What is reproduction? b. The semen is a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid.

Its fluid component

a. Organisms need to reproduce in order to survive. allows the sperm cells to be properly transported.
b. The process of reproduction involves creating new individuals of the same species. c. The prostate gland is in charge of producing fluids that serve to nourish
c. Humans reproduce through sexual reproduction, which involves male and female humans. sperm cells as they are transported.
What are these concepts related to the reproduction of humans? d. There is also a pair of Cowper’s glands or bulbourethral glands that
a. Sex cells are also known as gametes, which are unique reproductive cells for males and females. produce fluids protecting the sperm cells during ejaculation.
b. The male sex cells are called sperm, while the female sex cells are called ova (singular, ovum) or e. The seminal vesicles can also be found in pairs among males, and they
eggs. produce the majority of the fluids in semen.
c. Gonads are the main reproductive organs that produce sex cells. What is the urethra? What is the penis?
d. The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and deliver sperm cells for the a. The urethra is a tube that carries urine and semen containing the sperm cells to the outside of the
union of gametes to take place. body.
e. The union of male and female sex cells is a process known as fertilization, and this produces i. A valve within the urethra prevents the urine and semen from mixing.
offspring. b. The penis is a tubular organ that hangs in front of the male’s body. This is a major organ of the
What are the testes? male external genitalia.
a. The testicles or testes (singular, testis) are major organs of the male reproductive system. i. It is responsible for delivering the sperm cells and semen to the inner part of the female’s
b. As previously mentioned, they are the male gonads that produce sperm cells and release the male body.
sex hormone testosterone. ii. It is covered by a foreskin which is removed during circumcision.
i. The sperm cells are tadpole-like cells that contain the genetic material necessary for an 1. Circumcision is usually done to lower the risk of infections and other
organism to develop and grow normally. diseases.
ii. These cells have a tail that allows them to swim. Identification. Identify what is being described by the statements below (10 points).
c. The testes are found inside a pouch of skin called the scrotum. 1. These cells are also known as sex cells. Answer: gametes
i. It protects the testes from changes in temperature. 2. These reproductive organs produce sex cells. Answer: gonads
ii. Its size also changes to maintain the right temperature. 3. These are the male gonads. Answer: testes
iii. This mechanism is to ensure that the testes will have normal production of sperm cells. 4. These cells are the male gametes. Answer: sperm cells
What is the epididymis? What is the vas deferens? 5. This is the male sex hormone produced by the testis. Answer: testosterone
a. The epididymis is a long coiled tube located on the back of each testicle. 6. This is the pouch of skin where the male gonads are found. Answer: scrotum
i. It serves as a temporary storage compartment for the sperm cells after they have been 7. This is the process of cutting or blocking the vas deferens. Answer: vasectomy
produced. 8. These are the reproductive glands responsible for the fluid part of semen. Answer:
b. Sperm cells become mature when they acquire motility or capacity to move and to fertilize. accessory glands
i. When the sperm cells become mature, they travel from the epididymis to the vas 9. This structure prevents sperm and urine from mixing. Answer: valve
deferens. 10. This is the process of removing the foreskin from the penis. Answer: circumcision
c. The vas deferens will then transport the sperm cells to the urethra.
d. The surgical process of vasectomy blocks or cuts the vas deferens. This is a type of permanent
contraception and will prevent the male that underwent the procedure from fertilizing the egg cells
of a female.
What are the accessory glands of the reproductive system?
a. The accessory glands are responsible for the discharge of the fluid components of the semen.
Recall the function of the reproductive system. What is the reproductive system? c. They also secrete hormones called estrogen and progesterone.
a. Reproduction is the process of creating new offspring for the survival of all species of living i. Estrogen is a female sex hormone.
organisms. 1. It controls and regulates the development of the female reproductive system and
b. Reproduction in humans is achieved with the help of the reproductive system. secondary sex characteristics.
c. Males and females have different reproductive systems. 2. It is also in charge of changes that a woman undergoes before and during
What are the components of the reproductive system? pregnancy.
a. Sex cells are also known as gametes. ii. Progesterone is also a sex hormone in females.
b. The male sex cells are called sperm cells, while the female sex cells are called ova (singular, ovum) 1. It is in charge of the maintenance of the woman’s uterus during pregnancy.
or egg cells. What are the fallopian tubes?
c. Gonads or gamete-producing organs are the reproductive structures that produce sex cells. a. The fallopian tubes are two tubes that extend from the uterus to the direction where the ovaries
d. The union of male and female sex cells is a process known as fertilization, and this process are attached. They are also known as the oviducts.
produces offspring. b. The eggs, after being released by the ovaries, are caught by fingerlike projections called the
What are the parts of the male reproductive system? fimbriae, which are finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes.
