weren't
any backlog.

The Over Due deck will contain your backlog — cards which you didn't
study in time. You can study them the same way you would study new
cards. They go back into the regular cards, so the number of overdue
will never grow as long as you keep your Just Due deck in check.

How long it takes depends on how many overdue cards you study each day
in addition to the ones that become due regularly. You can still motor
through them when you feel like it - or you can do a specific number per
day like you would for new cards. Up to you.
Searching
• Simple searches
• Limiting to a ﬁeld
• Tags, decks, cards and notes
• Ignoring accents/combining characters
• Regular expressions
• Card state
• Card properties
• Recent Events
◦ Added
◦ Edited
◦ Answered
◦ First Answered
• Matching special characters
◦ Raw input
• Object IDs

Anki's Browse screen and the Filtered Deck feature use a common method of searching
for speciﬁc cards/notes.

Simple searches
When you type some text into the search box, Anki ﬁnds matching notes and displays
their cards. Anki searches in all ﬁelds of the notes, but does not search for tags (see later
in this section for how to search for tags). Some examples:

dog
search for "dog" - will match words like "doggy" and "underdog" too.

dog cat
ﬁnds notes that have both "dog" and "cat" on them, such as "raining cats and dogs".

dog or cat
ﬁnds notes with either "dog" or "cat".

dog (cat or mouse)

ﬁnds notes with dog and cat, or dog and mouse.

-cat
ﬁnds notes without the word "cat".

-cat -mouse
ﬁnds notes with neither "cat" nor "mouse".

-(cat or mouse)
same as the above.

"a dog"
ﬁnds notes with the exact sequence of characters "a dog" on them, such as "atta dog",
but not "dog a" or "adog".

-"a dog"
ﬁnds notes without the exact phrase "a dog"

d_g
ﬁnds notes with d, <a letter>, g, like dog, dig, dug, and so on.

d*g
ﬁnds notes with d, <zero or more letters>, g, like dg, dog, dung, etc.

w:dog
search for "dog" on a word boundary - will match "dog", but not "doggy" or "underdog".
Requires Anki 2.1.24+ or AnkiMobile 2.1.61+. Note that formatting changes may be
interpreted as word boundaries e.g. searching for w:exam will match example.

w:dog*
will match "dog" and "doggy", but not "underdog".

w:*dog
will match "dog" and "underdog", but not "doggy".

Things to note from the above:

• Search terms are separated by spaces.

• When multiple search terms are provided, Anki looks for notes that match all of the
terms - an implicit 'and' is inserted between each term. On Anki 2.1.24+ and
AnkiMobile 2.0.60+ you can be explicit if you like ("dog and cat" is the same as "dog
cat"), but older Anki versions will treat "and" as just another word to search for.

• You can use "or" if you only need one of the terms to match.

• You can prepend a minus sign to a term to ﬁnd notes that don’t match.

• You can group search terms by placing them in parentheses, as in the dog (cat or
mouse) example. This becomes important when combining OR and AND searches
— in the example, with the parentheses, it matches either 'dog cat' or 'dog mouse',
whereas without them it would match either 'dog and cat' or 'mouse'.

• Anki is only able to search within formatting in the sort field you’ve configured. For
example, if you add "example" to one of your fields, this will not be matched when
searching for "example" unless that field is the sort field. If a word is not formatted,
or the formatting does not change in the middle of the word, then Anki will be able
to find it in any field.

• Standard searches are case insensitive for Latin characters - a-z will match A-Z, and
vice versa. Other characters such as Cyrillic are case sensitive in a standard search,
but can be made case insensitive by searching on a word boundary or regular
expression ( w: , re: ).

Limiting to a field
You can also ask Anki to match only if a particular field contains some text. Unlike the
searches above, searching on fields requires an 'exact match' by default.

front:dog
find notes with a Front field of exactly "dog". A field that says "a dog" will not match.

"animal front:a dog"

ﬁnd notes where the "Animal Front" ﬁeld is exactly "a dog". The double quotes are
mandatory, see below.

front:*dog*
ﬁnd notes with Front ﬁeld containing dog somewhere

front:
ﬁnd notes that have an empty Front ﬁeld

front:_*
ﬁnd notes that have a non-empty Front ﬁeld

front:*
ﬁnd notes that have a Front ﬁeld, empty or not

fr*:text
ﬁnd notes in a ﬁeld starting with "fr". Requires Anki 2.1.24+ or AnkiMobile 2.1.60+.

Tags, decks, cards and notes

tag:animal
ﬁnd notes with the tag "animal", or subtags like "animal::mammal"
tag:none
ﬁnd notes with no tags

tag:ani*
ﬁnd notes with tags starting with ani

deck:french
ﬁnd cards in a French deck, or subdecks like French::Vocab

deck:french -deck:french::*
ﬁnd cards in French, but not subdecks

deck:"french vocab"
searching when a deck has a space

"deck:french vocab"
also ok

deck:filtered
ﬁltered decks only

-deck:filtered
normal decks only

card:forward
search for Forward cards

card:1
search for cards by template number - eg, to ﬁnd the second cloze deletion for a note,
you’d use card:2

note:basic
search for cards with a Basic note type

Ignoring accents/combining characters

Requires Anki 2.1.24+ or AnkiMobile 2.0.60+.

You can use nc: to remove combining characters ("no combining"). For example:

nc:uber
matches notes with "uber", "über", "Über" and so on.

nc:は
matches "は", "ば", and "ぱ"
Searches that ignore combining characters are slower than regular searches.

Regular expressions
Anki 2.1.24+ and AnkiMobile 2.0.60+ support searching in notes with "regular
expressions", a standard and powerful way of searching in text.

Start a search with re: to search by regular expression. To make things easier, Anki will
treat the following as raw input, so bear in mind the rules listed there.

Some examples:

"re:(some|another).*thing"
ﬁnd notes that have "some" or "another" on them, followed by 0 or more characters, and
then "thing"

re:\d{3}
ﬁnd notes that have 3 digits in a row

Regular expressions can also be limited to a specific field. Please note that unlike the
normal searches in a specific field, regular expressions in fields don't require an exact
match. Eg:

front:re:[a-c]1
matches uppercase or lowercase a1, B1 or c1 that occurs anywhere in the "Front" ﬁeld

front:re:^[a-c]1$
like the above, but will not match if any other text falls before or after a1/b1/c1.

Anki 2.1.50 added regex support for tags:

tag:re:^parent$
ﬁnd notes with the exact tag "parent", disregarding any child tags like "parent::child"

"tag:re:lesson-(1[7-9]|2[0-5])"
ﬁnd notes with tags "lesson-17" through "lesson-25"

You can learn more about regular expressions here: https://regexone.com/lesson

/introduction_abcs

Some things to be aware of:

• The search is case-insensitive by default; use (?-i) at the start to turn on case
sensitivity.
• Some text like spaces and newlines may be represented diﬀerently in HTML - you
can use the HTML editor in the editing screen to see the underlying HTML contents.
• For the speciﬁcs of Anki's regex support, please see the regex crate documentation:
https://docs.rs/regex/1.3.9/regex/#syntax

Card state
is:due
review cards and learning cards waiting to be studied

is:new
new cards

is:learn
cards in learning

is:review
reviews (both due and not due) and lapsed cards

is:suspended
cards that have been manually suspended

is:buried
cards that have been buried, either automatically or manually

Note that with the new scheduler, Anki now distinguishes between manually and
automatically buried cards so you can unbury one set without the other.

Cards that have lapsed fall into several of these categories, so it may be useful to
combine them to get more precise results:

is:learn is:review
cards that have lapsed and are awaiting relearning

-is:learn is:review
review cards, not including lapsed cards

is:learn -is:review
cards that are in learning for the ﬁrst time

flag:1
cards with a red ﬂag

flag:2
cards with an orange ﬂag

flag:3
cards with a green ﬂag

flag:4
cards with a blue ﬂag

flag:5
cards with a pink ﬂag

flag:6
cards with a turquoise ﬂag

flag:7
cards with a purple ﬂag

Card properties
prop:ivl>=10
cards with interval of 10 days or more

prop:due=1
cards due tomorrow

prop:due=-1
cards due yesterday that haven’t been answered yet

prop:due>-1 prop:due<1
cards due between yesterday and tomorrow

prop:reps<10
cards that have been answered less than 10 times

prop:lapses>3
cards that have moved into relearning more than 3 times

prop:ease!=2.5
cards easier or harder than default

Recent Events

Added
added:1
cards added today

added:7
cards added in last week

The check is made against card creation time rather than note creation time, so cards
that were generated within the time frame will be included even if their notes were added
a long time ago.

