Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

OF

THE AKAMKPA QUARRY PROJECT

AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED

NO 249, MURI OKUNOLA, VICTORIA ISLAND,
LAGOS, LAGOS STATE

JULY, 2020

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………….i
TABLE OF CONTENT ..........................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................xii
LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................................xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS................................................................. xv
EIA PREPARERS ..............................................................................................................xviii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... xix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... xx
ES 1.0 General ....................................................................................................................... xx
ES 1.2 Objectives of the EIA ................................................................................................ xx
ES1.3 Project Location ......................................................................................................... xxi
ES 2.1 Need for the Project .................................................................................................. xxi
ES 2.2 Significances of the Project ...................................................................................... xxi
ES 2.3 Project Development Options ..................................................................................xxii
ES 2.4 Project Scope ..........................................................................................................xxiii
ES 3.0 Legal and Regulatory Framework ..........................................................................xxiii
ES 4.0. Study Approach ..................................................................................................... xxiv
ES 4.1 Description of the Environment ............................................................................... xxv
ES 4.2 Air Quality ............................................................................................................... xxv
ES 4.2.1 Noise ..................................................................................................................... xxv
ES 4.3.1 Surface Water Physico Chemistry ........................................................................ xxv
ES 4.3.2 Surface Water Microbiology ............................................................................... xxvi
ES 4.4.1 Sediment Physico- Chemistry .............................................................................. xxvi
ES 4.4.2 Sediment Microbiology ......................................................................................xxvii
ES 4.5.1 Soil Physico-Chemistry ......................................................................................xxvii
ES 4.5.2 Soil Microbiology ..............................................................................................xxviii
ES 4.6.1 Geology ................................................................................................................ xxix
ES 4.6.2 Hydrogeology ...................................................................................................... xxix
ES 4.7.1 Groundwater Physico- Chemistry ........................................................................ xxix
ES 4.7.2 Groundwater Microbiology .................................................................................. xxx
ES 4.9.1 Vegetation ............................................................................................................. xxx
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ES 4.9.2 Plant Diseases ...................................................................................................... xxxi

ES 4.10.0 Wildlife .............................................................................................................. xxxi
ES 4.11.0 Socioeconomics ................................................................................................xxxii
ES 5.0. Potential and Associated Impacts .........................................................................xxxii
ES 6.0 Mitigation of Potential and Associated Impacts ...................................................xxxiii
ES 7.0 Environmental Management Plan ......................................................................... xxxiv
ES 8.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ xxxiv
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 The proponent .................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Proponent’s Intent ............................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Project Location................................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Objectives of the EIA ........................................................................................................ 2
1.5 Scope of the EIA ............................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Legislative and Regulatory Framework ............................................................................ 8
1.6.1The Federal Ministry of Environment and other Relevant Regulations.......................... 8
1.6.2FMEnv Sectorial and Procedural Guidelines for Industries (1992) ................................ 8
1.6.3 National Environmental Protection Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes
Regulation (1991) (FMEnv). ................................................................................................... 9
1.6.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) .................................... 9
1.6.5 FEPA (FMEnv) National Guidelines for Spilled Oil Fingerprinting (Act 14 of 1999) . 9
1.6.6 FEPA (FMEnv) National Guidelines on Waste Disposal through Underground
Injection (1999) ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.6.7FEPA (FMEnv) Nigeria's National Agenda 21 (1999) ................................................... 9
1.6.8 FEPA (FMEnv) National Policy on the Environment (1989) ............................. 10
1.6.9National Policy on Environment ................................................................................... 10
1.6.11International Guidelines and Convention .................................................................... 14
1.6.12Cross River State Policy on Environment ................................................................... 16
1.7 Akamkpa Quarry Limited HSE Policy ............................................................................ 17
1.8 Declaration ...................................................................................................................... 18
1.9 Structure of the Report .................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................... 20
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................................ 20
2.1 Project Scope ................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Aim of the Project ........................................................................................................... 20
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2.3 Project Objectives ............................................................................................................ 20

2.4 Significance of the Project............................................................................................... 20
2.5 Envisaged Sustainability of the Proposed Akamkpa Quarry Plant ................................. 21
2.5.1 Economic and Commercial Sustainability ................................................................... 21
2.5.2 Technical Sustainability ............................................................................................... 21
2.5.3 Environmental Sustainability ....................................................................................... 21
2.6 Project Development Options.......................................................................................... 21
2.6.1 Option 1 (Do Nothing or No Development Option) .................................................... 22
2.6.2 Option 2: (Delayed Option) .......................................................................................... 22
2.6.3 Option 3 (Implement Option) ....................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 23
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 23
3.2 Project Concept ............................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Project Activities ............................................................................................................. 24
3.3.1 Pre-Mobilization ........................................................................................................... 24
3.3.2 Mobilization and Pre-Construction Activities .............................................................. 25
3.3.3 Project Development ...................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Proposed Crushing and Power Machinery ...................................................................... 29
3.4.1 Power Plant .......................................................................................................... 29
3.5 Commissioning Plan .......................................................................................... 32
3.6 Decommissioning .............................................................................................. 33
3.7 Project Schedule .............................................................................................................. 33
3.8 Quarry Waste and Proposed Management Method ......................................................... 37
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................. 43
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................ 43
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 43
4.2 Baseline Data Acquisition Method .................................................................................. 43
4.2.1 Review of Literature ..................................................................................................... 43
4.2.2 Field Sampling/In situ Measurements .......................................................................... 43
4.2.3 Positioning .................................................................................................................... 44
4.2.4 Quality Assurance ............................................................................................... 45
4.2.5 Laboratory Analysis ............................................................................................ 45
4.2 Description of Ecological Baseline Conditions ............................................................... 45
4.3.1 Climate and Meteorology ............................................................................................. 45
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4.3.2 Air Quality ........................................................................................................... 46

4.3.3 Noise levels .................................................................................................................. 48
4.4. Surface Water ................................................................................................................. 49
4.4.1 Surface Water Physico-Chemistry ............................................................................... 49
4.4.2 Surface water Microbiology ......................................................................................... 52
4. 5 Sediment Studies ............................................................................................................ 53
4.5.1 Sediment Physico-Chemistry ....................................................................................... 53
4.5.2 Sediment Microbiology ................................................................................................ 57
4.6 Soils 57
4.6.1 Soil Physicochemical Quality....................................................................................... 57
4.7 Geology and Hydrogeology ............................................................................................ 68
4.7.1 Regional Geology/Stratigraphy .................................................................................... 68
4.7.2 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................................... 70
4.8 Ground Water Quality ..................................................................................................... 72
4.8.1 Groundwater Physico- Chemistry ................................................................................ 72
4.8.2 Groundwater Microbiology .......................................................................................... 75
4.10 Vegetation...................................................................................................................... 76
4.10.1 Plant Health Status ..................................................................................................... 83
4.10.2 Biomass of the Herb Stratum ..................................................................................... 83
4.10.3 Wildlife and Endangered Species ............................................................................... 85
4.10.4 Diversity and Distribution of Wild Life ..................................................................... 85
4.10.5 Economic Significance of Wildlife ............................................................................ 86
4.11 Socio-Economic Setting of Cross River State ............................................................... 90
4.11.1 Socio-Economic Status ............................................................................................... 90
4.11.2 Ethnic Composition .................................................................................................... 91
4.11.3 Demographic Structure ............................................................................................... 91
4.11.4 The People .................................................................................................................. 92
4.11.5 Occupation .................................................................................................................. 92
4.11.6 Religion ...................................................................................................................... 94
4.11.7 Educational Facilities ................................................................................................. 94
4.11.8 Health Facilities .......................................................................................................... 95
4.11.9 Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................ 95
4.11.10 Ethical Culture .......................................................................................................... 96
4.11.11 Tourism..................................................................................................................... 96
4.11.12 Festivals .................................................................................................................... 97
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4.11.13 Social Organisation and Traditional Governance – Power and Hierarchy Structure
98
4.11.14 Political Significance ................................................................................................ 99
4.11.15 Infrastructure and Utilities ...................................................................................... 100
4.11.16 Water Supply .......................................................................................................... 100
4.11.17 Sanitation ................................................................................................................ 100
4.11.18 Road Network ......................................................................................................... 101
4.11.20 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents ................................................... 101
4.11.21 Sex of Respondents ................................................................................................ 101
4.11.22 Age of Respondents ................................................................................................ 101
4.11.23 Marital Status of Respondents ................................................................................ 102
4.11.24 Educational Background of Respondents ............................................................... 103
4.11.25 Religion of Respondents......................................................................................... 103
4.11.26. Employment Status of Respondents ...................................................................... 104
4.11.27 Monthly Income of Respondents ............................................................................ 104
4.11.28 Residential Status of Respondents; ........................................................................ 105
4.11.29 Roofing Type .......................................................................................................... 105
4.11.30 Floor Type .............................................................................................................. 106
4.11.31 Toilet Facility ......................................................................................................... 106
4.11.32 Tenure of Housing .................................................................................................. 107
4.11.33 Lighting Source of Respondents ............................................................................ 107
4.11.34 Energy Source (Cooking) of Respondents ............................................................. 108
4.11.35 Source of Portable Water ........................................................................................ 108
4.11.36 Waste Disposal Method of Respondents ................................................................ 109
4.11.37 Health Status of Respondents ................................................................................. 109
4.11.38 Source of Treatment for Sickness........................................................................... 110
4.11.39 Frequency in Accessing Clinic/Hospital ................................................................ 110
4.11.40 Type of Ailment/ Disease Experienced in the Last 6 Months ................................ 111
4.11.41 Health Risk Living Near a Stone Quarry Site ........................................................ 111
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................. 114
POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED IMPACT ASSESSMENT ......................................... 114
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 114
5.2 Impact identification and Evaluation ............................................................................. 114
5.2.1 Impact Identification ......................................................................................... 117
5.2.2 Impact Characterisation ..................................................................................... 117
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5.2.3 Impact Evaluation .............................................................................................. 118

5.2.4 Overall Significance Ranking ..................................................................................... 125
5.3. Beneficial Impact.......................................................................................................... 126
5.4 Result of Impact Assessment ......................................................................................... 131
5.5 Summary of Impact Significance Ranking.................................................................... 140
CHAPTER SIX 143
IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................................................... 143
6.1 General ............................................................................................................. 143
6.2. Ranking after Mitigation .............................................................................................. 150
CHAPTER SEVEN ............................................................................................................. 151
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................. 151
7.1 General 151
7.1.1 EMP Objectives .......................................................................................................... 151
7.1.2 Scope of the EMP .............................................................................................. 152
7.2 Resourcing and Responsibilities.................................................................................... 153
7.3 EMP Guidelines............................................................................................................. 154
7.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme ........................................................................ 189
7.6 Guideline for Consultation ............................................................................................ 191
7.7 Guideline for Waste Management ................................................................................. 192
7.7.1 Waste Handling Guidelines ........................................................................................ 193
7.7.2 Waste Minimisation Guidelines ................................................................................. 193
7.7.3 Waste Segregation Guidelines .................................................................................... 193
7.7.4 Waste Disposal Guidelines ......................................................................................... 194
7.7.5 Operational Wastes and Disposal Methods ....................................................... 194
7.8 Noise Minimisation Guidelines ....................................................................... 196
7.9 Transport Operations ..................................................................................................... 196
7.10 Prevention of Workplace Accidents/Incidents ............................................................ 196
7.11 Plan for Training and Awareness ..................................................................... 197
7.12 Communication Plan ..................................................................................... 197
7.13 Emergency Response / Contingency Plan ...................................................... 198
7.14 Environmental Audit and Review ........................................................................... 198
7.15 Decommissioning Plan ................................................................................. 199
CHAPTER EIGHT .............................................................................................................. 200
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 200
REFERENCES 201
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LIST OF TABLES
3.1 Rock Texture ............................................................................................................... 23
3.2 Proposed Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 29
3.3 Equipment Selection .................................................................................................... 29
3.4 Project Schedule .......................................................................................................... 33
3.5 Waste Types, Management & Quantities – Pre-Operational Stage ............................ 37
3.6 Waste Types, Management & Quantities – Operational Stage ................................... 39
4.3.1 Climate Characteristic ................................................................................................ 46
4.3.2 Air Quality ................................................................................................................. 47
4.3.3 World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Maximum Exposure to Major
pollutants and possible effects if limits are exceeded. .............................................. 48
4.3.5 Noise Level Measured During the Rainy and Dry Season ........................................ 49
4.4.1 Physicochemical Quality of the Surface Water ......................................................... 51
4.4.2 Metal Content of the Surface Water .......................................................................... 51
4.4.3 Organic Content of the Surface Water ...................................................................... 52
4.4.4 Microbiological Quality of Surface Water ................................................................ 53
4.5.1 Physicochemical Quality of the Sediments ............................................................... 55
4.5.2 Heavy Metal Content of the Sediments ..................................................................... 55
4.5.3 Organic Content of the Sediments ............................................................................. 56
4.5.4 Microbial Population of the Sediments ..................................................................... 57
4.6.1 Physicochemical Quality of the Soil ......................................................................... 60
4.6.2 Metal Content of the Soil .......................................................................................... 62
4.6.3 Organic Content of the Soil ....................................................................................... 65
4.6.4 Microbiological Quality of the Soil .......................................................................... 66
4.7.1 Stratigraphic sequence of the Niger Delta Basin with aquifer prospectively ........... 71
4.8.1 Physico-Chemical Properties of Ground Water (Borehole Samples) ...................... 74
4.8.2 Metal Results of the Ground Water (Borehole Samples) ......................................... 74
4.8.3 Summary of the Organics Results of the Ground Water (Borehole Samples) ......... 75
4.8.4 Microbiological Quality of Ground Water (Borehole Samples) ............................. 75
4.10.1 List of vegetation species identified in Eastern region including Akamkpa LGA .. 82
4.10.2 The Mammals in the Project Area. ........................................................................... 87
4.10.3 Birds in the Project Area ......................................................................................... 87
4.11.1 Population of Cross River State .............................................................................. 91
4.11.2 Age Distribution of Residents; ................................................................................ 92
4.11.3 Raw Materials Distribution in Cross River State ................................................... 92
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4.11.4 Sex of Respondents .............................................................................................. 101

4.11.5 Age of Respondents .............................................................................................. 102
4.11.6 Marital Status of Respondents .............................................................................. 102
4.11.7 Educational Background of Respondents ............................................................. 103
4.11.8 Religion of Respondents....................................................................................... 103
4.11.9 Employment Status of Respondents ..................................................................... 104
4.11.10 Monthly Income of Respondents......................................................................... 104
4.11.11 Residential Status of Respondents - Mud ............................................................ 105
4.11.12 Residential Status of Respondents - Roofing ...................................................... 105
4.11.13 Residential Status of Respondents - Floor............................................................ 106
4.11.14 Residential Status of Respondents - Toilet .......................................................... 106
4.11.15 Tenure of Housing ................................................................................................ 107
4.11.16 Lighting Source of Respondents ......................................................................... 107
4.11.17 Energy Source of Respondent ............................................................................. 108
4.11. 18 Sources of Portable Water ................................................................................... 108
4.11.19 Waste Disposal Method of Respondents .............................................................. 109
4.11.20 Health Status of Respondents ............................................................................... 109
4.11.21 Source of Treatment for Sickness......................................................................... 110
4.11.22 Frequency in Accessing Clinic/Hospital .............................................................. 110
4.11.23 Type of Ailment/ Disease Experienced In the Last 6 Months.............................. 111
4.11.24 Health Risk Living Near a Stone Quarry Site ...................................................... 112
4.11.25 Assessment of Ailment/Disease Caused by Staying Close to Stone Quarry........ 112
5.1 The Weighting Scale used was as Follows: .......................................................... 119
5.2 Consequence Criterion ......................................................................................... 119
5.3 Risk Rating ........................................................................................................... 120
5.4 Magnitude Criterion ............................................................................................. 122
5.5 Importance Criterion ............................................................................................ 123
5.6 Public Perception / Interest Criterion ................................................................... 124
5.7 Phases of Project Development Activities and Source of Impact ........................ 125
5.8 Associated and Potential Impacts of the Project .................................................. 127
5.9 Potential and Associated Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project ............... 132
5.10 Summary of Impact Significance Ranking.......................................................... 140
6.1 Proposed Mitigation Measure for Significant Impacts ........................................ 144
7.1 Environmental Management Plan for the Quarry Plant ...................................... 155
7.2 Environmental Monitoring Programme ................................................................... 190
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7.3 Consultation Programme .......................................................................................... 192

7.3 Waste Management Guideline for Rock Quarrying and Processing Project ........... 195

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LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Political Map of Nigeria Showing Cross Rivers State ................................................... 4
1.2 Map of Cross Rivers State with Arrow Pointing to Akampa LGA the Project Location
……………………………………………………………………………...5
1.4 Location Map of Quarry Site II ...................................................................................... 7
3.1 Drilling Machine .......................................................................................................... 30
3.2 Excavator……………… .............................................................................................. 30
3.3 Wheel Loader ............................................................................................................... 31
3.4 Bulldozer……….. ........................................................................................................ 31
3.5 Dump Truck.................................................................................................................. 32
4.2.1 Sample Location Map of the Study Area, in Obung Cross River State ...................... 44
4.7.1 Generalized lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta ............................................................. 69
4.7.2 Stratigraphic column showing formations of the Niger Delta. Modified from Doust
and Omatsola (1990)………………………………………………………………...70
5.1a Stage 1 Process of Identifying / Evaluating Environmental Aspects ....................... 115
5.1b Stage 2 Process of Identifying/Characterising Environmental Impacts ................... 116
5.1c Stage 3 Impact Evaluation, Mitigation and Management ....................................... 116
5.2 Matrix used for assessing Risks posed by impacts .................................................. 121
7.1 EMP Implementation Organogram ......................................................................... 153

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LIST OF PLATES
4.6.1 Collecting Core Soil Samples with a Soil Auger at Study Area .......................... 67
4.10.1 Cross section of vegetation within study area ...................................................... 77
4.10.2 Vegetation within the Study Area ......................................................................... 78
4.10.3 Consultant Sampling Vegetation within the Study Area .................................... 80
4.10.4 Assistant Sampling Vegetation within Study Area.............................................. 81
4.10.5 Consultant and Assistant Sampling Vegetation within Study Area ................. 82
4.10.11 Vegetation of Study Area ...................................................................................... 90
4.10.12 Consultation with More Stakeholders at the Palace ........................................ 112
4.10.13 Consultation with Community Residents .......................................................... 112

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LIST OF APPENDICES

1.0 Detailed Approved TOR…………………………………………………………203

2.0 Sampling Co-ordinates…………………………………………………………..224
3.0 Health and Social Economic Assessment Questionnaire ……………….............240

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

A.C. I American Concrete Institute

AISC American Institute of Steel Construction
ALARP As Low As Reasonably Possible
A.S.T.M American society for testing and material
APHA American Public Health Association
ARV Anti-retroviral drugs
AQL Akamkpa Quarry Limited
BAT Best Available
Technology BOD Biochemical Oxygen
Demand cfu/g Colony forming unit per
gram cfu/ml Colony forming unit per
millitre cm Centimeter
C Carbon
Ca Calcium
CDC Community Development Committee
CEC Cation Exchange Capacity
Cl- Chloride
Cu Copper
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CRMoW Cross River Ministry of Works
Db Decibel
E East
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Agency in USA
FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency
FRSC Federal Road Safety Corps

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FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment

GC Gas Chromatograph
GPS Global Positioning System
Ha Hectare
HAZOP Hazard and Operability
HEMP Hazards and effects Management Process
HNO3 Trioxonitrate (V) acid
HP High Pressure
HSE Health, Safety and Environment
HUB Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria
HUF Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi
H2SO4 Tetraoxosulpate (VI) acid
Km Kilometers
Max Maximum
Min. Minimum
m Metres
mg/kg milligram per
kilogram mg/l milligram per litre
ml millilitre
mm millimeter
ms-1 metres per second
N North
NE North East
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
NMT Non-Motorise Transport
NOx Nitrogen Oxides North West
OC Degree Celsius
PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PC Personal Computer
PU Per Unit

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Ph Hydrogen ion Concentration

PGM PGM Nigeria Limited
ppm Parts per Million
ppt Parts Per Thousand
QC/QA Quality Control /Quality Assurance
RE Resident Engineer
ROW Right of Way
S South
SE South East
Spp. Species
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
SSW South West
STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections
SW South West
TFC Total Fungal Count
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
THB Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count
THC Total Hydrocarbon Content
TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
TSS Total Suspended Solids
VOC Volatile Organic Carbon
W West
WHO World Health Organization
% Percentage
< Less than

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EIA PREPARERS

Geospectra Engineering Service & Consultant Ltd.

1. Prof. Lucky Odokuma Team Leader/Microbiology
2. Prof. Olarewaji S. Bello Vegetation/wildlife & Biodiversity.
3. Dr.Benny Oweh Geology/Hydrogeology
4. Dr. Akaniyene Inyang Social Impact Assessment (SIA)/
Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
5. Mr. Nwamadi Patrick Soil/Sediment
6. Mr. Omobude Martin Climate/Air quality
7. Mr. Jessie Bright Water Sampling
8. Mr. Ndubisi GIS and Mapping
9. Dr. Gentle Ikomi Hydrobiology/Fisheries

Akamkpa Quarry Limited (AQL)

1. Mbaegu Henry Project Team Lead
2. Sanusi Sikiru

Regulators
1. Alegbole Foluso FMENV

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Akamkpa Quarry Limited appreciates the invaluable contributions of the Federal Ministry of
Environment, the Cross Rivers State Ministry of Environment and our, Consultants Geospectra
Engineering Services & Consultant Ltd in the preparation of this report for the EIA of the proposed
Akamkpa Quarry Project.

We also wish to acknowledge the diverse contributions of the project engineers, and everyone
(numerous public officers and professionals) who have contributed in one way or the other in
conducting this EIA exercise.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ES 1.0 General
This report presents the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the Akamkpa Quarry Plant
proposed by Akamkpa Quarry Limited. The proposed Akamkpa quarry project comprises of two site
Quarry I and II that are two kilometres apart land with land take of 80 and 40 hectares respectively,
located in Obung Community of Akamkpa Local Government area of Cross Rivers State. The EIA of
the proposed project was conducted in accordance with the statutory requirements for environmental
management in Nigeria. These include the EIA Act No. 86 of 1992, the Federal Ministry of
Environment (FMEnv) Procedural Guidelines for Industries. The Health, Safety and Environment
(HSE) Policy of the Akamkpa Quarry Limited also form the basis for the EIA. The main objective of
this project is to extract mineral materials and these will be done by drilling and blasting of the body
of rocks into smaller units of specific sizes. These units are then loaded /conveyed to another location
for crushing. This activity will be followed by transportation of the crushed materials to the project
site.

ES 1.2 Objectives of the EIA

The objectives of the EIA for the proposed project are to:
 Provide information on the current ecology (ambient air quality, soil, fauna, flora,
microorganisms, biological diversity, surface water, groundwater, geology, hydrogeology) of
the environment within which the Quarry industry is to be located.
 Determine the impacts of the project on the environment including impact on socio-economic
and socio-cultural activities of the community.
 Examine the health situation of the human population around the project site
 Examine and assess the significant potential and associated impacts of all activities and
auxilliary facilities in all phases of the project(mobilisation, site preparation, construction,
operation, abandonment) on the natural, social and health environments.
 Provide recommendations for the mitigation of identified adverse impacts and enhance
beneficial impacts of the project.

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 Develop an Environmental Management Plan for the implementation of the mitigation

measures and an Environmental Monitoring Plan for monitoring the efficiency of the
mitigation measures.

ES1.3 Project Location

The proposed Akamkpa Quarry project comprises of two site Quarry I and II located in Obung
Community of Akamkpa Local Government area of Cross Rivers State. The geographical coordinates
of Quarry I are 5°20"30’’N and 8°24’00"E, while that of Quarry II are 5°20"45’’N and 8°24’45"E
(Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The land take are 80 and 40 hectares respectively for Quarry I and II.

ES 2.1 Need for the Project

Akamkpa Quarry Limited intention is to participate efficiently in the conversion of rocks into usable
material by the society, by converting these heavy rocks into usable materials like sand, gravel, granite
and other product which would be used for construction and erecting of structures. This will in turn
help in converting our natural resources into something that can be useful to man.

ES 2.2 Significances of the Project

On operation, the benefits of the Incinerator are numerous and cannot be over-emphasized. Some of
the benefits of the project include:
 Conversion of natural resources into material usable by man.
 Production of sand, stones, gravel, granites and other related products.
 Provision of employment opportunities for many skilled and unskilled Nigerians, especially
those from the host communities.
 Enhancement of the provision of basic social amenities to the host communities.
 Poverty alleviation through increased derivation fund to local and state governments.
 Promotion of good relationship between Akamkpa Quarry Limited and the host community
through increased socio-economic assistance.

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ES 2.3 Project Development Options

During the Project planning phase which was a major component of the EIA process three project
development options were considered

Option 1 (Do Nothing or No Development Option)

This amounts to cancellation of the construction of the proposed quarry project. In this case no impact
associated with the project will occur. The disadvantages of adoption this option include;
 The rock deposits will not be mined and thus its economic value cannot be assessed and
utilized profitably

 Loss of revenue paid to the Government to obtain the mining license lease and other logistic
expenses

 The risk of forfeiting the right over the mine fields after the stipulated years of non-
development

 Loss of revenue to the Local, State and Federal Government and the host community

 Loss of job opportunities that the project execution would have afforded some indigenous
inhabitants of Akamkpa

 Loss of commercial and economic benefits to Akamkpa Local Government Area

This option was rejected

Option2: Delayed Option

This means the manifest and associated benefits of the project will be delayed, so this option was
also rejected.

Option 3
This option involves going ahead to implement the project. This will make the Government and
Akamkpa Quarry Limited (AQL) achieve their goal of harnessing the rock deposits thus contributing
to the national economy and the revenue profile of the company. The option would also be beneficial
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to members of the project host community, Cross Rivers State and Nigeria in general. This was the
reccommended option in view of its importance in providing rock aggregates for different aspects of
construction and building industry in the Nigerian economy. This option was accepted.

ES 2.4 Project Scope

The scope for the proposed Quarry Plant include;
 Extraction of rock from the earth through the application of explosives.
 Breaking or disintegrated rock fragments
 Conveying of materials by the dump truck to the crushing machine
 Screening and dropping of standard graded sizes that are the end products of the processing
stage

ES 3.0 Legal and Regulatory Framework

The EIA of the proposed project was conducted in accordance with the National, international, Cross
Rivers State legal and Regulatory framework for environmental management and Akampa Quarry
Limited, HSE Policy. These include the EIA Act No. 86 of (1992), the Federal Ministry of
Environment (FMEnv). Other regulatory requirements include The National Effluent Limitation
Regulation, S.I.8 of (1991), Pollution Abatement in Industries, Industries Generating Wastes
Regulation, (1991, (No. 42, Vol. 78, August, (1991), The management of hazardous and solid waste
regulation, S.I.15 of (1991) (No. 102, Vol. 78, August, (1991), Environmental Impact Assessment Act
Act No. 86 of 1992, The Land Use Act of 1978, Federal Land Use Act(CAP 202LFN) (2004) The
Nigerian Criminal Code Act (Chapter 77) laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990, National Effluent
Limitation Regulation, FEPA/FMEnv, S.1..8 (1991), National Pollution Abatement in Industries and
Facilities Generating Wastes Regulation, FEPA/FMEnv S.1.9(1991), National Environmental
Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Waste) Regulation, FEPA/FMEnv S.1.15(1991),
National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act (2007),
Ministry of Mines and Steel Policies on Environmental Mining and Minerals Act 2011, The Labour
Act (1990), The Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act (1992), Public Health Law – CAP 103 of
the Laws of Eastern Nigeria (1963), Cross Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency Law, Cross
Rivers State Private Health and Allied Establishments Authority Law, Cross Rivers State Public
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Health Law, Cross Rivers State Public Health Law, Cross Rivers State Noise Pollution Control Law.
World Bank Guidelines on Environmental Assessment {EA} (1991), Paris (France) Good Practice for
Environmental Impact Assessment of development Projects 1991, World Heritage Convention 1978,
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1975, Vienna
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985, Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone
layer (1987), United Nations Guiding Principles on the Human Environment (1972), Rio Declaration
on Environment and Development 1992, UN Convention on Biological Diversity (1994), Convention
Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites (or World Heritage
Convention)1972, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), Endangered
Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act 11 of (1985), African Convention on the
Conservation of nature and Natural Resources 1968, Jakarta Mandate on Biodiversity1995, Basel
Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
1989, Montreal, Canada- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Convention on Biological Diversity 2000,
Paris (France) UNESCO Convention (1972), Stockholm (Sweden) Declaration on Human
Environment 1972, Bonn Convention on Conservation of Endangered Species 1979, Bern,
Switzerland Convention of Protection of Workers against Occupational Hazards 1979, International
labour Organisation(ILO) Convention on Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent Countries
(1989), Protocol on Cooperation in Combating Pollution 1981, The Solid Waste Management Act of
(1976),

ES 4.0. Study Approach

The fieldwork, which was witnessed by representative of the FMEnv took place on 5 th July, 2019
during the wet season. A one season sampling was approved by the Federal Ministry of Environment
(FMEnv). Sampling covered the proposed Quarry Plant Facility site and the adjoining areas, so as to
have comprehensive data of the environmental characteristics of the area. The environmental
components sampled include soil, sediment, biodiversity, ground water, air, noise and meteorology.
Socioeconomic and Health Impact study was conducted around the proposed facility area. On the
whole, sampling was accomplished in 12 soil sampling points, 2 ground water sampling points with
1 control, 2 surface water sampling points with one control, 2 sediment sampling points with 1 control

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and 12 air quality, meteorology/noise sampling points with 1 control. The samples were preserved
prior to physical, chemical and biological characteristics analyses. The sampling points and their
geographic co-ordinates as well as the sampling procedures/methodology and equipment are presented
in the appendix

ES 4.1 Description of the Environment

ES 4.2 Air Quality
All the air quality indices studied were within regulatory limits. The concentrations of NO2 ranged
between 0.010-0.094ppm with a mean of 0.04ppm. The concentrations of SO2 ranged between 0.01–
0.04 ppm mean of 0. 01ppm.Volatile organic carbon (VOC) ranged between 1.06-5 ppm with a mean
of 2.33 ppm. Carbon dioxide ranged between 515 - 721 ppm with a mean of 591.18ppm. Carbon
monoxide. was not detected in all the sampling points monitored. The mean concentrations of
suspended particulate matter (SPM) measured in all the sampling points ranged between 19.0 – 24.6
µg/m3 with a mean of 20.64µg/m3

ES 4.2.1 Noise
In all the sampling points, noise levels measured were below the tolerable limit or noise level zone
that could cause annoyance and they were within the values of 90dBA stipulated by the FMEnv and
WHO.

ES 4.3.1 Surface Water Physico Chemistry

The pH of the surface water samples ranged from moderately acidic to slightly acidic. The pH ranged
from 5.62 – 6.10 with a mean of 5.62. The pH of the control station was slightly acidic (6.63). The
values for total dissolved solid (TDS) ranged from 12.0 – 190 mg/l and the mean TDS, 15.5mg/L. The
TDS for the control station was 73.0 mg/l.

The salinity of the surface water was low (0.01ppt) indicating a freshwater aquatic system. The salinity
of the control station was 0.01ppt. Electrical Conductivity of the study area ranged from 19.0 –
30.0µS/cm while that of the control station was 121. 0 µS/cm. The control station had a higher ionic
concentration than the study area.

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The calcium (0.412-10.6mg/l) and Mg (0.157 - 2.58mg/l) concentrations in the study area were lower
than in the control stations. The concentrations of zinc and copper in the surface water were low and
similar to that of the control station. The concentration of Iron was low and ranged from 1.61 –
2.01mg/l. This was similar to that of the control which was1.42mg/l. High concentrations of Total
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (315-700mg/l) and the absence of oil and grease (<0.01mg/l) in the study
area were observed. Higher concentrations of TPH were observed in the control stations (1,217mg/l)
than in the study area suggesting hydrocarbon contamination in the study area and pollution in the
control station. The sources of hydrocarbons in the surface water may result from in- puts from
watercrafts such as flying boats or deliberate discharge of hydrocarbons.

ES 4.3.2 Surface Water Microbiology

The microbial populations were normal for freshwater aquatic systems. The heterotrophic bacterial
populations represented the highest microbial group of organisms in the water samples. The
percentage hydrocarbon utilising bacterial and fungal populations were low suggesting low levels of
exposure of resident microbial populations to hydrocarbons. This was at variance with TPH levels
observed in the surface water. These results suggest that the hydrocarbon contamination/pollution may
be temporal and may result from inputs from the watercraft used for sampling or the infrequent
discharge of hydrocarbon containing materials into the aquatic system hence low percentage HUB
and HUF of water samples in both control and study area. The study samples supported higher
microbial counts compared to the control samples indicating that microorganisms at the study stations
were exposed to more nutrients in these areas than the control station.

ES 4.4.1 Sediment Physico- Chemistry

The sediment within the study stations was slightly acidic with a pH, ranging from 6.14 – 7.31 and a
mean value of 6.42. The pH of the control station was neutral (7.31). The concentration of Na was
lower in the study stations when compared with the control station. The concentrations of other
exchangeable cations in the study station were similar with that of the control. These results suggest

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that the control station showed tidal influences due to closer location to the ocean. The sulphate
concentrations of the control station were higher than that of the study stations. Phosphate and nitrate
concentrations of the study area were similar to that of the control stations The copper, chromium and
lead values of the sediments was less than the equipment detection limit except for one sediment which
had lead values of 1.79mg/kg. The concentrations of Fe and Pb were higher in the study stations than
in the control station while Zn recorded higher concentration in the control than in the study stations.
The values of other heavy metals were similar for both control and study stations. The total petroleum
hydrocarbons in the sediment in the study area were slightly high compared with the control station.
The values ranged from 314 - 351mg/kg with a mean value of 489.5 mg/kg, while the oil and grease
values for the sediment in both the study area and control was <0.01mg/kg.

ES 4.4.2 Sediment Microbiology

The heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations in the study station were similar to that of the
control station. The percentage (%) hydrocarbon utilising bacterial and fungal populations of both the
study area and the control station were high and suggestive of exposure of resident microbial
populations to hydrocarbons. These results support the high TPH concentrations obtained in the
sediment. The fungal populations were very low suggesting unsuitable environmental conditions for
the growth of fungi in both study area and control.

ES 4.5.1 Soil Physico-Chemistry

The soils of the study area varied from moderately acidic to slightly acidic with a mean pH for top
soil (0-15cm) of 6.24 and 6.25 for subsoil (15-30cm). The soil pH in this area was good for agriculture
activity
There was no difference between the temperature of the top soil (24 oC) and that of the bottom soil
(24oC). Nitrogen is one of the essential elements necessary for plant growth, especially vigour and is
listed among the fertilizer key elements in soils of Nigeria. In the study area mean values 213mg/kg
and 137.6mg/kg were recorded in the top and bottom soils of the study area. There was decrease in
total Nitrogen with depth.
Total phosphorus was very low in both soils and far below the critical limit of 15 mg/kg especially in
the study area; mean values recorded were 0.672 mg/kg in top soil and 0.673 for bottom soil in the
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study area. Mean chloride concentrations of 43.6.0 and 43.3 mg/kg were recorded in the top and sub
soil of the study area. The chloride level in the soil was suitable for plant growth.

Magnesium values ranged from 264mg/kg to 2016 mg/kg. The exchangeable bases decreased slightly
with increasing depth in both the study area. The relatively higher levels of iron, magnesium and
Calcium are not necessarily due to pollution, but rather as a result of the genesis of soil formation.
High concentrations of Fe were recorded in both top and sub soils of the study area. Spatial variations
were observed in some locations. In some stations there was an increase in concentration of Fe with
depth while in some others there was a decrease.in concentration. The spatial variation is probably
due to differences in moisture content, clay content, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content
and pH of the different sites. The concentrations of the micronutrients/heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd,
Mn, V and Ni) were within the permissible limits in the soil. The soils were free from heavy metals
contamination. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) of the soil in the study area was high (107 to 398
mg/kg). In some locations top soil concentrations were higher than subsoil concentrations in some
locations the converse was the case. The study revealed that the soils had been contaminated with
hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin. Oil and grease contents were very high (289 to 632 mg/kg).

ES 4.5.2 Soil Microbiology

The Total Heterotrophic Bacterial population presented the microbial group with the highest
population when compared with fungi. The vertical variation with depth of the microbial population
was not evident. The Total Heterotrophic Bacterial population was low compared to soils within the
Niger delta. The microbial population showed levels of stress probably due to high levels of
hydrocarbons within the soil. Soil TPH levels were high indicating hydrocarbon
contamination/pollution of the soils within the study area. The % HUB (1.0 to 71.4%) was high
suggesting long term exposure of resident heterotrophic bacterial populations to hydrocarbons of
mineral oil origin.

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ES 4.6.1 Geology
The study area is underlain by sedimentary formations of Late Tertiary and Holocene ages. Deposits
of recent alluvium and beach ridge sands occur along the coast and the estuaries of the rivers, and also
along the flood plains of creeks. The area is characterized by fresh water, beach ridge sands and
mangrove swamps. Erosion was noticed at some areas within the study area. This is attributable to
loose soil and lack of vegetation cover in those areas. There are three major lithostratigraphic units
defined in the subsurface of the Niger Delta Basin. The Benin Formation (Oligocene-Recent), the
Agbada Formation (Eocene-Recent) and the Akata Formation (Paleocene-Pleistocene). The
sedimentary thickness within the basin is in excess of 8000m (24000ft). These units are overlain in
most parts of the delta by Quaternary deposits comprising four (4) geomorphologic units. These are
(a)The Deltaic Plain Belt (b)The Freshwater Swamps and Meander Belts(c)The Saltwater Mangrove
Swamp Belt (d) Coastal Islands and Beach Ridges.