a. The testicles or testes (singular, testis) are the gonads of the male reproductive system. c. The eggs then travel down the fallopian tubes. In one of these tubes, the egg cell meets the sperm
b. The epididymis is a long-coiled tube located on the back of each testicle. This is where the sperm cell. Therefore, this is where fertilization takes place.
cells mature after they are produced. d. Tubal ligation is a surgical process of contraception.
c. The vas deferens transports the sperm cells to the urethra. i. It involves tying, blocking, or cutting the fallopian tubes in order to prevent pregnancy.
d. The urethra is a tube that carries urine and semen containing the sperm to the outside of the ii. This means that a female will not get pregnant even if sexual intercourse is performed.
body. What is the uterus?
e. The penis is a tubular organ that hangs in front of the male’s body. This part of the male external a. The uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ. It is also known as the female’s womb.
genitalia conveys the sperm cells into the female’s body. b. It is where the fertilized egg will develop and grow into a fetus.
f. The accessory glands are responsible for the discharge of the fluid part of the semen. c. It has an endometrium (uterine lining) that is a soft and smooth inner lining.
d. When the egg is fertilized, the endometrium thickens to prepare for the pregnancy.
What are these concepts related to the conception in humans? e. If the egg is not fertilized, a portion of the endometrium sheds and leaves the body in the form of
a. The female reproductive system functions for the production of sex cells and hormones, similar to menstrual blood in the process known as menstruation.
that of the males. What is the cervix? What is the vagina?
b. However, unlike males, the female reproductive organs are adapted for conception (bearing of a a. The cervix is a narrow structure which connects the uterus to the vagina.
child) and childbirth. i. It serves as a passageway for the sperm and menstrual flow.
c. The female body can conceive because of specialized organs made for the development of the ii. During delivery of the baby, it expands to allow the baby to pass through it.
embryo or unborn offspring. b. The vagina is a passageway where sperm cells can enter during sexual intercourse.
d. The female reproductive system is made uniquely with the purpose of childbearing and nurturing i. It is also called the birth canal where the baby is normally delivered.
of the new offspring. ii. During normal delivery, it expands to let the baby out of the vulva when giving birth.
What are the ovaries?
a. The ovaries are a pair of small almond-shaped structures that serve as the major organs of the Identification. Identify what is being described by the statements below (10 points).
female reproductive system. 1. These are the female gonads. Answer: ovaries
b. These gonads produce egg cells or ova. These gametes are also important players during sexual 2. These are the female gametes. Answer: egg cells
reproduction 3. These are the two major female sex hormones. Answer: estrogen and progesterone
4. This hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in females. f. Boys may also experience oilier skin and increased sweating that may result in the growth of
Answer: estrogen pimples or acne.
5. This is in charge of the changes in the uterus during pregnancy. Answer: progesterone i. Increased physical activities during these years lead to more sweating which can also cause
6. These are the finger-like projections that catch the egg cells. Answer: fimbriae body odor.
7. This is the process of shedding the uterus’ linings. Answer: menstruation g. Their muscles develop, shoulders broaden, and there is a noticeable increase in their height.
8. This connects the vagina to the uterus. Answer: cervix What are the changes that happen to females during puberty?
9. This refers to the inner uterine lining. Answer: endometrium a. Female reproductive organs form before birth but do not mature until puberty.
10. These are also known as the fallopian tubes. Answer: oviducts b. A girl may undergo physical changes as early as ten years old, which is a sign that her reproductive
organs are also maturing.
What is puberty? c. One unique change that happens to girls in the menarche, or first menstrual flow, which is the
a. Puberty is a stage of human growth and development where a person becomes physically mature. onset of menstruation.
i. This stage of reproductive maturity means that the person is now physically capable and i. Menstruation is the stage when the ovaries start to develop one
ready to reproduce. mature egg every month.
b. When boys and girls reach puberty, different changes in their bodies occur. d. Estrogen is responsible for the growth and development of secondary sex characteristics in
c. The pituitary gland releases hormones that jumpstart puberty. females during puberty. Progesterone is responsible for maintenance of the appropriate conditions
d. Secondary sexual characteristics or the changes that happen during puberty are due to the sex during pregnancy.
hormones from the testes and ovaries. e. During puberty, there is a noticeable growth spurt and faster weight gain.
i. In males, testosterone is the hormone responsible for these secondary sexual There are a lot of body changes that girls undergo.
characteristics. i. The first sign of puberty in girls is the development of breasts or breast buds.
ii. On the other hand, estrogen and progesterone are responsible for the changes in females. ii. These will further become bigger and develop into lactating breasts for the nourishment
What are the changes that happen to males during puberty? of the baby upon reproduction.
a. Puberty in males happens between the age of 12 and 16. iii. Hips become wider and more rounded in preparation for childbearing.
b. During puberty, males produce more testosterone. iv. Like boys, girls may also develop pimples and acne on their faces due to the increased
i. Testosterone is responsible for the development of the secondary male characteristics oiliness of the skin and sweating during this stage.