Edited

edited:n
cards where the note text was added/edited in the last n days.

This requires Anki 2.1.28+ / AnkiMobile 2.0.64+.

Answered

rated:1
cards answered today

rated:1:2
cards answered Hard (2) today

rated:7:1
cards answered Again (1) over the last 7 days

rated:31:4
cards answered Easy (4) in the last month

Rating searches had been limited to 31 days before version 2.1.39.

First Answered

On version 2.1.45+, you can also search for the very ﬁrst review only:

introduced:1
cards answered for the ﬁrst time today

introduced:365
cards answered for the ﬁrst time within the last 365 days
Matching special characters
This section was written for Anki 2.1.36+ - earlier versions did not support escaping
characters in certain situations.

As shown in the previous section, some characters like * , _ and " have a special
meaning in Anki. If you need to locate those characters in a search, you need to tell Anki
not to treat them specially.

• Space
To match something including spaces, enclose the "entire term" in double
quotes. If it is a colon search, you also have the option to only quote the
part:"after the colon" (unless there are spaces before the colon as well).

• " , * and _
Add a backslash before these characters to treat them literally. For example, _ will
match any single character, but \_ matches only an actual underscore.

• \
Because a backlash is used to remove the special meaning from other characters, it
too is treated specially. If you need to search for an actual backslash, use \\
instead of \ .

• ( and )
You can search for parentheses either by enclosing the full term in quotes, and/or
by using a backslash. That is, "some(text)" , some$text$ and "some$text$"
are all equivalent, but some(text) is not.

• -
Starting a search term with - usually inverts it: -dog matches everything except
dog for example. If you instead wish to include an actual hyphen, you can either use
a backslash, or include the text in quotes, such as \-.- or "-.-" .

• :
Colons have to be escaped unless they are preceded by another, unescaped colon.
So w:e:b is a word boundary search for e:b , w\:e\:b searches literally for w:e:b
and w\:e:b searches the ﬁeld w:e for b (see ﬁeld searches).

• & , < , and >

& , < , and > are treated as HTML when searching in Anki, and as such searches
containing them don't work as expected. However, you can search for them by using
their corresponding HTML entity names ( & for & , < for < , and > for
> ). For example, searching <&text> searches for a card with <&text>
in a ﬁeld.
Raw input

Text preceded by certain keywords (like re: ) will be treated as raw input. That is, the
characters listed above largely lose their special meaning. In such a context, only a
minimum of escaping is required to prevent ambiguity:

• " must be escaped.

• Spaces and unescaped parentheses require the search term to be quoted.

• The search term must not end in an odd number of backslashes.

Object IDs
nid:123
the note with note id 123

cid:123,456,789
all cards with card ids 123, 456 or 789

Note and card IDs can be found in the card info dialog in the browser. These searches
may also be helpful when doing add-on development or otherwise working closely with
the database.
Importing
• Text Files
◦ Spreadsheets and UTF-8
◦ HTML
◦ Importing Media
◦ Bulk Media
◦ Adding Tags
◦ Duplicates and Updating
◦ File Headers
▪ Notetype Column
▪ Deck Column
▪ GUID Column
• Packaged Decks
◦ Updating

Anki can import text files, packaged Anki decks created by the export feature,
Mnemosyne 2.0 .db files, and SuperMemo .xml files. To import a file, click the File menu
and then "Import".

Text Files
Any plain text ﬁle that contains ﬁelds separated by commas, semicolons or tabs can be
imported into Anki, provided some conditions are met.

• The files must be plain text (myfile.txt). Other formats like myfile.xls, myfile.rtf,
myfile.doc must be saved as a plain text file first.

• The ﬁles must be in UTF-8 format (see below).

• The first line also defines the separating character – if Anki finds a ';' on the first line
it will use that, if it finds a comma it’ll use that, etc.

• Anki determines the number of fields in the file by looking at the first (non-
commented) line. If some of the later records in the file contain fewer fields, Anki
will treat the missing fields as if they were blank. If some of your records contain
extra fields, the extra content will not be imported.

Fields in your text file can be mapped to any field in your notes, including the tags field.
You can choose which field in the text file corresponds to which field in the note when
you import.

When you import a text ﬁle, you can choose what deck to put the cards in. Keep in mind
that if you have the deck override option set for one or more of your templates, the cards
will go to that deck rather than the one you’ve selected.

This is an example of a valid ﬁle with three ﬁelds:

apple;banana;grape
some text;other text;yet more text

There are two ways to include newlines or the ﬁeld separator in ﬁelds.

Escape the characters by placing the contents of the ﬁeld in quotation marks:

hello;"this is
a two line answer"
two;this is a one line field
"this includes a ; (semicolon)";another field

Because quotes are used to mark where a ﬁeld begins and ends, if you wish to include
them inside your ﬁeld, you need to replace a single doublequote with two doublequotes
to "escape" them from the regular handling, like so:

field one;"field two with ""escaped quotes"" inside it"

When you use a spreadsheet program like Libreoﬃce to create the CSV ﬁle for you, it will
automatically take care of escaping double quotes.

Use HTML new lines:

hello; this is<br>a two line answer

two; this is a one line one

You need to turn on the "allow HTML in ﬁelds" checkbox in the import dialog for HTML
newlines to work.

Escaped multi-lines will not work correctly if you are using cloze deletions that span
multiple lines. In this case, please use HTML newlines instead.

You can also include tags in another ﬁeld and select it as a tags ﬁeld in the import dialog:

first field;second field;tags

This is an example of a valid ﬁle where the ﬁrst line is ignored (#):

# this is a comment and is ignored

foo bar;bar baz;baz quux
field1;field2;field3
Spreadsheets and UTF-8

If you have non-Latin characters in your file (such as accents, Japanese and so on), Anki
expects files to be saved in a 'UTF-8 encoding'. The easiest way to do this is to use the free
LibreOffice spreadsheet program instead of Excel to edit your file, as it supports UTF-8
easily, and also exports multi-line content properly, unlike Excel. If you wish to keep using
Excel, please see this forum post for more information.

To save your spreadsheet to a file Anki can read with LibreOffice, go to File>Save As, and
then select CSV for the type of file. After accepting the default options, LibreOffice will
save the file and you can then import the saved file into Anki.

HTML

Anki can treat text imported from text files as HTML (the language used for web pages).
This means that text with bold, italics and other formatting can be exported to a text file
and imported again. If you want to include HTML formatting, you can check the "allow
HTML in fields" checkbox when importing. You may wish to turn this off if you’re trying to
import cards whose content contains angle brackets or other HTML syntax.

If you wish to use HTML for formatting your ﬁle but also wish to include angle brackets or
ampersands, you may use the following replacements:

Character Replacement
< <

> >

& &

Importing Media

If you want to include audio and pictures from a text ﬁle import, copy the ﬁles into the
collection.media folder. Do not put subdirectories in the media folder, or some
features will not work.

After you’ve copied the files, change one of the fields in your text file as follows.

[sound:myaudio.mp3]
Alternatively, you can use the find and replace feature in the browse screen to update all
the fields at once. If each field contains text like "myaudio", and you wish to make it play a
sound, you’d search for (.*) and replace it with "[sound:\1.mp3]", with the 'regular
expressions' option enabled.

When importing a text ﬁle with these references, you must make sure to enable the
"Allow HTML" option.

You might be tempted to do this in a template, like:

<img src="{{field name}}">

Anki doesn’t support this for two reasons: searching for used media is expensive, as each
card has to be rendered, and such functionality isn’t obvious to shared deck users. Please
use the ﬁnd & replace technique instead.