ES 4.6.2 Hydrogeology
The study area is characterized by freshwater mangrove swamp. Fresh water aquifers within the deltaic
terrain are much deeper, usually in excess of the estimated total thickness of the alluvial deposits. The
likelihood of saline intrusion to near surface aquifers is a function of the distance of the site to the
shoreline but more especially, in addition, areas affected by tidal influence between the direct contacts
relationships of the near-surface aquifers to surface flows. This poses a saline pollution effect on this
group of aquifer systems and is the case with the aquifers near the sea in the study area.

ES 4.7.1 Groundwater Physico- Chemistry

The ground water samples were acidic in nature. The pH values of the samples ranged from 3.61 –
3.99 with a mean of 3.73. The pH exceeded WHO limits for domestic water acceptability. The values
for total dissolved solid (TDS) was 54.0 – 241.0 mg/l and the mean TDS, 123.0mg/L. These values
were within international regulatory limits (500mg/l) for domestic water acceptability. Salinity values
ranged from 0.04 - 0.18ppt with a mean value of 0.09ppt. The salinity values exceeded regulatory
limits (0.02ppt) for domestic water acceptability. Electrical Conductivity ranged from 84.0 –
371.0µS/cm with a mean of 188.0µS/cm. These values were within regulatory limits (250 µS/cm) for
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domestic water acceptability. Concentrations of calcium (0.992 - 9.00mg/l) and Mg (0.750 – 4.78mg/l)
were within regulatory requirement for domestic water acceptability. The concentrations of zinc, Iron
and copper in the ground water were generally low, having concentrations below FMEnv limits for
surface waters. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn Fe and Cu were all within regulatory limits for domestic
water acceptability

ES 4.7.2 Groundwater Microbiology

The results showed that all microbial indices (Total Heterotrophic Bacteria, Total Fungi, Hydrocarbon
Utilizing Bacteria and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi did not meet regulatory requirements for domestic
water acceptability

ES 4.8 Land use

The proposed Quarry Plant will be sighted in a rural settlement with some existing industrial activities
most quarry, within the community and hence most of the lands are left as secondary re-growth
vegetation and hence farming is popular around the proposed Quarry Plant area.

ES 4.9.1 Vegetation
There are distinct classes of vegetation prevalent in the study area. These are strand vegetation, and
freshwater/rainforests.
The study area lies within the lowland rain forest zone. Over a total of thirty-one (31) well known
species were identified in South South Nigeria. However, more species have been recorded in
previous studies in the South east region within the lowland rain forest and also in the secondary
forest/bush fallow. The commonest plants within the upland rain forest include trees such as
Anthocleista vogelii, Alstonia boonei, Elaeis guineensis, Chrysophyllum albidum, Funtumia elastica,
Musanga cercropioides, Baphia sp, Bambusa sp, Psydrax subcordata, and Albizia sp. Epiphytes
found within the forest include; Diaplazium samattii and Asplenium africana. The dominant plant
species encountered in the oil palm and rubber plantations were; Elaeis guineensis, Hevea brasiliensis,
Selaginella sp, Dryopteris sp Hypoestes cancellata, Tecca sp and Lophira procera.

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A variety of plants were found within the secondary forest/bush fallow areas, the commonest ones
being Elaeis guineensis, Alchornea cordiflia, Anthocleista vogelii, Chromolaena odorata,
Manniophyton fulvum, Harungana madagascariensis, Ficus exasperata, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Trema
orientalis, Aspilia africana and Selaginella sp (Table xxxxx). Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis)
occurred in old plantations within this vegetation zone untended but were still being tapped. The
vegetation within this secondary forest/bush fallow habitat is at various stages of development. The
system of farming is land rotation in this zone with multiple cropping systems. Fast growing, light
demanding species were characteristic of the fallow areas. Examples of plants characteristic of this
vegetation type include Musanga cercropioides, Ficus spp. Spondias mombin, Chromolaena odorata,
Rauvolfia vomitoria, Baphia nitida, Harungana madagascariensis, Cnestis ferruginnea, and Bambusa
vulgaris.

Generally, because most of the selected power plant sites are built up, in some cases, completely
paved, vegetation in the immediate vicinity of power plants are mostly scrubs, grasses and food crops
in some cases. Usually, these food crops are planted on a subsistence basis in any available portion
of land close by. However, in some cases, secondary rain forests occur close to or a little further away
from the power plants.

ES 4.9.2 Plant Diseases

The growth of the vegetation in the study area is generally luxuriant and shows no sign of major
pathological disorders. The leaf spot disease was observed as the main disease affecting some plants
in the area.

ES 4.10.0 Wildlife
The project area contains a rich diversity of wildlife. Although vegetation type affects the distribution
of wildlife, such that aquatic species occur at the coastline and close to riverbanks, while woodland
species occur in farmlands, secondary forests, etc., the results presented here cover the entire project

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area. Wildlife species identified in the include taxa are amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Similarly, groups of animals identified include small arthropods like crabs and insects

ES 4.11.0 Socioeconomics
The proposed Quarry is located in Obung community in Akamkpa Local Government Area, Cross
River State. The Obung community speak Ejagham language. Christianity and traditional religion are
the main religion. The major occupation are farming, lumbering, fishing and petty trading. The
literacy level is average. Unemployment level is high in the area. The average monthly income in the
area is N41, 000 - N60, 000. The wall type of the houses consisted mainly of cement blocks and mud
walls that were plastered with cement. The roofing type of the houses consisted mainly of corrugated
roofing sheets. The floor types were mainly of cement. Toilet system in the community was mainly
water-borne system with a few pit latrines. Most of the houses were occupied by tenants (rented) while
a few were occupied by the owners. Lighting source was mainly electricity from Port Harcourt
Electricity Company. Liquefied Petroleum Gas was the main source of energy for cooking with a few
kerosene stoves. Portable water was mainly from personal boreholes. The public water supply was
epileptic. Waste disposal was by burning household garbage. Government clinics were few and most
people sought treatment from medicine hawkers and medicine stores.

ES 5.0. Potential and Associated Impacts

There were positive (beneficial) and adverse (negative) significant impacts of the proposed quarry on
the ecology, social and health of the people within the area.
The associated and potential significant beneficial impacts included;
 Improvement of the economic status of landlords and traditional rulers through payment
of adequate compensation
 Mining and production of chippings of various sizes will contribute to revenue generation
contributes to revenue to the government
 Contribute to the general economic growth of the country as it would positively affect
directly or indirectly some sectors of our country
 Creation of employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled labour that will
employed at different phases of the project
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 Increase in socioeconomic activities in Akamkpa due to the purchase of chippings and

other associated activities
 Chippings of various sizes will be made available for construction activities in Cross
Rivers State and other South States and Southeastern States.
 There will be transfer of technical knowledge in mining industry to Quarry workers
 The associated and potential significant negative impacts of the proposed project included
but not limited to the following;
 Increase in the ambient noise level in the area above baseline values due to noise generated
from during drilling of holes
 Vegetation cover removal leads to destruction of natural habitat of the soil flora and fauna
and migration of wild life
 Security problems due to community interference and conflicts
 Injury to personnel (surveyors) due to exposure to wild bushes and animals
 Injury / death / assets damage due to accidents during dumping of materials from point of
generation to the feed hopper.
 Increased traffic volume/delays due to daily movement of work trucks and personnel to
site
 Negative effects on air quality due to emission of atmospheric pollutants (COX, NOX, etc.)
from internal combustion engines/exhausts during personnel movement
 Changes in drainage and hydrological patterns which may result in erosion and flooding
in the area
 Soil compaction due to heavy vehicle movement, excavated material will affect diversity
of soil fauna within the area, alteration of drainage pattern
 Increase in population leading to transmission of infectious diseases especially sexual
transmission infections
 Pollution of soil and groundwater sources around the facility

ES 6.0 Mitigation of Potential and Associated Impacts

Appropriate mitigation measures have been proposed to reduce these potential and associated impacts
to as low as reasonable Practicable (ALARP).
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ES 7.0 Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Management and Monitoring plans were developed to ensure that the adverse
(negative) environmental impacts already identified in this impact assessment are effectively
remediated and continuously monitored. The plans included: Action Party, Timing of mitigation,
Parameters to be Monitored, Responsible party, and Monitoring Frequency and Cost implications of
the plans.

ES 8.0 Conclusion
The study revealed that the air quality indices were within regulatory limits. The noise levels were
below the tolerable limit or noise (90dBA). The pH of the surface water and soil was acidic though
the surface water was more acidic. The surface water showed characteristics of a freshwater habitat.
The TPH of the soil, surface water and sediment was high. The heterotrophic microbial count of the
surface water and sediment was normal. The Total Heterotrophic bacterial count represented the
most predominant microbial group in soil, surface water and sediment. The groundwater did not
meet regulatory requirements for domestic water acceptability. The biodiversity (microflora,
macroflora microfauna and macrofauna life) was high. The vegetation was generally luxuriant and
showed no sign of major pathological disorders. Wildlife species identified in the include taxa are
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The adherence to the EMP will ensure a reduced negative
impact of the Quarry activities in this area.

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The proponent
Akamkpa Quarry Limited (AQL), hereby described as the proponent acquired two locations
for the proposed quarry operation and production. These locations were abandoned quarry plant
sites 2km apart and previously operated by China Civil Engineering Construction Company
and Impresite Bakalori respectively. AQL business focus is to become one of the leading quarry
companies in Nigeria within a very short time through effective management of manpower,
technology and Resources. The mission is to engage in these activities profitably and
responsibly for the benefit of all stakeholders within the best class Health, Safety and
Environmental practices in the industry.

This report presents the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed Akamkpa
Quarry. The EIA of the proposed project was conducted in accordance with the statutory
requirements for environmental management in Nigeria. These include the EIA Act No. 86 of
1992, the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) Procedural Guidelines for industries.

1.2 Proponent’s Intent

In conceptualizing the facility development of the quarry, AQL took cognizance of the rich
and availability of mineral materials in the proposed project location with the good
connectivity and close proximity to existing infrastructure. Putting this factors into
consideration, AQL intends to mine the mineral material in large quantity to a point where it
will become a major player in the quarry and construction business.

AQL have plan to design the facility infrastructure to optimum sizing, engineered to the
specific application of the Quarry project and profile, with proven standard equipment, cost
effective and easy to operate.

1.3 Project Location

The proposed Akamkpa Quarry project comprises of two site Quarry I and II located in Obung
Community of Akamkpa Local Government area of Cross Rivers State. The geographical
coordinates of Quarry I is 5°20"30’’N and 8°24’00"E., while that of Quarry II is 5°20"45’’N
and 8°24’45"E (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The land take are 80 and 40 hectares respectively for
Quarry I and II.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

1.4 Objectives of the EIA

The specific objectives of the study are to:
i. Determine the baseline environmental, social and health conditions of the project
area;
ii. Assess the potential environmental, social and health impacts of the proposed
project on the biophysical, social and health components of the environment;
iii. Determine and document the sources of impact from the project activities around
the proposed site and identify the environmental, social and health components,
which are critical to the impacts;
iv. Proffer appropriate mitigation measures for negative impacts and make
recommendations to sustain beneficial impacts of the projects on the environment;
v. Develop cost effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
vi. Provide recommendations for monitoring and management activities;

1.5 Scope of the EIA

The general scope for the Environmental Impact Assessment is to identify and evaluate the
baseline environmental, social and health conditions of the project on the immediate and
impact zone of these proposed facilities, particularly around the proposed Akamkpa Quarry
Plant. The scope will basically outline the techniques and methodology to be used in
generating data including the description of the data sources. The proposed study work scope
includes the following:

 Review of national and international environmental regulations, standards, codes

and convention relevant to the proposed project activities.
 Review of existing literature on the study area, including study reports (EIA, EER,
PIA, etc.) in order to characterise the baseline conditions
 Comprehensive field sampling/testing at the proposed project area.
 Consultation with all stakeholders and regulatory agencies.
 Assessment and Prediction of Potential Impacts
 Determination of and development of cost effective and Appropriate
mitigation/ameliorative measures, monitoring programmes and Environmental
Management Plan covering the project life cycle.
 Environmental Management Plan
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 Preparation of draft and final EIA reports that meet regulatory requirements

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Figure 1.1: Political Map of Nigeria Showing Cross Rivers State

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Figure 1.2: Map of Cross Rivers State with Arrow Pointing to Akamkpa LGA the
Project Location

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Figure 1.3: Location Map of Quarry Site I

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Figure 1.3: Map of the Project Location

Figure 1.4: Location Map of Quarry Site II

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

1.6 Legislative and Regulatory Framework

The legal and regulatory frame work for the execution of the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) of the proposed facilities shall be based on the regulations, Guidelines, and
standards as provided by the Federal Government, State Governments and International
Authorities or Conventions.

1.6.1The Federal Ministry of Environment and other Relevant Regulations

The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) [presently subsumed into the Federal
Ministry of Environment (FMEnv)] was inaugurated in 1988 by Act 58 of 1988 and
subsequently amended through Act 59 of 1992. The body is charged/empowered with the
overall responsibility of environmental matters in Nigeria. It has developed instruments of
intervention to halt environmental degradation in form of policies, standard, guidelines and
regulations and programmes. With the initiation of these instruments, enforcement by FMEnv
has become the most effective tool to bring industries and regulated community into
compliance through compliance promotions. The relevant policies, guidelines and regulations
of the ministry regarding the proposed project are outlined below.

1.6.2FMEnv Sectorial and Procedural Guidelines for Industries (1992)

In compliance with its mandate, FEPA issued the EIA Procedural Guidelines and Sectorial
Guidelines for Industrial Projects in 1992. The Procedural Guidelines also indicate the steps
to be followed (in the EIA process) from project conception to commissioning in order to
ensure that the project is executed with adequate consideration for the environment. Annex
C contains the EIA writing format as required by FMEnv. The guidelines are intended to
assist in the proper and detailed execution of EIA studies of projects in consonance with the
EIA Act.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

1.6.3 National Environmental Protection Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes

Regulation (1991) (FMEnv).
This provides that the objective of solid and hazardous waste management shall be to:
 Identify solid, toxic and extremely hazardous wastes dangerous to public health and
environment,
 Provide for surveillance and monitoring of dangerous and extremely hazardous wastes
and substances until they are detoxified and safely disposed,
 Provide guidelines necessary to establish a system of proper record keeping, sampling
and labelling of dangerous and extremely hazardous wastes,
 Establish suitable and provide necessary requirements to facilitate the disposal of
hazardous wastes;
 Research into possible re-use and recycling of hazardous wastes.

1.6.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv)

This Act provides guidelines for activities of development projects for which EIA is
mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a
schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs.

1.6.5 FEPA (FMEnv) National Guidelines for Spilled Oil Fingerprinting (Act 14 of 1999)
This provides guidelines for spilled oil fingerprinting applicable throughout Nigeria, in order
to improve the quality of the environment and to free it from pollutants and other
environmental and health hazards.

1.6.6 FEPA (FMEnv) National Guidelines on Waste Disposal through Underground

Injection (1999)
These Guidelines and Standards on waste disposal through underground injection provide the
'modus operandi' for the most viable options for disposal of these wastes in a tropical
environment as Nigeria.

1.6.7FEPA (FMEnv) Nigeria's National Agenda 21 (1999)

Nigeria's National Agenda 21 was developed to:
 Integrate environment into development planning at all levels of government and the
private sector,

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 Intensify the transition to sustainable development,

 Address sectoral priorities, plans, policies and strategies for the major sectors of the
economy and,
 Simultaneously foster regional and global partnerships.

1.6.8 FEPA (FMEnv) National Policy on the Environment (1989)

This gave the policy goals, conceptual framework and strategies for implementation.

1.6.9National Policy on Environment

The National Policy on Environment, 1989 provides for “a viable national mechanism for co-
operation, co-ordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the
policy formulation and implementation process which requires the establishment of effective
institutions and linkages within and among the various tiers of government – Federal, State
and Local Governments”. Prior to the launching of this policy, there was no unified co-
ordination of activities of the 3-tiers of Government responsible for the environment.

The thrust of the policy is the achievement of sustainable development in Nigeria. Guidelines
and strategies are therefore defined for:

 securing for all Nigerians a quality of environment adequate for their health and well-
being;
 conserving and using the natural resources for the benefit of present and future
generations;
 restoring, maintaining and enhancing the ecosystem and ecological processes essential
for the preservation of biological diversity;
 raising public awareness and promoting understanding of the essential linkages
between the environment, resources and development; and
 Co-operation with other countries, international organisations and agencies to achieve
optimal use of trans-boundary in order to prevent environmental recourses.

Further, the defined guidelines and strategies provide for the effective management of the
environment in the following 14 major sectors of the nation’s economy:
 Human population;
 Landuse and soil conservation;

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 Water resources management;

 Forestry, wildlife and protected areas;
 Marine and coastal area resources;
 Toxic and hazardous substances;
 Mining and mineral resources;
 Agricultural chemicals;
 Energy production and use;
 Air pollution;
 Noise pollution;
 Working environment (occupational health and safety); and
 Settlements, recreational space, greenbelts monuments and cultural property.

National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria

In line with the strategic thrust of the National Policy on the Environment, the National
Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria was published in
March 1991 to serve as a basic instrument for monitoring and controlling industrial and urban
pollution. The main thrusts of these guidelines are:
 Effluent limitations;
 Pollution abatement in industries;
 Water quality or industrial water uses at point of intake;
 Noise exposure limitations;
 Industrial emission limitations; and
 Management of solid and hazardous wastes;

National Effluent Limitation Regulation

The National Effluent Limitation Regulation, S.I.8 of 1991 (No. 42, Vol. 78, August, 1991),
makes it mandatory for industries as waste generating facilities to install anti-pollution and
pollution abatement equipment on site based on best available technology (BAT) for
detoxification of effluent and chemical discharges. The regulation is specific to each category
of waste generating facility with respect to limitations of solid and liquid discharges or
gaseous emissions into the ecosystem. Appropriate penalties for contravention are also
specified in the regulation.

Pollution Abatement in Industries, Industries Generating Wastes Regulation

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

The pollution abatement regulation, S.I.9 of 1991 (No. 42, Vol. 78, August, 1991) imposes
restrictions on the release of toxic substances and stipulates requirements for pollution
monitoring units, machinery for combating pollution and contingency plan by industries;
submission of lists and details of chemicals used by industries to FMEnv; requirement of
permit by industries for the storage and transportation of harmful or toxic waste; the
generator’s liability; strategies for waste reduction; permissible limits of discharge into public
drains; protection of workers and safety requirements; for environmental audit (or
environmental impact assessment for new industries) and penalty for contravention.

Management of Hazardous and Solid Wastes Regulation

The management of hazardous and solid waste regulation, S.I.15 of 1991 (No. 102, Vol. 78,
August, 1991) defines the requirements for groundwater protection, surface impoundment,
land treatment, waste piles, landfills, incinerators etc. It also describes the hazardous
substances tracking programme with a comprehensive list of acutely hazardous chemical
products and dangerous waste constituent. It also states the requirements and procedure for
inspection, enforcement and penalty.
1.6.10Environmental Impact Assessment Act
The Act No. 86 of 1992 makes EIA mandatory for all new major public and private projects
in Nigeria. The EIA Act sets out to:
 Consider the likely impacts, and the extent of these impacts on the environment
before embarking on any project or activity.
 Promote the implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal Lands consistent
with all laws and decision-making processes through which the goal of this Act may
be realised.
 Encourage the development of procedures for information exchange, notification
and consultation between organizations and persons when the proposed activities
are likely to have significant environmental effects on boundary or trans-state or on
the environment of bordering towns and villages.
The Act gives specific powers to the FMEnv to facilitate environmental assessment of
projects.

Federal Land Use Act

The laws of the Federation of Nigeria (1990) Federal Ministry of Justice, Land Use Act
(Chapter 202), Part ll, Section 11 (Power of Governor or Public Officer to enter and inspect

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land and improvements) “the Governor or any public officer duly authorised by the Governor
in that behalf, shall have the power to enter upon and inspect the land comprised in any
statutory right of occupancy or any improvements effected thereon, at any reasonable hours
in the day time and the occupier shall permit and give free access to the Governor or any such
officer to enter and inspect”.

Forestry Act
This Act of 1958 provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves.
It is an offence, punishable with up to 6 months of imprisonment, to cut down trees over 2ft
in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances. Nigeria is at present a
wood deficit nation. In order to ameliorate the situation, the policy on forest resources
management and sustainable use is aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in all aspects of forest
production through the use of sound forest management techniques as well as the mobilization
of human and material resources. The overall objectives of forest policy are to prevent further
deforestation and to recreate forest cover, either for productive or for protective purposes, on
already deforested fragile land. Specifically, the National Agricultural Policy of 1988 in
which the Forestry Policy is subsumed, provides for:

 Consolidation and expansion of the forest estate in Nigeria and its management for
sustained yield.
 Regeneration of the forests at rates higher than exploitation.
 Conservation and protection of the environment viz: forest, soil, water, flora, fauna
and the protection of the forest resources from fires, cattle grazers and illegal
encroachment.
 Development of Forestry industry through the harvesting and utilization of timber its
derivatives and the reduction of wastes.
 Wildlife conservation, management and development through the creation and
effective management of national parks, game reserves, tourist and recreational
facilities, etc.

Endangered Species Act

The Endangered Species Act (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Cap.108 Law of
Nigeria, 1990 prohibits the hunting, capture and trade on endangered species.

Criminal Code Act

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The Nigerian Criminal Code Act (Chapter 77) laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990. The
provisions of the Criminal Code shall apply in relation to any offence against any Order, Act, Law,
or Statute and to all persons charge with any such offence. Section 245 of Chapter 23 of the Act
makes it a punishable offence for any person who:

 Fouls the water of any spring, stream, well, tank, reservoir, or place, so as to render it less fit
for the purpose for which it is ordinarily used, is guilty of a misdemeanour, and is liable to
imprisonment for six months.

National Environmental Standards Regulatory and Enforcement Agency (NESREA), 2007

The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) was
established as a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment. NESREA is charged with the
responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines, policies, standards and regulations
in Nigeria.
1.6.11International Guidelines and Convention
In addition to the national laws/regulations, Nigeria is signatory or party to several international
conventions and treaties that support the use of EIA as the key tool for achieving sustainable
development. Some of these include:

World Bank Operational Directive

The World Bank Operational Directive 4.01: ‘’Environmental Assessment’’ of 1991, classifies
projects according to the nature and extent of their environmental impacts, and supports the use of
EIA as the key tool for achieving sustainable development.

World Heritage Convention

The World Heritage Convention (1978), which seeks to set aside areas of cultural and natural
heritage, the latter defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic, scientific
and conservation points of view.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

This convention was signed into law in 1973 during the Washington summit but in force in 1975
and restricts the trade of fauna and flora species termed as endangered organisms. It establishes

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list of endangered species for which international commercial trade is prohibited or via permit
system, regulated to combat illegal trade and over exploitation.

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

The convention was instituted in 1985 and places general obligations on countries to make
appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects
resulting from human activities which tend to modify the ozone layer.

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

This international convention (RAMSAR Convention of 1971) signed by Nigeria in 2001, seeks
to protect and encourage wise use of coastal wetlands of international significance.

United Nations Guiding Principles on the Human Environment

These guiding principles are formal declarations that express the basis on which an
environmental policy can be built and which provide a foundation for action. The United
Nations has been concerned about negative environmental trends since they were formed. As
a result of this, they published two major concept documents, the United Nations Guiding
Principles on the Human Environment in 1972, and the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development. The principles applicable to this project include:

Principle 2
The natural resource of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially
representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present
and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate.

Principle 4
Man has a special responsibility to safeguard and wisely manage the heritage of wildlife and
its habitat, which are now gravely imperilled by a combination of adverse factors. Nature
conservation, including wildlife, must therefore receive importance in planning for economic
development.

Declaration on Environment and Development – Rio Summit (1992)

The Rio Earth Summit (1992) emphasized the need for the preservation of biological
diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including access to genetic resources and
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appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those
resources and to technologies. The principles adopted include:

Principle 1
Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to
a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

Principle 17
Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed
activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are
subject to a decision of a competent national authority.

1.6.12Cross River State Policy on Environment

The applicable Cross River State regulations guiding environmental management include
but not limited to the following:
 Public Health Law – CAP 103 of the Laws of Eastern Nigeria 1963;
 Cross Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency Law;
 Cross Rivers State Private Health and Allied Establishments Authority Law;
 Cross Rivers State Public Health Law,
 Cross Rivers State Noise Pollution Control Law.

The Ministry of the Environment is charged with the responsibility of providing decent,
orderly and reasonable conducive environment for habitable society, as contained in the
assignments of Ministerial responsibilities. In line with the State Government’s 10-point
development Agenda, the need to restructure the Ministry for efficiency and effectiveness
became apparent. Hence the existing six departments were increased to include three
additional departments. Similarly, the former World Bank Assisted Projects Department was
renamed Multi-Lateral Projects department for wider coverage.

The three new departments were established to achieve the following

responsibilities:

 Conservation of soil and natural resources;

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 Environmental sanitation and protection services;

 Control of Environment Pollution, e.g., noise, water, land and illegal trading;
 Supervision of Cross River State Waste Management Authority;
 Supervision of ESEU (Environmental Sanitation and Enforcement Unit);
 Supervision of Cross River State Environmental Protection Agency;
 Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Audit
Report (EAR);
 Ecological matters; and Monitoring, co-ordination and evaluation of all World
Bank Assisted Projects.
 Cross River State Ministry of Lands and Housing

The Responsibilities of the Ministry are;

 Land Use and Allocation Matter;
 Land Policy and Land Matters;
 Acquisition of Land for State Purposes;
 Issuance and Revocation of Certificate of Occupancy;
 Survey Services;
 Lands Registry (Administration and Control);
 Subsequent Transactions including Assignment Mortgages, Leases and Power of
Attorney;
 Mapping Matters;
 Resolving land disputes between individuals;
 Servicing and Monitoring of Land Use and Allocation Committee; and
 Construction of Economic housing units;
 Supervision of Cross River State Development Property Corporation; Matters
relating to forfeiture of properties;
 Resettlement of displaced people;
 Compensation for acquired properties;
 Valuation of all types of interest in properties; and
 Identification of abandoned properties

1.7 Akamkpa Quarry Limited HSE Policy

Akamkpa Quarry Limited, believes and pursues a primary and continuing policy of total
commitment to environmental protection, resource conservation and safety of its personnel
and others in the conduct of its operations. This objective shall be achieved by maintaining
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compatibility between all of its operations and the environment in which its operations are
carried out. The company also strives to achieve the most efficient use of its resources, high
safety standards and environmentally acceptable practices in compliance with all national and
international laws and regulations.

This is not limited however, to regulatory compliance but is a total commitment to

environmental protection including the rapid response to any contingencies that may arise as
a result of its operations.

The management of AQL recognises that environmental protection is a fundamental goal and
responsibility of the company and therefore commits the resources necessary to pursue this
goal and conduct its business in line with the following objectives, namely to:
 ensure the application of policies within the framework of an efficient
environmental management system;
 strive to make all operations even more environmentally acceptable;
 motivate operating policy to increase complete environmental awareness;
 develop staff training programs to raise environmental consciousness at all
levels;
 encourage research and the exchange of ideas, technology and information
between all parties to enhance the conduct of an environmentally safe business;
and
 give priority to environmental considerations when designing or modifying new
or existing facilities

In line with its policies therefore and to ensure continual compliance with regulatory and other
applicable requirements, Akamkpa Quarry Limited adopts the use of EIA as an environmental
management tool in all its activities.

1.8 Declaration
Akamkpa Quarry Limited (AQL) declares that it has prepared the Environmental Impact
Assessment report using the best available expertise in personnel, equipment and
internationally acceptable methods.

1.9 Structure of the Report

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All findings relating to this study has been documented in the report, after management
review. The Environmental Impact Assessment report has followed the approved format laid
down by the Department of Petroleum Resources, as outlined below:

 Title Page
 Table of Contents
 List of Tables
 List of Figures
 List of Plates
 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
 List of Preparers
 Acknowledgement
 Executive Summary

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CHAPTER TWO
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
2.1 Project Scope
The proposed Quarry Plant is designed to crush large piece of rock in to smaller fragments as
sand, granite and stone. When functional, the plant shall crush large piece of rocks using
different heavy equipment like, Drill machine, Excavator, Bulldozer to achieve its finally
products which includes sand, granite, gravel, stone and other related products. This will be
of great economic benefit to the country in addition to other benefits such as employment,
sustainable development.

2.2 Aim of the Project

In a bid to contribute to the economic and technological development of Nigeria, AQL intends
to set up a quarry plant that will produce materials such as granite, gravel, sand and other
related products for construction

2.3 Project Objectives

The objectives for the proposed AQL Quarry Plant include;
 Extraction of mineral material from the earth through drilling and blasting of rocks
into smaller units
 Breaking or disintegrated rock fragments
 Conveying of materials by the dump truck to the crushing machine
 Screening and dropping of standard graded sizes that are the end products of the
processing stage

2.4 Significance of the Project

On operation, the benefits of the quarry plant are numerous and cannot be over-emphasized.
Some of the benefits of the project include:

 Conversion of natural resources into material usable by man.

 Production of sand, stones, gravel, granites and other related products.
 Provision of employment opportunities for many skilled and unskilled Nigerians,
especially those from the host communities.
 Enhancement of the provision of basic social amenities to the host communities.
 Poverty alleviation through increased derivation fund to local and state
governments.
 Promotion of good relationship between Akamkpa Quarry Limited and the host
community through increased socio-economic assistance.
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2.5 Envisaged Sustainability of the Proposed Akamkpa Quarry Plant

2.5.1 Economic and Commercial Sustainability
Quarry activities is a core area of Nigeria’s economy, as the country is still a developing
country, the need for quarry product will be on a high demand for the construction of roads,
erecting of structures and maintenance of existing ones and hence conferring economic
sustainability on the facility. The project may employ directly over 100 persons during the
operation. Priority will be given to qualified persons from the host community followed by
the nearby communities before the others. The mining activities will create avenues for many
business and employment opportunities thus greatly enriching the financial capacity of the
project host communities in particular. This will be achieved through the involvement of
contractors, suppliers, employment, provision of public facilities and services, increased
social capital in the host communities, provision of microcredit schemes etc. The project will
contribute economically to the Akamkpa LGA, Cross Rivers State and Nigeria.

2.5.2 Technical Sustainability

Akamkpa Quarry Limited has a team of professional who have vast knowledge in the area.
AQL shall ensure strict adherence to internationally and nationally acceptable standards,
innovative technologies that are economically viable and environmentally friendly, all
through the period of project execution.

2.5.3 Environmental Sustainability

The project shall be environmentally sustainable because of the adoption of national FMEnv
and international environmental regulatory processes as well as the development and
deployment of an adequate Environmental Management Plan (EMP) throughout the projects
life span. There will be strict adherence to the HSE policy of AQL during and after
construction of the proposed quarry plant. AQL will also ensure good house- keeping
practice. The choice of equipment within the perimeter of land will be reduce to the barest
minimum environmental impacts on biodiversity, soil and agricultural resources. However,
strict compliance to best industry practice will increase the environmental sustainability of
the proposed Akamkpa quarry projects

2.6 Project Development Options

During the Project planning phase which was a major component of the EIA process three
project development options were considered
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2.6.1 Option 1 (Do Nothing or No Development Option)

This amounts to cancellation of the construction of the proposed quarry project. In this case
no impact associated with the project will occur. The disadvantages of adoption this option
include;

 The rock deposits will not be mined and thus its economic value cannot be assessed
and utilized profitably.
 Loss of revenue paid to the Government to obtain the mining license lease and other
logistic expenses.
 The risk of forfeiting the right over the mine fields after the stipulated years of non-
development.
 Loss of revenue to the Local, State and Federal Government and the host community.
 Loss of job opportunities that the project execution would have afforded some
indigenous inhabitants of Akamkpa.
 Loss of commercial and economic benefits to Akamkpa Local Government Area

This option was rejected.

2.6.2 Option 2: (Delayed Option)

This means the manifest and associated benefits of the project will be delayed, so this option
was also rejected.

2.6.3 Option 3 (Implement Option)

This option involves going ahead to implement the project. This will make the Government
and Akamkpa Quarry Limited (AQL) achieve their goal of harnessing the rock deposits thus
contributing to the national economy and the revenue profile of the company. The option
would also be beneficial to members of the project host community, Cross Rivers State and
Nigeria in general. This was the reccommended option in view of its importance in providing
rock aggregates for different aspects of construction and building industry in the Nigerian
economy. This option was accepted.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

CHAPTER THREE
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Introduction
The Akamkpa Quarry project entails the construction, installation and commissioning/start-
up of the quarry plant. The facility infrastuctures are designed to have optimum sizing,
standard equipments that are cost effective and easy to operate. Figure 3.1 Shows the proejct
design for the proposed Quarry Plant.

3.2 Project Concept

The AQL took cognizance of the availability of the mineral material during the acquisition of
the project location. Hence the site for the proposed quarry is rich in the mineral material and
have good connectivity and close proximity to existing infrastructure. The rock aggregates
to be extracted finds diverse usage and application in infrastructural products mainly in
concreting, stone masonry, drainage construction and road building. Depending on the size
of aggregate material, these aggregates are classified as coarse, fine and dust or powder which
is the resultant of crushing rock materials, (table 3.1).

Table 3.1: Rock Texture

S/N AGGREGATES(mm) TEXTURE USES
1 0–5 Coarse Mixed material used for road sub-
base.
2 15 – 22 Coarse Concrete works
3 22 – 30 Coarse Concrete works
4 5 – 10 Fine Asphalting of road
5 0–5 Powder Fillers for asphalts
6 100 – 300 Hard Core Stone pinching and soil stabilization
jobs

The rock deposit of interest for the proposed quarrying project is situated in Obung
community in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State. The deposit falls
within the following geographical coordinates as established. The rocks physical
characteristics show that it is suitably hard for diverse engineering construction purposes.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

The rock type is granite as can be observed in the mineral associations ranging from quartz,
biotite and feldspar. In brief, the Obung rock deposits fall within the basement complex rocks
of South Eastern Nigeria and predominantly older granite of the Precambrian era. Reserve
estimation method used was basically the random drilling of pilot holes across the stretch of
the rock deposit. Drilling information gathered was used to ascertain average overburden
depth and rock volume. Average overburden depth is 3m while rock reserve volume indicates
that over 5, 475, 000 tons of viable rock is insitu. Estimated reserve life span at a production
rate of 1, 500 tons per day stands at 9 – 10 years.

3.3 Project Activities

The key activities for the proposed installation of the Quarry Plant are:
Pre-Mobilization
Mobilization and Pre-Construction activities
 Project Development
 Commissioning
 Demobilization

3.3.1 Pre-Mobilization
During this phase, AQL shall carry out pre-mobilization inspection of all items/personnel to
be mobilized to site. All equipment and personnel mobilized to site shall be certified fit for
purpose and approved by AQL before deployment to site.

Other activities that will be carried at this stage are:

Stakeholder’s Engagements
AQL will engage the community and stakeholders on the proposed project to ensure there
are aware and there are no obstructions to the project kick off.

Land Acquisition and Survey

The approximate area that was acquired for the quarry plants are 80 hectares and 60 hectares
respectively for Quarry I and II.

Surveying
The boundaries of the sites shall be indicated by means of coloured survey pillars. The
Contractor shall re-open the site boundaries and stay within the boundary lines and avoid

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causing any damage to, or placing any obstruction upon the survey pillars and third party
property outside the boundaries.

Bush Clearing
Bush clearing and de-stumping shall be limited to the area, which is absolutely necessary.
Bush clearing involves the felling of all trees and clearing bush within the pegged areas and
the removal of all stumps. Debris shall be piled next to, but within, the boundaries of the area
of each site cleared. Appropriate construction equipment, namely - bulldozer, crawler/swamp
buggy-excavator, pay-loader, excavator, and or any other AQL approved equipment shall be
used for bush cutting and de-stumping.

3.3.2 Mobilization and Pre-Construction Activities

The AQL shall mobilize all personnel, equipment and materials to the site, ready to start
work after completion of all necessary pre-mobilization requirements (equipment, personnel
certifications and HSE documentation) necessary for commencement of site construction
activities. The equipment to be mobilized are survey equipment (theodolite. Levelling
instrument, echo sounder usually mounted on a boat). Construction equipment (dredger,
bulldozers, excavators, graders, rollers, pay loaders, self-loaders, tippers, trailers).

Pre-Construction Activities
The following are the activities at the pre-construction activities:

Accommodation/Labour Camp
Prior to the commencement of construction activities, temporary, fully serviced
accommodation with sewage systems shall be provided by the contractor on site, within AQL
acquired area. This will limit human traffic significantly, thus minimizing accident potential.

Power Generation and Distribution

Diesel generating set(s) of adequate capacity shall be installed, to provide required
electricity/energy during construction. Noise and emissions shall be managed to stay within

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the allowable regulatory limit and ensure contractor’s compliance, through effective
supervision and audits.

Supplies to the Construction Site

Supplies of food, materials, consumables, fuel, water etc. to the project location shall be by
road before and during construction.