among adolescents. v. Along with this, physical activities may increase sweating which can lead to body odor.
c. At the onset of puberty, the first change that can be observed is the increase in the size of the vi. Hair also grows in the pubic area and underarms.
testicles. After the increase in the size of testicles, the penis also increases in size.
i. During puberty, testosterone also produces more sperm which makes a boy now sexually Identification. Write the correct answer on the provided space before each number (10
mature to fertilize an egg. points).
ii. During this period, boys experience wet dreams or ejaculation (release of sperm-
containing semen) while sleeping. 1. This means that the person is now physically capable and physically ready to reproduce.
d. Another notable change in males is the growth of facial hairs, as well as the growth of hair in Answer: reproductive maturity
different parts of the body. 2. This is the process that prepares a person for #1. Answer: puberty
i. Such parts include the pubic area, legs, and underarms. 3. This gland initiates #2. Answer: pituitary gland
e. Also, hearing the voice of the boys crack is normal as their voices start to deepen at this stage. 4. This is the hormone that acts during #2 for males. Answer: testosterone
i. This is due to the changes happening to the voice box (larynx) and vocal cords. Once the 5. This is the main hormone that acts during #2 for females. Answer: estrogen
larynx reaches adult size, the cracking of the voice will stop.
 6. These are characteristics that develop in males and females during #2 Answer: secondary e. If no fertilization takes place until day 28, the uterine lining will start to break
sex characteristics and shed.
7. This is ejaculation while a male is asleep. Answer: nocturnal emissions What is proper hygiene?
8. This is a female’s first menstruation. Answer: menarche a. Regular bathing will help in keeping clean and prevent the buildup of germs and unpleasant odor.
9. Rounded hips are found in this sex after #2. Answer: females i. This can also prevent disease.
10. This is the hormone that is in charge of the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy. ii. Wash the genitals gently and dry them properly.
Answer: progesterone b. Wear clean underwear and change them regularly.
c. Refraining from wearing tight-fitting clothes that can cause pain and irritation in the groin area.
What are these concepts? d. Avoid borrowing clothes.
a. The first menstrual bleeding or menarche may happen as early as 10 years old, although this e. Change sanitary pads often for girls.
varies from individual to individual. What other steps should be taken in proper reproductive care?
b. Menopause or the period when the menstrual cycle stops occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 a. Aside from observing proper hygiene, one should also be cautious at all times by observing safety.
years old. b. Wear protective gear when playing sports.
i. When a woman undergoes menopause, this means that her ovaries have stopped c. Wear brasserie for girls.
releasing egg cells and that she is now physically incapable of conception. d. Having a balanced diet will keep the body healthy, including the reproductive organs.
ii. Menopause happens over the course of several months, and a woman’s body undergoes i. Adequate nutrition is important for the development of the male and female reproductive system.
many changes as menopause occurs. ii. For females, avoid getting overweight as this may affect the regular menstruation cycle.
What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?
a. Menstruation. Menstruation is a part of the menstrual cycle and occurs when there is a discharge Identification. Identify what is being described by the statements below (10 points).
of blood from the uterus through the vagina. 1. This is a series of changes that a woman’s body goes through to prepare for pregnancy. Answer:
i. This vaginal discharge includes tissue from the endometrium, blood, and the ovum. menstrual cycle
ii. This occurs once a month. 2. This is how long #1 lasts. Answer: 28 days
iii. The first day of menstruation marks day 1 of the menstrual cycle. 3. This is when #2 does not follow the usual number of days for the cycle. Answer: irregular cycle
iv. The menstruation period happens when the uterine lining or endometrium sheds as 4. This is the first menstrual bleeding. Answer: menarche
blood. 5. This refers to the time when the menstrual cycle stops occurring. Answer: menopause
v. This is what girls experience during their monthly period, which commonly lasts for 3–5 6. This is the inner lining of the uterus. Answer: endometrium
days. 7. This refers to the shedding of #6. Answer: menstruation
b. Preparation of the ovum. After the uterine lining is shed, the preparation of the egg follows. 8. This refers to the release of eggs from the ovaries. Answer: ovulation
i. During days 6–13, the uterine lining, which has been shed, repairs itself while the egg in 9. The preparation of the ovum happens during this time. Answer: days 6–13
the ovaries matures. 10. This is the form that #6 takes when it is shed. Answer: blood
ii. The uterine lining begins to thicken to prepare for possible fertilization and pregnancy.
iii. Meanwhile, a follicle containing an immature egg begins to grow in the ovaries.
What is ovulation?
a. Ovulation. At day 14, the ovary releases a mature egg cell to the uterus.
b. The release of an egg from the ovary is called ovulation.
c. The mature egg is now ready for fertilization and moves into the fallopian tube.
d. The uterus is where the zygote is implanted.