Bulk Media

Another option for importing large amounts of media at once is to use the media import
add-on. This add-on will automatically create notes for all files in a folder you select, with
the filenames on the front (minus the file extension, so if you have a file named apple.jpg,
the front would say 'apple') and the images or audio on the back. If you would like a
different arrangement of media and filenames, you can change the note type of the
created cards afterwards.

Adding Tags

If you want to add 'tag1' and 'tag2' to every line you’re importing, add the following to the
top of the text ﬁle:

tags:tag1 tag2

Duplicates and Updating

When importing text files, Anki uses the first field to determine if a note is unique. By
default, if the file you are importing has a first field that matches one of the existing notes
in your collection and that existing note is the same type as the type you’re importing, the
existing note’s other fields will be updated based on content of the imported file. A drop-
down box in the import screen allows you to change this behaviour, to either ignore
duplicates completely, or import them as new notes instead of updating existing ones.
The duplicate check is done for your 'entire collection', not just in the current deck. If Anki
is indicating that notes have not changed when you expected them to be imported,
please check that the notes are not already in your collection somewhere.

If you have updating turned on and older versions of the notes you’re importing are
already in your collection, they will be updated in place (in their current decks) rather
than being moved to the deck you have set in the import dialog. If notes are updated in
place, the existing scheduling information on all their cards will be preserved.

For info on how duplicates are handled in .apkg ﬁles, please see the Deck Packages
section.

File Headers

Anki 2.1.54+ supports certain headers that can be included in the text ﬁle to make
importing more powerful or convenient. They consist of #key:value pairs and must be
listed in separate lines at the top of the ﬁle, though the tags line may precede them. Since
header lines start with the comment character # , earlier Anki clients will just ignore
them.

You must enable the new importing option in the preferences screen to use this on
2.1.54. On 2.1.55, the new importing path is the default.

Key Allowed Values Behaviour

Comma , Semicolon , Tab ,
Space , Pipe , Colon , or
separator Determines the ﬁeld separator.
the according literal
characters
Determines whether the ﬁle is
html true , false
treated as HTML.
List of tags, separated by
tags Same as the old syntax.
spaces
Determines the number of
List of names, separated by
columns columns and shows their given
the previously set separator
names when importing.
notetype Notetype name or id Presets the notetype, if it exists.
deck Deck name or id Presets the deck, if it exists.
Determines which column
notetype contains the notetype name or
1 , 2 , 3 , ...
column id of each note, see Notetype
Column.
Key Allowed Values Behaviour
Determines which column
deck
1 , 2 , 3 , ... contains the deck name or id of
column
each note, see Deck Column.
tags Determines which column
1 , 2 , 3 , ...
column contains the tags of each note.
Determines which column
guid
1 , 2 , 3 , ... contains the GUID of each note,
column
see GUID Column.

Some headers have further implications.

Notetype Column

Usually, all notes from a ﬁle will be mapped to a single notetype, and you may choose
which column should be mapped to which ﬁeld of that notetype.

That changes, if there is a column with notetype names or ids. This allows to import notes
with different notetypes, and their fields will be mapped implicitly: The first regular
column is used for the first field of any note regardless of its notetype, the second regular
column for the second field, and so on. A 'regular column' here being a column that does
not contain special information like decks, tags, notetypes or GUIDs.

Deck Column

Usually, any new cards created as a result of importing a text file will be placed in a single
deck of your choice. If the file contains a deck column, however, new cards of a note will
be placed in its specified deck instead. If the deck does not exist, a deck with the given
name will be created.

GUID Column

GUID stands for Globally Unique Identiﬁer. When you create notes in Anki, Anki assigns
each note a unique ID, which can be used for duplicate checking. If you export your notes
with the GUID included, you can make changes to the notes, and as long as you do not
modify the GUID ﬁeld, you'll be able to import the notes back in to update the existing
notes.

Please note that the GUID is intended to be created by Anki. If you are creating your own
IDs, such as MYNOTE0001, then it's recommended that you place the IDs in the first field,
instead of assigning them to Anki's internal GUID. When importing, Anki is able to use the
first field for duplicate checking as well, so you do not need to make IDs a GUID in order
to be able to update your notes.
Packaged Decks

Updating

When you import an .apkg file, Anki will identify any notes in it that are already in your
collection due to a previous import. If the notes in the file are newer than your local copy,
the notes will be updated with the contents of the file.

This updating process is not possible if the notetype is changed (eg if either you or the
deck author do things like add an extra ﬁeld to the notetype). You will still be able to
import any missing notes from the ﬁle, but notes you have imported previously will not
be updated if the deck author has made changes.

If you know the deck author has made changes and you wish to gain access to them,
changing the notetype back is possible, but rather diﬃcult. You'll need to do the
following:

• Create a new profile, and import the .apkg file into it.
• Locate one of the notes that failed to update in the Browse screen and select it.
• Use the Fields & Cards buttons to check the field names and card template names,
and note them down.
• Use the debug console to determine the notetype id. It will be the number on the
last line.

nt = bcard().note().note_type()
print("notetype", nt["name"], "has id", nt["id"])

• Return to your normal proﬁle, locate the same card, and select it. Run the following
in the debug console, replacing xxx with the ID you got above:

nt = bcard().note().note_type()
print("current:", nt["name"], "has id", nt["id"])
nt = mw.col.models.get(xxx)
print("desired:", nt["name"], "has id", nt["id"])

• If it prints two diﬀerent notetype names, you will need to use the Change Notetype
action to change the notetype of your existing notes to the desired one.

• You then need to use the Fields and Cards buttons to check the ﬁeld and template
names match the one in your test proﬁle. They must match exactly - there should be
no more or less, and the spelling should be identical.
Exporting
• Text Files
• Packaged Decks
◦ Collection (.colpkg)
◦ Deck (.apkg)

Exporting allows you to save part of your collection as a text ﬁle or packaged Anki deck.
To export, click the File menu and choose 'Export'.

Text Files
If you choose "Notes in Plain Text", Anki will write the contents of the notes into a text file.
Each field is separated by a tab. If you edit the resulting file and don't modify the first
field, you can later import that file back into Anki and Anki will update your notes based
on your edits, provided you import back into the same note type.

If you find yourself needing to edit the first field as well, you'll need to change the format
of your note type so that the first field is an ID number rather than actual text. (You can
install the Add note id add-on to make this easier.)

In order for formatting to be preserved when you import text back in, the text is exported
with all the HTML formatting embedded in it.

Packaged Decks
A 'packaged deck' consists of cards, notes, note types, and any sounds or images bundled
up into a ﬁle ending with .apkg or .colpkg. You can use packaged decks to transfer cards
between people, or for backing up parts of your collection.

There are two diﬀerent kinds of packaged decks.

Collection (.colpkg)

When you export all decks with scheduling included, this is called a 'collection package'.
Anki will copy your entire collection into a ﬁle ending in .colpkg, and place it on your
desktop. A collection package is used to back up your collection, or copy it to another
device.

Collection packages created with previous versions of Anki were called collection.apkg.
When this ﬁle is later imported, Anki will delete all the current cards in the collection, and
replace the collection with the items in the ﬁle. This is useful for copying your collection
back and forth between devices.

Existing media in your collection is not deleted when you import a collection package. To
delete unused media, use Tools>Check Media.

If you choose Anki 2.1.50+ Collection Package format, imports and exports will be faster,
and media ﬁles will be compressed, but the resulting .colpkg ﬁle will not be readable by
older Anki clients.

Deck (.apkg)

Deck packages contain a single deck (and any child decks it may have). They have a
ﬁlename ending with .apkg, but a ﬁlename other than collection.apkg. When you import a
deck package, Anki will add the contents into your collection, rather than overwriting your
collection.

If some notes in the deck package have previously been imported, Anki will keep the
version with the most recent modiﬁcation time. So if you download an updated deck, the
edits that have been made in the updated version will be made in your collection as well,
but if you re-import an unchanged deck after making edits in your collection, the changes
in your collection will be kept.

If you choose not to include scheduling information, Anki will assume that you are sharing
the deck with other people, and will remove marked and leech tags so that they will have
a clean copy of it.
Backups
• Automatic backups
◦ Restoring
◦ Anki 2.1.50+
◦ Older Anki versions
• Manual colpkg backups
◦ Restoring
◦ Creating
• AnkiWeb
• Deletion log

Automatic backups
Anki will create automatic backups of your card data. These include the text on your cards
and your scheduling information, but do not include sounds or image ﬁles.