3.3.3 Project Development

In the proposed quarrying project, spatial consideration and planning will essentially be done
to reflect local mining regulations, aesthetics and overall efficiency. Distance and location
chosen within the quarry site for the construction of explosive storage facility shall conform
to the stipulations of the law. The rock process facility shall be situated at a reasonable
distance that guarantees efficient work flow from extraction pit to the crushing plant. Other
structural units like the office building, workshop, main entrance gate, diesel dump, weighing
bridge, roads and work ways within the premises shall be positioned in a well-organized
manner to make the site have an appealing look. The quarry plant shall be sited within the
confines of the land acquired (80 and 40 hectares respectively for Quarry I and II) by
Akamkpa Quarry Limited. The shelter will be big enough to accommodate the various heavy
machineries and its other supporting facilities

The timing and rate of progression through the stages associated with the pit development
will be defined by market conditions and demand but the quarry will have an operational life
of at least 40 years. During the establishment, construction and development stages, the
proposed quarry will operate with mobile plant(s), and be replaced with a permanent fixed
plant as soon as Practicable after the plant site infrastructure area and initial pit have been
established (estimated to occur between 5 to 6 years of the development approval).

The detailed of the project development activities are presented below:

Blasting Zone
This is the area where blasting of the granite outcrop occurs. It is set at great distance from
the production one. Equipment used in the blasting zone includes drilling machine,
compressors and dump trucks.

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Removal of Overburden
This involves removal of the waste material that often overlies pit or quarry site by the use of
large earth moving equipment such as excavators, pail loaders and dump trucks. Deposits
within the waste (Spoils) are removed before excavation of the construction materials lying
below.

Drilling and Blasting

Drilling cores are carried out at the desired burden to facilitate the insertion of explosives
(dynamite) which is to be detonated to blast the rock materials into large boulders. This is
followed by hauling of the rocks to the production zone for crushing and grinding.

Production Zone
In this area the boulders derived from the quarry are broken down into rocks and chippings
of varying sizes. A network of conveyor belts transports the crushed and grinded stones to a
stacking areas, segregated according to the dimensions of the chippings. The finished product
is then transported off site by pail loaders and trucks.

Construction of Ancillary Facilities

Earthworks
This will involve the stripping of top soil and sinking of foundational materials to support the
plant and filling with appropriate materials to the recommended level shall be carried out
using excavators, bulldozers, tipper trucks etc.

Plant House
This shall involve the construction of the plant house with approved materials. The house
shall be constructed in a way that will allow for proper ventilation. There shall be an
emergency exit and the floors shall be sufficiently concreted to support the quarry as well as
the vibrations from the plant operations.

Plant Shelter Entrance

This shall be constructed using foldable steel doors and shall be sufficiently raised for easy
access of vehicles which transport the materials for the plant.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

All site preparation and related activities shall be carried out within the limits of acquired land
and in accordance to Akamkpa Quarry Limited Facility contractor specifications and in line
with regulatory requirements.

3.4 Proposed Crushing and Power Machinery

A crushing plant capable of producing between 200-250tph is considered. Plant will
Primary section of plant will be made of:

 200-250 tons per hour

 Primary feeder of 60m3
 Waste and discharge conveyors
Secondary section of plants will be made of:
 48” cone crusher
 36” cone crusher
 Screening Machines
 Assorted sizes of conveyors.

3.4.1 Power Plant

The power generating plant of 500-800 kva is considered to power the entire crushing plant.
3.2 Proposed Infrastructure
S/N INFRASTRUCTURE PURPOSE
1 Explosive Magazines Explosive material storage
2 Rock crushing facility Process of rock boulders to standard aggregate sizes
3 Workshop For maintenance and repairs of quarry machines
4 Offices For administration of site
5 Stores Safe keeping of spare parts and other items
6 Weighing bridge For determination of weights of crushed materials
7 Fuel dump For storage of diesel and other fuels
8 Entrance gate To control movement of persons and material as well as
security concerns.
3.3 Equipment Selection
S/N EQUIPMENT USES
1 Air drill machine For drilling of blast holes into rock
2 Air compressor To power air drill machine
3 Excavators For loading blasted rocks into trucks, digging earth etc.
4 Wheel loaders For loading crushed rock into trucks, cleaning of yard.
5 Dump trucks For conveying blasted and crushed rock to crushing plants
6 Hydraulic Hammer For breaking of boulder rock to crushable sizes
and material stock yard respectively
7 Bulldozer For clearing site
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Figure 3.1 Drilling Machine

Figure 3.2 Excavator

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Figure 3.3 Wheel Loader

Figure 3.4 Bulldozer

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Figure 3.5 Dump Truck

3.5 Commissioning Plan

Commissioning comprises of a series of checks and tests equipment. The various tests are
highlighted below:

 Completion Check- the responsible technician will inspect the plant for Completion
of Plant Construction-ensuring that all parts are properly installed.
 Finishing of the Work-confirm that all installation works have been finished Safety
aspects-confirm that all protection equipment has been properly installed.
 Site Preparedness-confirm the site is clean of debris and safe for work.
 Mechanical Test - All mechanical parts of the plant will be started and the
responsible technician will inspect the plant for:

Quarry shall be started and the responsible technician shall inspect the quarry for:
 Proper function of the quarry
 Smooth throughput of materials through the various machinery

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The quarry commissioning process will extend across many days as individual components,
subsystems and systems are checked for correct functionality.

3.6 Decommissioning

The FMEnv guidelines for decommissioning of quarry plants shall be employed to

decommission the quarry plant. All mechanical, electrical and civil works shall be effectively
demobilized and the unit properly uninstalled and securely sealed. All supporting
infrastructures shall be demobilized from site.

Appropriate warning signs shall be put in place in order to caution people from tampering
with the sealed unit and its infrastructures. There shall be re-vegetation of necessary areas
with indigenous plant species. There shall be regular inspection of the abandoned plant to
ensure compliance of decommissioning and abandonment plan.

3.7 Project Schedule

This project is scheduled to commence immediately the quarry lease is issued by the Federal
Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, Abuja. However, the schedule from the period of
site clearing, development and construction of facilities duration of operations is established
as shown below;

Table 3.4 Project Schedule

S/N Year Schedule

1. 2020-2021 Site Preparation
3 2020-2023 Development and construction stages, the proposed
Akamkpa Quarry will operate with mobile plant(s), and be
replaced with a permanent fixed plant as soon as
practicable after the plant site infrastructure area and initial
pit have been established
4 2023-2064 Operational life span

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3.8 Quarry Waste and Proposed Management Method

The type of waste that will be generated in the Akamkpa Quarry site and the proposed
management methods are as follows:

Table 3.5 Waste Types, Management & Quantities – Pre-Operational Stage

WASTE SOURCE(S) MANAGEMENT ESTIMATED

TYPE METHOD QUANTITY
Cleared Clearing necessary for Reuse vegetation waste on Vegetation
vegetation quarry, roads and site site for rehabilitation, generated from all
infrastructure landscaping and erosion cleared and
control where possible. designated areas

Excavated Excavation necessary Spread any excess soil over Expected to be on

waste (soil and for quarry, roads and the nearby area and vegetate. average 6 to
overburden) site infrastructure 10 metres deep
Overburden used as fill on
site or transported to another across the site
Boral site for use as fill.

Concrete Site infrastructure area Minimise waste by producing Less than 5 m3

or procuring only the amount
required. All excess concrete
will be returned to the point
of supply.

Scrap metal Site infrastructure area Segregation and collection on Variable.

site. Transportation off site
by a waste contractor for off-
site recycling.

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Paints and Site infrastructure area Minimise waste by procuring Variable

resins and workshop only the amount required.
Paint off site where possible.
(Regulated
Collect on site and store in a
Waste)
segregated covered area.
Transport from site by a
licensed regulated waste
transporter for disposal at a
licensed facility.
Waste oil and Workshop Collected, labelled and stored Variable
containers separately on site in a bunded
tank. Transported from site
(Regulated
by a licensed waste
Waste)
transporter to a licensed
facility for recycling.
General Workshop and offices To minimise the attraction of Less than 1 m3
wastes – vermin and pests, putrescible bin per week
putrescible waste will be stored in a
and organic sealed and covered bin and
disposed of off-site on a
weekly basis.
General waste All site operations General waste will be taken Approx. one
including off site for disposal at a 3m3 bin per
plastics, GCCC waste facility.
week
packaging and Collection and segregation of
materials recyclable waste on site.
Transportation from site by a
licensed waste transporter to
a licensed facility for
recycling.
Sewage All site operations Wastes will be treated in an Variable
treatment on-site Package Treatment depending on
sludge Plant with the produced waste
work force
sludge transported and
(Regulated
disposed of at a landfill
Waste)
facility. Portable toilets are
proposed prior to
construction of the Package
Treatment Plant. – waste
removed from site by
licensed contractor.

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Table 3.6 Waste Types, Management & Quantities – Operational Stage

WASTE TYPE SOURCE(S) MANAGEMENT METHOD ESTIMATED QUANTITY

Pre-coat emulsions Stockpile areas Blend material into a useable product. If re-use is not Variable
possible the material must be disposed of as regulated
(Regulated Waste)
waste. Oil Water separators on site to control run-off from
stockpiles.
Pre-coated aggregates Stockpile areas Blend material into a useable product. Pre-coated Variable
aggregates may be bio-remediated. Significant quantities
(Regulated Waste)
must be disposed of as regulated waste. Oil / water
separators on site to control run-off from stockpiles.
Note: If only bitumen is left on the aggregates then it is
not a regulated waste
Oily sludge, absorbent, Workshop Collected on site then transported off site by a licensed Variable
degreaser, grease, oily regulated waste transporter to a licensed facility for
rags and oil filters recycling or treatment and disposal.
(Regulated Waste)
Waste oil and Workshop Drained on site with collection drums transported off site Approx. 20,000 litres per year
containers by waste contractor for off-site re-use, recycling or
disposal.
Scrap metal Site Segregation and storage on site in open storage bins. Variable
infrastructure Transportation off site by a waste contractor for off-site
areas recycling

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WASTE TYPE SOURCE(S) MANAGEMENT METHOD ESTIMATED QUANTITY

General wastes – Workshop and offices To minimise the attraction of vermin and pests, Approx. one 3 m3 bin per week
putrescible and organic putrescible waste will be stored in a sealed and
covered bin and disposed of off-site on a weekly
basis.
General wastes - Workshop and offices Collection on site and stored in a segregated area. Less than 1 m3 per week
plastics Transportation from site to a GCCC waste facility.
Explosives Quarry Pit No waste explosive produced on site. Nil (all used on site)
Recyclable waste - Workshop and offices Collect recyclable products segregated according Variable
paper, cardboard, to Gold Coast City Council recyclable material
plastics, glass and collection arrangements in appropriate containers.
aluminium cans
Diesel & solvents Workshop Recycle through an approved licensed waste Variable
collection agency.
(Regulated Waste)

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Hazardous waste paints Workshop Collection on site and stored in a segregated area. Variable
and resins Transported off site by a licensed regulated waste
transporter to a licensed facility for treatment and
(Regulated Waste) disposal
Tyres Workshop Generally, but not always, truck tyres can be re- Variable
treaded.
(Regulated Waste)
Earthmover tyres can be re-used as bunding
around the site. Light vehicle tyres will be stored
on site and transported from site by the original
supplier or a licensed regulated waste transporter
to a licensed facility for recycling or disposal.
Vehicle batteries Workshop Dead batteries shall be removed from site by the Approx. 20 per year
battery supplier. Batteries not removed by the
(Regulated Waste) supplier shall be stored on site for collection and
disposed of as regulated waste by a certified
regulated waste contractor.
Sewage waste and Workshop and offices Wastes will be treated in an on-site Package Approx. 3,200 litres per day
sludge Treatment Plant with the produced waste sludge
transported and disposed of at a landfill facility.
(Regulated Waste)

Crusher lubricants METSO C160 Jaw Collected on site then transported off site by a licensed Approx. 2,750 litres per year
Crusher regulated waste transporter to a licensed facility for
(Regulated Waste) recycling or treatment and disposal.
METSO GP500S (EC)
METSO GP550 (MF)
METSO B9100 VSI
(Barmac)

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Heavy Mobile Atlas Copco F9 Collected on site then transported off site by a licensed Approx. 18,000 litres per year
Equipment regulated waste transporter to a licensed facility for
CAT D10T
(HME) Lubricants recycling or treatment and disposal.
CAT 992, 990, 988, 980,
(Regulated Waste) 777, 775, 773, 390 &
374
CAT740 (ADT)
Crusher wear liners METSO C160 Jaw Collected on site then transported off site by a licensed Approx. 36 tonnes per year
Crusher regulated waste transporter to a licensed facility for
(cast manganese steel)
recycling or treatment and disposal.
METSO GP500S (EC)
(Regulated Waste)
METSO GP550 (MF)
METSO B9100 VSI
(Barmac)

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CHAPTER FOUR
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Introduction
The existing environmental baseline (physical, chemical, biological, socio-economic and
health) characteristics of the proposed project area is presented in this chapter. The
environmental characteristics are required to establish the existing environmental status of
the proposed project area and also to serve as a reference data for future studies and
environmental monitoring. It will also be used as a basis for which the anticipated impacts of
the project would be determined for appropriate mitigation measures to be put in place.

The environmental baseline data of the proposed project area was obtained through survey of
existing literature, field observation, sampling and in situ measurements as well as laboratory
analyses of biological, physico-chemical characteristics of sampled environmental
components of the project area.

4.2 Baseline Data Acquisition Method

A multi-disciplinary approach was employed in the acquisition of baseline data from
terrestrial ecosystems in the area as well as socio-economics and health information
concerning the residents around the project area. The various methods employed in the
baseline data acquisition are discussed in the subsequent subsections.

4.2.1 Review of Literature

Literature search involved consulting of relevant textbooks, research publications, articles,
previous study reports and technical presentations on the geological, meteorological and
geographical features of the area.

4.2.2 Field Sampling/In situ Measurements

One season sampling was approved by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv). The
fieldwork, which was witnessed by representative of the FMEnv took place on 12 th March,
2020 during the wet season. Sampling covered the proposed Quarry Plant Facility site I, II
and the adjoining areas, so as to have comprehensive data of the environmental characteristics
of the area.

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The environmental components sampled include soil, sediment, biodiversity, ground water,
air, noise and meteorology. Socioeconomic and Health Impact study was conducted around
the proposed facility area. On the whole, sampling was accomplished with twenty-four soil
sampling points, three ground water sampling points with two control, two surface water
sampling points with one control, two sediment sampling points with one control and twenty
two air quality, meteorology/noise sampling points with 2 control. The samples were
preserved prior to physical, chemical and biological characteristics analyses.

The sampling points and their geographic co-ordinates as well as the sampling
procedures/methodology and equipment are presented Figure 4.2.1

4.2.3 Positioning
Positioning at each sampling station during the fieldwork activities was carried out with the
aid of an Etrex 30x model Global Positioning Systems (GPS) which was hand carried by the
study team. At each sampling points, coordinates at which sampling took place were marked
with the GPS and subsequently transferred into a field notebook. Sampling stations and the
GPS are presented in the appendix. 2

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Figure 4.2.1 Sample Location Map of the Study Area, in Obung Cross River State
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4.2.4 Quality Assurance

Prior to mobilisation, each member of the study team was briefed on all aspects of the
fieldwork. The guidelines covered sample collection, preservation, storage and
transportation. The reports were confirmed and endorsed by the team leader in order to ensure
the accuracy of the documentation.

4.2.5 Laboratory Analysis

Samples collected from the field were analysed at Geospectra Engineering Services &
Consultant Ltd in Port Harcourt using standard analytical methods and it was witnessed by
representatives of the FMEnv. The descriptions of the laboratory analytical methods and
procedures employed for the various physical, chemical and biological parameters as well as
the detection limits are contained in the appendix. Also documented are the QAQC and HSE
plan adopted in both field data collection and laboratory analysis.

4.2 Description of Ecological Baseline Conditions

An in-depth description of the baseline ecological status of the Akampa Quarry Limited
Facility and immediate environment studied are discussed in the following subsections.

4.3.1 Climate and Meteorology

The climate of the area was studied through both literature and micro-climatic on-the-spot
data collecting during the field works. The climate of the study is tropical and marked by two
distinct seasons, the dry season (November - March) and the wet season (April - October).
The wet season is usually interrupted by a short dry spell in August.

The climatic data obtained during the field sampling exercises are presented in Table 4.3.1.
Temperature is high throughout the year, with very little difference between the minimum
and maximum. The mean ambient temperature recorded is 30.2oC. The temperature range
seems to reflect the West North prevailing wind that dominates the entire study area during
the time of measurement.
Relative Humidity, which is the amount of water vapor contained in the atmosphere, was also
measured. On the whole, values were in the range of 76.45 – 93.9%. The values in all the
station were statistically similar. The West-North (WNW) wind was the dominant wind
direction in the study area. It is a calm gentle breeze. The wind speed was in the range of 0.0
– 3.7 mph.
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Table 4.3.1: Climate Characteristic

Sampling Point Wind direction Wind Temperature Relative Humidity (%)
ID speed
(mph)
(ºC)
SP1 WNW 173º 0.8 29.8 81.6
SP2 SSE 149º 1.2 29.6 81.5
SP3 SSE 150º 0 30.6 82.6
SP4 SSE 149º 0.8 30.6 85.6
SP5 WSW 247º 0.8 31.7 79.3
SP6 WSW 240º 1.5 30.1 93.9
SP7 WSW 182º 0 30.9 80.9
SP8 WNW 192º 2.6 28.9 85.1
SP9 WNW 226º 1 28.9 85.9
SP10 WNW 253º 1.3 30.1 81.4
SP11 WNW 243º 1.7 29.5 85.3
SP12 WSW 079º 0 31.4 86.7
SP13 WNW 220º 0.2 29.31 80.42
SP14 WNW 253º 0.4 28.63 77.46
SP15 WNW 251º 1 30.21 84.32
SP16 WNW 079º 0.2 29.23 80.07
SP17 WNW 220º 1.1 30.37 84.98
SP18 WNW 233º 0.5 29.61 81.72
SP19 WNW 253º 0.1 29.15 79.73
SP20 WNW 073º 0.6 28.4 76.45
SP21 WNW 220º 1.2 30.45 85.33
SP22 WNW 250º 0.7 29.84 82.68
Mean 0.80 29.87 82.86
Control I WNW 0260º 1.6 30.94 87.44
Control II ESE 114º 3.7 30.6 76.7
Max. 3.7 31.7 93.9
Min. 0 28.4 76.45

4.3.2 Air Quality

The air quality results are presented in Table 4.3.2. All the air quality indices studied were
within regulatory limits. The concentrations of NO2 ranged between 0.010-0.094ppm with a
mean of 0.04ppm. The concentrations of SO2 ranged between 0.01–0.04 ppm mean of
0.01ppm. Volatile organic carbon (VOC) ranged between 1.06-5 ppm with a mean of 2.33
ppm. Carbon dioxide ranged between 515-721 ppm with a mean of 591.18ppm. Carbon
monoxide. was not detected in all the sampling points monitored. The mean concentrations
of suspended particulate matter (SPM) measured in all the sampling points ranged between
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19.0 – 24.6 µg/m3 with a mean of 20.64µg/m3 The main sources of SO2 are the combustion
of Sulphur containing fossil fuels, smelting of Sulphur containing compounds and such
related industrial processes (WHO, 1987). Although there are some natural sources of SO2,
man –made contributions are of prime concern in relation to human exposures. Due to the
low levels of the air pollutants, no possible health effects are expected from them as per the
world health organization classification Table 4.3.3.

Table 4.3.3 also shows that the levels of pollutants were below standards recommended by
WHO (1987).

Table 4.3.2: Air Quality

SN SAMPLE VOC SO2 (ppm) NO2 CO CO2 Suspended Particulate Matter

ID (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (µg/m3)
- 260 75.0 - 113 22.8 - 250
1 SP1 2 0.01 0.094 0 621 19.9
2 SP2 3 0.01 0.049 0 591 19.3
3 SP3 4 0.02 0.043 0 531 21.5
4 SP4 3 0.03 0.091 0 721 21.4
5 SP5 4 0.02 0.05 0 631 19.2
6 SP6 5 0.02 0.089 0 659 18
7 SP7 5 0.03 0.008 0 564 19.7
8 SP8 4 0.02 0.051 0 591 20.7
9 SP9 0.04 0.02 0.031 0 562 21.8
10 SP10 0.02 0.01 0.052 0 515 20.1
11 SP11 0.04 0.04 0.078 0 610 24.6
12 SP12 0.02 0.02 0.048 0 521 22.1
13 SP13 0.04 0.01 0.03 0 595 20.7
14 SP14 2.06 0.02 0.01 0 579 20.3
15 SP15 3.4 0.02 0.05 0 620 21.5
16 SP16 1.06 0.01 0.02 0 549 19.4
17 SP17 3.36 0.02 0.05 0 619 21.4
18 SP18 3.06 0.02 0.04 0 610 21.2
19 SP19 3.18 0.02 0.04 0 613 21.3
20 SP20 0.54 0.01 0.03 0 534 19
21 SP21 1.31 0.02 0.01 0 557 19.7
22 SP22 3.18 0.02 0.04 0 613 21.3
Mean 2.33 0.01 0.04 0 591.18 20.64
23 Control I 0.54 0.01 0.03 0 534 19
24 Control II 1 0.03 0.044 0 538 29.8
Range 1.06-5.00 0.01-0.04 0.010-0.094 0 515-721 19.0-24.6
FMEnv 1.9 0.04-0.06 –0.08 10 - 60-90

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Table 4.3.3: World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Maximum Exposure to
Major pollutants and possible effects if limits are exceeded.

Polluant Possible Effects WHO Guidelines

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Worsening respiratory illness from short 40-50 mg/m3 (annual mean);
term exposure, increased respiratory 100-150 mg/m3 (Daily average)
symptoms, including chronic bronchitis,
from long-term exposures

Suspended Particulate Pulmonary effects are associated with the Black:

Matter (SPM) combined exposure to SPM and SO2 40-60 mg/m3 (Annual mean).
100-150 mg/m3 (Daily average)
Total SPM:
60-150 mg/m3 (Annual mean);
150-230 mg/m3 (Daily average)

Nitrogen dioxide Effects on lung function in persons suffering 150 mg/m3 for 24 hr mean;
(NO2) from asthma from short-term exposures 400 mg/m3: Not to be exceeded

Carbon Monoxide Reduced oxygen - carrying capacity of blood 10 mg/m3 (for 8 hr); not to be
(CO) exceeded.

Source: WHO Air Quality Guidelines (1987)

4.3.3 Noise levels

The frequency of occurrence of noise levels emanating from the study area was measured and
presented in Table 4.3.5. In all the sampling points, noise levels measured were below the
tolerable limit or noise level zone that could cause annoyance and they are within the values
of 90dBA stipulated by the FMENV and WHO.

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Table 4.3.5 Noise Level Measured During the Rainy and Dry Season

S/N SAMPLE ID Noise (dB)

40.5 – 61.4
1 SP1 50.2
2 SP2 61.4
3 SP3 44.5
4 SP4 40.5
5 SP5 53.5
6 SP6 47.5
7 SP7 54.5
8 SP8 51.6
9 SP9 47.5
10 SP10 47.8
11 SP11 47.5
12 SP12 45.3
13 SP13 44.6
14 SP14 44.8
15 SP15 46.1
16 SP16 45.5
17 SP17 44.5
18 SP18 50.3
19 SP19 52.2
20 SP20 48.4
21 SP21 48.8
22 SP22 46.6
Mean 46.2
23 Control I 45.2
24 Control II 47.18
Range 40.5 – 61.4
FMEnv 90dBA

4.4. Surface Water

4.4.1 Surface Water Physico-Chemistry
Table 4.4.1 showed the physicochemical quality of the surface water in the study area and
control station. The pH of the surface water samples ranged from moderately acidic to slightly
acidic. The pH ranged from 5.62 – 6.10 with a mean of 5.86. The pH of the control station
was slightly acidic (6.63). The values for total dissolved solid (TDS) ranged from 12.0 – 19.0
mg/l and the mean TDS, 15.5mg/L. The TDS for the control station was 73.0 mg/l.

The salinity of the study area was low (0.01ppt) indicating freshwater. The salinity of the
control station was 0.06ppt. Electrical Conductivity 19.0 – 30.0µS/cm while that of the

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control station was 121. 0µS/cm. The results showed that the control station had a higher
ionic concentration than the study area. The surface water was freshwater

The metal (exchangeable cations and heavy metals) content of the surface water in the study
area and control are presented in Table 4.4.2. Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg), the earth
metal in solution constitute the exchangeable cations. Calcium (0.214-0.448 mg/l) and Mg
(0.162 – 0.178mg/l). The Ca and Mg concentrations in the study area was lower than in the
control stations supporting the initial observation of higher ionic concentration of the control
station compared with the study area.

Heavy Metals
Natural waters contain very small quantities of several essential metals including zinc (Zn),
copper (Cu), iron (Fe), These metals, also called trace are required by plants and animal in
minute quantities and are toxic in relatively high concentrations and are easily assimilated
and bio accumulated in the protoplasm of aquatic organisms. The concentrations of zinc and
copper in the surface water were low and similar to that of the control station. The
concentration of Iron was low and ranged from 1.61 – 2.01mg/l this was similar to that of the
control which was1.42mg/l.

Organics
Table 4.4.3 showed the organic (TPH and Oil and Grease) content of the surface water of the
study area and control stations. The results suggest high concentrations of Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (315-700mg/l) and absence of oil and grease (<0.01mg/l) in the study area.
Higher concentrations of TPH was observed in the control stations (1,217mg/l) than in the
study area. This suggests hydrocarbon contamination in the study area and pollution in the
control station. The sources of hydrocarbons in the surface water may result from inputs from
watercrafts such as flying boats etc.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand in the study stations were high and ranged from 91-100mg/l.
The BOD of the control station was also high (77mg/l). The Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) from the study area ranged from 130 to 143mg/l while the control station was 111mg/l.
These high BOD and COD values confirmed the presence of organic matter in the surface
water supporting the results of high TPH observed in the surface water.

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Table 4.4.1: Physicochemical Quality of the Surface Water

S/N STATION Temp pH DO Colour Sal TDS TSS EC Ammonia COD BOD
(0C) (mg/l) (CU) (ppt) (mg/l) (mg/l) (µS/cm) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

1 SP 2 21.5 6.10 7.99 10.0 0.01 12.0 <0.01 19.0 3.26 130 91.0

2 SP 4 22.5 5.62 6.29 5.00 0.01 19.0 <0.01 30.0 1.91 143 100

Mean 22 5.86 7.14 7.5 0.01 15.5 <0.01 24.5 2.58 136.5 95.5

3 CONTROL 22.6 6.63 5.39 5.00 0.06 73.0 <0.01 121 1.21 111 77.7

Table 4.4.2: Metal Content of the Surface Water

S/N STATION PARAMETERS

Magnesium Calcium Zinc Iron Copper
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
1 SP 2 0.162 0.214 <0.003 1.61 <0.004
2 SP 4 0.178 0.448 <0.003 2.01 <0.004
Mean 0.17 0.331 <0.003 1.81 <0.004
3 CONTROL 2.58 10.6 <0.003 1.42 <0.004

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Table 4.4.3: Organic Content of the Surface Water

S/N STATION PARAMETERS

TPH (mg/l) Oil and Grease (mg/l)
1 SP 2 700 <0.01

2 SP 4 315 <0.01

3 Mean 507.5 <0.01

\4 CONTROL 1,217 <0.01

4.4.2 Surface water Microbiology

Table 4.4.9 showed the microbial population of the surface water samples in the study area.
The microbial populations are normal for freshwater aquatic systems. The heterotrophic
bacterial populations represented the highest microbial group of organisms in the water
samples. The percentage hydrocarbon utilising bacterial and fungal populations were low
suggesting low levels of exposure of resident microbial populations to hydrocarbons.
However, high concentrations of TPH was observed in the study area and control. These
results suggest that the hydrocarbon contamination/pollution may be temporal and may result
from inputs from the watercraft used for sampling or the infrequent discharge of hydrocarbon
containing materials into the aquatic system hence low percentage HUB and HUF of water
samples in both control and study area. The study samples supported higher microbial counts
compared to the control samples indicating that microorganisms at the study stations were
exposed to more nutrients in these areas than the control station. Faecal coliform counts of
both study area (7.8-540MPN/100ml) and control (540MPN/100ml) were high suggesting
human faecal contamination of the surface water

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Table 4.4.4: Microbiological Quality of Surface Water

S/N Station PARAMETERS
HUB (cfu/ml) HUF THB TF %HUB %HU Faecal
(cfu/ml) (cfu/ml) (cfu/ml) F Colifor
m
(MPN/
100ml)
1 SP 2 3.00 × 102 <1.00 × 10 5.10 × 103 <1.00 × 10 5.8 0 -

2 SP 4 1.00 × 102 <1.00 × 10 6.50 × 102 <1.00 × 10 15.3 0 7.8

5 Mean 1.5 x 103 <1.0 × 10 5.8 x 103 <1.0 × 10 10.55 0 -

6 CONTROL <1.00 × 10 <1.00 × 10 <1.00 × 10 <1.00 × 10 0 0 540

4. 5 Sediment Studies
4.5.1 Sediment Physico-Chemistry
The physico chemical quality of the sediment samples are presented in Table 4.5.1
The sediment within the study stations was slightly acidic with a pH, ranging from 6.14 –
7.31 and a mean value of 6.42. The control station was neutral with a pH of 7.31. The
concentration of Na was lower in the study stations when compared with the control station
supporting the observation of higher ionic concentrations of the control when compared with
the study stations. However, other the concentration of other exchangeable cations in the
study station were similar with that of the control. These results indicate that the control
station showed tidal influences (nearer to the ocean). The sulphate concentration of the control
station was higher than that of the study stations. Phosphate and nitrate concentrations of the
study area were similar to that of the control stations.

Heavy Metals
Table 4.5.2 showed the heavy metal content of the sediment. Some heavy metals are
pollutants with harmful influences on natural ecosystems and human health e.g. mercury
(Hg), lead (Pb), while others are essential nutrients (e.g. zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe),
etc). However, even these micronutrients can become harmful if present in excessive
amounts. The copper, chromium and lead values of the sediments was less than the equipment
detection limit except for one sediment which had lead values of 1.79mg/kg. The
concentrations of Fe and Pb was higher in the study stations than in the control station while
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Zn recorded higher concentration in the control than in the study stations. The values of other
heavy metals were similar for both control and study stations.

Organics
The organic (TPH and Oil and Grease) content of the sediment is presented in Table 4.5.3.
The total petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediment in the study area were slightly high.
Compared with the control station. The values ranged from 314 - 351mg/kg with a mean
value of 489.5 mg/kg, while the oil and grease values for the sediment in both the study area
and control was <0.01mg/kg.

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Table 4.5.1: Physicochemical Quality of the Sediments

S/N STATION PARAMETERS

pH Na (mg/kg Ca (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) Mg (mg/kg) PO4 (mg/kg) SO4 (mg/kg) N03 (mg/kg)
1 SP 2 6.71 7.61 1,197 398 1,995 1.18 92.7 16.8
2 SP 4 6.14 1.21 1,230 381 1,882 1.34 39.8 15.3
3 Mean 6.42 5.04 1,213.5 389.5 1,916 1.26 66.25 16.05
4 CONTROL 7.31 256 1,129 531 1,872 2.62 306 12.5

Table 4.5.2: Heavy Metal Content of the Sediments

S/N STATION PARAMETERS
Mn Cd Zn Fe Cu Cr Ni Pb V As Ba (mg/kg) Co (mg/kg) Hg (mg/kg)
(mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg)
1 SP 2 <0.002 <0.0028 20.1 14,239 <0.004 <0.005 38.2 1.79 <0.12 <0.16 <0.09 <0.01 <0.01
2 SP 4 <0.002 <0.0028 13.6 9,312 <0.004 <0.005 35.7 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 <0.09 <0.01 <0.01
3 Mean <0.002 <0.001 16.85 11,775.5 <0.04 <0.005 36.05 0.895 <0.12 <0.16 <0.09 <0.01 <0.01
4 CONTROL <0.002 <0.0028 47.3 4,882 <0.004 <0.005 45.4 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 <0.09 <0.01 <0.01

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Table 4.5.3: Organic Content of the Sediments

S/N STATION PARAMETERS

TPH (mg/kg) Oil and Grease
(mg/kg)
1 SP 2 314 <0.01

2 SP 4 351 <0.01

3 Mean 489.5 <0.01

4 CONTROL 71.3 <0.01

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4.5.2 Sediment Microbiology

Table 4.5.4 showed the microbial population of the sediments. The heterotrophic bacterial
and fungal populations in the study station were similar to that of the control station. The
percentage (%) hydrocarbon utilising bacterial and fungal populations of both the study area
and the control station were high and suggestive of exposure of resident microbial populations
to hydrocarbons. This results supports the high TPH concentrations obtained in the sediment.
The fungal populations were very low suggesting unsuitable environmental conditions for the
growth of fungi in both study area and control.

Table 4.5.4: Microbial Population of the Sediments

S/N STATION PARAMETERS

HUB HUF THB TF %HUB %HUF
(cfu/g) (cfu/g) (cfu/g) (cfu/g)
1 SP 2 8.00 × 103 <1.00 × 10 5.85 × 104 <1.00 × 13.6 0
10
2 SP 4 1.00 × 102 <1.00 × 10 4.00 × 103 <1.00 × 2.5 0
10
3 Mean 4.05 × 102 <1.00 × 10 3.12× 10
4 1.00 × 10 8.05 0

4 CONTROL 6.40 × 103 <1.00 × 10 2.40 × 104 <1.00 × 26.6 0

10

4.6 Soils
The physical and chemical properties of the soil samples of the project area are summarized
in Tables 4.6.1 and 4.6.4 in relation to the sampling location.

4.6.1 Soil Physicochemical Quality

The chemical characteristics of the project area are presented in in Table 4.6.1 in relation to
the sites where the samples were collected. The soils of the study area were varied from
moderately acidic to slightly acidic with a mean pH for top soil (0-15cm) of 6.4 and 6.86 for
subsoil (15-30cm). The acidity could be attributed to leaching loss of exchangeable bases.
Aroh (2003) reported pH range of 3.8 - 4.0 (1 mol/L KCl) for most soils of Niger Delta which
Foth (1984 ) observed was not good for crop production as most essential nutrients become
available at pH 5.5 -7.3. Alberta (2010) reported favourable pH range of 6 to 8.5 in industrial

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

and natural areas. Severe acidification can cause non reversible clay mineral dissolution and
a reduction in cation exchange capacity, accompanied by structural deterioration (Goulding,
2016). The soil pH in this area was good for agriculture activity. There was no significant
difference between the temperature of the top soil (24 oC) and that of the bottom soil (24oC).

Nitrogen is one of the essential elements necessary for plant growth, especially vigour and is
listed among the fertilizer key elements in soils of Nigeria. In the study area mean values
213mg/kg and 137.6mg/kg were recorded in the top and bottom soils of the study area. There
was decrease in total Nitrogen with depth. In Nigeria, both soils are classified high in total N.
The higher N content could be due to litter decomposition and mineralization of organic
materials High total N stimulate microbial growth and subsequently increases soil
productivity.

Total phosphorus was very low in both soils and far below the critical limit of 15 mg/kg
especially in the study area; mean values recorded were 0.728 mg/kg in top soil and 0.914 for
bottom soil in the study area. The low P could be attributed to the low content of the parent
materials. Higher organic carbon, nitrogen also contributes to higher P. This therefore justify
the kind of parent material that could be low P bearing.

Chloride is an essential micronutrient and all crops require Chloride in small quantities.
However, it is often associated with salinity damage and toxicity. Chloride ions are derived
from chlorine, which is a halogen. Chloride is not a structural element but they play vital roles
in plant metabolism (Campbell, 1979). Furthermore, chloride ions are very soluble and are
not easily obtained in food crop analysis because of their ionization. Mean chloride
concentrations of 64.0 and 37.3 mg/kg were recorded in the top and sub soil of the study area.
More commonly, chloride is associated with detrimental effects on soil salinity. Based on the
threshold of 200 mg/kg (WHO 1983), the soils in the study area were polluted with chloride.
SFM (2018) reported that moderately tolerant plants show injury when Cl is within the range
of 141 – 350 mg/kg. The soil was suitable for plant growth.

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Heavy Metals

The metal content of the soil is presented in Table 4.6.2. Exchangeable K, Mg and Ca were
high in the study Ca values ranged from 1,197mg/kg to 2,747mg/kg. Magnesium values
ranged from 818mg/kg to 1,573mg/kg. The exchangeable bases decreased slightly with
increasing depth in both the study area. The concentrations of these cations improves soil
fertility. The relatively higher levels of iron, magnesium and Calcium are not necessarily due
to pollution, but rather as a result of the genesis of soil formation. Generally high
concentrations of Fe were recorded in both top and sub soils of the study area. Spatial
variations were observed in some locations. In some stations there was an increase in
concentration of Fe with depth while in some others there was a decrease.in concentration.
The spatial variation is probably due to differences in moisture content, clay content, cation
exchange capacity, organic matter content and pH of the different sites. The concentrations
of the micronutrients/heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn, V and Ni) were within the
permissible limits in the soil as given by and WHO/FAO (2001). The concentrations of the
above heavy metals in the study area showed no significant differences though spatial
variations were observed. The soils are therefore free from heavy metals contamination.

