Notes for use in qualitative analysis
Tests for anions
anion
carbonate, CO,”
test
add dilute acid then test for carbon dioxide
gas
test result
effervescence, carbon dioxide produced
chloride, CZ acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
{in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
bromide, Br- acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add cream ppt.
{in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
iodide, acidity with dilute nitric acid, then add yellow ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate, NO, add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
{in solution] aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate, SO,?- acidity with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt
fin solution] aqueous barium nitrate
sulfite, SO, adda small volume of acidified aqueous the acidified aqueous
potassium manganate(VII)
Tests for aqueous cations
cation
aluminium, AC
effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide
white ppt, soluble in excess, giving a
colourless solution
potassium manganate(VII) changes
colour from purple to colourless
effect of aqueous ammonia
white ppt, insoluble in excess
ammonium, NH,*
ammonia produced on warming
calcium, Ca’*
white ppt, insoluble in excess
ro ppt. or very slight white ppt.
chromium(III), C?*
green ppt., soluble in excess
‘green ppt,, insoluble in excess
copper(II), Cu**
light blue ppt, insoluble in excess
light blue ppt, soluble in excess, giving a
dark blue solution
iron(II), Fe
iron(II), Fe**
ine, Zn*
green ppt, insoluble in excess, ppt. turns
brown near surface on standing
red-brown ppt, insoluble in excess
white ppt, soluble in excess, giving a
colourless solution
‘green ppt, insoluble in excess, ppt. turns
brown near surface on standing
red-brown ppt, insoluble in excess
white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
colourless solutionTests for gases
gas
ammonia, NH,
carbon dioxide, CO,
chlorine, Cl,
hydrogen, H,
test and test result
turns damp red litmus paper blue
turns limewater milky
bleaches damp litmus paper
‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen, 0,
relights a glowing splint
sulfur dioxide, SO,
turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate( VII) from purple to colourless
Flame tests for metal ions
metal ion
lithium, Li?
sodium, Na*
potassium, K*
calcium, Ca*
barium, Ba”*
copper(II), Cu*
flame colour
red
yellow
titae
orange-red
light green
blue-green