Automatic backups can be useful to recover from mistakes, but you should not rely solely
on them. Because they are stored on your local device, they will not protect you if your
device breaks or is stolen. We recommend you combine them with manual backups.

Restoring

To restore from an automatic backup:

• Open Anki, and choose Switch Proﬁle from the File menu.
• Click on the "Open Backup" button.
• Select the backup you wish to restore from.

When restoring from a backup, any changes made since the backup was created will be
lost.

Anki disables automatic syncing and backups when you restore from a backup. Once
you're happy that you've restored the correct backup, close and re-open Anki to return to
normal.

Anki 2.1.50+

Backups are created periodically. You can conﬁgure the time between backups in the
preferences screen. The default is 30 minutes.
Certain operations will trigger a backup, even if the conﬁgured time has not elapsed yet:

• A one-way sync download

• Importing a .colpkg ﬁle using File>Import
• Tools>Check Database

After backups are two days old, Anki will start removing some of the older ones. You can
control how many daily, weekly and monthly backups you'd like to keep.

Backups created with 2.1.50 will not be importable into older Anki versions.

Older Anki versions

Each time your collection is closed (when closing Anki, switching proﬁles, or doing a full
sync download), Anki creates a backup. By default it will store up to 30 backups; you can
adjust this in the preferences.

Manual colpkg backups

Restoring

You can restore from a manual backup by using File>Import.

Creating

In Anki 2.1.50+, you can use File>Create Backup to trigger an immediate backup. This
functions like regular automatic backups, and does not include media ﬁles.

To create a backup that includes your sounds and images:

• Select Export from the File menu.

• Ensure "Anki collection package (.colpkg)" is selected.
• Enable the "include media" option.

This will create a .colpkg file that contains all of your cards and any sounds/images they
use. We recommend you store the file somewhere safe, like a different device, or a cloud-
based file storage service like Dropbox or Google Drive.

AnkiWeb
Synchronising your collection with AnkiWeb provides some level of protection against
your device being lost or stolen. If you need to restore your collection from AnkiWeb, you
can force a one-way sync in the preferences screen, or sync from a new device, and then
choose "Download".

Deletion log
Anki logs deleted notes to a text file called deleted.txt in your profile folder. These notes
are in a text format that can be read by File>Import, though please note the import
feature only supports a single note type at one time, so if you have deleted notes from
different note types, you'll need to split the file into separate files for each note type first.
Managing Files and Your Collection
• Checking Your Collection
• File Locations
• Startup Options
• DropBox and File Syncing
• Network Filesystems
• Running from a Flash Drive
• Backups
• Inaccessible Harddisk
• Permissions of Temp Folder
• Corrupt Collections
◦ Linux/macOS
◦ Windows
◦ Final Step

Checking Your Collection

It is a good idea to occasionally check your collection file for problems. You can do this via
the Tools>Check Database menu item. Checking the database ensures the file has not
been corrupted, rebuilds some internal structures, and optimizes the file.

When you check the database, your tag list is also rebuilt. When you delete individual
decks or cards, Anki does not update the list of used tags, as it's ineﬃcient to do so. If you
want to clear old tags out from the list that are no longer in use, checking your database
is the way to do it.

Please note that Anki will automatically optimize your collection once every 2 weeks. This
optimization ensures the collection performs well, but it does not check for errors or
rebuild the tag list when automatically optimizing.

File Locations
On Windows, the latest Anki versions store your Anki files in your appdata folder. You
can access it by opening the file manager, and typing %APPDATA%\Anki2 in the location
field. Older versions of Anki stored your Anki files in a folder called Anki in your
Documents folder.

On Mac computers, recent Anki versions store all their ﬁles in the ~/Library
/Application Support/Anki2 folder. The Library folder is hidden by default, but can be
revealed in Finder by holding down the option key while clicking on the Go menu. If
you're on an older Anki version, your Anki ﬁles will be in your Documents/Anki folder.

On Linux, recent Anki versions store your data in ~/.local/share/Anki2 , or

$XDG_DATA_HOME/Anki2 if you have set a custom data path. Older versions of Anki stored
your ﬁles in ~/Documents/Anki or ~/Anki .

Within the Anki folder, the program-level and proﬁle-level preferences are stored in a ﬁle
called prefs.db.

There is also a separate folder for each proﬁle. The folder contains:

• Your notes, decks, cards and so on in a ﬁle called collection.anki2

• Your audio and images in a collection.media folder

• A backups folder

• Some system ﬁles

You should never copy or move your collection while Anki is open. Doing so could cause
your collection to become corrupt. Please do not move or modify the other ﬁles in the
folder either.

Startup Options
If you have made a destructive change on one computer and have an undamaged copy
on another computer, you may wish to start Anki without syncing in order to use the full
sync option without ﬁrst downloading the changes. Similarly, if you are experiencing
problems with Anki, you might want to (or might be instructed to) disable add-ons
temporarily to see if one might be causing the problem. You can do both of these things
by holding down the Shift key while starting Anki.

It is possible to specify a custom folder location during startup. This is an advanced

feature that is primarily intended to be used with portable installations, and we
recommend you use the default location in most circumstances.

The syntax to specify an alternate folder is as follows:

anki -b /path/to/anki/folder

• If you have multiple profiles, you can pass -p <name> to load a specific profile.

• To change the interface language, use -l <iso 639-1 language code>, such as "-l ja"
for Japanese.
If you always want to use a custom folder location, you can modify your shortcut to Anki.
On Windows, right-click on the shortcut, choose Properties, select the Shortcut tab, and
add "-b \path\to\data\folder" after the path to the program, which should leave you with
something like

"C:\Program Files\Anki\anki.exe" -b "C:\AnkiDataFolder"

You can also use this technique with the -l option to easily use Anki in diﬀerent languages.

On Windows, you should use a backslash (\) not a forward slash (/).

On a Mac there is no easy way to alter the behaviour when clicking on the Anki icon, but it
is possible to start Anki with a custom base folder from a terminal:

open /Applications/Anki.app --args -b ~/myankifolder

Alternatively, you can deﬁne the environment variable "ANKI_BASE". On Windows, you
can deﬁne the environment variable with:

set "ANKI_BASE=C:/path/to/AnkiDataFolder"

On Linux and macOS, you can use:

export ANKI_BASE="/path/to/AnkiDataFolder"

DropBox and File Syncing

We do not recommend you sync your Anki folder directly with a third-party
synchronization service, as it can lead to database corruption when ﬁles are synced while
in use.

If you just want to synchronize your media, you can link external folders into services like
DropBox. Please see DropboxWiki: Sync Folders Outside Dropbox (archive.org) for more
info.

If you wish to keep your collection in sync as well, it is strongly recommended that you
create a script that copies your files from your synced folder to a local folder, launches
Anki, and then copies the files back when Anki is closed. This will ensure that the files are
never synchronized while they are open.

Network Filesystems
We strongly recommend you have Anki store your files on a local hard disk, as network
filesystems can lead to database corruption. If a network filesystem is your only option,
regular use of Tools>Check Database to detect corruption is recommended.

Running from a Flash Drive

On Windows, Anki can be installed on a USB / ﬂash drive and run as a portable
application. The following example assumes your USB drive is drive G.

• Copy the \Program Files\Anki folder to the ﬂash drive, so you have a folder like
G:\Anki.

• Create a text ﬁle called G:\anki.bat with the following text:

g:\anki\anki.exe -b g:\ankidata

If you would like to prevent the black command prompt window from remaining open,
you can instead use:

start /b g:\anki\anki.exe -b g:\ankidata

• Double-clicking on anki.bat should start Anki with the user data stored in
G:\ankidata.

The full path including drive letter is required - if you try using \anki\anki.exe instead
you will ﬁnd syncing stops working.

Media syncing with AnkiWeb may not work if your ﬂash drive is formatted as FAT32.
Please format the drive as NTFS to ensure media syncs correctly.

Backups
Please see this section.