Organics

Table 4.6.3 showed the organic content (TPH and Oil and Grease) of the soil within the study
area. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) of the soil in the study area was high (107 to
362mg/kg). In some locations top soil concentrations were higher than subsoil concentrations
in some locations the converse was the case. The study revealed that the soils have been
contaminate with hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin. Oil and grease contents were very low
in the soil (0.01mg/kg);

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Table 4.6.1: Physicochemical Quality of the Soil

S/N STATION PARAMETER

0
pH Temp ( C) HARDNESS ALKALINITY CHLORIDE TOTAL TOTAL POTASSIUM
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) PHOSPHORUS NITROGEN (mg/kg)
(mg/kg) (mg/kg)
1 SP 1 0 - 15CM 6.23 26.2 328 216 52.2 0.383 135 234
2 SP 1 15 – 30CM 5.57 25.2 288 184 40.4 1.42 152 254
3 SP 2 0 - 15CM 6.10 25.0 288 184 84.1 1.42 175 222
4 SP 2 15 – 30CM 5.92 24.9 240 152 68.7 0.622 147 173
5 SP 3 0 - 15CM 6.27 24.6 248 160 40.2 1.10 159 63.8
6 SP 3 15 – 30CM 5.74 24.6 280 184 60.8 1.18 155 49.9
7 SP 4 0 - 15CM 5.92 24.3 272 216 80.9 1.34 241 140.6
8 SP 4 15 – 30CM 5.76 24.3 264 184 68.2 0.463 161 216
9 SP 5 0 - 15CM 5.95 24.5 272 168 60.5 1.66 186 168
10 SP 5 15 – 30CM 5.63 24.3 320 232 36.3 0.463 157 92.6
11 SP 6 0 - 15CM 6.18 24.4 240 216 56.0 0.542 181 94.6
12 SP 6 15 – 30CM 5.94 24.3 208 184 36.2 0.702 135 66.2
13 SP 7 0 - 15CM 5.91 24.1 288 192 68.7 0.861 222 69.28
14 SP 7 15 – 30CM 5.79 24.0 240 168 44.3 1.10 93.8 41.2
15 SP 8 0 - 15CM 6.25 23.8 296 232 44.5 0.941 228 364
16 SP 8 15 – 30CM 5.90 24.1 280 200 32.3 0.941 184 117
17 SP 9 0 - 15CM 6.78 23.8 240 216 80.7 0.383 191 101
18 SP 9 15 – 30CM 5.80 24.0 208 184 68.8 1.10 155 91.2
19 SP 10 0 - 15CM 5.96 24.2 224 168 60.9 0.383 226 145
20 SP 10 5 – 30CM 5.87 24.0 192 120 36.2 0.622 219 201
21 SP 11 0 - 15CM 6.42 24.2 328 216 56.4 0.722 167 353
22 SP 11 15 - 30CM 6.52 24.1 248 168 40.6 2.14 226 179
23 SP 12 0 - 15CM 6.49 24.2 216 152 41.4
7 0.941 111 226
24 SP 12 15 - 30CM 6.60 24.2 176 120 28.6 0.463 92.8 75.8
25 SP 13 0 - 15CM 6.72 26.3 222 112 23.7 0.181 277 112
26 SP 13 15 - 30CM 6.43 25.2 248 106 33.4 0.344 167 56.8
27 SP 14 0 - 15CM 6.49 25.6 260 132 37.8 0.267 154 99.3

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28 SP 14 15 - 30CM 6.88 25.9 218 144 39.0 0.442 127 112

29 SP 15 0 - 15CM 5.62 26.1 214 172 29.8 0.654 134 165
30 SP 15 15 - 30CM 6.60 26.2 180 166 25.6 0.523 124 88.7
31 SP 16 0 - 15CM 5.81 24.8 198 208 23.3 0.432 225 75.4
32 SP 16 15 - 30CM 6.73 25.3 174 212 26.4 0.333 147 157
33 SP 17 0 - 15CM 6.48 25.7 220 200 26.0 0.512 209 47.9
34 SP 17 15 - 30CM 6.77 25.9 340 178 26.8 0.412 216 62.8
35 SP 18 0 - 15CM 6.34 25.9 288 140 43.5 0.217 184 132
36 SP 18 15 - 30CM 6.58 26.0 268 154 37.5 0.333 163 112
37 SP 19 0 - 15CM 6.72 26.1 226 162 31.6 0.342 144 106
38 SP 19 15 - 30CM 6.62 26.2 244 172 44.2 0.525 152 88.3
39 SP 20 0 - 15CM 6.49 25.7 204 122 20.9 0.467 173 67.4
40 SP 20 15 - 30CM 6.37 25.9 260 140 34.6 0.213 163 65.2
41 SP 21 0 - 15CM 6.22 26.1 256 152 45.6 0.435 112 135
42 SP 21 15 - 30CM 5.65 26.2 312 144 32.0 0.298 134 152
43 SP 22 0 - 15CM 6.40 26.4 182 216 34.4 0.347 122 123
44 SP 22 15 - 30CM 6.55 26.3 194 206 27.5 0.634 172 67.2
45 SP 23 0 - 15CM 6.73 26.3 192 188 31.0 0.436 132 162
46 SP 23 15 - 30CM 6.92 26.2 236 196 33.9 0.413 126 58.3
Mean 0-15cm 6.24 25.1 246 174 43.6 0.672 167 132
Mean 15-30cm 6.25 25.1 244 174 43.3 0.673 167 128
47 Control 0-15cn 7.12 26.5 132 114 20.1 0.156 79.5 54.3
48 Control 15-30cm 6.98 26.2 108 96.0 23.4 0.341 95.8 88.1

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Table 4.6.2: Metal Content of the Soil

S/N PARAMETERS
STATION Fe Cd Zn Ca Cu Cr Mg Pb V As Ni Co Hg Ba
(mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/
kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg) kg)

1 SP 1 0 - 15CM 8,401 <0.0028 9.79 2,730 <0.004 <0.005 1,116 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 37.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
2 SP 1 15 – 30CM 11,896 <0.0028 <0.003 2,747 <0.004 <0.005 1,264 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 38.1 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
3 SP 2 0 - 15CM 2,340 <0.0028 1.26 2,540 <0.004 <0.005 976 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 37.2 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
4 SP 2 15 – 30CM 3,610 <0.0028 2.23 2,596 <0.004 <0.005 1007 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 37.2 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
5 SP 3 0 - 15CM 2,846 <0.0028 5.59 2,528 <0.004 <0.005 818 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 38.7 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
6 SP 3 15 – 30CM 4,670 <0.0028 <0.003 2,410 <0.004 <0.005 976 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 38.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
7 SP 4 0 - 15CM 3,289 <0.0028 2.93 2,393 <0.004 <0.005 1,147 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 39.8 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
8 SP 4 15 – 30CM 6,073 <0.0028 9.52 2,376 <0.004 <0.005 1,193 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 39.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
9 SP 5 0 - 15CM 3,592 <0.0028 0.745 2,258 <0.004 <0.005 1,352 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 39.0 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
10 SP 5 15 – 30CM 4,932 <0.0028 <0.003 2,225 <0.004 <0.005 1,568 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 37.4 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
11 SP 6 0 - 15CM 1,921 <0.0028 <0.003 2,056 <0.004 <0.005 1,289 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 37.4 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
12 SP 6 15 – 30CM 3,424 <0.0028 <0.003 2,106 <0.004 <0.005 1,540 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 36.0 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
13 SP 7 0 - 15CM 3,417 <0.0028 0.532 2,073 <0.004 <0.005 1,454 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 35.7 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
14 SP 7 15 – 30CM 82.2 <0.0028 <0.003 1,517 <0.004 <0.005 264 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 30.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
15 SP 8 0 - 15CM 7,162 <0.0028 16.2 1,904 <0.004 <0.005 1,573 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 39.3 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
16 SP 8 15 – 30CM 9,618 <0.0028 5.64 1,888 <0.004 <0.005 1,341 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 37.3 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
17 SP 9 0 - 15CM 4,515 <0.0028 15.5 1,871 <0.004 <0.005 1,354 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 35.2 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
18 SP 9 15 – 30CM 10,247 <0.0028 <0.003 1,820 <0.004 <0.005 1,591 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 36.8 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
19 SP 10 0 - 15CM 6,744 <0.0028 46.2 1,803 <0.004 <0.005 2,016 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 36.2 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
20 SP 10 5 – 30CM 10,066 <0.0028 <0.003 1,719 <0.004 <0.005 1,714 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 36.7 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
21 SP 11 0 - 15CM 5,304 <0.0028 142 1,854 <0.004 <0.005 1,541 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 36.4 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
22 SP 11 15 - 30CM 4,461 <0.0028 <0.003 1,197 <0.004 <0.005 1,839 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 34.8 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
23 SP 12 0 - 15CM 8,338 <0.0028 <0.003 1,264 <0.004 <0.005 1,634 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 35.9 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
24 SP 12 15 - 30CM 5,488 <0.0028 30.2 1,298 <0.004 <0.005 1,635 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 <0.01 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
25 SP 13 0 - 15CM 6,213 <0.0028 12.5 1,674 <0.004 <0.005 800 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 16.4 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
26 SP 13 15 - 30CM 4,322 <0.0028 <0.003 1,434 <0.004 <0.005 874 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 33.5 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
27 SP 14 0 - 15CM 5,123 <0.0028 23.5 1,253 <0.004 <0.005 650 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 23.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
28 SP 14 15 - 30CM 6,543 <0.0028 <0.003 1,424 <0.004 <0.005 734 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 34.5 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

29 SP 15 0 - 15CM 6,161 <0.0028 43.6 1,898 <0.004 <0.005 1,200 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 12.5 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
30 SP 15 15 - 30CM 7,345 <0.0028 23.4 2,034 <0.004 <0.005 1,123 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 54.2 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
31 SP 16 0 - 15CM 9,191 <0.0028 16.7 1,454 <0.004 <0.005 989 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 22.5 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
32 SP 16 15 - 30CM 7,434 <0.0028 <0.003 1,878 <0.004 <0.005 656 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 32.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
33 SP 17 0 - 15CM 4,176 <0.0028 <0.003 1,439 <0.004 <0.005 870 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 28.7 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
34 SP 17 15 - 30CM 9,342 <0.0028 <0.003 1,521 <0.004 <0.005 1,233 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 14.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
35 SP 18 0 - 15CM 7,170 <0.0028 65.3 1,622 <0.004 <0.005 340 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 23.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
36 SP 18 15 - 30CM 5,323 <0.0028 23.5 1,782 <0.004 <0.005 450 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 16.7 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
37 SP 19 0 - 15CM 6,612 <0.0028 56.4 1,343 <0.004 <0.005 650 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 19.7 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
38 SP 19 15 - 30CM 8,154 <0.0028 33.5 1,877 <0.004 <0.005 676 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 22.5 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
39 SP 20 0 - 15CM 5,454 <0.0028 54.2 1,090 <0.004 <0.005 998 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 27.4 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
40 SP 20 15 - 30CM 3,878 <0.0028 44.7 1,569 <0.004 <0.005 1,548 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 29.4 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
41 SP 21 0 - 15CM 6,172 <0.0028 59.3 1,343 <0.004 <0.005 1,451 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 32.8 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
42 SP 21 15 - 30CM 4,123 <0.0028 29.0 1,290 <0.004 <0.005 1,611 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 42.5 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
43 SP 22 0 - 15CM 5,786 <0.0028 78.9 1,343 <0.004 <0.005 670 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 38.4 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
44 SP 22 15 - 30CM 4,989 <0.0028 58.3 1,458 <0.004 <0.005 758 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 35.7 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
45 SP 23 0 - 15CM 7,343 <0.0028 94.2 1,333 <0.004 <0.005 564 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 42.3 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
46 SP 23 15 - 30CM 6,323 <0.0028 66.5 1,822 <0.004 <0.005 800 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 22.6 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
Mean 0-15cm 5,851 <0.0028 33.5 1,805 <0.004 <0.005 1,134 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 33.1 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
Mean 15-30cm 5,805 <0.0028 35.4 1,785 <0.004 <0.005 1,127 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 32.7 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
47 Control 0-15cm 4,343 <0.0028 33.6 1,200 <0.004 <0.005 229 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 8.13 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09
48 Control 15-30cm 2,121 <0.0028 20.1 1,090 <0.004 <0.005 450 <0.012 <0.12 <0.16 9.06 <0.01 <0.001 <0.09

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Table 4.6.3: Organic Content of the Soil

S/N PARAMETERS
STATION TPH TOG (mg/kg)
1 SP 1 0 - 15CM 284
(mg/kg) 403
2 SP 1 15 – 30CM 107 289
3 SP 2 0 - 15CM 188 312
4 SP 2 15 – 30CM 308 434
5 SP 3 0 - 15CM 317 486
6 SP 3 15 – 30CM 298 512
7 SP 4 0 - 15CM 286 503
8 SP 4 15 – 30CM 319 517
9 SP 5 0 - 15CM 324 532
10 SP 5 15 – 30CM 346 544
11 SP 6 0 - 15CM 321 521
12 SP 6 15 – 30CM 336 543
13 SP 7 0 - 15CM 365 564
14 SP 7 15 – 30CM 275 487
15 SP 8 0 - 15CM 250 493
16 SP 8 15 – 30CM 341 562
17 SP 9 0 - 15CM 365 592
18 SP 9 15 – 30CM 348 599
19 SP 10 0 - 15CM 348 592
20 SP 10 5 – 30CM 362 578
21 SP 11 0 - 15CM 148 322
22 SP 11 15 - 30CM 365 612
23 SP 12 0 - 15CM 398 632
24 SP 12 15 - 30CM 326 572
25 SP 13 0 - 15CM 220 540
26 SP 13 15 - 30CM 187 376
27 SP 14 0 - 15CM 267 522
28 SP 14 15 - 30CM 312 576
29 SP 15 0 - 15CM 176 387
30 SP 15 15 - 30CM 199 393
31 SP 16 0 - 15CM 206 480
32 SP 16 15 - 30CM 234 543
33 SP 17 0 - 15CM 276 487
34 SP 17 15 - 30CM 244 498
35 SP 18 0 - 15CM 256 522
36 SP 18 15 - 30CM 322 623
37 SP 19 0 - 15CM 212 534
38 SP 19 15 - 30CM 312 621
39 SP 20 0 - 15CM 215 578
40 SP 20 15 - 30CM 265 583
41 SP 21 0 - 15CM 256 534
42 SP 21 15 - 30CM 333 622
43 SP 22 0 - 15CM 206 579
44 SP 22 15 - 30CM 214 568
45 SP 23 0 - 15CM 245 572
46 SP 23 15 - 30CM 123 453
Mean 0-15cm 277 519
Mean 15-30cm 274 520
47 Control 0-15cm 112 278
48 Control 15-30cm 86.0 116

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4.6.2 Soil Microbiology

Table 4.6.4 showed the microbial population of the soil within the study area. The bacterial
population presented the microbial group with the highest population when compared with
fungi. The vertical variation with depth of the microbial population was not evident. The Total
Heterotrophic Bacterial. Population was low compared to soils within the Niger delta. The
microbial population showed levels of stress due to high levels of hydrocarbons within the soil.
Soil TPH levels were high indicating hydrocarbon contamination/pollution of the soils within
the study area. The %HUB (2.7 to 71.4%) was high confirming exposure of resident
heterotrophic bacterial populations to hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin.

Table 4.6.4: Microbiological Quality of the Soil

S/N STATION PARAMETERS
HUB HUF THB TF %HUB
(cfu/g) (cfu/g) (cfu/g) (cfu/g) %HUF

1 SP 1 0 - 15CM 3.60 × 103 <1.00 × 101 5.85 × 104 <1.00 × 101 6.2 0
2 SP 1 15 – 30CM 2.20 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.40 × 104 <1.00 × 101 9.1 0
3 SP 2 0 - 15CM 9.20 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.90 × 104 <1.00 × 101 31.7 0
4 SP 2 15 – 30CM 5.30 × 103 <1.00 × 101 3.25 × 104 <1.00 × 101 16.5 0
5 SP 3 0 - 15CM 2.30 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.75 × 104 <1.00 × 101 8.3 0
6 SP 3 15 – 30CM 1.00 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.20 × 104 <1.00 × 101 8.3 0
7 SP 4 0 - 15CM 8.60 × 104 <1.00 × 101 2.95 × 105 <1.00 × 101 29.1 0
8 SP 4 15 – 30CM 7.00 × 104 <1.00 × 101 1.10 × 105 <1.00 × 101 63.6 0
9 SP 5 0 - 15CM 2.00 × 104 <1.00 × 101 1.71 × 105 <1.00 × 101 11.7 0
10 SP 5 15 – 30CM 1.00 × 104 <1.00 × 101 1.48 × 104 <1.00 × 101 71.4 0
11 SP 6 0 - 15CM 2.30 × 104 <1.00 × 101 1.31 × 105 <1.00 × 101 17.5 0
12 SP 6 15 – 30CM 1.00 × 104 <1.00 × 101 1.50 × 104 <1.00 × 101 66.6 0
13 SP 7 0 - 15CM 2.00 × 104 <1.00 × 101 3.45 × 104 <1.00 × 101 58.8 0
14 SP 7 15 – 30CM 1.00 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.00 × 103 <1.00 × 101 10.0 0
15 SP 8 0 - 15CM 4.50 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.83 × 104 <1.00 × 101 7.3 0
16 SP 8 15 – 30CM 1.90 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.15 × 104 <1.00 × 101 3.0 0
17 SP 9 0 - 15CM 1.70 × 103 <1.00 × 101 6.15 × 104 <1.00 × 101 2.7 0
18 SP 9 15 – 30CM 1.20 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.30 × 104 <1.00 × 101 9.2 0
19 SP 10 0 - 15CM 6.20 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.10 × 105 <1.00 × 101 5.6 0
20 SP 10 5 – 30CM 3.10 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.55 × 104 <1.00 × 101 12.4 0
21 SP 11 0 - 15CM 6.40 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.60 × 104 <1.00 × 101 24.6 0
22 SP 11 15 - 30CM 3.20 × 103 <1.00 × 101 4.45 × 104 <1.00 × 101 7.2 0
23 SP 12 0 - 15CM 1.10 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.10 × 105 <1.00 × 101 1.0 0
24 SP 12 15 - 30CM 1.10 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.60 × 104 <1.00 × 101 4.2 0
25 SP 13 0 - 15CM 2.39 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.20 × 104 <1.00 × 101 19.9 0
26 SP 13 15 - 30CM 2.11 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.50 × 104 <1.00 × 101 8.44 0
27 SP 14 0 - 15CM 1.23 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.17 × 104 <1.00 × 101 10.5 0
28 SP 14 15 - 30CM 3.30 × 103 <1.00 × 101 1.32 × 104 <1.00 × 101 25 0
29 SP 15 0 - 15CM 2.43 × 103 <1.00 × 101 3.45 × 104 <1.00 × 101 7.04 0
30 SP 15 15 - 30CM 1.27 × 103 <1.00 × 101 4.30 × 104 <1.00 × 101 2.95 0
31 SP 16 0 - 15CM 1.44 × 103 <1.00 × 101 3.30 × 104 <1.00 × 101 4.36 0
32 SP 16 15 - 30CM 2.50 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.74 × 104 <1.00 × 101 9.12 0
33 SP 17 0 - 15CM 2.56 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.12 × 104 <1.00 × 101 12.1 0
34 SP 17 15 - 30CM 1.45 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.37 × 104 <1.00 × 101 6.12 0
35 SP 18 0 - 15CM 1.40 × 103 <1.00 × 101 3.57 × 104 <1.00 × 101 3.92 0
36 SP 18 15 - 30CM 2.56 × 103 <1.00 × 101 3.65 × 104 <1.00 × 101 7.01 0
37 SP 19 0 - 15CM 2.88 × 103 <1.00 × 101 4.45 × 104 <1.00 × 101 6.47 0
38 SP 19 15 - 30CM 2.10 × 103 <1.00 × 101 3.45 × 104 <1.00 × 101 6.09 0

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39 SP 20 0 - 15CM 1.88 × 103 <1.00 × 101 6.23 × 104 <1.00 × 101 3.02 0
40 SP 20 15 - 30CM 1.34 × 103 <1.00 × 101 4.50 × 104 <1.00 × 101 2.98 0
41 SP 21 0 - 15CM 2.50 × 103 <1.00 × 101 3.45 × 104 <1.00 × 101 7.25 0
42 SP 21 15 - 30CM 2.78 × 103 <1.00 × 101 5.34 × 104 <1.00 × 101 5.21 0
43 SP 22 0 - 15CM 4.23 × 103 <1.00 × 101 6.23 × 104 <1.00 × 101 6.79 0
44 SP 22 15 - 30CM 5.43 × 103 <1.00 × 101 5.34 × 104 <1.00 × 101 10.2 0
45 SP 23 0 - 15CM 4.42 × 103 <1.00 × 101 4.23 × 104 <1.00 × 101 10.5 0
46 SP 23 15 - 30CM 3.16 × 103 <1.00 × 101 4.22 × 104 <1.00 × 101 7.49 0
Mean 0-15cm 7.69 × 103 <1.00 × 101 4.84 × 104 <1.00 × 101 14.7 0
Mean 15-30cm 7.79 × 103 <1.00 × 101 4.82 × 104 <1.00 × 101 14.7 0
47 Control 0-15cm 2.20 × 103 <1.00 × 101 3.20 × 103 <1.00 × 101 68.8 0
48 Control 15- 1.23 × 103 <1.00 × 101 2.10 × 103 <1.00 × 101 58.6 0
30cm

Plate 4.6.1: Collecting Core Soil Samples with a Soil Auger at Study Area

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4.7 Geology and Hydrogeology

4.7.1 Regional Geology/Stratigraphy
The generalized lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta is presented in Fig 4.7.1. The study area is
underlain by sedimentary formations of Late Tertiary and Holocene ages. Deposits of recent
alluvium and beach ridge sands occur along the coast and the estuaries of the rivers, and also
along the flood plains of creeks. The area is characterized by fresh water, beach ridge sands
and mangrove swamps. Erosion was noticed at some areas within the study area. This is
attributable to loose soil and lack of vegetation cover in those areas.

There are three major lithostratigraphic units defined in the subsurface of the Niger Delta
Basin. These units are chronostratigraphic and decrease in age basin ward reflecting the
overall regression of depositional environment within the Niger Delta clastic wedge (Short
and Stauble, 1967; Weber and Daukuro, 1975).

These units include:

The Benin Formation (Oligocene-Recent), a dominantly fluvial facies unit made up of
approximately 90% sand and sandstone and clay. Shallow parts of the formation are
composed entirely of non-marine sand deposited in alluvial or upper coastal plain
environments during progradation of the delta. The formation thins basin ward and ends near
the shelf edge.

The Agbada Formation (Eocene-Recent), a deltaic facies unit is made up of alternating sands,
silts and shale units arranged within 10 to 100 feet successions defined by progressive upward
changes in grain size and bed thickness. The top of the formation is often defined as the base
of fresh water sand.

The Akata Formation (Paleocene-Pleistocene), an open marine facies unit dominated by

shales is made up of dark grey shales and silts with rare streeks of sand of probable turbidite
origin. Marine planktonic foraminifera make up 50% of the micro fauna assemblage and
suggest shallow marine shelf deposition (Doust and Omatsola, 1990).

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Fig. 4.7.1: Generalized lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta

The sedimentary thickness within the basin is in excess of 8000m (24000ft). These units are
overlain in most parts of the delta by Quaternary deposits comprising four (4)
geomorphologic units.

These are:
a. The Deltaic Plain Belt (Sombreiro-Warri): An extensive low-lying area, dominated
by fluvial systems, some with braided characteristics, although a few meander belts are
developed. The flood plains are vegetated with raffia palms while the inter-fluvial settings
are characterized by oil palm trees.

b. The Freshwater Swamps and Meander Belts: These are represented by abandoned
meander loops (ox-bow lakes) and extensive point bars. It is capped by natural levees with
crevasse splay deposits typifying the flood plains. The vegetation is mainly mangrove.

c. The Saltwater Mangrove Swamp Belt: These areas surround the estuaries, creeks
and lagoons, and are dominated by a system of interconnecting fairly rectangular meandering
tidal flats in places. Thick under-growths and rich mangrove vegetation characterize this belt.

d. Coastal Islands and Beach Ridges: This belt includes both active and abandoned
ridges facing the sea, separated laterally by the various river mouths which dissect them

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into small islands, 5-47km long and approximately 12km wide. Bordering the open sea, the
zone of the coastal sand and beach ridges is relatively narrow. It varies from a few hundred
metres to about 16km.

Fig. 4.7.2: Stratigraphic column showing formations of the Niger Delta. Modified
from Doust and Omatsola (1990).

4.7.2 Hydrogeology
The study area is characterized by freshwater mangrove swamp. Fresh water aquifers within
the deltaic terrain are much deeper, usually in excess of the estimated total thickness of the
alluvial deposits. The likelihood of saline intrusion to near surface aquifers is a function of
the distance of the site to the shoreline but more especially, in addition, areas affected by tidal
influence between the direct contact relationships of the near-surface aquifers to surface
flows. This poses a saline pollution effect on this group of aquifer systems and is the case
with the aquifers near the sea in the study area. Fig. 4.7.2: Stratigraphic column showing
formations of the Niger Delta.

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Two stratigraphic units form the main aquifer systems in the delta region (Table 4.7.1), these
are:

i. The Alluvium: The aquifer systems within the alluvial deposits, especially the near surface
beds close to the shore are often saline bearing. However, the lateral extent of these shallow
aquifers is very erratic, occurring as lenses of sands within less permeable beds of silts and
clay.

ii. The Benin Formation: For most of the Niger Delta Basin, this chrono-stratigraphic unit
forms the main aquifer system, having a total thickness of 1892m (6000ft) around Warri. Its
lithologic composition is mainly (90%) sands and sandstones. The remaining 10% is made
up of clay and lignitic beds that are hardly continuous over any significant distance - largely
occurring as lenses. Thus, the Benin Formation is one large aquifer system with enormous
storage.

Recharge to this system is mainly from rainfall, while discharge sources include run-offs
from the basin and abstraction through boreholes.

Table 4.7.1: Stratigraphic sequence of the Niger Delta Basin with aquifer
prospectively
Stratigraphic Units Lithologic Description Aquifer
Prospect
QUAT ERNARY ALLUVIUM Gravely sands, sands, silt and Good
clays
MEANDER BELT Gravely sands, sands with thin Good
DEPOSIT clay units.
WOODED BACK SWAMPS
& FRESH-WATER Mainly silt and silty clays with Poor
SWAMPS DEPOSITS clayey intercalations

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MANGROVE SWAMPS Fine sands to silt and silty clays
DEPOSIT and clays with organic matter Poor (Saline
water)
SOMBREIRO-DELTAIC Coarse to fine grained sands, Medium
PLAIN SEDIMENTS silts and clays

MIOCENETO BENIN FORMATION Mainly coarse-medium grained

RECENT sands, lenticular with clay and Prolific Aquifer
shaly lens

4.8 Ground Water Quality

4.8.1 Groundwater Physico- Chemistry
Table 4.8.1 showed the Physicochemical Characteristics of the groundwater within the study
area. The ground water samples were from acidic nature. The pH values of the samples
ranged from 3.60 – 3.99 with a mean of 3.73. The pH exceeded WHO limits for domestic
water acceptability. The values for total dissolved solid (TDS) was 54.0 – 241.0 mg/l and the
mean TDS, 123.0mg/L. These values were within international regulatory limits (500mg/l)
for domestic water Acceptability. Salinity values ranged from 0.04 - 0.18ppm with a mean
value of 0.09ppt. The salinity values exceeded regulatory limits (0.02ppm) for domestic
water acceptability. Electrical Conductivity (EC), also called specific conductance, is a
measure of the ability of a water sample to convey electrical current and it is related to the
concentration of ionized substances in water. The conductivity values ranged from 84.0 –
371.0µS/cm with a mean of 188.0µS/cm. The EC values were within regulatory limits (250
µS/cm) for domestic water acceptability.

Heavy Metals
The metal content in the ground water is presented in Table 4.8.2. Calcium (Ca) and
Magnesium (Mg), the earth metal in solution constitute the exchangeable cations. Calcium
(0.992 - 9.00mg/l) and Mg (0.750 – 4.78mg/l). The order of dominance which is Ca > Mg.
Natural waters contain very small quantities of several essential metals including zinc (Zn),
copper (Cu), iron (Fe), These metals, also called trace or heavy metals are required by plants
and animal in minute quantities and are toxic in relatively high concentrations and non –
biodegradable as well as easily assimilated and bio – accumulated in the protoplasm of

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aquatic organisms. The concentrations of zinc, Iron and copper in the ground water are
generally low, having concentrations below FMEnv limits for surface waters.

Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn Fe and Cu were all within regulatory limits for domestic water
acceptability.

Organics
Table 4.8.3 showed the organic content (TPH and Oil and Grease) of the ground water within
the study area. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) of the soil in the study area was high
(159 to 440mg/kg. The study revealed that the groundwater has been contaminate with
hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin. Oil and grease contents were high in the soil (62.2 to
440mg/kg); High BOD (92.6-106mg/l) and COD (130-152mg/l) values of study stations and
high BOD (94.5mg/l) and COD (135mg/l) suggest high organic content of groundwater
rendering the water unsuitable for domestic use.

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Table 4.8.1: Physico-Chemical Properties of Ground Water (Borehole Samples)

S/N SAMPLE Temp pH DO Color Sal TDS TSS EC Ammonia COD BOD
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
ID (0C) (mg/l) (CU) (ppt) (mg/l) (mg/l) (µS/cm)
1 SP 13 22.6 3.99 6.89 1.00 0.05 74.0 <0.01 110 0.377 152 106
2 SP 14 22.2 3.60 6.26 1.00 0.18 241 <0.01 371 0.269 130 92.6
3 SP 15 21.9 3.61 5.29 1.00 0.04 54.0 <0.01 84.0 0.529 135 94.5
Mean 22.2 3.73 6.15 1.00 0.09 123 <0.01 188 0.392 139 97.7
Control I 22.5 5.34
333 6.62 1.00 0.02 17.3 <0.01 34.6 0.111 54.6 28.2
Control II 22.3 5.78 6.43 1.00 0.01 26.8 <0.01 54.4 0.093 48.0 21.3

Table 4.8.2: Metal Results of the Ground Water (Borehole Samples)

S/N SAMPLE ID Magnesium Calcium Zinc Iron Copper

(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
1 SP 13 1.11 0.992 <0.003 <0.0046 <0.004
2 SP 14 4.78 9.00 <0.003 <0.0046 <0.004
3 SP 15 0.750 5.18 <0.003 <0.0046 <0.004
Mean 2.21 5.06 <0.003 <0.0046 <0.004
Control I 0.231 1.78 <0.003 <0.0046 <0.004
Control II 0.336 1.92 <0.003 <0.0046 <0.004
WHO/FMEnv 100 200 0.03 0.3 0.08
limit

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Table 4.8.3: Summary of the Organics Results of the Ground Water (Borehole Samples)

S/N SAMPLE ID TPH (mg/l) Oil and Grease

(mg/l)
1 SP 13 211 440
2 SP 14 101 180
3 SP 15 96.2 159
Mean 136 260
Control I 23.5 62.5
Control II 36.2 71.7

4.8.2 Groundwater Microbiology

The microbiological quality of groundwater within the study area is presented in Table 4.8.1.
The results showed that all microbial indices fell short of regulatory requirements for domestic
water acceptability.

Table 4.8.4: Microbiological Quality of Ground Water (Borehole Samples)

S/N SAMPLE HUB (cfu/ml) HUF THB THF

(cfu/ml) (cfu/ml) (cfu/ml)
ID
- - - -
1 SP 13 3.00 × 102 <1.00 × 101 5.10 × 104 3.00 × 102
2 SP 14 1.00 × 102 <1.00 × 101 6.50 × 103 1.00 × 102
3 SP 15 <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101
Mean 2.00 x 102 <1.00 × 101 2.88 x104 2.00 x 102
Control I <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101
Control II <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101 <1.00 × 101
WHO limit 0 0 1.0 x102 0

Landuse
Anderson et al (1976) and Vink (1975) described land use as a set of technological and
biological activities engaged in for economic and social purposes. People live in areas where
they find their means of subsistence and shun those areas that present difficulties to them. The
ecology and physiographic nature of the terrain and the customs and traditions of the people
living in the study area to a great extent dictate the land use pattern of the area. Land use is the
function of the land determined by natural conditions and human intervention. It is categorized
according to status and employment of the land. It is necessary to distinguish present land use

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(the way in which the land is used at present) and potential land use (how it could be used with
or without improvements).

The proposed quarry plant will be sighted in a rural settlement with some existing industrial
activities most quarry, within the community and hence most of the lands are left as secondary
re-growth vegetation and hence farming is popular around the proposed Quarry Plant area.

4.10 Vegetation
Vegetation, as a component of the terrestrial environment, serves some very useful functions
that are crucial to the ecological system (ecosystem). These include protection of the fragile
soils from the erosive impacts of rains and wind, maintenance of soil fertility through
continuous nutrient recycling, conservation of water resources through shading, preservation
of water sheds, regulation of air and soil temperatures, moisture balance, and stream flow,
stabilisation of climate and provision of habitat for countless terrestrial fauna. Vegetation also
helps in the purification of the environment through the consumption of carbon dioxide during
photosynthesis and the release of oxygen for human and animal respiration.

Urbanisation, civilisation, agriculture, bush burning and other human related factors have
immensely contributed to the depletion of vegetal cover. As such, it is difficult to almost
impossible, to find entirely pristine vegetal cover in most parts of Nigeria. In the south-south
and south-east zone of Nigeria, development has overtaken most of parts, such that only
vestiges of natural forests remain, with a large amount of secondary regrowth forests occurring.
During this study, attention was focussed on assessing the vegetal conditions around the
various sites visited.

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Plate 4.10.1: Cross section of vegetation within study area

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Plate 4.10.2: Vegetation within the Study Area

Vegetation Physiognomy
There are various distinct classes of vegetation prevalent in the study area. These are strand
vegetation, and freshwater/rainforests. The study area lies within the lowland rain forest zone.
Over a total of thirty-one (31) well known species were identified in South-South Nigeria.
However, more species have been recorded in previous studies in the South east region within
the lowland rain forest and also in the secondary forest/bush fallow. The commonest plants
within the upland rain forest include trees such as Anthocleista vogelii, Alstonia boonei, Elaeis
guineensis, Chrysophyllum albidum, Funtumia elastica, Musanga cercropioides, Baphia sp,
Bambusa sp, Psydrax subcordata, and Albizia sp. Epiphytes found within the forest include;
Diaplazium samattii and Asplenium africana.

The dominant plant species encountered in the oil palm and rubber plantations were; Elaeis
guineensis, Hevea brasiliensis, Selaginella sp, Dryopteris sp Hypoestes cancellata, Tecca sp
and Lophira procera.

A variety of plants were found within the secondary forest/bush fallow areas, the commonest
ones being Elaeis guineensis, Alchornea cordiflia, Anthocleista vogelii, Chromolaena odorata,
Manniophyton fulvum, Harungana madagascariensis, Ficus exasperata, Rauvolfia vomitoria,
Trema orientalis, Aspilia africana and Selaginella sp (Table 4.10.1). Rubber trees (Hevea

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brasiliensis) occurred in old plantations within this vegetation zone untended but were still
being tapped. The vegetation within this secondary forest/bush fallow habitat is at various
stages of development. The system of farming is land rotation in this zone with multiple
cropping systems. Fast growing, light demanding species were characteristic of the fallow
areas. Examples of plants characteristic of this vegetation type include Musanga cercropioides,
Ficus spp. Spondias mombin, Chromolaena odorata, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Baphia nitida,
Harungana madagascariensis, Cnestis ferruginnea, and Bambusa vulgaris.

Generally, because most of the selected power plant sites are built up, in some cases,
completely paved, vegetation in the immediate vicinity of power plants are mostly scrubs,
grasses and food crops in some cases. Usually, these food crops are planted on a subsistence
basis in any available portion of land close by. However, in some cases, secondary rain forests
occur close to or a little further away from the power plants.

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Plate 4.10.3 Consultant Sampling Vegetation within the Study Area

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Plate 4.10.4: Assistant Sampling Vegetation within Study Area

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Plate 4.10.5: Consultant and Assistant Sampling Vegetation within Study Area

Table 4.10.1: List of vegetation species identified in Eastern region including Akamkpa
LGA
S/N Botanical Family Local Occurrence
1 Dennettia tripetala Annonaceae Nmimmi (Tree) Medium
2 Morinda lucida Rubiaceae Nne mmanu (Tree) Medium
3 Alstonia boonei Apocynaceae Egbu (Tree) Medium
4 Uvaria chamae Annonaceae Odu – agu (Shrub) High
5 Anacardium Occidentale Anacardaceae Cashew (Tree) High
6 Piper guineense Schum Piperaceae Uzuza (Climber) Medium
7 Xylopia aethiopica Annonaceae Uda (Tree) High
8 Tetrapleura tetraptrera Leguminosae Nkpokoro nwa ohio Medium
9 Berlinia grandiflora Fabaceae Ububa (Tree) High
hio (Tree)
10 Elaeis guineensis Arecaceae Nkwu (Tree) High
11 Ocimum gratissmum Lamiaceae Nchu anwu (Herb) Medium
12 Monodora tenuifolia Annonaceae Osisi ogiri/Ehuru Low
13 Abrus precatorius Leguminosae Anyannunu (Climber) Medium
(Tree)
14 Costus afer ker Zingiberaceae Okopto (Shrub) Medium
15 Carica papaya Caricaceae Okwuru bekee (Tree) Low
16 Raphia vinifera Arecaceae Ngwo (Tree) Medium
17 Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae Ogwu afo (Herb) Medium
18 Annona senegalensis Combretaceae Nri nnunu (Shrub) Medium
19 Bryophyllum pinnatum Crassulaceae Akwukwo ndu (Herb) Low
20 Aichornea cordifolia Euphorbiaceae Ubube (Shrub) High
21 Hedranthera bateri Apocynaceae Amu nkita (Shrub) Medium
22 Pterocarpus soyauxii Fabaceae Oha/Ora (Tree) Medium
23 Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Akpu (Tree) High
24 Bombax buonopozense Bombacaceae Akpu ogiri (Tree) High
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25 Pisidium guajava Myrtaceae Gova (Tree) Medium

26 Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Agbara ohia Medium
27 Aspilia africana Compositae Oranjele (Herb) Medium
(Climber)
28 Discorea bulbifera Discoreaceae Adu (Climber) Medium
29 Canarium schweinfurthii Burseraceae Ube mgba (Tree) High
30 Cola lepidota Sterculiaceae Ochichaa (Tree) High
31 Irvinga woumbolu Irvingaceae Ogbono (Tree) Medium
NB Occurrence of these species range from Medium to High

4.10.1 Plant Health Status

The growth of the vegetation in the study area is generally luxuriant and shows no sign of major
pathological disorders. The leaf spot disease was observed as the main disease affecting some
plants in the area.

4.10.2 Biomass of the Herb Stratum

The biomass productivity of herbaceous layers across the zone was moderate, ranging from
150g/m2 to 475g/m2. The productivity of the herb stratum may have been enhanced by the
rains, which tend to maximize weed/plant growth. Plates 1 to 4. Shows the predominant
vegetation observed within the Akamkpa Project Site

Plate 4.10.6: Vegetation Enumeration by Consultant

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Plate 4.10.7: Palm Tree

Plate 4.10.8: Elephant Grass and Creepers

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Plate 4.10.9: Celapagonum sp, Melina sp

4.10.3 Wildlife and Endangered Species

Based on information obtained during the field surveys and from earlier studies on wildlife of
the South-south and South-east zones (NDES, 1997; PTF, 2000; Conoil, 2003; ERML 2004),
the project area contains a rich diversity of wildlife. Although vegetation type affects the
distribution of wildlife, such that aquatic species occur at the coastline and close to riverbanks,
while woodland species occur in farmlands, secondary forests, etc., the results presented here
cover the entire project area. Wildlife species identified in the include taxa are amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals. Similarly, groups of animals identified include small arthropods
like crabs and insects. Detailed description of wildlife composition in the general area is
presented below.

4.10.4 Diversity and Distribution of Wild Life

Mammals: Mammals known to be present in the area (Table 4.10.2 ) include Bosman’s Potto,
Perodicticus potto, Dwarf Galago, Galagoides demidovii, Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus
mona, Bush pig, Potamochoerus porcus, Sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekei, Bushbuck,
Tragelaphus scriptus, Maxwell’s Duiker, Cephalophus maxwelli, Tree Pangolin, Manis
tricuspis, Long-tailed Pangolin, M. tetradactyla, Brush-tailed Porcupine, Atherurus africanus,
Grasscutter, Thryonomys swinderianus, Gambian Giant Rat Cricetomys gambianus and
Crawshay’s Hare, Lepus crawshayi. Others include the African Civet, Viverra civetta, the
Two-spotted Palm Civet, Nandinia binotata, Cape Clawless Otter, Aonyx capensis, Spotted-
necked Otter, Lutra maculicollis, Cusimanse Mongoose, Crossarchus obscurus, Marsh
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Mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, the Gambian Mongoose, Mungos gambianus, and genets,
presumably the Large-spotted Forest Genet, Genetta poensis.

Birds: As will be seen from Table 4.10.3, the study area contains quite a few birds of the
waterside and an abundance of species commonly associated with gardens, farmlands, fallows
with scattered trees, and dense secondary growth. These include the Grey Heron, Ardea
cinerea, Village Weaver, Ploceus cuculatus, Cattle Egret, Bulbulcus ibis, Black-shouldered
Kite, Elanus caeruleus, Black Kite, Milvus migrans, Grey Kestrel, Falco ardosiaceus, Senegal
Thick-knee, Burhinus senegalensis, African Green Pigeon, Treron calva, Red-billed Wood
Dove, Turtur afer, Senegal Coucal, Centropus senegalensis, Pied Kingfisher, Ceryl rudis, the
vinaceous dove Streptopelia vinacea and the African Pied Hornbill, Tockus fasciatus.

Reptiles: The reptilian fauna is made up of crocodiles, turtles, tortoises, snakes and lizards
(Table 4.10.2). The Monitor Lizard, Varanus niloticus, the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus
niloticus and the Dwarf Crocodile (“Alligator”), Osteolaemus tetraspis are hunted for food.
Several species of snakes are said to occur in the area including the Black Cobra, Naja
melanoleuca, Spitting Cobra, Naja nigicollis, Night Adder, Causus maculatus, African Beauty
Snake (Psammorphis sibilans), Royal Python, Python regius, and the Rock Python, Python
sebae. Sea turtles that nest annually on the sandy shores, stretching from the Benin River
Estuary to the Calabar Bar include the Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, Olive Ridley Turtle,
Lepidochelys olivacea, Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, and Loggerhead Turtle,
Caretta caretta.

Amphibians: Species recorded in the area include: Bufo regularis (common toad), ranid frogs:
Dicroglossus occipitalis (Bullfrog), Ptychadena oxyrhinchus, P. aequplicata, P. taenioscelis,
Aubria subsigilata, and Phrynobatrachs albolabris; tree-frogs: Afrixalus dorsalis, Hyperolius
fusciventris, H. guttulatus, and H. concolor, and a Clawed toad, Xenopus tropicalis, (Table
4.10.2).

4.10.5 Economic Significance of Wildlife

Animals are hunted both for food and for sale. Apart from consumption as food, certain parts
of wild animals are also used in folk medicine. Animals kept as pets include doves, turtles,
cats etc. These are bred and sold for economic purposes.

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Table 4.10.2: The Mammals in the Project Area.

COMMON NAME SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUS
IUCN Act No. 11 Project Area
Primates
Bosman’s Potto Perodicticus potto 1 2 Endangered
Demidov’s Galago Galago demidovii 1 2 Common
Mona Monkey Cercopethicus mona 2 2 Vulnerable
Pholidota (Pangolins)
Tree Pangolin Manis tricuspis 1 Vulnerable
Long-tailed Pangolin Manis tetradactyla 1 Vulnerable
Lagomorpha (Hares and Rabbits)
Crawshay’s Hare Lepus crawshayi Common
Rodentia (Rodents)
Giant Forest Squirrel Protoxerus stangeri Vulnerable
Red-legged Sun-squirrel Heliosciurus Common
Fraser’s Flying Squirrel Anomalurus Endangered
rufobrachium
Giant Rat (“Rabbit”) Cricetomys Common
derbianus
Cane Rat or Grasscutter Thryonomys Common
gambianus
Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus 1 Common
swinderianus
Carnivora (Carnivores)
Cape Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis 1 Vulnerable
African Civet Viverra civetta 2 Vulnerable
Two-spotted Palm Civet Nandinia binotata 2 Uncommon
Large-spotted Forest Genet Genetta poensis 2 Vulnerable
Cusimanse Mongoose Crossarchus 2 Common
Gambian Mongoose Mungos gambianus 2 Vulnerable
obscurus
Marsh Mongoose (‘Fox’) Atilax paludinosus 2 Endangered
Hyracoidea (Hyraxes)
Tree Hyrax (“Bush dog”) Dendrohyrax dorsalis 2 Common
Artiodactyla
Bushpig Potamochoerus Very rare
Maxwell’s Duiker Cephalophus 2 Common
porcus
Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus 2 Uncommon
maxwelli
Sitatunga (“Water Deer”) Tragelaphus spekei 1 1 Endangered

Table 4.10.3: Birds in the Project Area

COMMON NAME SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUS
IUCN Act No. 11 Project Area
Ardeidae (Herons and Egrets)
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 2 Uncommon
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 2 Common
Accipitridae (Vultures, Hawks, Kites, Eagles, etc.)
Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus 1 Common
Shikra Accipiter badius 1 Common
Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco 1 Common
Black Kite Milvus migrans 1 Abundant
monogrammicus
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Falconidae (Kestrels, falcons)

Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus 1 Common
Grey Kestrel Falco ardosiaceus 1 Common
Phasianidae (Francolins & Guinea Fowls)
Double-spurred Francolin Francolinus 2 Common
Burhinidae (Thick-knees or Stone Curlews)
bicalcaratus
Senegal Thick-knee Burhinus senegalensis Uncommon
Columbidae (Pigeons and Doves)
Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia Common
Laughing Dove Streptopelia Common
semitorquata
Vinaceous Dove Streptopelia vinacea Uncommon
senegalensis
Red-billed Wood Dove Turtur afer Common
Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria Common
African Green Pigeon Treron calva Uncommon
Cuculidae (Cuckoos and Coucals)
Senegal Coucal Centropus Common
senegalensis
Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)
Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Common
Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala Uncommon
Shining-blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys Uncommon
Malachite Kingfisher Corythornis cristata Common
Pied Kingfisher Ceryl rudis Unommon
Meropidae (Bee-eaters)
White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis Uncommon
Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus Rare
Bucerotidae (Hornbills)
African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus Common
Capitonidae (Barbets)
Speckled Tinkerbird Pogoniulus Common
Hirundinidae (Swallows)
scolopaceus
Ethiopian Swallow Hirundo aethiopicus Common
Motacillidae (Wagtails, Pipits, Longclaws)
African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp Rare
Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls)
Common Garden Bulbul Pycnonotus barbetus Common
Sylviidae (Warblers)
Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera Common
Nectariniidae (Sunbirds)
brevicaudata
Olive-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia chloropygia Common
Collared Sunbird Anthreptis collaris Common
Corvidae (Csite s, Magpies, etc)
Pied Csite Corvus alba Common
Passeridae (Sparsites)
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Grey-headed Sparsite Passer griseus Common

Ploceidae (Weavers)
Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus Common
Estrildidae (Finches, Waxbills, Mannikins)
Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata Abundant
Red-billed Fire-Finch Lagonosticta senegala Uncommon
Viduidae (Whydahs, Indigo Birds)

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Plate 4.10.11: Vegetation of Study Area

4.11 Socio-Economic Setting of Cross River State

The socio-economic survey was embarked upon to provide baseline data on the socio-
economic/health assessment status of the inhabitants around the proposed plant and investigate
the perception of the inhabitants of the affected areas on the likely impacts of the project on
their general socio-economic well-being.

Socio-economic information presented in this report were obtained mostly from secondary
data, including Federal Office of Statistics Publications (2011) and the National Population
Commission Census Report (2006). In addition, some on-site information was collected
through direct discussions and interviews with people in the area, in the course of field data
collection

4.11.1 Socio-Economic Status

Cross River State was created on May 27, 1967 from the Eastern Region. The state is located
in the southern part of Nigeria, and its capital is located in the city of Calabar, which is also
one of the biggest commercial centers in the state. The State has a land area of 23,074 square
kilometres, Density: 191.8/km². The state is also referred to as ‘Canaan city” and nicknamed
“The People’s Paradise”. The state shares boundary with Cameroon in the East. Benue state in
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the North. Abia and Anambra in the West, and Ebonyi in the North-West, and the Atlantic
Ocean in the South. The original name for Calabar was Akwa Akpa, from the Efik language.
The city is watered by the Calabar River and Great Kwa Rivers and creeks of the Cross River
(from its inland delta).

4.11.2 Ethnic Composition

The State is ethnically diverse including the three major ethnic groups; the Efik, the Ejagham,
and the Bekwarra inhabitants. Other minor ethnic group exist such as Yakurrs, Bettes, Yala,
Igedes, Ukelles etc. Efik is widely spoken in Cross River State. Other languages spoken
includes, Ekoi, Etung, Boki and Becheve.

4.11.3 Demographic Structure

4.11.3.1 Population Distribution

The 2006 census quotes Cross River State as having a total population of 2,892,988 residents
(Table 4.11.1). Further information on the population structure shows. Male with 1,471,967
and Female 1,421,021 representing a percentage of 49.1% and 50.9% respectively.

Table 4.11.1: Population of Cross River State

S/N LOCAL GOVERNMENT MALE FEMALE TOTAL

1 Abi AREA 73,077 71,240 144,317
2 Akamkpa 76,921 72,784 149,705
3 Akpabuyo 141,602 130,660 272,262
4 Bakassi 18,175 13,466 31,641
5 Bekwarra 52,914 52,583 105,497
6 Biase 85,625 82,488 168,113
7 Boki 95,154 91,457 186,611
8 Calabar Municipal 93,092 90,589 183,681
9 Calabar South 94,584 96,931 191,515
10 Etung 41,089 38,947 80,036
11 Ikom 82,646 81,045 163,691
12 Obanliku 55,998 53,635 109,633
13 Obubra 87,153 85,390 172,543
14 Obudu 81,537 79,920 161,457
15 Odukpani 100,697 92,187 192,884
16 Ogoja 86,802 84,772 171,574
17 Yakurr 99,485 96,786 196,271
18 Yala 105,416 106,141 211,557
Total 1,471,967 1,421,021 2,892,988
Source: National Population Commission, Abuja

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Breakdown of age group in the study reveals 0 - 4 years being 1,105,270, 15 - 64 years being
1,697,035, while those aged 65+ were 90,683. Table 4.11.2 shows the age distribution of
residents

Table 4.11.2: Age Distribution of Residents;

AGE DISTRIBUTION (C 2006)
0-9 years 758,791
10-19 years 679,784
20-29 years 553,631
30-39 years 357,611
40-49 years 254,441
50-59 years 142,255
60-69 years 82,052
70-79 years 38,278
80+ years 26,145

4.11.4 The People

The people of Cross River State belong to the Calabar ethnic group of South-South
geographical zone in Nigeria. The people in the study area are predominantly Efik and Ejagham

4.11.5 Occupation
Agriculture and fishing is one of the major occupation of the Cross River people. However, the
state is blessed with natural resources as shown in Table 4.11.3

Table 4.11.3 Raw Materials Distribution in Cross River State

LOCAL MINERAL RAW
S/N GOVERNMENT AREA MATERIALS AGRO RAW MATERIALS
ABI Salt, Limestone Palm Produce, Cassava,
1 Poultry, Maize, Forestry, Fruits,
Vegetables, Rice
AKAMKPA Limestone, Coal, Manganese, Timber, Palm Produce, Poultry,
2 Ilmenite, Gold, Quartz, Glass Forestry, Fruits, Vegetables,
sand, Tourmaline Rubber, Raffia Palm, Gmelina
AKPABUYO Petroleum, Natural Gas Palm Produce, Cassava, Raffia
3 Palm, Timber, Poultry,
Forestry, Fruits, Kolanut,
Fishery

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BAKASSI Petroleum, Kaolin Fishery, Raffia Palm, Forestry,

4 Beniseed

BEKWARRA Maize, Cassava, Groundnut,

5 Palm Produce, Yam, Beniseed

BIASE Tin Ore Fruits, Vegetable, Plantain,

6 Banana, Timber, Forestry,
Raffia Palm
BOKI Mica, Ilmenite Plantain, Banana, Fruits,
7 Vegetable, Livestock, Palm
Produce, Raffia Palm, Cocoa,
Poultry, Timber, Forestry, Cane
Ropes, Coffee.
CALABAR Sharp Sand, Kaolin, Limestone, Fishery, Raffia Palm, Cassava,
8 MUNICIPAL Clay Palm Produce, Rubber,
Vegetable
CALABAR SOUTH Sharp Sand, Clay, Spring Water Fishery, Vegetable, Cassava,
9 Palm Produce, Raffia Palm

ETUNG Salt Plantain, Banana, Cocoa, Fruits,

10 Timber, Forestry , Palm
Produce, Maize, Livestock,
Cassava, Cane Ropes, Coffee
IKOM Quartz, Glass Sand Plantain, Banana, Cocoa, Fruits,
11 Timber, Forest Produce,
Livestock, Yam, Poultry, Palm
Produce, Gmelina, Rubber,
Maize, Coffee.
OBANLIKU Talc, Mica, Ilmenite, Granite, Maize, Poultry, Livestock,
12 Spring Water Timber, Forestry, Palm Produce,
Yam, Beniseed, Groundnut,
Kolanut, Cassava, Rice,
Plantain, Banana.
OBUBRA Lead/Zinc, Salt, Tin Ore, Fruits, Rice, Yam, Palm
13 Geothite, Quartz, Muscovite, Produce, Poultry, Cassava,
Pure Quartz, Limestone, Clay Timber, Forestry , Maize,
Cocoa
OBUDU Kaolin, Quartz, Glass Sand, Poultry, Livestock, Yam, Palm
14 Gold, Tin Ore, Mica, Ilmenite, Produce, Beniseed, Kolanut,
Talc Groundnut, Maize, Millet,
Plantain, Banana
ODUKPANI Limestone Fishery, Plantain, Banana,
15 Fruits, Vegetable, Timber,
Rubber, Palm Produce, Raffia
Palm, Cassava, Maize, Kolanut
OGOJA Tin Ore, Clay Maize, Millet, Cassava, Poultry,
16 Livestock, Sugarcane, Yam,
Rice, Groundnut, Beniseed,
Palm Produce
YAKURR Uranium Fruits, Rice, Rubber, Palm
17 Produce, Poultry, Timber,
Forestry, Cassava, Maize
YALA Baryte, Lead/Zinc, Salt Maize, Millet, Cassava, Palm
18 Produce, Poultry, Livestock,

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Yam, Rice, Sugarcane, Fruits,

Beniseed
www.crossriverstate.gov.ng

4.11.6 Religion
The main religions are Christianity and Traditional Religion. Traditional Efik religion included
belief in a supreme creator god, ancestral and other supernatural beings, magic, sorcery
and witchcraft. However, the publication (1868) of an Efik - language Bible - the first
translation of that scripture into a Nigerian language - had a significant impact, and in the 21st
century most Efik identified themselves as Christians. Below are notable religious places in
Cross River State;

 Jehovah’s Witnesses
 The Apostolic Church
 The Redeemed Christian Church of God
 Church of Christ
 Pentecostal Church
 Assemblies of God Church
 Church of God Mission etc.

4.11.7 Educational Facilities

Tertiary educational institutions in the State includes University of Calabar, and Cross River
State University of Technology located in the state capital, Calabar. Ibrahim Babangida
College of Agriculture located in Obubra Local Government Area. Cross River State College
of Education located in Awi – Akamkpa Local Government Area. College of Health
Technology, Iboko Okpoma, Federal College of Education located in Obudu and Technical
College Ugep located in Yakurr Local Government Area.

Some notable secondary schools (both government and private) in Cross River state includes;
 Access High School - Calabar
 Federal Government Girls College - Calabar
 Marygold International School, Calabar Campus
 Aunty Margaret Group of Schools - Calabar
 University of Calabar Int'l Demonstration Secondary School - Calabar
 FAAN Schools Calabar - Calabar
 Lightway Secondary School
 Treasure Child Comprehensive Secondary School- Akamkpa
 Apostolic Trinity Nursery and Primary School – Akamkpa

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 Excel Group of Schools – Akamkpa

 Government Secondary School - Akamkpa
 Uyanga Model High School - Akamkpa
 Institute of Basic Studies, Awi – Akamkpa etc

The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) Permanent Orientation Camp is located at Obubra
Local Government area of the state.

4.11.8 Health Facilities

The state has major government and private hospitals such as: The Health care centre and
University of Calabar Teaching Hospital in Calabar etc. However, there is a huge presence of
clinics as well as emergency ambulatory services across the state

4.11.9 Cultural Heritage

The Efik-speaking people live mainly in the Southern senatorial districts of Cross River, or as
it is commonly referred to the Greater Calabar district, which includes Calabar Municipality,
Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa LGAs. There is also the
Qua community in Calabar, which speaks Ejagham. The main Ejagham group occupies mostly
the Greater Calabar areas of Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase and Akamkpa sections of
Cross River State

There are also the Yakurr/Agoi/Bahumono ethnic groups in Yakurr and Abi LGA, while the
Mbembe are predominantly found in Obubra LGA. Further up the core northern part of the
state are several sub-dialectical groups, among which are Etung, Olulumo, Ofutop,
Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke and Boki in both Ikom, Etung and Boki LGAs. Also, the
Yala/Yache, Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuk, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra and Utugwanga people are found
in Ogoja, Yala, Obudu and Obanliku and Bekwarra LGA's. The Yala are a subgroup of the
Idoma nation, part of the Yala LGA's sub-groups are the Igede speaking people believed to
have migrated from the Oju part of Benue State, who migrated from Ora, in Edo North. In
Cross River North, Bekwarra is the most widely spoken language. It is understood by other
tribes in the district. This language along with Efik and Ejagham is used for news broadcast in
the state owned radio and TV stations.

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The Efik culture draws from different ethnic groups, i.e., groups from which ancestors of the
present-day Efik originated: chiefly from the Orient. Hope Waddell recorded the elaborate
funeral rites that marked the death and burial of Efik kings as those he found to be in perfect
cultural alignment with corresponding rites in the Orient. In corroborating Waddell, Aye
wrote:
…the origin of the Efik people points to the Orient; this is evidenced by the fact that in most
of their habits and tradition they are different from their immediate neighbours in many
respects, but have strong similarities with early oriental peoples.

4.11.10 Ethical Culture

The Efik ethical culture, which is part of its social culture, emphasizes respect of
seniority. Juniors are taught to respect their seniors in all aspects of interpersonal activity
both in private and public spaces. It is a necessary condition of greeting for a junior male to
use both of his hands to shake a senior male, but the latter must initiate the greeting. Unlike
their male counter parts women seldom shake hands but would embrace themselves, their
husbands, and close male relatives. Cross River State epitomises the nation's linguistic and
cultural plurality and it is important to note that, in spite of the diversity of dialects, all the
indigenous languages in the state have common linguistic roots as Niger-Congo languages.

4.11.11 Tourism
Cross River State boasts of being the venue of the largest carnival in Africa. From the soaring
plateaus of the mountain tops of Obanliku to the rain forests of Afi, from the Waterfalls of
Agbokim and Kwa to the spiralling ox-bow Calabar River which provides sights and images
of the Tinapa Business Resort, Calabar Marina, Calabar Residency Museum and the Calabar
Slave Park along its course, there is always a thrilling adventure awaiting the eco-tourist
visiting Cross River State.

The major tourism attractions of Cross River state includes;

 Agbokim Waterfalls - Located some 17 kilometers from Ikom and about 315 kilometers
from Calabar, Agbokim Waterfalls is not far from the Nigeria-Cameroon border. The
fall consists of seven streams, each cascading over steep cliff which provides seven -
faced falls. located close to Nigeria-Cameroon border,
 Kwa Falls in the Oban division of the Cross River National Park.
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 Slave History Museum - located on the site of 15th century slave trading warehouse in
Marina Resort, Calabar,
 Obudu Mountain Resort - Located in the highlands of Cross River State (in Obudu,
Obanliku LGA.), only 45 miles from the border with Cameroon. It possesses a
temperate climate due to its high altitude.
 Tinapa Business Resort (an integrated business and leisure resort) situated in Calabar
Municipality. It is a four phased development promoted by the Government of Cross
River State, under a Private Public Partnership (PPP), and very close to Calabar Free
Trade Zone.
 Visit Drill Ranch (Pandrillus) in Boki – a conservation area at the feet of Afi mountain,
a wildlife sanctuary where Drill monkeys, chimpanzees and gorrillas are rehabilitated
and reintroduced into the wild.
 Cross River National Park – this park has two sections: Okwangwo (established 1991)
and Oban (established 1988). The park is known as the Pride of Nigeria and for good
reason, it is home to endangered species of animals and plants and has been listed as a
biodiversity hotspot.
 Mary Slessor House – She was a Christian missionary that arrived Nigerian shores in
1876. She settled in Akpap Okoyong, Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River
State and built the two-bedroom mud house with a veranda, a store and a parlour which
she called a “Caravan”. This was where she kept the children and twins she saved from
death, from the community.
 Torutuga Island - Torutuga Island is an area comprising of three popular plantation-
style bars overlooking the nearby Calabar River. It is located in beautiful gardens in
Calabar Marina Resort.
 Other tourist attractions are the Ikom Monoliths (a series of volcanic-stone monoliths
of unknown age. Cross River State can be accessed by air through the Margaret Ekpo
International Airport at Calabar.

4.11.12 Festivals
Cross River state celebrates diverse traditional festivals. Most of these festivals have their roots
in traditional religions of the people. Some of these festivals attracts international attention
which enjoys state government support.

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 Calabar Carnival - The Calabar Carnival is the peak of tourism in Cross River, and
perhaps the whole of Nigeria. Every December, tourists from all over the world gather
for a month-long (December 1 – December 31) procession and display of culture and
heritage from Cross River and different parts of Nigeria.
 New Yam Festival - Bekwarra, Obudu, Obanliku celebrate new yam festival which is
held every 1st Saturday of September yearly.
 Cross River State Carnival Float – This takes place every 26 and 27 December yearly.
 Yakurr Leboku Yam festival – This is celebrated every 28 August annually.
 Anong Bahumono – This festival which is held in Anong Village, during which
different cultural dances are showcased, including Ikpobin (acclaimed to be the most
entertaining dance in the state).
 The Calabar Boat Regata
However, there are daily flights to Calabar from Lagos and Abuja serviced by airlines such as
Arik Airlines and Aero Contractors.

4.11.13 Social Organisation and Traditional Governance – Power and Hierarchy

Structure
The Efik social structure is strong and organizes under three major rubrics: Esien (clan), ufok
(house) and iman (family). To paraphrase Akak,the efik house system is based on the
patriarchal character of the Efik social system. Social units which had formed themselves into
becoming members of various habitats had first formed themselves into family groups, bearing
in mind the shared paternity with one another prior to arriving at their present habitats.

The obong, or paramount leader, elected from among the heads of various Houses, traditionally
exercised his authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. In addition to ritual
propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male
society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases;
maintained internal peace; and served as the executive government of Efik society. The Ekpe
was composed of the leading men of the community, and its higher grades were open only to
those who could pay the heavy entrance fees. It also functioned as a force for tribal unity, as
society members from one village were accepted by members in another village. The Ekpe
continues to exist, but its dominant role in legislative, judicial, and economic affairs has been
taken over by the state. Its putative supernatural powers also have waned.

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4.11.14 Political Significance

Calabar once was the seat of Government of the Niger Coast protectorate, Southern Nigeria
Protectorate and Oil River Protectorate, and the first Nigerian Capital City. Akak recorded
that it was through their Ekpe Confederation that the Efik initiated what is believed to be the
African approach to a democratic system of government which later became the model of
democracy organization believed to have diffused into Europe where it was modified and
passed onto other parts of the world. If we take language to be a political force and press the
symbol of civilization, it would be necessary to parlay the political importance of the Efik by
virtue of the Efik language being the first African language in print in Africa beginning in
1862.
Below, are the premiers from Cross River State.

 Late Chief [Dr.] Bassey James Ikpeme (first indigenous Surgeon General of Nigeria)
 Late Chief [Mr.] Ekanem Bassey Ikpeme (first female pharmacist in West Africa)
 Professor Lawrence Eyo Ita (first indigenous Nigerian professor and first premier of
the former Eastern Region of Nigeria)
 Chief Ita Ekanem (former Registrar of the University of Ibadan)
 Late T. W. Ikpeme (founder and proprietor of St. Georges School in Aba)
 Late Hogan “Kid” Bassey (first Nigerian to win the world feather-weight boxing title)
 Late Etubom Oyo Orok Oyo-Ita (the first Nigerian to represent Africa in FIFA)
 Late Chief [Dr.] James Ene Richard Henshaw was Nigeria’s foremost literary artist
 Late Hon Richard Henshaw the first indigenous member of legislature in Lord
Lugard’s administration.
 Late Chief [Mrs.] Ekei Esien Oku (the first female librarian in West Africa)
 Late Chief Afiong E. Idem Ekeng (the first female Ophthalmic Optician in Nigeria).
 Former Governor Donald Duke (the first Cross River State Governor and visionary
who turned local Efik Christmas festivity into international carnival). He is also
internationally acclaimed for establishing the Tinapa Holiday Resort.

Furthermore, the first photographic studio in West Africa was established in Calabar in 1876.
Willy Eyo Honesty 1 was the first in West Africa to compile a dictionary of an African
language in 1812, although the compilation was not completed. The first medical college in
Nigeria began in Calabar, so was the first Nigeria’s School of Pharmacy in Calabar which

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relocated to Lagos in 1924; the first church wedding in Nigeria occurred in Creek Town
Presbyterian Church on April 15, 1850.

4.11.15 Infrastructure and Utilities

4.11.16 Water Supply
There was a great difference in ease of access to potable water between the Calabar Metropolis
and the rest of the state. In Calabar, 59% of the population had easy access to piped water and
76% had access to borehole water. Yet, in most rural LGAs, citizens had little or no access to
either piped or borehole water.

The Scorecard showed that in 2008, 70% of people in the State sourced their water from rivers
and streams while only 4.7% and 13.2% of the population used piped and borehole water
respectively. Of the communities with piped water supply, 66% had supply less than 3 times a
week, 16% had a supply more than 3 times a week and only 18% had a continuous supply.

Recent surveys conducted by RUWATSSA and RUDA indicate that on average access to
acceptable water sources across the state is 41% with relatively good access in the Calabar
Municipality, Calabar South and Bakassi.

The major source of water in the area remains rainwater, surface water, sub-surfaced water,
borehole and pipe-borne water. Studies previous made shows that abundant water can be drawn
from surface and sub-surface sources. It maintained that groundwater potential is very good as
it is tapped from sandy aquifers. Generally, water resource development the sub-surface is
encouraging.

4.11.17 Sanitation
Toilets: Flush-toilet and pit-latrines were commonly used in Akamkpa LGA. Yet around
40% of the focus groups in the rural areas reported that they use bush/field/rivers and not
latrines. It is currently estimated that overall access to sanitation facilities across the state
between 35% and 40%.

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Refuse Disposal: Some 54% of the groups surveyed in Akamkpa LGA have access to a
government refuse collection service. However, there was minimal or no refuse collection
service in the rural areas of the state.

4.11.18 Road Network

The state enjoys good road network inter-connecting the major towns in the state. Areas like
Calabar, Akamkpa, Ugep, Ikom, Akpabuyo and Ogoja and are well inter-connected. For
instance, major towns in Cross River like Odukpani and Akpabuyo do not have good road
networks causing perenious traffic situation in such areas.

4.11.20 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents

This section examined the sex, age, marital status, educational qualification, household size,
employment status, income level, health assessment of respondents. A summary of the main
findings of socio-economic variables which are peculiar to Obung community in Akamkpa
LGA in Cross River State is presented below (Figure 4.11.20). A set of questionnaires was
administered to population size of thirty (30) respondents within close proximity of the
proposed Akamkpa Quarry Limited site in Obung, Akamkpa Local Government Area in Cross
River State (See sample in Appendix 4.1) and the settlement where inhabitants reside. The
questionnaires were designed mainly to collect information on socio-economic variables which
are peculiar to the local government.

4.11.21 Sex of Respondents

Table 4.11.4 numerically compares the sex of respondents. It thus, reveals that of the 30
responses from the questionnaires administered, 21 were male, amounting to 70%, while the
female were 9%, amounting to 30%.

Table 4.11.4 Sex of Respondents

SEX NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Male 21 70
Female 9 30
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.22 Age of Respondents

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The various age range of respondents is shown in Table 4.11.5. The age range below 20 were
3(10%) respondents, 6(20%) respondents were under the ages of 21 – 30, 5(16.7%) respondents
within the ages of 31 – 40 were 10 (33.3%), while those who are 51 and above were 6(20%)
respondents.

Table 4.11.5 Age of Respondents

SEX NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)

Below 20 3 10

21 – 30 6 20

31 – 40 5 16.7

41 – 50 10 33.3

51 and above 6 20

TOTAL 30 100

Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.23 Marital Status of Respondents

Table 4.11.6 shows the marital status of the respondents. It shows that 3(10%) respondents
were single. Constituting the highest ranking in the marital status was married showing
23(76.7%). 3 (10%) were widowed while 1(3.3%) were divorced.

Table 4.11.6 Marital Status of Respondents

MARITAL STATUS NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)

Single 3 10

Married 23 76.7

Widowed 3 10

Divorced 1 3.3

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TOTAL 30 100

Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.24 Educational Background of Respondents

Table 4.11.7 shows the educational background of the respondents. A total of 3(10%)
respondents had attained primary education, more so, 8(26.7%) respondents had attained
secondary education while 3(10%) and no respondents had attained tertiary and no-formal
education respectively.

Table 4.11.7 Educational Background of Respondents

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)

Primary 3 10

Secondary 8 26.7

Vocational 3 10

Tertiary 16 53.3

No Formal Education - -

TOTAL 30 100

Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.25 Religion of Respondents

Table 4.11.8 shows the varied religious denominations of the respondents. The details have it
that Christians were 26(86.7%), there were no Muslims, Traditionalist were 3(10%) and others
accounted for 1(3.3%) of the population size.

Table 4.11.8 Religion of Respondents

RELIGION NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)

Christian 26 86.7

Muslim - -

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Traditional 3 10

Others 1 3.3

TOTAL 30 100

Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.26. Employment Status of Respondents

Table 4.11.9 shows the employment status of the respondents as revealed in the table below;
shows that out of the sampled size, students were 3 (10%), unemployment level is high in the
area as 17 respondents (56.7%) were sampled. Employed status shows 9(30%), other categories
of employment not listed in the questionnaire accounted for 1(3.3%).

Table 4.11.9 Employment Status of Respondents

EMPLOYMENT STATUS NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Student 3 10
Unemployed 17 56.7
Employed 9 30
Others 1 3.3
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.27 Monthly Income of Respondents

Table 4.11.10 shows the income range of the respondents is shown in the table below.
Respondents with ranges between ₦21,001 to ₦40,000 were 5(16.7%) respondents likewise
the range between ₦41,000 to ₦60,000 were 10(33.3%), the ranges between ₦61,000 to
₦80,000 were 9(30%), ₦81,000 to ₦100,000 were 3(10%) respondents,3(10%) while 3(10%)
respondents were within the range of ₦100,000 and above.

Table 4.11.10 Monthly Income of Respondents

MONTHLY INCOME DISTRIBUTION NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
₦ 1,000 – ₦20,000 - -
₦21,000 - ₦40,000 5 16.7
₦41,000 - ₦60,000 10 33.3
₦61,000 - ₦80,000 9 30
₦81,000 - ₦100,OOO 3 10

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Above ₦100,000 3 10
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.28 Residential Status of Respondents;

Wall Type
Table 4.11.11 shows the residential status of respondents based on the construction materials
used in the walls of their building. It indicates that the respondents living in mud houses were
1(3.3%), those living in houses with plastered mud were 5(16.7), while those living in houses
with cemented walls were 24(80%). There was no recording for those living in wooden walls
and other types of wall.

Table 4.11.11 Residential Status of Respondents - Mud

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL – NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
WALL TYPE
Mud 1 3.3
Plastered Mud 5 16.7
Cement Blocks 24 80
Wood - -
Others (specify) - -
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.29 Roofing Type

Table 4.11.12 shows the residential status of respondents based on the construction materials
used in the roofing of their building. It indicates that the residents living in houses with roof
made of corrugated sheets were 24(80%), those living in roof made of asbestos were 3(10%),
those living in houses roofed with tiles were 3(10%), there was no indication for those living
in houses with thatch and other types roof.

Table 4.11.12 Residential Status of Respondents - Roofing

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL – NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)

ROOFING
Corrugated Sheets 24 80
Asbestos 3 10
Tile 3 10
Thatch - -
Others (specify) - -
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.30 Floor Type

Table 4.11.13 shows the residential status of respondents based on the construction materials
used in the flooring of their house. It indicates the residents living in houses with cemented
floor were 21(70%), those living in tiled houses were 6(20%). Those living in houses with floor
made of terrazzo were 3(10%). No respondent indicated living in earthen and other types of
floor.

Table 4.11.13 Residential Status of Respondents - Floor

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL – NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Earthen - -
FLOOR TYPE
Cement 21 70
Tile 6 20
Terrazzo 3 10-
Others (specify) - -
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.31 Toilet Facility

Table 4.11.14 shows the residential status of respondents based on the construction materials
used in the toilet of their house. It indicates the residents using pit latrines were 8(26.7%), those
using water-borne system as toilet were 19(63.3%). Those using bush for their toilet needs were
3(10%). No respondent indicated using any other toilet type in their home.

Table 4.11.14 Residential Status of Respondents - Toilet

TOILET FACILITY NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Pit Latrine 8 26.7
Water-borne System 19 63.3

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Bush Use 3 10
Others (specify) - -
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.32 Tenure of Housing

This shows the residential status of respondents based on their tenure/ status of residence (table
4.11.15). It indicates the residents as owners of the house they are living were 6(20%), those
living as tenants with paid rent/lease were 23(76.7%). Those living as tenants with non-rent
payment occupiers were 1(3.3%). No respondent indicated using any other type of residency.