Inaccessible Harddisk
If Anki can't write to ﬁles in the Anki folder, a message will be displayed on startup saying
that Anki can't write to the harddisk, and Anki will close. If you're unsure how to ﬁx the
permissions, please contact someone near you who is knowledgeable about computers
and can help you out.
Permissions of Temp Folder
Anki uses the system's temporary folder to store temporary data. If the permissions of
this folder have been changed from the default settings by a rogue app or buggy antivirus
app, Anki will not function properly.

If you're on a Windows 7 machine, the general steps to ﬁx the problem are listed below.
As this is somewhat complicated, please ask someone knowledgeable about Windows if
you are not sure.

1. Click on the start bar, and type in %temp% (including the percents), then hit
Enter .

2. Go up one folder, and locate the temp folder. Right click on it, and choose
Properties.

3. In the security tab, click on Advanced.

4. Click on the Owner tab. If you're not listed as the owner, click the button to take
ownership.

5. On the permissions tab, ensure that you have full control. On a default W7 install
the control will actually be inherited from c:\users\your-username.

Corrupt Collections
Anki uses a file format that is robust against program and computer crashes, but it's still
possible for your collection to become corrupt if the files are modified while Anki is open,
stored on a network drive, or corrupted by a bug.

When you run Tools>Check Database, you will receive a message if Anki detects the ﬁle
has been corrupted. The best way to recover from this is to restore from the most
recent automatic backup, but if your backup is too old, then you can attempt to repair
the corruption instead.

On Linux, make sure sqlite3 is installed. On a Mac, it should be installed already. On

Windows, download http://www.sqlite.org/sqlite-3_6_23.zip.

Next, create a backup of your collection.anki2 ﬁle, in case something goes wrong with the
steps below.

Linux/macOS
Open a terminal, change to the folder your collection is located in, and type:

sqlite3 collection.anki2 .dump > dump.txt

Open the resulting dump.txt ﬁle in a text editor, and look at the ﬁnal line. If it reads
"rollback;", change it to "commit;"

Then run the following in a terminal:

cat dump.txt | sqlite3 temp.file

Make sure you use temp.file - do not put collection.anki2 on the right, or you will blank
out the file. When you're done, proceed to the final step.

Windows

Copy the sqlite3.exe program and your deck to your desktop. Then go to Start>Run
and type in cmd.exe .

If you're on a recent Windows, the command prompt may not start on your desktop. If
you don't see desktop displayed in the command prompt, type something like the
following, replacing 'administrator' with your login name.

cd C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop

Then type:

sqlite3 collection.anki2 .dump > dump.txt

Open the resulting dump.txt ﬁle in a text editor, and look at the ﬁnal line. If it reads
"rollback;", change it to "commit;"

Then run the following in a terminal:

type dump.txt | sqlite3 temp.file

Make sure you use temp.file - do not put collection.anki2 on the right, or you will blank
out the file. When you're done, proceed to the final step.

Final Step

Check that you didn't get an error message, and that temp.ﬁle is not empty. The
procedure optimizes the collection in the process, so it's normal for the new ﬁle to be
somewhat smaller than the old one.

When you've conﬁrmed the ﬁle is not empty:

• rename the original collection.anki2 ﬁle to something else

• rename temp.ﬁle to collection.anki2

• move collection.anki2 back into your collection folder, overwriting the old version

• start Anki and go to Tools>Check Database to make sure the collection has been
successfully restored.
Card Info, Graphs and Statistics
• Card Info
• Statistics
• Selecting Decks / Collection
◦ Deck.
◦ Collection
◦ History
◦ More
• Today
• The Graphs
• Manual Analysis

Card Info
You can display information about a card by using the Cards>Info menu item, by right-
clicking on the card and then selecting Info, or by pressing I on the review screen.
Most of the displayed information should be self-explanatory. A few notes:

Position
Only shown when the card is new, it shows the order the card will appear in relative to
other new cards. The position can be changed in the browser.

Interval
The delay from one review to the next. Times are abbreviated; "0s, 1m, 3h, 4d, 5mo, 6y"
refers to seconds, minutes, hours, days, months and years respectively.

Ease
The approximate amount the interval will grow when you answer a review card with the
"Good" button.
Statistics
The statistics window is accessed by clicking on Stats button at the top of the main
window, or by pressing T .

Selecting Decks / Collection

Deck.

By default, the statistics window will show statistics from the currently selected deck and
any subdecks it may contain, but you can select any deck from your collection by typing
its name in the text box at the top of the screen or (from Anki 2.1.61), by using the deck
selector at the bottom.

Collection

If you select this checkbox, statistics will be shown for your entire collection. You can also
display graphs for arbitrary searches by adding ﬁlters in the search box at the top
(2.1.28+).

History

By default, Anki 2.1.28+ will show you statistics for the last 12 months. You can change
this to all history scope or deck life scope at the top. (The "today" section at the top
remains of course unaﬀected by this selection.)

Older versions of Anki will by default show you statistics for the previous month. You can
change this to a year scope or deck life scope at the bottom. (Again, the “today” section at
the top is unaﬀected by this selection.)

• Clicking on "Save PDF" at the bottom will save a PDF document of the statistics to a
ﬁle on your desktop to make it easy to share your statistics with others.

• When you delete notes, their review history is maintained in Anki. It will not be
included when looking at statistics for a speciﬁc deck (as Anki has no way of knowing
which deck the deleted cards belonged to), but will be included when you look at
statistics for the whole collection.

• Anki 2.1.28+ introduced redesigned graphs. The old graphs are still accessible with a
Shift -click on the Stats button.

Today
At the top of the statistics window is a brief list of textual statistics about the reviews that
you have completed today. A “review” in this context is 'one answering of a card', so a
card might count as multiple reviews if it needed to be seen multiple times, and a
learning card answered also counts as a “review.” A couple of the stats whose meaning
may not be immediately obvious:

Again Count
This is the number of reviews that you have failed (i.e., pressed Again on). The correct
percentage listed afterwards is the number of cards you did 'not' fail divided by the total
number of cards you studied.

Learn, Review, Relearn, Filtered

The number of reviews that were learning cards, review cards, relearning cards, or
studied in a ﬁltered deck when not due.
The stats for the current day are not a good overall indicator of your learning progress;
everyone has bad days and good days, and seeing that you got a lower percentage
correct on a particular day should not be cause for concern. The remainder of the stats,
which take longer periods of time into account, will give more useful information if you
wish to try to change your study habits or scheduling settings based on your
performance.

The “today” statistics are unaﬀected by the time period selected at the bottom of the
window.

The Graphs
Future Due
This graph shows an estimated number of reviews that will be due on a given day in the
future if you learn no new cards and fail no cards. The bars and the left axis show the
number of cards due on each day if you study all cards each day, while the line and the
right axis show the number of cards due on that day if you don’t study at all until then.
Note that the forecast graph does not count reviews that are currently overdue, so if you
have a large backlog, the overdue cards will not be displayed.

Calendar This graph shows past card review activity. Hovering the mouse over a speciﬁc
item allows you to view the number of revisions made that day.

Reviews
This graph counts the number of card reviews you have done. The bars may correspond
to days, weeks, or months, depending on the time period you’ve selected at the bottom of
the screen. The diﬀerently colored blocks show how many of the cards you answered on
each day were mature, young, relearning, or learning cards. There is also a separate
group for cards answered in a ﬁltered/cram deck while they were not due. The line and
the right axis shows the cumulative total for each type of review as time progresses
across the graph (so at 0 days, it would display the number for the entire time period
displayed on the graph).

Card Counts
This pie chart shows what percentage of your deck or collection consists of mature,
unseen, young/learn, and suspended cards. If you wish to calculate a more precise
percentage, the key shows the exact number of cards in each section, and the total
number of cards is displayed to the side.

Review Time
This graph works exactly like Review Count, except that it deals with the amount of time
you spent on each card rather than the number of cards answered.

Review Intervals
This graph displays the number of cards that have a given interval (the delay between two
reviews). The line and the right axis tell you what percentage of your cards have an
interval of less than or equal to the time below that point. The time scope has a diﬀerent
eﬀect on this graph than other graphs: rather than changing which cards or period of
studying is included, it limits how far out the intervals are displayed to (so 14-month
intervals are not displayed at all on a 1-year graph).