Table 4.11.15 Tenure of Housing

TENURE OF HOUSING NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Owner Occupier 6 20
Rent/Lease 23 76.7
Non-Rent Payment Occupier 1 3.3
Others (specify) - -
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.33 Lighting Source of Respondents

Table 4.11.16 provides information on the existing condition of lighting being used by the
respondents’ household. It indicates the respondents using PHEDC, torchlight and batteries
were 9(30%). A total number of respondents that relied on PHEDC and Kerosene Lamp for
their lighting were 3(10%), those relying only on PHEDC were 1(3.3%), while those with
PHEDC and Generator were 17(56.7%). No respondent indicated using any other lighting
source.

Table 4.11.16 Lighting Source of Respondents

LIGHTING SOURCE NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
PHEDC, Torchlight and Batteries 9 30
PHEDC and Kerosene Lamp 3 10

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PHEDC 1 3.3
PHEDC and Generator 17 56.7
Others (Specify) - -
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.34 Energy Source (Cooking) of Respondents

Table 4.11.17 provides information on existing condition of energy source for respondents’
cooking needs. It indicates the respondents using Charcoal, Firewood and Kerosene were
3(10%). A total number of respondents that relied on Kerosene Stove as their energy source
for cooking were 6(20%), those that relied on LPG stove were 17(56.7%), Those that use
Electricity/Generator Hot Plate for their cooking needs were 3(10%). Respondents that rely on
other energy source for their cooking was 1(3.3%).

Table 4.11.17 Energy Source of Respondent

ENERGY SOURCE NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Charcoal, Firewood and Kerosene 3 10
Kerosene Stove 6 20
LPG Stove 17 56.7
Electricity/Generator (Hot Plate) 3 10
Other (Specify) 1 3.3
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.35 Source of Portable Water

Table 4.11.18 reveals the numbers of respondents whose source of portable water for drinking
/other needs. It indicates the respondents sourcing for water from well for daily needs were
1(3.3%). A total number of respondents that relied on personal sunk borehole as their water
source were 17(56.7%), those that relied on public water supply were 5(16.7%). Those that
rely on water vendor/tanked water for their water needs were 2(6.7%). Respondents that rely
on rain harvesting were 3(10%). Other source(s) for their water needs was 1(3.3%).

Table 4.11. 18 Sources of Portable Water

SOURCE OF PORTABLE WATER NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
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Well 1 3.3
Borehole(Personal) 17 56.7
Public Water Supply 5 16.7
Stream/River 1 3.3
Water vendor/Tanked Water 2 6.7
Rain Harvesting 3 10
Others (Specify) 1 3.3
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.36 Waste Disposal Method of Respondents

This section is directed at assessing existing condition of waste disposal method for
respondents. There were no respondents indicating throwing their waste in the drain/gutter. A
total number of respondents that relied on private cart pushers for their waste disposal were
2(6.7%), those that burned their waste outside/backyard were 22(73.3%). Those that preferred
to bury their waste were 3(10%). While respondents that rely on other disposal source(s) were
3(10%).

Table 4.11.19 Waste Disposal Method of Respondents

WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Through in the drains/gutter - -
Private Cart Pushers 2 6.7
Burning Outside/Backyard 22 73.3
Burying 3 10
Other (Specify) 3 10
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.37 Health Status of Respondents

Table 4.11.20 showed the health status of the respondents. A total of 23(76.7%) respondents
indicated their health status were good. A respondent indicated his/her health status to be poor
with 1 (3.3%) in the health status sector.

4.11.20 Health Status of Respondents

HEALTH STATUS NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)

Excellent 23 76.7
Good 6 20
Poor 1 3.3
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TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.38 Source of Treatment for Sickness

Table 4.11.21 reveals the numbers of respondents for their preferred source of treatment in case
of sickness. No respondents relied on self-medication/stay at home to rest. A total number of
respondents that relied on buying drugs from medicine hawkers were 17(56.7%), those that
relied on going to the chemist were 6(20%). Those that rely on attending government
clinic/public hospital for their health needs were 3(10%). Respondents that relied on attending
private clinic/hospital were 3(10%). A respondent indicated relying on Trado-medical/Natural
medicine for his/her health needs was 1(3.3%).

4.11.21 Source of Treatment for Sickness

SOURCE OF TREATMENT FOR SICKNESS NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Self-medication/Stay at home to rest - -
Buy drugs from medicine Hawker 17 56.7
Go to the chemist for Treatment 6 20
Attend Government Clinic/Public Hospital 3 10
Attend private clinic/hospital 3 10
Attend Trado-medical/Natural Medicine home 1 3.3
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.39 Frequency in Accessing Clinic/Hospital

This section is directed at showcasing the frequency of respondents accessing clinic/hospital

in case of sickness (Table 4.11.22). It reveals the respondents visiting the clinic/hospital in the
last 6 months were 3(10%). A total number of respondents that visited the clinic/hospital were
6(20%), those that visited in the last 5 years were 17(56.7%), and those that visited more than
5 years ago were 3 (10%). Respondents that never visited was 1(3.3%).

Table 4.11.22Frequency in Accessing Clinic/Hospital

FREQUENCY IN ACCESSING NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Last 6 months 3 10
CLINIC/HOSPITAL
Last 1 year 6 20
Last 5 years 17 56.7
More than 5 years 3 10
Never visited one 1 3.3
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TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.40 Type of Ailment/ Disease Experienced in the Last 6 Months

This section is directed at highlighting the kind of ailment/sickness experienced by respondents

in the last 6 months (Table 4.11.23). It shows the respondents experiencing headache were 10
(33.3%). A total number of respondents that had fever were 5(16.7%), those that had skin
irritation/rashes were 2 (6.7%). Those that that had cough were 5(16.7%). Those with
asthma/Nasal Issues were 1 (3.3%). Those with complaints of hypertension were 4(13 %),
while respondents with complaints of eye-related problems were 3 (10%). There was no
indication for watery tool/diarrhoea, vomiting, sleep disorder/insomnia, chest pain/pneumonia
and impaired hearing/partial deafness by respondents.

Table 4.11.23 Type of Ailment/ Disease Experienced In the Last 6 Months

AILMENT/DISEASE NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Headache 10 33.3
Fever 5 16.7
Skin irritation/rashes 2 6.7
-Watery stool/diarrhoea - -
Vomiting - -
Cough 5 16.7
Sleep disorder/insomnia -
Asthma/Nasal Issues 1 3.3
Hypertension 4 13.3
Chest pains/pneumonia - -
Burns - -
Eye conditions 3 10
Impaired hearing/ partial Deafness -
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

4.11.41 Health Risk Living Near a Stone Quarry Site

Table 4.11.24 compares the awareness of respondents on health risk associated with living near
a stone quarry site. It thus, reveals that out of the 30 responses from the questionnaires
administered, 21 indicated no knowledge of any risk associated living near a stone quarry site
amounting to 70% of the population size, while those with a yes knowledge were 9%,
amounting to 30% of the population size.

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4.11.24 Health Risk Living Near a Stone Quarry Site

AWARENESS NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Yes 9 30
No 21 70
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

Respondents Assessment of Ailment/Disease caused by staying close to Stone Quarry

Table 4.11.25 indicates the respondents’ assessment of health risk that inhabitants can suffer
associated with living near a stone quarry site. It indicated severe headache constituting 3(10%)
of the responses. There was a 6(20%) indication for cough, Asthma/nasal issues accounted for
the highest score of 17(56.7). Responses on Impaired eye condition resulting from living within
close proximity to site was 1(3.3%), while impaired hearing constituted for 3(10%) of
responses from the administered.

Table 4.11.25 Assessment of Ailment/Disease Caused by Staying Close to Stone Quarry

AILMENT/DISEASE NUMBERS PERCENTAGE (%)
Severe Headache 3 10
Cough 6 20
Asthma/Nasal Issues 17 56.7
Impaired Eye condition 1 3.3
Impaired hearing/ partial 3 10
TOTAL 30 100
Deafness
Source: Geospectra Field work 2020

People were generally positively disposed to the planned project, for several reasons but
primarily in anticipation of possible employment opportunities. For instance, some youths
discussed with in Obung, Community were of the opinion that some employment will be
available during construction, while others see the project to bring about improved security and
general improvement in the economic activities of the area.

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CHAPTER FIVE

POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED IMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1 Introduction
The results of assessment for the potential and associated environmental impacts studies of the
proposed Akamkpa Quarry I and II by Akamkpa Quarry Limited is presented in this chapter.
The assessment covered impacts on the biophysical environment as well as human health and
safety. The objectives of the impact assessment are:

 To identify the potential and associated environmental, social and health impacts of the
proposed project project/activities,
 To evaluate the likelihood of occurrence
 To evaluate magnitude and significance of identified impacts.

The impact assessment approach therefore entailed matching the different onsite activities and
project phases described in Chapter 3 with the baseline components of the project environment,
which is presented in Chapter 4. The onsite activities described in Chapter 3 include:

 Pre-mobilization
 Mobilization
 Project Development
 Commissioning
 Demobilization and Abandonment

5.2 Impact identification and Evaluation

A modified ISO 14000 approach for assessing environmental aspects and impacts was used in
the systematic assessment of the potential and associated impacts of the proposed project. The
method entailed the identification/assessment/evaluation of the potential and associated
impacts of the proposed project using a three-stage approach as illustrated in Figures 5.1a, b
and c.

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According to Figure 5.1a below, the process involved firstly, the extraction of specific project
tasks that have environmental undertones, then identifying the environmental aspects (elements
of the project activities that interacts with the environment either positively or negatively)
through the use of a screening criteria. The checklist of identified aspects was evaluated for
significance using set environmental criteria, which included stakeholder expectations,
regulatory requirements, public perception, industry best practices, abatement costs, relative
contribution, scientific evidence, and sensitivity of receiving environment. Following this, the
identified significant aspects were recorded.

Criteria for Identification of Aspects

 Subject to Legislative or Regulatory
Control?
Project  Toxic to the Environment or Man? Identify Project’s
 Likely to Cause Long-term /Irreversible
Activities Damage to Wildlife / Vegetation or
Environmental
and Tasks Social Life? Aspects
 Capable of Extending Beyond the Site?

Significant
Insignificant Criteria for Environmental
Environmental aspects Significance Aspects

Environmental
Aspects Records

Figure 5.1a: Stage 1: Process of Identifying / Evaluating Environmental Aspects

The output (environmental aspects records) from Figure 5.1a was fed into Figure 5.1b and
used in conjunction with various source reference materials to identify and characterise the
potential and associated impacts of the proposed project. The identified impacts were then
evaluated and mitigation measures proffered for significant negative impacts as described in
Figure 5.1c

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1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 Fi

Source Reference

Materials
Existing Description of Impact
Project Environment  Characterisation
Beneficial
 FMEnv EIA Procedural /
Impact  Adverse
Sectoral Guidelines for
Identification  Direct
Industrial Projects Potential &  Indirect
 World Bank Environmental
Assessment Sourcebook
Associated  Normal
 Environmental Management
Impacts  Abnormal
Policies/Standards  Short-term/Long-term
 Reversible/Irreversible
 Cumulative
 Residual
Figure 5.1b: Stage 2: Process of Identifying/Characterising Environmental

Impacts
The output (environmental aspects records) from Figure 5.1a was fed into Figure 5.1b and
used in conjunction with various source reference materials to identify and characterise the
potential and associated impacts of the proposed projects. The identified impacts were then
evaluated and mitigation measures proffered as described in Figure 5.1c

1.1.1.1.1.1.2.1.1 F
i
Impact
Assessment/Evaluation
Assessment/Evaluation
Is the impact significant?
Criteria
Legal/Regulatory Considering:
Requirements  Health & safety of the people
 Pollution / deterioration of the
 Risk environment
 Frequency  Damage to asset / property
 Proponent’s image & reputation
 Importance
1.1.1.1.1.1.2 Mitigation /
Amelioration
Requirement Impact
 Barriers to prevent adverse  Mitigation
Prevention strategy
effect  Reduction strategy
 Control of escalation  Control strategy

factors
 Recovery preparedness Management
measures  Management resourcing
& responsibilities
 Monitoring plan
 Auditing & review

Figure 5.1c: Stage 3: Impact Evaluation, Mitigation and Management

Procedure

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Mitigation measures, which are means to prevent, reduce or control adverse environmental
effects of a project were developed for the adverse significant potential impacts through review
of industry experience, consultations and expert discussions with multi-disciplinary team of
engineers and scientists. Details of the process are discussed in sub-section 5.2.1 to Section 5.3
while the results are presented thereafter in Tables 5.1.

5.2.1 Impact Identification

The environmental aspects of the proposed projects were obtained from the planned project
activities. These aspects were then matched with the existing baseline description of the project
environment and used to develop a checklist of cumulative, potential and associated impacts
of the proposed projects (see Table 5.1). The development of the checklist was carried out
using the FMEnv EIA Sectorial Guidelines and the World Bank Environmental Assessment
Source Book, Volume III (Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energy and Industry
Projects, 1991).

5.2.2 Impact Characterisation

The identified impacts of the proposed projects were further characterised as explained in the
items listed below. The characterisation was based on the nature, characteristics and estimated
duration of the various project activities on the ecological components of the project
environment as well as human health and safety.

 Beneficial Impacts: These are impacts that creates positive and substantial effect on
the environment. The primary benefits of the proposed projects are highlighted in
chapter 2 of this report.
 Adverse Impacts: These are impacts that may result in: irreversible and undesirable
change(s) in the biophysical environment; decrease in the quality of the biophysical
environment; limitation, restriction or denial of access to or use of any component of
the environment to others, including future generations; and sacrifice of long term
environmental viability or integrity for short term economic goals.

 Direct Impacts: Direct impact occur through direct interaction of an activity with an
environmental, social, or economic component.

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 Indirect Impacts: Indirect impacts on the environment are impacts that are not a direct
result of the project or that are at least one step removed from a project activity. They
do not follow directly from a project activity.
 Normal Impacts: These are impacts that will usually be expected to follow a particular
project activity.
 Abnormal Impacts: An impact is considered to be abnormal when it follows a project
activity as against sound predictions based on experience.
 Short-term Impacts: These are defined as impacts that will last only within the period
of a specific project activity.
 Long-term Impacts: These are impacts whose effects remain even after a specific
project activity.
 Reversible Impacts: These are impacts whose effects can be addressed on application
of adequate mitigation measures.
 Irreversible Impacts: These are impacts whose effects are such that the subject
(impacted component) cannot be returned to its original state even after adequate
mitigation measures are applied.
 Cumulative Impacts: Cumulative impacts consists of an impact that is created as a
result of the combination of the project evaluated in the EIA together with other projects
causing related impacts these are impacts resulting from interaction between ongoing
project activities with other activities, taking place simultaneously.
 Incremental Impacts: These are impacts that progress with time or as the project
activity advances.
 Residual Impacts: These are impacts that would still remain after mitigation measures
have been applied.

5.2.3 Impact Evaluation

Impact evaluation assesses the changes that can be attributed to a particular intervention. At
this stage, the potential and associated impacts identified and characterised at the previous stage
of the assessment process (see Sections 5.2.1 – 5.2.2) were evaluated. The evaluation which
was based on clearly defined criteria (legal/regulatory requirement, risk, impact frequency,
importance and public interest/concern) was used to determine the significance or otherwise of
each impact. The criteria and weighting scale adopted for the evaluation are described below.
Legal/Regulatory Requirements (L)

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The project activities that resulted in impacts were weighted against existing legal / regulatory
provisions to determine the requirement or otherwise for permits prior to the execution of such
activities. Such legal/regulatory requirements were identified from the laws/guidelines, which
have been reviewed in Chapter 1 of this report as well as those guidelines in the source
references relating to the proposed project activity as presented in Section 5.2 and subsection
5.2.1.

Table 5.1: The weighting scale used was as follows:

Condition Rating
No legal / regulatory requirement attached to environmental impact 1 = Low
Legal / regulatory requirement associated with environmental impact 3 = Medium
A permit is required prior to carrying out project activity with
5 = High
environmental aspects, which may result in impact on the environment

Risk Posed by Impact (R)

The criteria used to categorize the risk posed by the impacts of the proposed projects address
both the consequence severity and probability or likelihood of occurrence. In determining the
likelihood of occurrence, reference was made to historical records of accidents/incidents in
AQL operations and in this instance, with special reference to AQL operational areas and
facilities. The consequence criterion considers the environmental and socio-economic
(workers/public health and safety) attributes of the project area as shown below.

Table 5.2: Consequence Criterion

Consequence Severity Attribute – Environmental Attribute –
Workers/Public Health
Rating
and Safety
Negligible 1  Minor/Little or No Response Needed >Slight injury (no
medical/first aid
treatment required)
Minor 2 Moderate/Limited Response of Short >Minor injury (no lost
time)
Duration
>No impact on public
Moderate 3 Serious/Significant Resources Commitment >Major injury (lost
time)
>Limited impact on
public
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Major 4 Major/Extended Duration/Full Scale >Single fatality

Response >Multiple major
injuries
>Serious impact on
public
Severe 5 Multiple Occurrences/Elongated >Multiple Fatalities
Duration/Larger Scale Response

These consequence criteria are combined with the probability of occurrence to evaluate and
categorize the risks posed by impacts into “high = 5”, “medium = 3”, and “low = 1” risk as
summarized below in Figure 5.3.

Table 5.3: Risk Rating

Risk Attribute

1 = Low This means that no further mitigation may be required

This means that the impact can be mitigated with additional controls and
3 = Medium
modification

5 = High This means that the impact require avoidance or major control/mitigation

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Likelihood of Occurrence

A B C D E
No Known Occurrence in Has occurred in AKAMKPA Has occurred at Happens several Happens several times/year
AKAMKPA QUARRY Facility QUARRY Facility AKAMKPA QUARRY times/year at export at export terminals
(> 1000 Equipment Years) (1000 – 100 Equipment Facility terminals (10 – 1
years) locations Equipment Years)
Negligible
1

Minor
2
Consequence Rating

Moderate
3

Major
4

Severe
5

Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk

Figure 5.2: Matrix used for assessing Risks posed by impacts

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Magnitude of Occurrence of Impacts (F)

Evaluation of the magnitude (anticipated nature, duration and frequency) of occurrence of each
impact was also carried out. Magnitude of occurrence was rated as “high”, “medium” or “low”
based on the historical records of accidents/incidents, consultation with experts (in the
industrial operations) and professional judgment. The magnitude criterion is summarised
below.

Table 5.4: Magnitude Criterion

Magnitude Attribute – Environmental, Human Health and Safety
5 = High  Major degradation in quality in terms of scale (>1% of study area or habitat within
the study area), appearance, duration (beyond duration of project)
 Irreversible or only slowly recoverable (change lasting more than 1 year)
degradation of environmental ecosystem level (population, abundance, diversity,
productivity)
 High frequency of impact (occur continuously and almost throughout the project
execution period (2 months)
 Geographic extent of impact
3 = Medium  Degradation in quality in terms of scale (>0.1% of study area, habitat),
appearance, duration (a few months)
 Effect beyond naturally occurring impacts variability
 Slow reversibility (change lasting a few months before recovery), lasting residual
impact
 Potential for cumulative impact
 Intermittent frequency of impact (occur in only a few occasions during the project
execution period)
 Limited geographic extent of impact
1 = Low  Minor degradation in quality in terms of scale (<0.1% of study area, habitat, very
localized), appearance, duration (a few days to a month)
 Effect within range of naturally occurring impacts, changes, dynamics
 Rapid reversibility (change lasting only a few weeks before recovery), no lasting
residual impact of significance

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 No potential for significant cumulative impact

 Low frequency of impact (occur in just about one occasion during the project
execution period)
 Only very localized geographic extent of impact (e.g. not more than a few meters
from impact source point)

Importance of Environmental Component (I)

The importance of target environmental component in respect of identified potential impact
was also determined and rated as “high”, “medium” or “low”. The ratings were based on
Consensus of opinions among consulted experts including project engineers/scientist and
other stakeholders of the proposed project. The importance criterion is summarised below.

Table 5.5: Importance Criterion

Importance Attribute – Environmental
5 = High  Highly undesirable outcome (e.g., impairment of endangered,
protected habitat, species)
 Detrimental, extended flora and fauna behavioral change (breeding,
spawning, molting)
 Major reduction or disruption in value, function or service of impacted
resource
 Impact during environmentally sensitive period
 Continuous non-compliance with statute
3 = Medium  Negative outcome
 Measurable reduction or disruption in value, function or service of
impacted resource
 Potential for non-compliance with international best practices
1 = Low  Imperceptible outcome
 Insignificant alteration in value, function or service of impacted
resource
 Within compliance, no controls required

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 Public Interest/Perception (P)

The interest/perception of the public on the proposed projects and the identified
potential/associated impact were determined through consultation with the proposed
project stakeholders. The ratings of “high”, “medium” or “low” were assigned based
on consensus of opinions among consulted known stakeholders. The public
perception/interest criterion is summarised below.

Table 5.6: Public Perception / Interest Criterion

Public Perception Attribute – Human Health and Safety

5 = High  Elevated incremental risk to human health, acute and / or

chronic
 Possibility of life endangered for on-site personnel and
nearby residents
 Major reduction in social, cultural, economic value
 Continuous non-compliance with statute
 Any major public concern among population in the project
area
3 = Medium  Limited incremental risk to human health, acute and / or
chronic
 Unlikely life endangered for on-site personnel and local
residents
 Some reduction in social, cultural, economic value
 Possibility of adverse perception among population
 Potential for non-compliance
1 = Low  No risk to human health, acute and / or chronic
 No possibility of life endangered for on-site personnel and
local residents
 Minor reduction in social, cultural, economic value
 Unlikely adverse perception among population

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5.2.4 Overall Significance Ranking

The overall significance rating (Level of Significance) assigned to each evaluated
impact as presented in Table 5.12, are without consideration for mitigation measures
including those controls built into project design. The ratings were based on the
following considerations:

High Significance
 (L+R+F+I+P) ≥ 15 or
 (F+I) > 6 or
 P=5
Impacts with this category are adverse impacts and would require avoidance or major
Control/mitigation.

Medium Significance
 (L+R+F+I+P) ≥ 8 but < 15
Impacts in this category are adverse impacts and can be mitigated with additional
controls and modifications.

Low Significance
 (L+R+F+I+P) < 8
Impacts in this category may require no further modification

Table 5.7 Phases of Project Development Activities and Source of Impact

S/N Project Phases Activities/Source of Impact
1 Mobilisation Road traffic, Influx of Persons
2 Site Preparation Road traffic, bush clearing, waste
disposal, dust
3 Quarry Plant Construction Blasting/Excavation, Pilling, Welding,
Painting, Waste disposal, Road traffic,
Noise

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4 Operation and Maintenance Blasting, Noise, Waste generation,

Influx of Persons, Dust emissions,
traffic generation
5 Decommissioning and abandonment Dismantling and Removal of
equipment and structures, waste
disposal, residual contamination, road
traffic

5.3. Beneficial Impact

 Improvement of the economic status of landlords and traditional rulers through payment
of adequate compensation
 Mining and production of chippings of various sizes will contribute to revenue
generation contributes to revenue to the government
 Contribute to the general economic growth of the country as it would positively affect
directly or indirectly some sectors of our country
 Creation of employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled labour that will
employed at different phases of the project
 Increase in socioeconomic activities in Akamkpa due to the purchase of chippings and
other associated activities
 Chippings of various sizes will be made available for construction activities in Cross
Rivers State and other South States and Southeastern States.
 There will be transfer of technical knowledge in mining industry to Quarry workers

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5.8 Table Associated and Potential Impacts of the Project

Project Phase Project Activities Environmental Potential /Associated Impacts
/Social/Health Component
Premobilization Land take/Site acquisition Vegetation, soil, wildlife, Vegetation cover removal leads to destruction of natural
/Mobilization /Land Survey land use habitat of the soil flora and fauna and migration of wild life
/Preconstruction
Socioeconomic Improvement of the economic status of landlords and
traditional rulers through payment of adequate
compensation
Socioeconomic (Personal Security problems due to community interference and
Safety) conflicts
Health of workers Injury to personnel (surveyors) due to exposure to wild
bushes and animals
Transportation of Air quality, and Personal Increased traffic volume/delays due to daily movement of
equipment / materials / Safety work trucks and personnel to site
personnel to worksite
Health of workers Injury / death / assets damage due to road traffic accidents
and incidents e.g., collision

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Air Quality Negative effects on air quality due to emission of

atmospheric pollutants (COX, NOX, etc.) from internal
combustion engines/exhausts during personnel movement
Construction of Site Preparation / Site Vegetation De-vegetation of the proposed project area and loss of local
Quarry Plant clearing to remove flora
(Quarry, Offices, vegetation Vegetation, Soil Changes in drainage and hydrological patterns which may
Base camps) result in erosion and flooding in the area
Rock Processing Air Quality Negative effects on air quality due to emission of
Stage atmospheric pollutants (COX, NOX, etc.) from earth
moving equipment and localized increase in background
noise level
Socioeconomic Creation of jobs and job opportunities
Rock Quarrying Air Quality Negative effects on air quality due to emission of
atmospheric pollutants (COX, NOX, etc.) from earth
moving equipment and localized increase in background
noise level
Health of workers Increase in the ambient noise level in the area above
baseline values due to noise generated from during drilling
of holes
Health of workers Injury / death / asset damage due to work place
accidents/incidents during crushing/installation

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Excavation and Overburden Soil Soil compaction due to heavy vehicle movement,
Removal excavated material will affect diversity of soil fauna within
the area, alteration of drainage pattern.
Dumping of the material Soil, Rocks Injury / death / assets damage due to accidents during
conveyed by the dump dumping of materials from point of generation to the feed
truck to the crushing hopper
machine into the feed
Installation of crushers and Health(Radiation and Heat) Welders exposed to heat and light radiation, heat rashes,
conveyor belts of workers welding flashes leading to eye diseases
Socioeconomic health Increase in population leading to transmission of infectious
diseases especially sexual transmission infections
Soil Reduction in cases of dumping of materials within and
around crushing locations
Socioeconomic Community conflicts resulting from labour and recruitment
issues, and compensation leading to security problems
Soil Pollution of soil and groundwater sources around the
facility from improper management of wastes meant for
incineration and ash residue
Levelling compaction Soil, water Exposure of soil organisms to weather conditions Pollution
of soil and groundwater sources around the facility from

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improper management of wastes meant for incineration and

ash residue
Operational and Aggregate crushing and Air quality/ noise Increase in exhaust gases, increase in ambient noise levels
Maintenance sorting
Rock blasting Air quality/ noise Increase in exhaust gases, increase in ambient noise levels
Social Significant noise, cracks in houses, shock and injuries
Transportation of produced Socioeconomic/Health Increase in income of workers
quarry aggregates Road traffic accidents
Increased noise and vibrations
Decommissioning / Decommissioning / Soil and groundwater Soil and groundwater contamination from wastes
abandonment abandonment and ancillary abandoned at the site
facilities Land use, soil, vegetation Possible use of abandoned quarry as landfill
and socioeconomics Soil contamination stagnant pools of water, explosives
chemicals etc

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5.4 Result of Impact Assessment

The results of the impact assessment exercise as discussed in the previous sections are
presented in Table 5.10. The table presents the various project phases, planned project
activities, the environmental aspects of the proposed project as well as the identified associated
and potential impacts. Also included in the table are the impact significance evaluation criteria:
legal/regulatory requirements (L), risk posed by the impact (R), and magnitude of occurrence
(M), Importance of affected environmental component (I) and Public Perception (P). In
addition, the overall ratings of impact significance (High, Medium or Low) of each impact
considered have been included. These were based on the summations already described.

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Table 5.9: Potential and Associated Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project
Project Phase  Project Potential and Associated Impact  Impact Significance Sum Overall
Activity / Impact Characterisation Evaluation Significance
Environmental L R M I P Rating
Aspect
Site Acquisition Land take Restriction of access to the Adverse, direct, 0 1 3 3 3 11 Medium
proposed facility area long-term, normal
(60hectares) for as long as the
facility exist
Improvement of the economic Beneficial, direct, - - - - - - Beneficial
status of landlords and normal, short-
traditional rulers through term, incremental
payment of adequate
compensation
Security problems due to Adverse, indirect, 0 3 3 3 5 14 High
community interference and abnormal, short
conflicts term
Site Survey Injury to personnel Adverse, direct, 0 1 3 3 3 9 Medium
(surveyors) due to exposure to abnormal, short-
wild bushes and animals term, residual

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 Mobilisation / Transportation of Increased traffic Adverse, direct, 0 1 1 1 3 6 Low

Demobilisation equipment / volume/delays due to daily normal, short-
(Movement of materials / movement of work trucks and term, reversible,
vehicles and personnel to personnel to site
personnel) worksite Injury / death / assets damage Adverse, direct, 3 5 1 1 5 15 High
due to road traffic accidents abnormal, short-
and incidents e.g., collision term or long term,
Residual

Negative effects on air quality Adverse, direct, 3 1 1 1 1 7 Low

due to emission of normal, Short-
atmospheric pollutants (COX, term
NOX, etc.) from internal
combustion engines/exhausts
during personnel movement
Noise nuisance from Adverse, direct, 3 1 1 3 1 9 Medium
increased vehicular movement normal, short-
/ use of internal combustion term, incremental,
engines residual
Site Preparation / Site Vegetation De-vegetation of the proposed Adverse, direct, 3 1 3 3 3 13 Medium
clearing to remove clearing within the project area and loss of local normal, long-term
vegetation flora

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proposed facility
area

 Stripping Changes in drainage and Adverse, direct, 0 3 3 3 3 12 Medium

of topsoil and hydrological patterns which short-term,
compaction of may result in erosion and abnormal,
same with earth flooding in the area
moving equipment Negative effects on air quality Adverse, direct, 3 1 1 3 1 9 Medium
within the due to emission of normal, Short-term
proposed project atmospheric pollutants (COX,
location NOX, etc.) from earth moving
equipment and localized
increase in background noise
level

 General Creation of jobs and job Beneficial, direct, - - - - - Beneficial

site preparation opportunities normal, short-
activities term, incremental

Impact Significance Criteria Significance Rating Criteria

L = Legal/Regulatory requirement P = Public Perception/Interest High = (L+R+M+I+P) = ≥ 15 or (M+I) > 6 or P = 5
R = Risk posed by impact Medium = (L+R+M+I+P) ≥ 8 but ˂ 15
M = Envisaged magnitude of impact Low = (L+R+M+I+P) ˂ 8
I = Importance of affected environmental component

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Project Phase Project Overall

 Impact Significance
Activity/Environmental Impact Significance
Potential and Associated Impact Evaluation Sum
Aspect Characterisation Rating

L R M I P

Increase in the ambient noise level Adverse, direct,

in the area above baseline values normal, short-
Overburden removal to 3 1 1 1 1 7 Low
due to noise generated from during term, incremental,
expose rock
drilling of holes. cumulative
Adverse, direct,
Injury / death / asset damage due to
Rock drilling for pit abnormal, long-
work place accidents/incidents 3 5 1 5 5 19 High
development / holes with term, irreversible,
during crushing/installation
the use of air or residual
hydraulically powered Localised increase (above baseline
Rock Quarrying drilling machine. values) in ambient concentrations Adverse, direct,
extraction of air pollutants (NOx, SOx, COx, normal, short-
3 3 1 3 1 11 Medium
process Crushing plant CxHy, H2S, & SPM) from drilling term, cumulative,
installation / Loading of machines used for drilling of blast residual
broken or disintegrated holes into rock.

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rock fragments with Damage to ecological resources, Adverse, direct,

excavators into dump and environmental degradation by abnormal, short-
0 1 1 3 1 6 Low
trucks and conveyed to minor spillages during fuelling of term
the crushing machines. drilling machines
Indiscriminate disposal of sanitary Adverse, direct,
and domestic wastes during drilling abnormal, short- 0 1 1 1 1 4 Low
of holes term, reversible
Wildlife migration, exposure of soil Adverse, direct,
to weather conditions, fauna habitat long term, 0 5 5 3 5 18 High
loss injury to wild animals reversible

Project  Impact Significance Overall

Potential and Associated Impact
Project Phase Activity/Environmental Evaluation Sum Significance
Impact Characterisation
Aspect L R M I P Rating
Injury / death / assets damage
Adverse, direct,
Rock Processing due to accidents during
abnormal, short-
Stage dumping of materials from 3 5 1 5 5 19 High
term or long term,
point of generation to the feed
Residual
hopper

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 Dumping of the Reduction in cases of dumping Beneficial, direct,

material conveyed by the of materials within and around normal, long- - - - - - - Beneficial
dump truck to the crushing locations term, cumulative
crushing machine into Community conflicts resulting
Adverse, indirect,
the feed hopper of the from labour and recruitment
abnormal, short – 0 3 3 3 5 14 High
primary jaw crusher. issues, and compensation
or long- term
leading to security problems
Pollution of soil and Adverse, direct,
groundwater sources around abnormal, short –
Screening of the the facility from improper or long-term, 3 3 3 3 3 15 High
materials leaving the management of wastes meant reversible
cone crushing stage. for incineration and ash residue
Fire outbreak, destruction of
Adverse, direct,
facility, loss of life of personnel
abnormal, long- 3 5 5 1 5 19 High
due to malfunctioning of
term, irreversible
facility or operators fault
Maintenance and general Health related hazards on Adverse, direct, 3 3 1 3 1 11 Medium
operations of the facility operational staff due to constant short-or long-
inhalation of crushing materials term, reversible

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Adverse, direct,
Kidnap/forceful abduction of
abnormal, short- 3 5 1 5 5 19 High
operation staff
term, reversible

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Project  Impact Significance Overall

Impact
Project Phase Activity/Environmental Potential and Associated Impact Evaluation Sum Significance
Characterisation
Aspect L R M I P Rating
Soil and groundwater Adverse, direct,
contamination from wastes abnormal, long- 3 3 1 3 3 13 Medium
abandoned at the site term
 Decommissioning
Decommissionin Adverse, direct,
/ abandonment and Risk of poor management of
g / Abandonment abnormal, long- 0 3 1 3 3 10 Medium
ancillary facilities decommissioned facilities
term
Availability of land for alternative Beneficial, direct,
- - - - - Beneficial
uses normal, long-term

Impact Significance Criteria Significance Rating Criteria

L = Legal/Regulatory requirement P = Public Perception/Interest High = (L+R+M+I+P) = ≥ 15 or (M+I) > 6 or P = 5
R = Risk posed by impact Medium = (L+R+M+I+P) ≥ 8 but ˂ 15
M = Envisaged magnitude of impact Low = (L+R+M+I+P) ˂ 8
I = Importance of affected environmental component

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5.5 Summary of Impact Significance Ranking

The Impact Assessment of the proposed project (i.e. interaction of different Project Phases and Project Activities/Environmental Aspects) resulted
in Twenty-Seven (27) impacts with different impact significance ratings as follows: Beneficial, Low, Medium and High. The summary is presented
in Table 5.10 below.

Table 5.10: Summary of Impact Significance Ranking

Project Phase Project Activity/Environmental Aspect Number of Impact Significance Ranking
Identified
Beneficial Low Medium High
Impacts
Site Acquisition Land Take / site survey 4 1 - 2 1
Site preparation Vegetation Clearing and general site prep; Stripping
and compaction of topsoil with earth moving 4 1 - 3 -
equipment
Mobilization/Demobilizat Transportation of equipment and personnel to and 4 - 2 1 1
ion from site

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Overburden removal to expose rock / Rock drilling 5 - 3 1 1

for pit development / holes with the use of air or
hydraulically powered drilling machine. Crushing
Rock Quarrying plant installation / Loading of broken or
extraction process disintegrated rock fragments with excavators into
dump trucks and conveyed to the crushing machines.

Rock Processing Stage  Dumping of the material conveyed by the

dump truck to the crushing machine into the feed 7 1 - 1 5
hopper of the primary jaw crusher.
Screening of the materials leaving the cone crushing
stage.
Maintenance and general operations of the facility
Abandonment/Decommis Decommissioning/abandonment of Quarry Plant and
sioning other ancillary facilities 3 1 - 2 -

Summary (Total Number of Impacts) 27 4 13 10 8

% Significance 14.81 48.15 27.04 29.63

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

The summary of Impact Significance Rating above shows that approximately 62.96% of the
identified impacts fall within the category of Beneficial and Low Impacts; approximately
56.67% fall within the Medium and High Significance Impact category that requires mitigation.
It is noteworthy that the percentage that fell within the High Significance category is 29.63%.
The impacts that resulted in the 29.63% high significance rating does not require concept
modification but can be mitigated. Mitigation measures for all medium and high significance
impacts are provided in chapter 6 of this report.

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CHAPTER SIX
IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 General
The main purpose of this Impact Assessment Report is to examine the environmental
impacts both beneficial and adverse of a proposed development project and to ensure
that these impacts are taken into account in project design. The principal and most
important objective of an Environmental Impact Assessment is the development and
establishment of suitable actions (mitigation measures) for the identified significant and
adverse impacts of a proposed project. In presenting the mitigation measures, the
primary objectives were:

 Prevention by ensuring that significant and adverse potential impacts and risks
do not occur.
 Reduction by ensuring that the effects or consequences of those significant
potential and associated impacts that cannot be prevented are reduced to as low
as reasonably practicable (ALARP).
 Control by ensuring that residual significant impacts are reduced to ALARP.
Again, as in reduction measures for potential and associated impacts, reasonable
practicability was determined with reference to best industry practice and to economic,
environmental, technical, health and safety considerations.