Card Ease This graph shows the number of cards that have a speciﬁc ease factor.
Average ease of the selected deck / collection is also displayed here.

Hourly Breakdown
This graph shows what percentage of total reviews you have passed (i.e., not pressed
Again on) during given hours. The larger, darker bars and left axis show the success rate;
the thinner, lighter bars and right axis show the number of reviews you’ve made at that
hour (so you know how signiﬁcant the results are).

Answer Buttons
This graph shows how many times you’ve chosen the Again, Hard, Good, or Easy button
while studying learning/new, young, and mature cards. Anki also displays the percentage
of correct reviews for each type of card.

Manual Analysis
If you’re interested in getting information from your statistics other than what Anki
provides, it is possible to access the data directly. Because of the complexity involved, this
is not something we can provide any support for.

One option is to write an add-on that adds another graph or more details to the statistics
window. There are several add-ons of this sort on AnkiWeb already, which you can look at
to get an idea of how it works.

A more powerful and more complex option is to extract the review log information
directly from Anki’s database and analyze it in an external program. Anki uses a database
format called SQLite. There are many tools available for working with SQLite databases;
one of the easiest to start with is called SQLite Browser, which will allow you to look
around the database as well as export a CSV version of tables for import into another
program.

The most important table for statistics is the 'revlog' table, which stores an entry for each
review that you conduct. The columns are as follows:

id
The time at which the review was conducted, as the number of milliseconds that had
passed since midnight UTC on January 1, 1970. (This is sometimes known as 'Unix epoch
time', especially when in straight seconds instead of milliseconds.)

cid
The ID of the card that was reviewed. You can look up this value in the id ﬁeld of the
'cards' table to get more information about the card, although note that the card could
have changed between when the revlog entry was recorded and when you are looking it
up. It is also the millisecond timestamp of the card’s creation time.

usn
This column is used to keep track of the sync state of reviews and provides no useful
information for analysis.

ease
Which button you pressed at the end of the review (1 for Again, 4 for Easy).

ivl
The new interval that the card was pushed to after the review. Positive values are in days;
negative values are in seconds (for learning cards).

lastIvl
The interval the card had before the review. Cards introduced for the ﬁrst time have a last
interval equal to the Again delay.

factor
The new ease factor of the card in permille (parts per thousand). If the ease factor is
2500, the card’s interval will be multiplied by 2.5 the next time you press Good.

time
The amount of time (in milliseconds) you spent on the question and answer sides of the
card before selecting an ease button.

type
This is 0 for learning cards, 1 for review cards, 2 for relearning cards, and 3 for early
"cram" cards (cards being studied in a filtered deck when they are not due).
Media
Anki stores the sounds and images used in your notes in a folder next to the collection.
For more on the folder location, please see the file locations section. When you add
media within Anki, either by using the paperclip icon in the editor or by pasting it into a
field, Anki will copy it from its original location into the media folder. This makes it easy to
back up your collection’s media or move it to another computer.

If your media filenames contain spaces or other special characters such as percentage
signs, the way the filenames appear in the HTML editor will differ from the way the
filenames appear on disk. For example, a file called hello 100%.jpg will appear as
hello%20100%25.jpg in the HTML editor. Internally, Anki still uses the original filenames,
so if you would like to search for the file or modify the filename with Find&Replace, you
will need to use the name as it appears on disk, not as it appears in the HTML editor.
Exporting to a text file is another way to see the underlying representation.

Checking Media
You can use the Tools>Check Media menu option to scan your notes and media folder. It
will generate a report of ﬁles in the media folder that are not used by any notes, and
media referenced in notes but missing from your media folder. It also allows you:

• To delete unused media ﬁles.

• To tag notes that refer to missing media ﬁles.
• To empty your trash folder.
• To restore the deleted ﬁles back to your media folder.

This tool does not scan question or answer templates, which is why you can’t place media
references to ﬁelds in the template. If you need a static image or sound on every card,
name it with a leading _ (e.g., \_dog.jpg ) to tell Anki to ignore it when checking for
media. If you delete media using the unused media check, Anki will move it into your
operating system’s trash folder, so you can recover if you accidentally delete media that
shouldn’t have been deleted.

Manually Adding Media

When you add media via Anki's interface, Anki takes care of ensuring the filenames are
encoded in a way that should work across different devices, removing characters that
won't work on certain operating systems, and truncating very long filenames.
If you manually add files to your media folder, you should use Tools>Check Media
afterwards, to ensure the filenames are encoded correctly. If you skip this step, any
filenames that are not compatible will be skipped when syncing.

Supported Formats
Anki uses a program called mpv (and mplayer as a fallback) in order to support sounds
and videos. A wide variety of file formats are supported, but not all of these formats will
work on AnkiWeb and the mobile clients. MP3 audio and MP4 video seems to be the most
universally supported.
Math and Symbols
• MathJax
• LaTeX
◦ Assumed Knowledge
◦ Web/Mobile
◦ Example
◦ Packages
◦ Template Conflicts
◦ Cloze Conflicts
◦ Unsafe Commands

MathJax
MathJax is a modern, browser-based typesetting system, useful for mathematical and
chemical equations. It does not require the installation of any extra software, so it is easy
to use, and it is recommended for most users.

MathJax is supported out of the box on Anki 2.1+, AnkiMobile, and AnkiDroid 2.9+.

To try it out:

1. Type the following in a ﬁeld:

\sqrt{x}

2. Select the text you just typed.

3. Click the rightmost button in the editor, and choose "MathJax inline" from the menu.
Anki will change the text so it reads:

$\sqrt{x}$

4. If you click the Cards… button, you’ll see a preview of how the equation will appear
when the card is reviewed.

Anki’s MathJax support expects content in TeX format. If you’re not familiar with TeX
formatting, please see this cheatsheet. Please note that point 2 does not apply in Anki -
Anki uses $ and $ for inline equations, and \[ and \] for display equations.

If you want to use newlines in a MathJax expression, please use Shift + Enter
instead of just Enter , as a normal newline will prevent MathJax from working correctly.
Anki includes built in support for mhchem for rendering chemical equations. Please see
the 'chemical equations' section and the following sections for more information:
https://mhchem.github.io/MathJax-mhchem/

It is possible to customize some settings.

LaTeX
LaTeX is a powerful typesetting system, useful for entering mathematical formulas,
chemical formulas, musical notation and so on. Anki provides some support for LaTeX,
allowing you to enter LaTeX code in your notes. When you review a card, Anki will call
LaTeX and display the generated image instead.

LaTeX is more work to set up, and images can only be generated with the computer
version of Anki - though once generated, the images can be displayed by mobile clients.
Because of the extra complexity LaTeX brings, it is only recommended for users that need
more features than MathJax provides.

Assumed Knowledge

Anki’s LaTeX support is not turn-key: it is assumed that you know how to use LaTeX
already, and that you have it installed. If you have no experience with LaTeX, please
consult one of the many guides available on the internet. If you are having trouble with
markup, please ask on a LaTeX forum.

To install LaTeX, on Windows use MiKTeX; on macOS use MacTeX, and on Linux use your
distro’s package manager. Dvipng must also be installed.

On Windows, go to Settings in MikTeX’s maintenance window, and make sure "Install

missing packages on the fly" is set to "Always", not to "Ask me first". If you continue to
have difficulties, one user reported that running Anki as an administrator until all the
packages were fetched helped.

On macOS, LaTeX has only been tested with MacTeX and BasicTeX. If you use BasicTeX,
you need to install dvipng separately, with the following command:

sudo tlmgr update --self; sudo tlmgr install dvipng

The command may not be on the path, so you may need to provide the full path, eg
/usr/local/texlive/2014basic/bin/x86_64-darwin/tlmgr.

If you are not using the above LaTeX packages, you will need to use the edit LaTeX add-on
to specify the full path to latex and dvipng.
Web/Mobile

When you review a card with LaTeX on it, Anki will generate an image for that LaTeX and
place the image in your collection’s media folder for future use. The web & mobile clients
will display these images if they already exist, but can not generate the images on their
own.

To avoid having to review all your cards at least once before you can study on the other
clients, Anki can generate the images in bulk for you. To generate all the images, please
go to Tools>Check Media. After that, syncing should upload the generated media to
AnkiWeb and the other clients.