In the course of rock quarrying, processing stage and crushing of the rocks, operation
and decommissioning, some potential and associated impacts are anticipated. The
nature of the identified impacts has been described in Chapter 5 in line with FMENV
Guideline. The proposed mitigation measures for high and medium significance
adverse impacts are presented in Table 6.1.
Thus all low impacts, which are considered to be non-adverse were dropped. (I.e. no
mitigation proffered for them).

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Table 6.1 Proposed Mitigation Measure for Significant Impacts

Project Phase Project Environ Significance Mitigation Measures Significance
Activity mental Rating Rating after
Impacts before Mitigation
Mitigation
 AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall use scout vessels and vehicles during
movement of heavy equipment to warn other road and water users and reduce
accidental collision etc.
 AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that all vehicles and vessels are pre-
mobilised and certified fit before being allowed to transport equipment, materials and
personnel
 AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that all drivers and captains are
Accident certified competent before movement with vehicles/vessels are allowed
Transportati
related  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that an efficient journey management
on of
impacts plan is maintained to reduce the risks of accidents
equipment,  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall make/provide temporary traffic control and LOW
from HIGH
materials and diversion arrangements at strategic points in line with local traffic arrangement in the
transportati
workers area
on 
Site Preparation Site AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that drivers/captains adhere to speed
limit alarms, which shall be equipped in all operational and support vehicles/vessels.
Preparation / Site clearing  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall prohibit night movement
to remove vegetation  AKAMPA QUARRY LIMITED shall check health status of personnel to be mobilised
to site
 AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall create awareness among her personnel on
communicable diseases and STIs
Changes in  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that equipment used in excavation,
drainage and compaction and consolidation of soil is confined to areas acquired for the proposed
Vegetation hydrological rock quarrying and processing project. These areas shall be restored after
patterns which decommissioning
clearing
may result in MEDIUM  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall provide adequate drainage system to avoid
within the erosion and flooding of the area and subsequent erosion
LOW
proposed flooding in the  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall put in place facilities to reduce impact of
facility area area breakwater
 AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that areas stripped in error are
immediately restore to ensure return of soil biota

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 Strip Negative ,  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure materials and foreign bodies do not
ping of topsoil effects on air find their way into the aquatic system
and compaction quality due to  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure vehicles/vessels and utilities
of same with emission of mobilised for the project adhere to strict environmental guidelines
earth moving atmospheric  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that vehicles/vessels carrying
equipment pollutants materials and equipment are fit and suitable for the environment
within the (COX, NOX,  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure draft of vessel is not more than the
etc.) from earth MEDIUM depth of the area to avoid disturbance of ecosystem as well as grounding
LOW
proposed project
location moving  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall as much as possible switch off all engines
equipment and when operations are on break
localized
increase in
background
 noise level

Figure 6.2
Project Phase Project Potential and Significance Mitigation Measures Ranking after
Activity/ Associated impact Ranking before Mitigation
Environ Mitigation
mental
Aspect
Restriction of access to
the proposed facility area
Medium
(4670.18m2) for as long Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall ensure that:
as the facility exist  all issues pertaining to land take are adequately
Improvement of the discussed with the landlords; and
economic status of  adequate compensation is paid for the acquired land
Site Acquisition Land take landlords and traditional  Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall identify the traditional
Beneficial
rulers through payment ruling structure of the community, the CDC, youth
of adequate organization and actual landlords of the area. These Low
compensation shall be adequately consulted at each stage of the
Security problems due to proposed project
community interference High
and conflicts

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall ensure that:

Injury to personnel
Site  surveyors use appropriate PPEs (steel toe safety boots,
(surveyors) due to
hard hats, hand gloves and safety goggles) before
Survey exposure to wild bushes Medium venturing into the bush for survey;
Low
Land take and animals  locals who are knowledgeable of the area are hired to
accompany surveyors

 Mobilisation / Transportati Injury / death / assets  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure all vehicles are
on of certified road worthy before being allowed to transport
Demobilisation damage due to road
equipment, materials and personnel
(Movement of vehicles and equipment / traffic accidents and  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that all
materials / incidents e.g., collision
personnel) operational vehicles are in optimal working condition to curtail
personnel to air pollution
worksite  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure vehicle drivers
from Port are certified competent before movement with vehicles are
Harcourt allowed
town HIGH  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall make/provide LOW
temporary traffic control and diversion arrangements at
strategic points en route the proposed site
 AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure an effective
journey management schedule is maintained to reduce the risk
of accidents
 AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure road load and
speed limits are observed
 Night movements in the project area shall be avoided by
AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED
Noise nuisance from AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure all vehicles are
maintained at optimal conditions as stated in the equipment
increased vehicular operating manual
movement / use of MEDIUM LOW
internal combustion
engines

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Project Project Activity/ Potential and Associated Impact Significance Mitigation Measures Ranking
Phase Environmental impact Characteristic Ranking after
Aspect before Mitigation Mitigation
Increase in the ambient Adverse,  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that equipment used in
Overburden excavation, compaction and consolidation of soil is confined to areas acquired for
noise level in the area direct, the proposed rock quarrying and processing project. These areas shall be restored
removal to above baseline values normal, after decommissioning
expose rock Low  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall provide adequate drainage system to
due to noise generated short-term, avoid flooding of the area and subsequent erosion
from during drilling of incremental,  AKAMPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that areas stripped in error are Low
immediately restore to ensure return of soil biota
holes. cumulative
Rock drilling for  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure all vehicles are certified road
Increase in the ambient Adverse, worthy (including fuelling) before being allowed to transport equipment,
pit development / noise level in the area direct, materials and personnel
holes with the use  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure road load and speed limits
above baseline values abnormal,
Rock of air or High are observed Low
hydraulically
due to noise generated long-term,  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure vehicle (red caution flags)
Quarrying from during drilling of irreversible, and road signs are used at strategic points
powered drilling
extraction holes. residual
machine.
process
Crushing plant  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that ensure all wastes
installation / derived from crushing are containerized.
Adverse,  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that escalation factors
Loading of broken Injury / death / asset
or disintegrated rock direct, such as the use of materials that constitute fire and explosion risks
damage due to work (e.g. cigarette lighters, smoking, cell phones, etc) within the facility
fragments with normal,
place Medium area are prohibited LOW
excavators into short-term,  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall ensure that adequate firefighting
dump trucks and accidents/incidents
cumulative, equipment and personnel are available for effective emergency
conveyed to the during crushing response
residual  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall install appropriate warning
crushing machines.
signals at flash points and ensure that all automatic alarm systems
work efficiently

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Project Project Activity/ Potential and Associated impact Impact Significance Mitigation Measures Ranking
Environmental Aspect Characteristics Ranking before after
Mitigation Mitigation

 Dumping Injury / death / assets damage due to accidents
during dumping of materials from point of
Adverse, direct,
abnormal, short-term or
AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall
ensure effective functioning of the
LOW

of the material generation to the feed hopper long term, Residual High crushing devices work efficiently at all
conveyed by the Beneficial, direct, times.
Reduction in cases of dumping of materials within normal, long-term,  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall
dump truck to the and around crushing locations
Beneficial
cumulative also provide a workshop for
crushing machine maintenance and repairs of quarry
into the feed machines.
Community conflicts resulting from labour and Adverse, indirect,
hopper of the recruitment issues, and compensation leading to abnormal, short – or High
primary jaw security problems long- term
Rock crusher.
Processing Pollution of soil and groundwater sources around the Adverse, direct,  Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall provide Low
facility from improper management of wastes meant abnormal, short – or proper PPEs for operation staff and
Stage long-term, reversible
for incineration and ash residue ensure their usage within the premises
Fire outbreak, destruction of facility, loss of life of
High of the rock quarry.
personnel due to malfunctioning of facility or  Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall ensure
Screening of the regular safety meetings/talks where
operators fault
materials leaving staff shall continuously be reminded of
the cone crushing the need to use the PPEs.
 Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall issue
stage. Health related hazards on operational staff due appropriate penalty to staff defaulting
High on use of PPEs.
to constant inhalation of crushing materials
Kidnap/forceful abduction of operation staff

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Adverse, direct, AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall: LOW

short-or long-term,  Liaise with the appropriate government
organs for security during facility
reversible
installation and operation construction
 Ensure security procedures are strictly
enforced and continually improved
Maintenance and based on updated risk information.
general operations of  engage youths from the community
the facility through the CDC and youth
organization in surveillance
 maintain cordial relationship with the
traditional stool and CDC of the
community.

Project Project Activity/ Potential and Associated impact Impact Significance Mitigation Measures Ranking
Environmental Aspect Characteristics Ranking before after
Mitigation Mitigation
Decommission Decommissioning Soil and groundwater Within the Medium  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall
decommission different parts of the
ing/ / abandonment of contamination from improper facility incinerator in line with FMEnv
Abandonment the incinerator management and disposal of rock decommissioning procedure
and ancillary waste.  Parts that cannot be removed from the site
shall be clearly identified and the location
facilities marked as danger zone by AKAMKPA
LOW
Risk of poor management of QUARRY LIMITED to warn people
decommissioned facilities  AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED shall
re-vegetate facility with indigenous
species immediately if no further
developments are intended

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6.2. Ranking after Mitigation

It is noteworthy that all impacts associated with the proposed project were reduced to LOW after
mitigation. This is based on the following:

 The parcel of land of 80 and 40 Hectares acquired by the Akamkpa Quarry Limited for
the proposed Quarry I and II project respectively is within a developing area. No
existence of wildlife species within the site. Thus impact on biodiversity is minimal.
 Issues associated with fire outbreak and risks associated with safety within the facility
will adequately be taken care of by design and firefighting and ancillaries, which will
be installed within the facility yard.
 Akamkpa Quarry Limited management shall ensure effective and continuous
consultation and interaction with the landlords and entire community to ensure that
community crises do not arise because of the proposed facility.
 However, Chapter 7 (Environmental Management Plan) has been provided to
effectively ensure that the prescribed mitigation measures to reduce the impacts to zero
in each case works out.

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CHAPTER SEVEN
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 General
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an environmental management tool used to ensure
that undue or reasonably avoidable adverse impacts of the design, construction, operation,
decommissioning and maintenance of a project are prevented and that the positive benefits of the
projects are enhanced. It also defines the legal requirements for the project and identifies the
regulatory permits and licenses required for construction activities. To this end, an EMP ensures
that impact mitigation and enhancement measures outlined in the EIA report form the basis for
actual implementation of the proposed project.

This EMP provides the program for achieving the environmental protection/conservation
objectives of the proposed rock quarrying and processing Project. The programme includes the
designation of responsibility and means of achieving these objectives during the life of the
proposed project.

Effective implementation of the EMP ensures increased efficiency, improved compliance

assurance, and enhanced environmental security and global stabilisation. A summary of the EMP
for the proposed project is presented below.

7.1.1 EMP Objectives

The objectives of this EMP for the proposed project are to:

i. Ensuring compliance with regulatory authority stipulations and guidelines.

ii. Demonstrate that a systematic procedure to ensure that all project activities are executed
in compliance with applicable legislation/guidelines and relevant Akamkpa Quarry Limited
policies has been established for the project.
iii. Ensure progressive reduction of the impacts of the project activities on the biophysical,
health and social environment with the aim of eliminating them.

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iv. Ensure that all mitigation and enhancement measures prescribed in the impact assessment
document for eliminating or minimising the adverse project impacts as well as optimally
enhancing the beneficial impacts are fully implemented.
v. Ensure that appropriate recovery preparedness is in place in the event that control is lost
during the implementation of the proposed project.
vi. Provide part of the basis and standards needed for overall planning, monitoring, auditing
and review of environmental performance throughout the project life cycle.

7.1.2 Scope of the EMP

The scope of this EMP includes health, safety, environment (HSE), and social
considerations and will address the activities at the facility that can potentially have impacts
on the following:
 Ambient Air Quality;
 Soil and Landuse;
 Physical Environment of The Area;
 Natural Resources (Including Groundwater) And Biological Environment;
 Socio-Economics; and
 Workplace Conditions;
 Health and Workplace Status

This EMP is a dynamic working tool and it shall take into consideration possible changes in
prevailing circumstances, environmental regulations, guidelines and policies. It shall also be
reviewed with changes in regulatory regime. In the event of new policies or guidelines from
FMEnv, other governmental agencies or Akamkpa Quarry Limited, additions shall be made to
reflect these changes. The EMP shall be updated and revised, if necessary, during the project
life cycle to incorporate better environmental technologies, management systems and
economic policies.

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7.2 Resourcing and Responsibilities

Resourcing
Responsibilities for all environmental, health and socio-economic related matters throughout the
project implementation shall be by the HSE manager. This is to ensure compliance with regulatory
standards as well as Akamkpa Quarry Limited HSE policy.

In order to ensure effectiveness in the management of environmental, Health and socio-economic

issues and commitments, Akamkpa Quarry Limited HSE Head shall supervise the Quality
Assurance Engineer (QAE), the site project Engineer, the site HSE officers and the community
relations’ officer. These resource persons shall be approved by the management of Akamkpa
Quarry Limited and shall be supervised by the HSE.

The organogram showing the line of authority for the implementation of the EMP guidelines is
shown in Figure 7.1.

Head, HSE

Site HSE Co-ordinator

1.3 Site HSE

Environmental Liaison Officer
Officer 1.2 Quality Assurance Engineer

Responsibility

Figure 7.1: EMP Implementation Organogram

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall hold the primary responsibility of ensuring that environmental and
social commitments are met throughout the proposed project implementation. The company shall
establish a schedule for responsibility and training on matters relating to the biophysical and socio-
economic environment. Environmental and social issues shall be a line responsibility for which
all levels of personnel are accountable.

Responsibility for environmental management shall lie with top management that must ensure that
all environmental and social considerations are integrated into project execution. The HSE Unit
shall be required to offer expert advice on protection measures and monitor performance.
Also, the relevant regulators shall be consulted at all phases of the project.

7.3 EMP Guidelines

The detailed preliminary EMP guideline covering the project activities/environmental aspects,
impacts of the activities, as well as the mitigation/enhancement measures and designated
responsibility for implementation are presented in Table 7.1 below.

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Table 7.1 Environmental Management Plan for the Quarry Plant

Project Project Potential and Rating before Mitigation Measures Rating Parameter Frequency Action Party
Phase Activity/ Associated Mitigation After for of
Environmental impact Mitigation Monitoring Monitorin
Aspect g
Site Transportation Accident  High  AKAMKPA Low Certificate Daily, Akamkpa
Preparation of equipment, related impacts QUARRY of defensive Weekly, Quarry
Site materials and from LIMITED Driving, Monthly, Limited
Preparation workers transportation shall use scout Vehicle Quarterly Community
/ Site vessels and Monitoring Relations
clearing to vehicles during analyses, Officer and
remove movement of Road Head, HSE
vegetation heavy Journey
equipment to Management
warn other Records,
road and water Premob
users and certificates,
reduce Pep Talks,
accidental
collision etc.
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that all
vehicles and
vessels are pre-

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mobilised and
certified fit
before being
allowed to
transport
equipment,
materials and
personnel
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that all drivers
and captains
are certified
competent
before
movement
with
vehicles/vessel
s are allowed
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that an
efficient
journey
management

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

plan is
maintained to
reduce the
risks of
accidents
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall
make/provide
temporary
traffic control
and diversion
arrangements
at strategic
points in line
with local
traffic
arrangement in
the area
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that
drivers/captain
s adhere to
speed limit
alarms, which

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shall be
equipped in all
operational and
support
vehicles/vessel
s.
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall prohibit
night
movement
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall check
health status of
personnel to be
mobilised to
site
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED shall

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create awareness
among her
personnel on
communicable
diseases and STIs
Vegetation Changes in  Medium  AKAMKPA Low Akamkpa
clearing within drainage and QUARRY Quarry
the proposed hydrological LIMITED Limited
facility area patterns which shall ensure Community
may result in that equipment Relations
erosion and used in Officer and
flooding in the excavation, Head, HSE
area compaction
and
consolidation
of soil is
confined to
areas acquired
for the
proposed rock
quarrying and
processing

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

project. These
areas shall be
restored after
decommissioni
ng
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall provide
adequate
drainage
system to
avoid flooding
of the area and
subsequent
erosion
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall put in
place facilities
to reduce

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

impact of
breakwater
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED shall
ensure that areas
stripped in error
are immediately
restore to ensure
return of soil biota
Negative  Medium  AKAMKPA Low Akamkpa
effects on air QUARRY Quarry
 Stripping quality due to
LIMITED Limited
of topsoil and emission of shall ensure Community
compaction of atmospheric materials and Relations
pollutants foreign bodies Officer and
same with earth
(COX, NOX, do not find Head, HSE
moving etc.) from their way into
equipment earth moving the aquatic
equipment and system
within the
localized  AKAMKPA
proposed project increase in QUARRY
location background LIMITED
noise level shall ensure
vehicles/vessel
s and utilities

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

mobilised for
the project
adhere to strict
environmental
guidelines
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that
vehicles/vessel
s carrying
materials and
equipment are
fit and suitable
for the
environment
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
draft of vessel
is not more
than the depth
of the area to
avoid
disturbance of
ecosystem as

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

well as
grounding
AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED shall as
much as possible
switch off all
engines when
operations are on
break

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Project Phase Project Potential and Ranking Mitigation Ranking Parameters Frequency Action
Activity/ Associated before Measures after for of Party
Impact Mitigation Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring
Environmental
Aspect
Restriction of Medium Akamkpa Quarry Low Site Inspection Monthly, Akamkpa
access to the Limited shall ensure Records Quarterly Quarry
that:
proposed Limited
 all issues
facility area pertaining to Community
(60 hectares6) land take are Relations
for as long as adequately Officer and
discussed with
the facility Head, HSE
the landlords;
exist and
Site Improvement Beneficial  adequate Community Monthly,
Land take compensation is Engagement
Acquisition of the Quarterly
paid for the Reports,
economic acquired land Records of
status of Akamkpa Stakeholder
Quarry Limited consultation
landlords and
shall identify the Record of local
traditional traditional ruling contractor
rulers through structure of the Employment
payment of community, the Records
CDC, youth
adequate
organization and
compensation actual landlords
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

of the area. Security Plan, Daily,

These shall be Security Weekly,
Security adequately
Management Monthly,
problems due consulted at each
stage of the Procedure, Quarterly
to community
proposed project Record of
interference
security
and conflicts
situation
updates
High Akamkpa Quarry Low Issuance Daily, Akamkpa
Limited shall ensure records for PPE Weekly, Quarry
that: Monthly. Limited
List of trained
 surveyors use first aiders. Quarterly Community
Injury to
appropriate Relations
personnel First aiders
PPEs (steel toe Officer and
(surveyors) schedule
safety boots, Head, HSE
Site Survey due to
hard hats, hand Record of First
Land take exposure to Aid box
gloves and safety
wild bushes inventory
goggles) before
and animals
venturing into HSE inspection
reports.
the bush for
survey;
 locals who
are
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

knowledgeab
le of the area
are hired to
accompany
surveyors

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Project Phase Project Potential Ranking Mitigation Measures Ranking Parameters Frequency Action
Activity/ and before after for of Party
Environmental Associated Mitigation Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring
Aspect impact
 Mobilisation Transportation Injury / High Akamkpa Quarry Low Road Journey Daily, Akamkpa
/ Demobilisation of equipment / death / Limited shall ensure management Weekly, Quarry
records
(Movement of vehicles and materials / assets that: Monthly. Limited
personnel) personnel to damage  all issues Premob Quarterly Head, HSE
worksite from due to road pertaining to land certificates and Site
Port Harcourt traffic take are HSE
town accidents adequately Pep-talk Coordinator
and discussed with the records
incidents landlords; and
e.g.,  adequate Certificate of
collision compensation is defensive
driving
paid for the
acquired land Vehicle
Akamkpa Quarry Monitoring
Limited shall Analysis

identify the
traditional ruling
structure of the
community, the
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

CDC, youth
organization and
actual landlords of
the area. These
shall be adequately
consulted at each
stage of the
proposed project

Noise Medium Akamkpa Quarry Low Premob Daily, Akamkpa

nuisance Limited shall ensure Cerificates weekly, Quarry
from that: Equipment Monthly, Limited
increased Maintenance Quarterly Head, HSE
 surveyors use
vehicular Records and Site
appropriate PPEs
movement Environmental HSE
(steel toe safety
/ use of Compliance Coordinator
boots, hard hats,
internal Monitoring
hand gloves and
combustion Reports
safety goggles)
engines
before venturing
into the bush for
survey;

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 locals who are

knowledgeable
of the area are
hired to
accompany
surveyors

Project Project Potential and Ranking Mitigation Ranking Parameters for Frequency of Action
Phase Activity/ Associated before Measures after Monitoring Monitoring Party
Environmental impact Mitigation Mitigation
Aspect
Overburden Increase in the  Medium  AKAMKPA Low  Premob Daily, weekly, Akamkpa
removal to ambient noise QUARRY Certificates Monthly, Quarry
expose rock level in the area LIMITED  Equipment Limited
Quarterly
above baseline shall ensure Maintenance Head, HSE
values due to noise that equipment Records and Site

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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

generated from used in  Environmental HSE

during drilling of excavation, Compliance Coordinator
holes. compaction Monitoring
and Reports
consolidation
of soil is
confined to
Rock
areas acquired
Quarrying for the
extraction proposed rock
quarrying and
process
processing
project. These
areas shall be
restored after
decommissioni
ng
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall provide
adequate
drainage
system to
avoid flooding
of the area and

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subsequent
erosion
AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that areas
stripped in
error are
immediately
restore to
ensure return
of soil biota
Rock drilling Increase in the  Medium  AKAMKPA Low Records of audiometric Daily, weekly, Akamkpa
for pit ambient noise QUARRY examination for noise Monthly, Quarry
exposed workers.
development / level in the area LIMITED Quarterly Limited
holes with the above baseline shall ensure all Head, HSE
Premob Certificates for
use of air or values due to noise vehicles are and Site
equipment, vehicles
hydraulically generated from certified road HSE
powered during drilling of worthy Coordinator
Equipment
drilling holes. (including Maintenance Records
machine. Injury / death / fuelling)
asset damage due before being
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to work place allowed to Environmental

accidents/incidents transport Compliance
during crushing equipment, Monitoring Reports
materials and
personnel
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
road load and
speed limits
are observed
AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
vehicle (red
caution flags)
and road signs
are used at
strategic points

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that ensure all
wastes derived
from crushing
are
containerized.
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that escalation
factors such as
the use of
materials that
constitute fire
and explosion
risks (e.g.
cigarette
lighters,
smoking, cell
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phones, etc)
within the
facility area
are prohibited
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall ensure
that adequate
firefighting
equipment and
personnel are
available for
effective
emergency
response
AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED
shall install
appropriate
warning
signals at flash
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

points and
ensure that all
automatic
alarm systems
work
efficiently

Crushing plant Noise nuisance Medium Low Records of audiometric Daily, Akamkpa
installation / from increased Akamkpa Quarry examination for noise Weekly, Quarry
exposed workers.
Loading of vehicular Limited shall Monthly, Limited
Premob Certificates
broken or movement / use of ensure that: Equipment Quarterly Head, HSE
disintegrated internal  surveyors use Maintenance Records and Site
Environmental
rock fragments combustion appropriate HSE
Compliance
with excavators engines PPEs (steel toe Coordinator
Monitoring Reports
into dump safety boots,
trucks and hard hats, hand
conveyed to the gloves and
crushing safety goggles)
machines. before
venturing into

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the bush for

survey;
 locals who
are
knowledge
able of the
area are
hired to
accompany
surveyors

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Project Project Activity/ Potential and Ranking Mitigation Ranking Parameters for Frequency Action
Phase Environmental Associated before Measures after Monitoring for Party
Aspect impact Mitigation Mitigation Monitoring
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

 Dumping of Injury / death /  High  AKAMKPA Low Pep talks, Daily, Akamkpa
the material assets damage QUARRY Work site HSE Weekly, Quarry
conveyed by the due to LIMITED shall Inspection Records, Monthly, Limited
dump truck to the accidents ensure that Records of Quarterly Community
crushing machine during equipment used Campaigns on Health, Relations
into the feed hopper dumping of in excavation, List of Retainer Officer and
of the primary jaw materials from compaction and Clinics Head, HSE
crusher. point of consolidation of Emergency Response
generation to soil is confined Plan
Rock the feed hopper to areas acquired HAZID Register
Processing  High for the proposed Low House Keeping Weekly,
Stage rock quarrying Records, Waste Monthly,
Reduction in and processing Consignment Notes, Quarterly
cases of project. These Work site Inspection
dumping of areas shall be Records
materials restored after
within and decommissioning
around  AKAMKPA
crushing QUARRY
locations LIMITED shall
provide adequate
drainage system

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to avoid flooding
of the area and
subsequent
erosion
AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED shall
ensure that areas
stripped in error
are immediately
restore to ensure
return of soil
biota
  AKAMKPA Akamkpa
Community High QUARRY Low Records/Reports of Quarry
conflicts LIMITED shall stakeholder Limited
resulting from ensure effective Consultation Head, HSE
labour and consultation with Meetings and Site
recruitment stake holders, Employment Records HSE
issues, and Register of Coordinator
compensation Contractors

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

leading to  Adherence to
security Local Content
Screening of the problems Policy,
materials leaving the Pollution of  High Low PPE Issuance
cone crushing stage. soil and  AKAMKPA Records,
 groundwater QUARRY Environmental

 sources around LIMITED shall Compliance

the facility ensure road load Monitoring Report,
from improper and speed limits Waste Consignment
management of are observed Notes,
wastes meant AKAMKPA Effluent Monitoring
for incineration QUARRY Records
and ash residue LIMITED shall Groundwater
Fire outbreak, ensure vehicle Monitoring Records,
destruction of (red caution Equipment Premob
facility, loss of flags) and road and maintenance,
life of signs are used at Site Inspection
personnel due strategic point Records
to  AKAMKPA
malfunctioning QUARRY
of facility or LIMITED shall
operators fault ensure that
ensure all wastes
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

derived from
crushing are
containerized.
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED shall
ensure that
escalation factors
such as the use of
materials that
constitute fire
and explosion
risks (e.g.
cigarette lighters,
smoking, cell
phones, etc)
within the facility
area are
prohibited
 AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED shall
ensure that
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

adequate
firefighting
equipment and
personnel are
available for
effective
emergency
response
AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED shall
install
appropriate
warning signals
at flash points
and ensure that
all automatic
alarm systems
work efficiently

 Health related  High  Akamkpa Quarry Low  PPE issuance Akamkpa

hazards on Limited shall records. Quarry
 Maintenance
operational provide proper Limited,
and general  Reports of
staff due to PPEs for HSE HSE and
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

operations of the constant operation staff Site HSE

facility inhalation of and ensure their  Environmental Coordinator
Compliance
crushing usage within the
Monitoring
materials premises of the Reports
incinerator
 Waste
 Akampa Quarry
Consignment
Limited shall note
ensure regular
safety
meetings/talks
where staff shall
continuously be
reminded of the
need to use the
PPEs.
 Akampa Quarry
Limited shall
issue appropriate
penalty to staff
defaulting on use
of PPEs.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Kidnap/forceful   Akamkpa Quarry Akamkpa

abduction of Limited shall Quarry
operation staff provide proper Limited
PPEs for Community
operation staff Relations
and ensure their Officer,
usage within the Head, HSE
premises of the and Site
incinerator HSE
 Akamkpa Quarry coordinator
Limited shall
ensure regular
safety
meetings/talks
where staff shall
continuously be
reminded of the
need to use the
PPEs.
 Akampa Quarry
Limited shall
issue appropriate
penalty to staff
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 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

defaulting on use
of PPEs.

Project Phase Project Activity/ Potential and Ranking Mitigation Ranking Parameter for Paramet Action
Environmental Aspect Associated before Measures after Monitoring er for Party
impact Mitigation Mitigation Monitori
ng
Decommissioni  Decommissioning/ Soil and Medium Low Equipment Premob Monthly Akamkpa
ng/ groundwater and maintenance Quarterly
abandonment of the Quarry
records,
Abandonment incinerator and ancillary contamination  AKAMKPA Limited
facilities from improper QUARRY PPE issuance Head, HSE
management and LIMITED shall records.
 and Site
disposal of rock decommission
Reports of HSE HSE
waste. different parts of monitoring
Coordinato
the incinerator in
Environmental r
line with FMEnv
decommissioning Compliance
procedure Monitoring

 Parts that cannot Reports

be removed from
the site shall be Waste

clearly identified Consignment note

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

and the location

marked as danger
zone by
AKAMKPA
QUARRY
LIMITED to warn
people
AKAMKPA
QUARRY LIMITED
shall re-vegetate
facility with
indigenous species
immediately if no
further developments
are intended

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Medium Low Equipment Premob Monthly,

and maintenance Quarterly
records

Akamkpa Quarry PPE issuance

Risk of poor Limited shall ensure records.

management of that:
Reports of HSE
decommissioned  surveyors use monitoring
facilities appropriate PPEs
(steel toe safety Environmental
boots, hard hats, Compliance
hand gloves and Monitoring
safety goggles) Reports
before venturing
into the bush for
survey;
locals who are
knowledgeable of the
area are hired to
accompany surveyors

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

7.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme

The Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall strictly operate a monitoring programme that would lead to
sustainable project - environment relationship. The monitoring programme shall commence from the site
preparation through rock quarrying, crushing/installations stages all the way to operations and
Decommissioning/ Abandonment stage to keep track of the entire project activities and performance. The
monitoring programme is to provide information on the impacts compared with prediction. By so doing,
provide advanced warning of any adverse changes in both the biophysical and socio-economic
environment.

Specifically, the objectives of the monitoring programme shall be to:

 Determine the effectiveness of the mitigation and enhancement measures for adverse and
beneficial impacts, respectively.
 Provide a basis for recommending additional mitigation/enhancement measures.
 Ensure that the established transparent procedures for carrying out the proposed project are
sustained.
 Determine whether any detected changes in the environment are caused by the project or by other
natural factors.
 Monitor alterations in the existing biophysical characteristics of the environment.
 Monitor and control emissions and discharges and ensure compliance with local, national and
international standards.
 Ensure sustenance of accountability and a sense of local ownership through the project lifecycle
 Provide early warning on any potentially serious problems.
 Measure long-term impacts.

The Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall comply with the FMEnv regulatory controls as well as monitor specific
environmental parameters during the proposed project activities. It shall be the responsibility of the HSE
department to ensure that the monitoring programme is fully implemented. Periodic reviews shall also be
carried out to check the effectiveness or otherwise of the monitoring programme with a view to redefining
frequency, responsibilities etc., as may be necessary. The monitoring programme designed for the
proposed project is shown in Table 7.2.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Table 7.2: Environmental Monitoring Programme

Components Impact Indicator Location / Method Duration Responsibility

of Monitoring
Biodiversity Abundance and diversity of Within the facility Yearly Regulators/ HSE
(Vegetation native plant and animal Department
and wildlife) species, presence of exotic
plant species, Type, density.

Socio- Settlements and housing types, Community Yearly

economic and population and population settlements around
Health distribution, income levels, the site
social infrastructures/ Health
records from previous studies
and current studies
Aquatic Life  Fisheries At Source Yearly Regulators/ HSE
 Diversity and abundance discharge point, Department
 Phyto/zooplankton and 1km upstream and
Benthos 1km downstream

 Diversity and abundance and around the

facility

Air Quality  CO, SO2, NO2, VOC, CO2, Within the facility Daily, Monthly, Regulators/ HSE
and Noise Wind direction, Wind and the Quarterly, Department
Level speed, Temperature, circumference Yearly

Relative humidity, SPM outside the facility

 Noise Level dB (A) along the

predominant wind
direction

Soil Quality pH, Temperature, EC, DO, Scattered around Monthly, Regulators/ HSE
COD, Hardness, Alkalinity, the facility area and Quarterly, Department
Chloride, Nutrient immediately after Yearly
characteristics, Metals, Oil and the perimeter fence

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Grease, TPH, Microbial

characteristics etc.
Surface Water pH, Cond., TDS, BOD, COD, At Source Monthly, Regulators/ HSE
Quality Turbidity, Oil and Grease, discharge point, Quarterly, Department
Colour, Temperature, DO, 1km upstream and Yearly
Salinity, TSS,TPH, TOG, 1km downstream
Metals, THB,THF,HUB,HUF and around the
facility
Sediment pH, Temperature, EC, DO, At Source Monthly, Regulators/ HSE
Characteristics COD, Hardness, Alkalinity, discharge point, Quarterly, Yearly Department
Chloride, Nutrient 1km upstream and
characteristics, Metals, Oil and 1km downstream
Grease, TPH, Microbial and around the
characteristics etc. facility
Ground water pH, Cond., TDS, BOD, COD, At Source Monthly, Regulators/ HSE
Turbidity, Oil and Grease, discharge point, Quarterly, Yearly Department
Colour, Temperature, DO, 1km upstream and
Salinity, TSS,TPH, TOG, 1km downstream
Metals, THB,THF,HUB,HUF and around the
facility

7.6 Guideline for Consultation

Akamkpa Quarry Limited recognises the importance of consultations in all phases and activities of the
proposed project. This is because appropriate and adequate consultations will ensure smooth project
implementation and guarantee economic and commercial sustainability of future development in the area.

Consultations, which began during the baseline data gathering in the project area would continue
throughout the project life cycle via a proactive and structured approach namely, interviews, administration
of questionnaires, courtesy calls, and meetings with landlords.

The objectives of consultations are to:

 Ensure that all stakeholders are given early and adequate information on the activities

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

involved in the proposed project;

 Provide a framework for improving the understanding of the potential impacts of the
proposed project on the socio-economics and biophysical environment;
 Include stakeholders’ views and concerns as part of the EIA execution especially as it
concerns the potential impacts;
 Identify contentious issues in the proposed project execution;
 Establish transparent procedures for carrying out the proposed project; and
The following consultation techniques shall be applied by Akamkpa Quarry Limited:

 Holding informal field visits with the immediate residents and other stakeholders to discuss the
effectiveness of the project and its impact on the lives of the people as well as other concerns
of the project etc.

 The consultation programme that will be adopted by Akamkpa Quarry Limited for the proposed
project is presented in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3: Consultation Programme

Body Consultation Goal Duration

Stakeholder  Identify concerns / opinions Throughout the project

community/landlords  Identify areas of conflict lifecycle
 Formation of appropriate mitigation /
enhancement measures

7.7 Guideline for Waste Management

These guidelines apply to projects that generate, store or handle any quantity of waste. A waste is any solid,
liquid, or contained gaseous material that is being discarded by disposal, recycling, burning or incineration.
The manner in which wastes are handled, stored and disposed is dictated by the nature of the waste, this
waste management guideline takes into consideration the nature of all wastes that shall be generated during
the proposed project. The standard for the guideline includes the regulations of the Federal Ministry of
Environment (FMEnv) and other national and international environmental agencies and these standards
are binding on all staff and contractors involved in the proposed project with respect to the:
 Emission or release of pollutant, exhaust and/or fugitive gases;
 Discharge or spill of effluent into surface water or land;
 Discharge of solid wastes (including domestic waste) into surface water or land

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

 Generation of noise and vibration.

7.7.1 Waste Handling Guidelines

Waste disposal/handling can be sometimes complicated and expensive and regulations designed to ensure
proper disposal of waste have dramatically increased. For proper handling and disposal, wastes shall be
well defined at a source and the definition transmitted along with the waste to the final disposal points.
Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall define and document all wastes generated in the course of work. Basic
information that must be provided, as a minimum, for adequate definition of wastes include:

 Waste type identification;

 Proper waste categorisation;
 Waste segregation information; and
 Recommended management practices.

7.7.2 Waste Minimisation Guidelines

Waste minimisation implies reduction to the minimum extent possible, the volume or toxicity of waste
materials. It involves a set of processes and practices intended to reduce the amount of waste produced.
By reducing or eliminating the generation of harmful and persistent waste, waste minimization supports
efforts to promote a more suitable society. The four principles of waste minimisation process; recycle,
reduce; reuse and recovery shall be adopted as applicable. Opportunities to achieve significant waste
volume reductions during the proposed project are functions of activity level, age depreciation and
maintenance level of facilities and operating equipment. In addition, all oil, hydraulic fluids, oily sump
water, etc. shall be recycled or treated before disposal at any government approved site in Cross River
State.

7.7.3 Waste Segregation Guidelines

This is a process in which waste is separated into different elements (dry or wet) which could occur
manually or automatically in materials recovering facilities or mechanical biological treatments systems.
For effective implementation of appropriate waste disposal methods, it is important that wastes be
segregated, preferably at source into clearly designated bins at strategic locations. Particular attention shall
be given to work areas where a variety of wastes are generated such as scrap metals, pigging waste, cans,
drums etc.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

7.7.4 Waste Disposal Guidelines

All debris, spoil materials, rubbish and other waste shall be clearly disposed at government approved dump
sites. Instructions on material safety handling sheet shall be strictly adhered to and shall form the basis for
the disposal of wastes related to such products. Wastes on transit shall be accompanied and tracked by
consignment notes. The waste consignment notes shall contain the following information as a minimum:
 Date of dispatch;
 Description of waste;
 Waste quantity/container type;
 Designated disposal site and method;
 Consignee /driver name and means of transportation; and
 Confirmation of actual disposal (time and date).

7.7.5 Operational Wastes and Disposal Methods

Solid wastes
Provision shall be made for the proper storage, evacuation or treatment and subsequent disposal of
all solid wastes generated. No dumping of wastes in the water system shall be permitted. All
operational solid wastes shall be segregated prior to disposal in government approved dump sites.