Example

The most general way to input LaTeX content is to surround it with [latex][/latex] tags.
There’s a shortcut button for this documented in the editor section.

[latex] tags must be used inside a ﬁeld - placing them in the card template will cause
problems.

For example, entering the following on the front of an Anki ﬂashcard:

Does [latex]\begin{math}\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k}\end{math}[/latex]

converge?

will produce this when the ﬂashcard is viewed:

The formula in the example above is called a 'text formula', because it is displayed right
within the non-mathematical text. In contrast, the following example shows a 'displayed
formula':

Does the sum below converge?

[latex]\begin{displaymath}\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k}\end{displaymath}
[/latex]
'Text formulas' and 'display formulas' are the most common type of LaTeX expressions,
so Anki provides abbreviated versions of them. Expressions of the form:

[latex]\begin{math}...\end{math}[/latex]

can be shortened to

[$]...[/$]

and expressions of the form

[latex]\begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}[/latex]

can be shortened to

[$$]...[/$$]

For example, the two LaTeX snippets shown before are equivalent to

Does [$]\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k}[/$] converge?

and

Does the sum below converge?

[$$]\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k}[/$$]

respectively.

Packages

Anki allows you to customize the LaTeX preamble so you can import custom packages for
chemistry, music and so on. For example, imagine you ﬁnd an example ﬁle for chemtex
on the internet:
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{report}
\usepackage{chemtex}
\begin{document}

\initial
\begin{figure}[h]\centering
\parbox{.3\textwidth}{\ethene{H}{H$_3$C}{CH$_3$}{Br}}
\hfil
\parbox{.3\textwidth}{\cbranch{H}{S}{H}{S}{C}{S}{}{S}{H}
\xi=-200 \cright{}{Q}{C}{D}{O}{S}{OH}}
\hfil
\parbox{.3\textwidth}{\hetisix{Q}{Q}{Q}{Q}{Q}{Q}{O}{Q}{O}
\xi=-171 \fuseup{Q}{Q}{Q}{Q}{D}{Q}{D}{Q}{D}}
\caption{Chemie mit {\tt CHEMTEX}\label{a1}}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

Firstly, follow the documentation of the package and MiKTeX/MacTeX in order to install
the package. To check the package is working, you’ll want to put code like the above into a
.latex ﬁle and test if you can compile it from the command line. Once you’ve conﬁrmed
that the package is available and working, we can integrate it with Anki.

To use the package with Anki, click "Add" in the main window, then click the note type
selection button. Click the "Manage" button, then select the note type you plan to use and
click "Options". The LaTeX header and footer are shown. The header will look something
like:

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\special{papersize=3in,5in}
\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
\pagestyle{empty}
\setlength{\parindent}{0in}
\begin{document}

To use chemtex, you’d add the usepackage line in the earlier example, so it looks like:

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\special{papersize=3in,5in}
\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
\usepackage{chemtex}
\pagestyle{empty}
\setlength{\parindent}{0in}
\begin{document}

After that, you should be able to include lines like the following in your Anki cards:

[latex]\ethene{H}{H$_3$C}{CH$_3$}{Br}[/latex]
Template Conﬂicts

As of Anki 2.1.20 / AnkiMobile 2.0.56 / AnkiDroid 2.13, this workaround is no longer

required, as {{field}} text inside ﬁelds no longer causes problems. If you need to
support older versions and want to keep using this syntax, please make sure you place
the {{=<% %>=}} string at the very top of your front and back template, as recent Anki
versions will not recognize it anywhere but the start.

For older versions:

It’s not uncommon for {{ and }} to pop up in LaTeX code when writing mathematical
equations. To ensure that your LaTeX equations don’t conﬂict with Anki’s ﬁeld
replacements, it’s possible to change the separator to something else.

For example, if you have a template:

Changing it to the following will make it unlikely that the LaTeX will conﬂict:

{{=<% %>=}}
<%latex field%>

Cloze Conﬂicts

Cloze deletions are terminated with }} , which can conﬂict with a }} appearing in your
LaTeX. To prevent LaTeX from being interpreted as a closing cloze marker, you can put a
space between any double closing braces that do not indicate the end of the cloze, so

{{c1::[$]\frac{foo}{\frac{bar}{baz}}[/$] blah blah blah.}}

will not work, but

{{c1::[$]\frac{foo}{\frac{bar}{baz} }[/$] blah blah blah.}}

will (and LaTeX ignores spaces in math mode, so your equation will render the same). If
you want to avoid adding the extra space into the rendered text (for example, when you
are making Cloze cards for learning programming languages), another option is to use a
HTML comment when editing the card in HTML mode:

{{c1::[$]\frac{foo}{\frac{bar}{baz}}[/$] blah blah blah.}}

You may use either workaround if you need to use the :: character sequence within the
Cloze-deleted text. The ﬁrst card generated for the following note text will read [type]
in C++ is a type-safe union :

{{c1::std::variant::~type~}} in C++ is a {{c2::type-safe union}}

Unsafe Commands

Anki prohibits certain commands like \input or \def from being used on cards or in
templates, because allowing them could allow malicious shared decks to damage your
system. (To be on the safe side, these commands are prohibited even in comments, so if
you’re getting this error but don’t think you’ve used one, please double-check any
comments you have in your headers, templates, and cards.) If you need to use these
commands, please add them to a system package and import that package as described
in the previous section.
Leeches
• Waiting
• Deleting
• Editing

Leeches are cards that you keep on forgetting. Because they require so many reviews,
they take up a lot more of your time than other cards.

Anki can help you identify leeches. Each time a review card 'lapses' (is failed while it is
review mode), a counter is increased. When that counter reaches 8, the note is tagged as
a leech, and the card is suspended. The threshold, and whether to suspend or not, can be
adjusted in the deck options.

Anki will continue to issue leech warnings periodically for a diﬃcult card. The warning
interval is half the initial leech threshold. That is, if you have Anki conﬁgured to warn at 8
lapses, future warnings will happen every 4 lapses. (12, 16, etc)

Once a leech is found, there are a number of ways you can handle it.

Waiting
Some leeches are caused by 'interference'. For example, an English learner may have
recently learnt the words "disappoint" and "disappear". As they look similar, the learner
may ﬁnd themselves confusing the two when trying to answer. In these situations, it’s
often productive to concentrate on just one idea. When that idea is ﬁrmly ingrained in
your mind, you can then return to learning the other idea. So in these situations, you may
want to leave one of the words suspended until you have learnt the other one well, and
then unsuspend it in the browser.

Deleting
Another way to manage leeches is to delete them. Consider if the material you’re
struggling with is important enough to make it worth your while. By selectively deleting
diﬃcult and obscure items, you can dedicate more time to learning other material, and
studying becomes a lot more fun.

Editing
Another approach is to change the way the information is presented. Perhaps the cards
you have created have too much information on them, or perhaps you’re trying to
memorize something without fully understanding it. Sometimes spending some time
changing the way the card is phrased can help. It’s also a good time to think about making
a mnemonic to help you remember.
Add-ons
Anki's capabilities can be extended with add-ons. Add-ons can provide features like extra
support for speciﬁc languages, extra control over scheduling, and so on.

To browse the list of available add-ons, select the Tools>Add-ons menu item, then click on
Get Add-ons.

If you have downloaded an add-on that is not working properly, or if you accidentally
made a mistake when editing an add-on, you can use the "Delete" option in the menu to
remove it.

Add-ons use and modify arbitrary parts of Anki’s codebase, so in some cases, updating
Anki can break the compatibility with older add-ons. If one of your add-ons stops working
after updating Anki, please consider reporting the issue to the add-on author. If you rely
on this add-on, you will need to keep using an older Anki version until the add-on gets an
update.

There is a "Contact Author" button on most add-ons pages on Ankiweb, and many
authors include their email address in the add-on, so if you need to get in touch with the
author, editing the add-on and looking at the top of the ﬁle may help.

To learn how to write your own add-ons, please see the add-on writing guide.
Self-Hosted Sync Server
Anki 2.1.57+ includes a built-in sync server. Advanced users who cannot or do not wish to
use AnkiWeb can use this sync server instead of AnkiWeb.

Things to be aware of:

• This is an advanced feature, targeted at users who are comfortable with networking
and the command line. If you use this, the expectation is you can resolve any
setup/network/ﬁrewall issues you run into yourself, and use of this is entirely at
your own risk.
• Newer clients may depend on changes to the sync protocol, so syncing may stop
working if you update your Anki clients without also updating the server.
• Third-party sync servers also exist. No testing is done against them, and they tend to
take time to catch up when the sync protocol changes, so they are not
recommended.
• The messages inside Anki will use the term 'AnkiWeb' even if a custom server has
been conﬁgured, (eg "Cannot connect to AnkiWeb" when your server is down).

From a Packaged Build

On Windows in a cmd.exe session:

set SYNC_USER1=user:pass
"\Program Files\anki\anki.exe" --syncserver

Or MacOS, in Terminal.app:

SYNC_USER1=user:pass /Applications/Anki.app/Contents/MacOS/anki --syncserver

Or Linux:

SYNC_USER1=user:pass anki --syncserver

Without GUI dependencies

You can run the server without installing the GUI portion of Anki provided you have a
copy of Python3.9+ installed.
python3 -m venv ~/syncserver
~/syncserver/bin/pip install anki
SYNC_USER1=user:pass ~/syncserver/bin/python -m anki.syncserver

Multiple Users
SYNC_USER1 declares the ﬁrst user and password, and must be set. You can optionally
declare SYNC_USER2, SYNC_USER3 and so on, if you wish to set up multiple accounts.

Storage Location
The server needs to store a copy of your collection and media in a folder. By default it is
~/.syncserver; you can change this by deﬁning a SYNC_BASE environmental variable. This
must not be the same location as your normal Anki data folder, as the server and client
must store separate copies.

Public Access
The server listens on an unencrypted HTTP connection, so it's not a good idea to expose it
directly to the internet. You'll want to either restrict usage to your local network, or place
some form of encryption in front of the server, such as a VPN (Tailscale is apparently
easy), or a HTTPS reverse proxy.

You can deﬁne SYNC_HOST and SYNC_PORT to change the host and port that the server
binds to.

Client Setup
You'll need to determine your computer's network IP address, and then point each of
your Anki clients to the address, eg something like http://192.168.1.200:8080/ . The
URL can be conﬁgured in the preferences.

If you're using AnkiMobile and are unable to connect to a server on your local network,
please go into the iOS settings, locate Anki near the bottom, and toggle "Allow Anki to
access local network" oﬀ and then on again.

Older desktop clients required you to deﬁne SYNC_ENDPOINT and

SYNC_ENDPOINT_MEDIA. If using an older client, you'd put it as e.g.
http://192.168.1.200:8080/sync/ and http://192.168.1.200:8080/msync/
respectively. AnkiDroid also currently requires separate conﬁguration for the two
endpoints.

Reverse Proxies
If using a reverse proxy to provide HTTPS access (e.g. nginx), and binding to a subpath
(e.g. http://example.com/custom/ -> http://localhost:8080/ ), you must make sure to
including a trailing slash when conﬁguring Anki. If you put http://example.com/custom
instead, it will not work.

Large Requests
The standard AnkiWeb limit on uploads is applied by default. You can optionally set
MAX_SYNC_PAYLOAD_MEGS to something greater than 100 if you wish to increase the
limit. Bear in mind that if you're using a reverse proxy, you may need to adjust the limit
there as well.

Contributing Changes
Because this server is bundled with Anki, simplicity is a design goal - it is targeted at
individual/family use, and PRs that add things like a REST API or external databases are
unlikely to be accepted at this time. If in doubt, please reach out before starting work on a
PR.

If you're looking for an existing API solution, the AnkiConnect add-on may meet your
needs.
Miscellanea
• Menu Shortcuts
• Debug Console

Menu Shortcuts

On Windows/Linux you can hold down the Alt key and press a highlighted letter to
activate a particular menu.

Although macOS doesn’t support this feature, it does allow you instead to assign
shortcuts to speciﬁc menu items. Please see http://lifehacker.com/343328/create-
a-keyboard-shortcut-for-any-menu-action-in-any-program for more information.

Debug Console
Sometimes you may be asked to use the debug console to change a setting or check
something. Unless asked to enter text in the "debug console", you will probably not need
this. Advanced users may like to read more about it in the add-on writing guide.

When asked to enter text into the "debug console", please start Anki, and in the main
window, press

Ctrl + Shift + ;

(the control key, shift key, and semi-colon key at the same time)

On a Mac, press

Command + Shift + ;

(the command key, shift key, and semi-colon key at the same time)

On some non-English keyboards, you may need to press : or + instead of ; .

In the window that has popped up, please paste the text you were asked to paste in the
top section. When you’ve done so, please press Ctrl+Return (Command+Return on a Mac),
and some text should appear in the bottom section. If you’ve been asked to paste the
resulting output, please copy it from the bottom area, and paste it back to the support
person.
If you press Ctrl + Shift + Return instead of just Ctrl + Return , Anki will try to
print the result rather than doing what you asked it to. If you are getting unexpected
errors, please make sure you’re not holding down the Shift key.
Contributing
• Sharing Decks Publicly
• Sharing Decks Privately
• Sharing Add-ons
• Translating Anki
• Contributing Code

Sharing Decks Publicly

To share decks with the general public, synchronize them with AnkiWeb, then log into
AnkiWeb and click on "Share" from the menu next to the deck you wish to share.

If you shared a deck previously (including with previous versions of Anki), you can update
it by clicking "Share" as above. Updating a shared deck will not reset the download counts
or ratings. You can delete a shared deck that you have uploaded using the Delete button
on the shared deck's page.

When updating a deck, AnkiWeb expects the deck to be at the same location as before. If
you shared a deck when it was called "Korean Verbs" for example, and then renamed it to
"Korean::Korean Verbs", resharing will not be able to update the existing copy. If you have
forgotten the original name, you can guess it by downloading the deck on ankiweb and
importing it (File > Import) in a new profile (File > Switch profile > Add). Then you can copy
the exact name of the deck when it was first shared. If this doesn't work, please contact
support.

When you update a shared deck, users who downloaded the deck previously will not
automatically receive updates. If they download the deck again and re-import it, newly
added material will be imported without altering their existing study progress, provided
neither you nor the user has altered the note type since the ﬁrst import.

Sharing Decks Privately

If you’d like to share decks with a limited group of people (such as a study group or class)
rather than the general public, you can do so by sharing them outside of AnkiWeb.

To share a deck privately, go to the File menu and choose Export. Select a single deck (not
"All Decks"), and turn oﬀ "include scheduling information". This will produce an .apkg ﬁle
which you can share with others.

You can share the .apkg ﬁle by emailing it to people, placing it on a website or shared
folder, or using a free ﬁle sharing service like Dropbox or Google Drive and sending
people a link.

Both the computer version and mobile clients make it easy to import from an apkg ﬁle
simply by clicking or tapping on it. AnkiWeb does not have the ability to import apkg ﬁles
however, so the recipients of your deck will need to have the computer version or Anki on
their mobile device.

When a user imports an .apkg file, cards that already exist in their collection will be
ignored and any new cards will be added. As long as they use the same note type,
modified cards will also be updated. To prevent data loss, cards that have been deleted in
the new apkg file will not be deleted in the user’s collection, so if you need to delete cards
from users' decks for whatever reason, you will need to contact them about it.

Sharing Add-ons
Please see https://addon-docs.ankiweb.net/sharing.html

Translating Anki
Please see https://translating.ankiweb.net

Contributing Code
Anki's source code is available at https://github.com/ankitects/anki

Before contributing, please see contributing.md.

Frequently Asked Questions
Please see https://faqs.ankiweb.net
Resources
The SuperMemo site has a lot of good information about spaced repetition and memory:
http://www.supermemo.com/

Michael Nielsen has written a thorough piece about long term memory and how he uses
Anki. He also provides a condensed version as a series of tweets.

Some medical students have banded together to make a paid-for guide focusing on the
use of Anki in medical school: https://courses.ankipalace.com/

Soren Bjornstad has written a series of extensive articles about memory, SRS and how to
use Anki eﬀectively.

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