Liquid Wastes
These will include chemical and hydrocarbon spills. All contingency plans for pollution control
shall be maintained and where discharges are unavoidable, they shall be closely monitored and
minimised. The HSE Manager via the Site Environmental and HSE officers are responsible for
management of all wastes from cradle to grave.

Operational Wastes
The operational wastes that are anticipated to be generated during the project lifecycle shall be liquid waste
and effluent. Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall ensure that wastes generated from the operations shall be
managed in line with the FMEnv guidelines (Table 7.3).

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Table 7.3: Waste Management Guideline for Rock Quarrying and Processing Project
Type of Sources Treatment &Control
Waste
Marble Waste Derived from extraction, sawing and During the cutting process, 33% of waste
(CaCO3) polishing in a marble processing plant. can be produced ad this waste can be used
for making other important materials like
In the manufacturing process of the bricks, block etc.
marble slab which is about 2cm thick,
the waste produced in each slab is Using of marble waste in concrete can
1cm. save the stone industry disposal costs and
produces a greener concrete for
construction.

The use of a diamond wire machine in the

quarry process can reduce the waste
produced by 7%.
Chromites Originates from the processes of Reducing the Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is the first
(FeCr2 O4) excavation, dressing and further step to reduce the toxicity of the wastes.
mining waste physical and chemical processing of
wide range of metalliferous and non- More often, stabilization/solidification
metalliferous minerals by open cast processes are employed in dealing with
and deep cast method. Cr-containing wastes or contaminated
soils, which aim to immobilize Cr
components in a stable matrix through
chemical treatment (such
as cementation reactions) or/and thermal
treatment (such as calcinations ).

Secondary recycling of Cr resources

from industrial wastes is increasingly
favored for its economic value.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies of the Quarry Project by Akamkpa Quarry Limited

Products such as cement, glass, abrasives,

tiles, bricks, and pigments can be obtained
and those finalized materials can be
applied to the building industry.

7.8 Noise Minimisation Guidelines

Noise and vibration generated by facilities and equipment shall meet the ergonomic requirements of the
Akamkpa Quarry Limited and other national and international standards, codes of practice and statutory
regulations. Where noise level exceeds the stipulated limits, it shall be treated, as nuisance and the
Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall put in place adequate mitigation measures to ensure that the situation is
properly addressed. All personnel working for a long period in high noise area (e.g. welding and generator
areas) shall be required to use earmuffs at all times. Permanent warning signs shall be posted at the
boundaries of these restricted areas. The HSE Manager through the Site Environmental and HSE Officers
at work sites shall ensure the full implementation of this plan.

7.9 Transport Operations

All vehicles/vessels to be used for transportation of equipment, materials and personnel as well as the
actual site preparation and construction stages of the proposed project shall be pre-mobilised by the
Akamkpa Quarry Limited Logistic Officer. The pre-mobilisation shall be conducted to confirm the
ferry worthiness of each vehicle/vessel, its fitness for purpose and the competency level of the
driver/captain for the job.

Each trip/journey to be undertaken during the proposed project shall be managed in such a manner that
it will not result to harm to life or property. A journey management plan specific to each trip shall be
produced and submitted to the HSE Manager or site HSE Co-ordinator / Officer for approval. The
details of the journey management plan shall include proposed mobilisation date, mode of transport,
route(s), type of cargo as well as the details of the job hazard analysis (JHA) conducted for the trip.
The HSE Manager or site HSE Officer may only approve the trip if he can confirm that all necessary
precautions have been taken to forestall transport accidents/incidents.

7.10 Prevention of Workplace Accidents/Incidents

Prevention of workplace accidents and incidents during the proposed project shall be achieved using
the JHA tool and written work procedure. Consequently, the engineering team must conduct JHA for

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all operations and develop written and explicit work instructions for such operations. The work
instructions shall integrate the recommendations of the JHA. It is only upon submission of the written
work instructions and the supporting JHA or risk assessment document that the HSE Manager or site
HSE Co-ordinator / Officer may consider the project activity for approval. Project activities may only
be approved if the HSE Manager or site HSE Co-ordinator / Officer is objectively convinced that the
work instructions are practical, safe and in accordance with regulatory requirements.

7.11 Plan for Training and Awareness

In order to assure HSE competence and awareness the project team headed by HSE and Construction
Managers shall ensure that the company employees and other parties that will be involved in the project
have the appropriate training and competence for various aspects of the project including HSE critical
activities e.g. welding offshore, loading and offloading, etc. The competency requirements for
contractor staff shall be stipulated in the contract document. The project team shall be subjected to
periodic competence gap analysis from which training needs can be derived for the current job. The
programme shall be reviewed on an on-going basis as the project progresses by the HSE and Project
Managers (based on reports from site EHS officer) and shall among others include the following
aspects:

 HSE induction course;

 Emergency response drill including;
 First aid.

7.12 Communication Plan

An effective two-way communication of HSE issues shall be maintained by the Akamkpa Quarry
Limited and its contractors at all phases of the project. This will include awareness programme to
motivate staff and contractors. The site HSE Co-ordinator / Officer shall make available to the entire
project team necessary HSE information and experiences to facilitate improvement in HSE
performances.

HSE personnel at all levels shall be made aware of the importance of compliance with the HSE policy
and objectives, and their individual roles and responsibilities in achieving it. They shall be made aware
of the risks and hazards of their work activities and the preventive and mitigation measures and the
emergency response procedures that have been established. They shall also be made aware of the
potential consequence(s) of departure from agreed operating procedures.

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A duty officer's programme shall be established to manage and maintain effective communication.
Contractors shall set up appropriate lines of communication to handle HSE issues e.g. direct access to
the nearest clinic, direct access to emergency services, etc.

The Akamkpa Quarry Limited management already has an established HSE performance scheme to
promote staff HSE performance improvements e.g. personal recognition, suggestion schemes, HSE
performance bonus schemes for specific performance or at the end of a recognisable milestone or small
give away for recognisable performance. These shall apply during the proposed project.

7.13 Emergency Response / Contingency Plan

Compliance to regulatory standards, codes and specifications as well as HSE guidelines shall form the
basis for the execution of the proposed project. However, emergency situations could still occur as a
result of equipment failure, negligence and/or sabotage. Consequently, a contingency plan, which is an
organised and predetermined course of action to be pursued in the event of accidental occurrence, shall
be developed by the Akamkpa Quarry Limited as a backup to other containment systems to be put in
place to handle such occurrences. At a minimum, the contingency plan (with responsible parties for
actions to be taken) which shall apply to both Akampa Quarry Limited and contractors addresses the
following:

 Fires and explosions;

 Serious injury or illness;
 Hydrocarbon or chemical spills;
 Road accidents
 Boat mishaps; and
 Security issues.

7.14 Environmental Audit and Review

In order to assure that environmental and social commitments and management procedures are
being adhered to as well as ensure that the project phases and activities are performed in accordance
to laid down procedures/standards and that appropriate controls are in place, audit and reviews shall
be carried out at predetermined milestones as management checkpoints throughout the project
lifespan.

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Akamkpa Quarry Limited shall constitute a team led by the HSE Manager or his designate to embark on
periodic audit of the proposed project activities as they progress in order to:
 Identify prevalent environmental issues;
 Evaluate periodic management practices and monitor standards;
 Compare environmental status with established baseline condition and national /
international regulatory standards and requirements; and
 Recommend areas of improvement in the EMP.

In implementing the audit programme, activities or structures in the project area perceived as having
high environmental risks shall be thoroughly investigated and recommendations made for the
improvement of the management system of the operation, where it is found wanting.

Recommendations from audits shall be used to carry out review and hence make improvements in
the management system of the operation, where shortcomings are found.

7.15 Decommissioning Plan

The design of the proposed project shall take due recognition of the need to decommission installed
structures at the end of their useful life. Thus, at the expiration of the life span of the project, the Akamkpa
Quarry Limited shall issue an abandonment plan for review and approval by the FMENV.
However, all installations shall be uprooted and removed. All the abandoned location on land shall be re-
vegetated with indigenous plant species sourced from the same or similar locality or from forest reserve
zones within the region.

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CHAPTER EIGHT
CONCLUSION
The EIA of the proposed Akamkpa Quarry in Obung Cross River State, has been carried out by Akamkpa
Quarry Limited in order to identify and predict the likelihood of impact of this project on the recipient
environment (ecological and socio-economic). Hence, the status and sensitivities of the various ecological
and socio-economic components of the project environment have been carefully established and assessed
through literature research, field sampling and measurements within the proposed project axis, using a
multi-disciplinary team of experts.

The study revealed that the air quality indices were within regulatory limits. The noise levels were below
the tolerable limit or noise (90dBA). The pH of the surface water and soil was acidic though the surface
water was more acidic. The surface water showed characteristics of a freshwater habitat. The TPH of the
soil, surface water and sediment was high. The heterotrophic microbial count of the surface water and
sediment was normal. The Total Heterotrophic bacterial count represented the most predominant microbial
group in soil, surface water and sediment. The groundwater did not meet regulatory requirements for
domestic water acceptability. The biodiversity (microflora, macroflora microfauna and macrofauna life)
was high. The vegetation was generally luxuriant and showed no sign of major pathological disorders.
Wildlife species identified in the include taxa are amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The adherence
to the EMP will ensure a reduced negative impact of the Quarry activities in this area.

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REFERENCES

Anderson JR, Hardy EE, Rooch JT and Witmer RE. (1976). Land Use and Land Cover Classification
System for Use with Remote Sensor Data (Professional Paper 964), Reston, VA: USGS.

Araoye MO (2003). Research methodology with statistics for health and social sciences. Ilorin. Nathandex
Publishers. 1- 178.
Doust, H and Omatsola, E (1990), Niger Delta in Divergent Passive margin basins in Edwards, JD and
Santogrossi, PA eds. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 48, p. 201-238.
Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Oil Palm Plantation Project by Real Plantation CETZ,
Calabar, (2008).
Environmental Impact Assessment of Julius Berger Nigeria PLC Proposed Ogbere Quarry Site, Ogun
State (2011).
Environmental Impact Assessment of Calabar Ikom Katsina Ala Highway Project (2016). IUCN (1993)
Environmental Synopsis-NIGERIA.
FEPA (1991). Guidelines and standards for environmental pollution control in Nigeria. Federal
Environmental Protection Agency, Lagos.
FME (1991): National Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents, Gaseous Emissions and
Hazardous Wastes Management in Nigeria pp. 59 – 66.
National Population Commission (Nigeria). 2000: Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 1999.
Calverton, Maryland: National Population Commission and ORC/Macro
National Population Commission (NPC) (2002). Nigeria Population Census 1991 Analysis: Children,
Adolescents and Youths. National Population Commission, Abuja.

National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. 2009. Nigeria Demographic and Health
Survey 2008. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission and ICF Macro.

National Population Commission (NPC) (2009). 2006 Population and Housing Census of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria: National and State Population and Housing Tables, Priority Tables
(Volume I) National Population Commission, Abuja, Nigeria.

NDES (1997). Niger Delta Environmental Survey, Phase 1 Report, Vol. 1, Environmental and Socio-
Economic Characteristics, submitted by Environmental Resources Managers Limited,
Lagos.

Niger Delta Environmental Survey (NDES) (2000), Niger Delta Development Priorities and Action Plan,
phase II report, vol. 2.

Nyananyo, B.L. (2006). Plants from the Niger Delta. Onyoma Research Publications, Port Harcourt and
Rivers State. 403p.
World Health Organisation. (1987). Air Quality Guidelines

Short, KC and Staeuble, AJ (1967) Outline of Geology of Niger Delta, AAPG Bulletin v.51; no. 5 p.
761-799

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Vink RK. 1975. A framework for land evolution. www.mpl.fr/creat/tallercolumbia/FAO/AGLL/pdf.docs

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APPENDICES

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Appendix 1

DETAILED APPROVED TOR

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AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED

TERMS OF REFERENCE
AND
SCOPE OF WORK
For the

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) STUDIES

FOR THE PROPOSED AKAMKPA QUARRY LIMITED
PROJECT
IN
Obung Community, Akamkpa L.G.A
Cross River, Nigeria.

SUBMITTED TO

The Federal Ministry Of Environment, Abuja

January, 2020

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Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 207
1.1 The Proponent ................................................................................................ 207
1.2 Location .......................................................................................................... 207
2.0 EIA OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................ 210
2.1 Overview and concept selection .................................................................... 210
2.2 Scope of Work........................................................................................................ 210
2.3 Area of the project sites ........................................................................................ 212
2.4 Present Status ........................................................................................................ 212
2.5 Project Description ........................................................................................ 212
2.6 Staff Management Plan ................................................................................. 212
2.7 Equipment Considerations ........................................................................... 213
2.8 Type of Blasting ............................................................................................. 213
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 213
3.1 Hazards and effects identification process: ................................................. 214
3.1.1 Detailed Summary of Ecological features of the projects Environment Community /
Families ......................................................................................................................... 214
3.2 Field Data Acquisition ................................................................................... 215
3.3 Sampling protocol and distribution ..................................................................... 219
3.3.1 In-situ...................................................................................................................... 219
3.3.2 Laboratory Analysis ...................................................................................... 219
3.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control ...................................................... 220
3.4.1 Field Procedures ............................................................................................ 220
3.4.2 Field Research ................................................................................................ 220
3.4.3 Potential and Associated Impact Assessment ................................................ 16
3.4.4 Laboratory Procedures ................................................................................... 17
3.4.5 Reporting Exercise ........................................................................................... 17
3.5. Evaluation of Potential Impacts ..................................................................... 17
3.6 Regulatory Requirements ............................................................................... 17
3.6.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act .............................................. 17
3.7 Environmental Management Plan ................................................................. 17
4.0 Report Writing ................................................................................................. 18
5.0 WORK SCHEDULE ............................................................................................... 19

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The earth is made up of rocks and sand, stone,granite and such products are derived by breaking these hard
rocks into smaller pieces. Naturally, this is a process that should take hundreds of years but who is willing
to wait a hundred years just to get a handful of rocks?

Hence, the need to come up with a method to speed up the process so that granites, gravel, sand and other
related products are available within minutes. Think of the number of roads and building projects carried
out in Nigeria yearly and may begin to have an idea of how lucrative quarry business can be in Nigeria.

Akamkpa Quarry Limited (AQL) as a responsible cooperated partner to the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
wishes to contribute its quota to the achievement of these laudable goals by particitpating in the production
of granites, gravel, sand and other related products. AQL has acquired two locations for the proposed
quarry operation and production. The Two (2) locations aquired are abandoned quarry plant sites which
were formerly operated by CHINA CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
(CCECC) and IMPRESITE BAKALORI. The proposed quarry plant sites are 2km apart.

This document presents the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) studies for the quarry plants by Akamkpa Quarry Limited (AQL).

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the study that documents environmental baseline
characteristics, evaluates project description, identifies interfaces and predicts potential impacts of the
project activities on the environment. The study produces an environmental management plan (EMP)
which is aimed at project improvement and environmental compliance monitoring during project
execution.

This EIA study is intended for compliance with FME guidelines. The draft report will be presented to FME
for review before the final report is completed as required by statutes.

1.1 The Proponent

Akamkpa Quarry Limited (AQL) hereby described as the Proponent. The proponent has the intention to
prepare an ESIA and seeks the approval of the EIA Terms of reference (TOR) from the Federal Ministry
of Environmnet (FMEnv) hereby referred to as the Regulator.

The objective of the operator is to become one of the leading Quarry company in Nigeria within a very
short time through effective management of manpower, technology and Resources while contributing to
the economic and technological development of Nigeria by becoming a major producer of materials such
as granite, gravel, sand and other related products for construction.The mission is to engage in these
activities profitably and responsibly for the benefit of all stakeholders within the best class Health, Safety
and Environmental Practices in the industry.

AQL has applied for approval for the generation and evacuation of the granite produced from the relevant
agencies and wishes to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessement for the proposed site
as required by Federal law.

1.2 Location
The proposed project sites are in Obung Community, Akamkpa Local Government Area, Cross River
State.

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Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing Cross River state

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Figure 2: Map of Cross River state showing Akamkpa LGA

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2.0 EIA OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this EIA study are:
 To provide information on the current condition of the environment within which the Quarry
industry is to be located.
 To determine the impacts of the project on the environment including impact on socio-economic
and socio-cultural activities of the community.
 To determine the probable impacts of the auxiliary facilities on the environment
 To examine and assess the potential impacts on the natural, social and health environments.
 To provide recommendations for the mitigation of identified adverse impacts.
 To develop a management plan for the implementation of the mitigation measures.

2.1 Overview and concept selection

In conceptualizing the facilities development of the quarry, AQL took cognizance of the following key
issues:

Acquisition of a suitable location (available) for citing the facility. Utmost criteria include that proposed
site is rich in mineral materials with good connectivity and close to existing infrastructure.

The facility infrastructures are of optimum sizing, engineered to the specific application of the Quarry
project and profiles, proven standard equipment, cost effective and simple to operate.
Suitable land has been identified for the process facilities in Obung community, Akamkpa L.G.A.

2.2 Scope of Work

In line with Government’s guideline and requirements on the establishment of projects of this nature,
Akamkpa Quarry Limited requires the services of a renowned Environmental Management Company
that will carry out DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
STUDIES FOR THE PROPOSED AKAMKPA QUARRY AND THE FACILITATION OF
APPROVALS WITH THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT (FMENV).
As a precedent, both the world environmental practice and latest regulatory provisions on the protection
of the environment are required to be the basis in the production of documents that will be guiding in the
activities of production, processing and transporting of the mineral materials. Engineering codes and
specifications are vital wherever applicable for references.
The work shall include data acquisition within the geographical coordinates of the both sites

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Table 1: Coordinates for Site Location of the Quarry plant 1

Latitude Longitude
05°20’30"N 08°24’00"E
05°20’30"N 08°24’30"E
05°21’00"N 08°24’00"E.
05°21’00"N 08°24’30"E

Table 2: Cordinates for Site Location of the Quarry plant 2

Latitude Longitude
05°20’45"N 08°24’45"E
05°21’15"N 08°24’45"E
05°20’45"N 08°25’30"E.
05°21’15"N 08°25’30"E

Figure 3: Pictorial overview of the two site locations on google map

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Figure 4: Project Map, showing the overall perimeter of the project areas

2.3 Area of the project sites

Quarry 1- 80 Hectares
Quarry 2- 40 Hectares

2.4 Present Status

Preliminary survey works and site visits have been carried out. Land acquisition has been completed.
Presently, no quarry operation has commenced on the sites. There is the need to carry out a robust EIA to
identify, assess, control, and mitigate all potential environmental & socio-economic impact the proposed
project would have on the environment.

2.5 Project Description

The Quarry project is located within the Obung Community in Akamkpa Local Government Area, Cross
River State.
At the quarry, there will be extraction of mineral materials and these will be done by drilling and blasting
of the body of rocks into smaller units of specific sizes. These units are then loaded /conveyed to another
location for crushing. This activity will be followed by transportation of the crushed materials to our
local customers as required.
2.6 Staff Management Plan: Figure 3, describes the staff strength and working condition of each
staff for the Akamkpa Quarry Limited

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Quarry manager
Expat

Assistant Quarry Manager

Workshop Manager-1
Expat Admin Expat-1 Security officer Nig-1
Expat

Electrical engg for crusher

Mining Engineer-1 Nig Mining Engineer -1 Nig Maintanence Enginner-1 Nig and general maintanence- Account.Expat-1
1Nig

Hemm operators-05,Drilling
Crew-3,Excluding Blasting Auto electriician-1,welder-
operation Nig Crusher operator-2 Nig IT Technicians.Nig-1
1Mechanics-3 Nig

Weigh bridge operator-2 Nig Helpers (3) NIg Store Incharge Expat-1

Crusher Helpers(3)
Cook (Nig)-1
Nig

Helpers(Nig)-1

Figure 5: Organizational Chart

2.7 Equipment Considerations

Facility will take cognizance of essential equipment required to ensure safe, efficient processing and
transportation of mineral materials to end-users, factory. Essential equipment’s are listed;
 Drill machine
 Excavator
 Wheel loader
 Dozer and
 Dump Truck

The proposed Project includes all tasks necessary to construct, install and commission/start-up of the
Quarry.

2.8 Type of Blasting

Controlled blasting (using Slurry, ANFO and Nonelectric detonators for less vibration)

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review will focus on the following:
• Relevant Federal and State regulations
• Site layout diagrams and location of the various facilities
• Climatic conditions including rainfall pattern

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• Site Geology and water biochemistry

• Previous environmental studies carried out in the area

3.1 Hazards and effects identification process:

Risks and effects from the identified hazards will be evaluated against standardized screening criteria
taking into account probabilities of occurrence and severity of consequence for people, assets, the
environment and reputation. An HSE Risk Matrix will be used in conjunction with the judgment of
experienced personnel to identify those areas of risk that need to be managed.
The essential steps that will be taken in the risk/hazard management are as follows:
• Identify hazards and effects
• Establish screening criteria
• Evaluate hazards and effects
• Document significant hazards and effects and apply legal or other standards
• Set detailed objectives and performance criteria
• Identify and evaluate risk reduction measures
• Implement selected risk reduction measures

3.1.1 Detailed Summary of Ecological features of the projects Environment Community /

Families
Akamkpa Local Government Area covers Ten communities which includes the following: New Netim,
Nsan, Ekong, Ikot Omin, Oban, Iko, Obung, Ojuk South, Ojuk North, Ikpi. The major community where
the site will be located is Obung community in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State.

Climate: Typically, this zone is inundated with heavy rainfall, high temperature, high humidity and mild
wind. The zone is dominated by two major air masses:the warm, dry and dusty west African trade wind
from the Sahara to the South, otherwise called the harmattan winds in the dry season months from
November to March each year and the hot and humid tropical maritime air from the Atlantic Ocean,
otherwise called the South - Westerly Monsoon winds, which are prevalent in the wet season from April
to October.
Generally, rain falls all the year round but over 80% of the rain occurs in the months of May to September.
The rainfall of this zone is estimated to be between 1300mm to 3000mm annually and occur largely in
September. Temperature ranges from low (15oC) to high (30oC) all year round.
The minimum and maximum relative humidity in the area for the rainy season is about 79.1% and 87.3%
respectively. The wind speed varies between 2.0 and 4.5 knots around this location most periods of the
year with an average speed of 2.7 knots.

Vegetation: The vegetation is characterized by typical rain forest vegetation mangrove swamps, to derived
savannah, and montane parkland with a galloping terrain and patches of farm lands which could be
seasonally flooded. The most common vegetative species found in this area include; Anthocleista vogelii
(cabbage tree), Anthostema aubryanum (Niddle grass), Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant grass) Panicum
spp (Greatheart), Calamus decratus (Rottan palm), Commelina benghalensis (Wondering jew),
Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed,)
Cash crop vegetation include; Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm), Aframomum sp. (Grain of paradise), Cocos
nucifera (Coconut palm) and Mangifera indica (Mango). Others include; Manihot esculenta (Cassava)

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Musa cultivars (Banana), Ananas comosa (Pineapple), Ipomaea batatas (Sweet potatoes) and Zea mays
(Maize).

Soil: The soil in this zone is mainly predominantly sandy loam and sandy clay loam. The soil texture
determines the porosity and therefore the infiltration capacity, aeration and fertility of the soil. The pH of
soils in this zone range from 4.7 to 5.5, the organic carbon content ranged from 0.98 to 2.03% and total N
ranged from 0.06 to 0.17% available P was low (6.5 to 13.(mgkg), i.e., to say the soils are relatively acidic
in nature and rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Also soils from this region have
high iron content.
The soil composition may explain why the soils in the zone drains easily on the top soil encouraging
aeration and greater crop produce and yield while possibly holding up floods on heavy rains during very
wet seasons. The soil fertility is depleted by unsustainable farming techniques and improper soil
management.

Aquatic: The pH values of surface water vary from 6.0 to 7.5 within the year. Most biological activities
of aquatic organisms are temperature dependent. High levels of solid in water increase the water density
and affect osmo-regulation of freshwater organisms thereby reducing the solubility of gases such as
oxygen. Nitrogenous compounds and Phosphate in surface water is of major concern as they are sources
nutrient element that can cause eutrophication of the surface water body when it occurs in high
concentrations especially as run-offs during periods of heavy precipitation. Nitrate and Nitrite are
indicators of nitrogen loading of waters.
Sediment is a veritable medium for assessing the quality of aquatic ecosystems. The sediment of a water
body can be used to determine the presence of or the contamination of the ecosystem. Sediments are known
to accumulate heavy metals and hydrocarbon contaminants.
Phytoplankton are the microscopicchlorophyll-a containing plants found in aquatic ecosystems. In such
ecosystems the phytoplankton and zooplanktons are the primary producers in the ecosystem their absence
indicates pollution of the environment. Zooplanktons are microscopic animals found mainly in the pelagic
zone of water bodies where they depend on water currents and waves for motion.

The benthic fauna are the bottom dwelling organisms. Majority of them are found living in or on the bottom
sediment as infauna, while others live on the surface either attached to different types of substrates (sessile)
or as mobile benthic inhabitants, these are known as epifauna. Again their absence may indicate pollution.
Fishing is one of the occupations of the inhabitants especially those who inhabitant the coastlines of the
River Niger. Fishing activities in the area is artisanal. Fishing gears used include basket traps, gill net, cast
net, fish trap, and long lines. Fish catch is a measure of the natural quality of the stream or river.

3.2 Field Data Acquisition

During the fieldwork, socio-economic and health data will be acquired using questionnaires and interviews.
Data on the natural environment will be collected in-situ using field equipment. Also, samples will be
collected at pre-determined locations and will be taken to the laboratory for analysis. One season field
samples collection is recommended since several EIA study have been conducted around and within this
environment.

The sampling protocol and plan are based on the area of the site and the ecological features as well as the
presence of communities scattered within the location. Hence the air quality stations are based on the
communities that have been identified within the project area.

The sampling stations and points are geo-reference as shown on the Table 3.

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Table 3: Sampling Stations and Points

S/N Environmental component Sampling Description of sample point

points or
Stations
1 Aquatic Studies (Surface 3 At source discharge point. 1 km upstream and 1
Water, Sediment, Plankton, km downstream and around the facility
Fisheries and Microbiology)
2 Borehole Water 3+2 3 (Three) as sample stations and 2 (Two) as
control
3 Vegetation Within the facility
4 Soil 24 Scattered around the facility area and
immediately after the perimeter fence
5 Ambient Air Quality 24 Within the facility and the circumference outside
the facility along the predominant wind direction
6 Socio-economic and Health Community settlements around the Site.

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Fig 6: Map showing sampling rationale for Akamkpa Quarry Limited’s EIA

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Table 3a: SAMPLING COORDINATES FOR AKAMKPA QUARRY SITE

SOIL/AIR QUALITY
SAMPLING EASTING NORTHING X(m) Y(m)
STATION
SS1/AQ1 8°24'2.12"E 5°20'59.76"N 433587.97 591378.00
SS2/AQ2 8°24'0.76"E 5°20'52.86"N 433545.91 591166.16
SS3/AQ3 8°24'4.20"E 5°20'49.84"N 433651.70 591073.32
SS4/AQ4 8°24'1.12"E 5°20'36.26"N 433556.49 590656.41
SS5/AQ5 8°24'13.83"E 5°20'43.91"N 433947.91 590890.94
SS6/AQ6 8°24'14.28"E 5°20'37.11"N 433961.56 590682.12
SS7/AQ7 8°24'22.65"E 5°20'55.93"N 434219.73 591259.77
SS8/AQ8 8°24'28.39"E 5°20'31.41"N 434395.66 590506.67
SS9/AQ9 8°24'28.87"E 5°20'45.62"N 434410.86 590943.00
SS10/AQ10 8°24'46.31"E 5°21'12.73"N 434948.42 591774.95
SS11/AQ11 8°24'52.90"E 5°21'0.08"N 435150.87 591386.32
SS12/AQ12 8°24'48.51"E 5°20'47.62"N 435015.39 591003.84
SS13/AQ13 8°25'8.29"E 5°21'12.69"N 435624.90 591773.08
SS14/AQ14 8°25'10.31"E 5°20'57.35"N 435686.63 591301.98
SS15/AQ15 8°25'10.67"E 5°20'45.78"N 435697.37 590946.69
SS16/AQ16 8°25'27.82"E 5°21'12.37"N 436225.97 591762.69
SS17/AQ17 8°25'28.42"E 5°20'59.37"N 436244.07 591363.48
SS18/AQ18 8°25'28.66"E 5°20'46.89"N 436251.09 590980.25
SS19/AQ19 8°23'44.56"E 5°20'46.75"N 433047.00 590979.00
SS20/AQ20 8°24'38.20"E 5°20'42.57"N 434698.00 590849.00
SS21/AQ21 8°24'27.79"E 5°21'27.27"N 434379.00 592222.00
SS22/AQ22 8°25'45.32"E 5°20'57.22"N 436764.00 591297.00
SSC1/AQC1 8°23'13.69"E 5°20'38.68"N 431286.00 591385.00
SSC2/AQC2 8°25'28.54"E 5°20'2.41"N 436620.00 588677.00

BORE HOLE
SAMPLING EASTING NORTHING X(m) Y(m)
STATION
BH1 8°24'2.67"E 5°20'53.06"N 433604.70 591172.24
BH2 8°25'24.68"E 5°20'46.86"N 436128.60 590979.44
BH3 8°24'6.64"E 5°20'25.22"N 433726.06 590317.24
BHC1 8°23'21.63"E 5°20'45.36"N 432114.00 590571.00
BHC2 8°25'26.37"E 5°20'5.82"N 436495.00 588796.00

Sampling Justification:
The sampling points were taken within the Project facility and the immediate environmental layout.
Twenty four (24) sampling points were highlighted and these are scattered in such a way to cover the whole

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project area and its immediate environment. Out of the twenty four sampling points, eighteen (18) sampling
points were projected within the Quarry point perimeter area, three (3) sampling points were projected
within stakeholder community while considering the air pollution effect of prevailing winds. Two control
samples are equally taken 5 km from the field area.
This is to compare result with the baseline from the previous EIA on the project site. This in essence will
provide an evalution of the effect of the project work on the environment.

3.3 Sampling protocol and distribution

3.3.1 In-situ
Measurements will be carried out for some parameters for surface water and ambient air. Also, socio-
economic and health data will be collected during fieldwork.
Details of the parameters to be determined in situ are given in Table 4.

Table 4: List of parameters for In-situ analysis determined during field work
S/N Environmental Parameters
Component
1 Surface Water Colour, Temperature, pH, DO, Salinity.
2 Vegetation Type, density and species diversity.
3 Socio-economics Settlements and housing types, population and population distribution,
income levels, social infrastructures.
4 Ambient Air VOC, SOx, NOx, CO, COx, Wind direction, Wind speed, Temperature,
Relative Humidity, Noise, Suspended Particulate Matter
5 Health Health records from previous studies and current.

3.3.2 Laboratory Analysis

All the samples collected during the fieldwork will be analyzed where necessary for the different
parameters as listed in Table 5 below:

Table 5: List of parameters for Laboratory analysis

No Environmental Parameters
Component
1 Surface Water General: Temperature, pH, TSS, TDS.
Metals:,Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc, Iron, Copper,
Organics: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Oil and Grease.
Microorganisms: Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria, Hydrocarbon
Utilizing Fungi, Total Heterotrophic Bacteria, Total Fungi Count
2 Soil General: Temperature, pH, Conductivity, DO, COD, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Chloride, Nutrient Characteristic (NPK)
Metals: Magnesium, Calcium, Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Copper,
Chromium, Nickel, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Barium, Cobalt and
Mercury.
Organics: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Oil and Grease.
Microorganisms: Total Bacterial Count, Hydrocarbon Degrading
Bacteria,Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi, Total Fungi Count
3 Sediment Physiochemical: pH, Na, Ca, K, Mg, PO4, SO4, N04.

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Metals: Manganese, Calcium, Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Copper,

Chromium, Nickel, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Barium, Cobalt and
Mercury.
Organics: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Oil and Grease.
Microorganisms: Total Bacterial Count, Hydrocarbon Degrading
Bacteria, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi, Total Fungi Count
Macro fauna (benthos)
4 Plankton / Fish & Phytoplankton and Zooplankton : Fishing and fisheries
Fisheries

3.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) shall be an integral part of the entire process of field data
gathering, sample collection and transfer laboratory analysis and reporting exercise.

3.4.1 Field Procedures

All field procedures shall be in accordance with general QA/QC requirements.
 Contamination of samples will be avoided by using clean sampling containers
 Separate samples shall be collected for parameters requiring different treatment or preservation
before analysis
 Composite sampling technique will be adopted for surface water and soil.
 Control samples will be collected at appropriate points remote from impacted sites
 Samples shall be adequately preserved using standard custody transfer procedures

3.4.2 Field Research

Field research shall be used to complement and verify information gathered from desktop studies. The
fieldwork shall be to determine the specific ecological baseline and socio-economic conditions of the
project environment. Specifically, the survey shall cover the following environmental components:

 The physical environment – surface water and sediment characteristics, air quality and potential
natural hazards;
 The biological environment - surface water and sediment microbiology, benthos, plankton, flora
and fauna (particularly rare and endangered species);
 The socio-economic and cultural environment – population, land use and patterns of land ownership
and tenure, community structure, employment, distribution, public health, cultural heritage,
customs, aspirations and attitudes, etc.

3.4.3 Potential and Associated Impact Assessment

The identification and evaluation of the associated and potential impacts of the proposed project shall be
based on standards and /or recommended environmental assessment tools such as the ISO 14001 approach
and the Hazard and Effect Management Process (HEMP). The Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) shall be
used in determining the risks posed by the identified potential and associated impacts in order to proffer

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appropriate mitigation measures. In predicting impacts, the experimential/practical ‘worst case scenario’
approach shall be used to determine the importance of affected environmental components. The impact
evaluation results shall form the basis for developing the SEMP for the proposed project.

3.4.4 Laboratory Procedures

 Analysis will be carried out in a FMENV accredited laboratory
 Analysis shall be carried out within the holding time of respective parameters
 Only functional and calibrated equipment shall be employed
 Only experienced staff shall be involved in the analytical work

3.4.5 Reporting Exercise

The data obtained from the study shall be analyzed using appropriate statistical tools and principles to
bring out salient point and trends on the facility and establish relationships between past studies.

3.5. Evaluation of Potential Impacts

Impacts on soil, vegetation, surface water, socio-economic and health of the communities will be quantified
and evaluated using standard laboratory analytical methods to assess the magnitude of the impact to the
environment. Interpretation of these data will be done by benchmarking with the available baseline data
from field work results and data from other studies carried out in the field as well as with
National/International standards/limits.

3.6 Regulatory Requirements

The main Nigeria regulatory provisions related to the EIA process include, but are not limited to, the
following:

3.6.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86, 1992 stipulates that the public or private sector
of the economy shall not embark on or undertake or authorize projects or activities without prior
consideration of the environmental effects at early stages.
Where the extent, nature or location of a proposed project or activity is such that it is likely to
significantly affect the environment, its EIA shall be undertaken in accordance with the provisions of the
Act. Generally, the EIA shall be conducted in line with the following guidelines:
 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines, FMEH&UD, 1995

3.7 Environmental Management Plan

The management plan shall provide detailed environmental, social and health impacts to be mitigated to
ensure that the recommended remedial measures are effectively implemented.

4.0 Report Writing

All findings relating to this EIA study will be documented in a report and reviewed by FMENV before the
final report production for FMENV. The EIA report will have the following;

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• Title page
• Table of contents
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• List of Maps
• List of Plates
• List of acronyms and abbreviations
• List of Preparers
• Acknowledgement
• Executive Summary

Chapter One – Introduction; - Background information, Administrative and Legal framework,

Terms of reference, Declaration

Chapter Two – Project Justification: Objectives, Aims, Benefits and Sustainability.

Chapter Three – Project Description – Proposed Quarry activities

Chapter Four – Description of Project Environment- Ecological characteristics of the project

Environment Baseline data acquisition (vegetation, soil, topography, surface water, ground water,
sediments etc)

Chapter Five -Study approach and methodology, literature review - Field data acquisition
methodology (sampling, in-situ measurement and QA/QC), geographical location, climatic
conditions, air quality, aquatic studies, vegetation characteristics, and soil studies. Socio-economic
and health studies. Laboratory analysis methodology and Laboratory QA/QC.

Chapter Six –Associated and Potential Impacts – Results and discussion from the fieldwork and
laboratory analysis, comparison of present data with previous data. – Result of impact evaluation
and discussion of impacts.

Chapter Seven - Recommendation of Remedial Measures: - Description of remedial measures,

Evaluation of remedial measures and Identification of residual impacts.

Chapter Eight - Environmental Management Plan, - Description of potential impacts matched with
mitigation (intervention and adaptive) measures and time frame (short, medium and long) for
implementation.

Chapter Nine - Conclusions and Recommendations

Bibliography/references

Appendices

5.0 WORK SCHEDULE

The Draft Report will summarize all the sampling results and conclusions throughout the Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) exercise.

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The draft report shall be reviewed by the proponent and comments sent back to contractor within 15 days.
The draft reports shall be submitted electronically and in hard copy to FMENV for approval. Contractor
shall submit the Final Report within 15 days of receiving comments from the regulator and company. The
final reports shall be submitted electronically and in hard copy to FMEnv for approval.
Party is requested to quote the minimum shortest possible time required to submit the draft report after the
issue of the contract.
The final consultancy service will terminate at the production of approval from the regulators. (FMEnv).

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Appendix 2

SAMPLING CO-ORDINATES

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Appendix 2: Akamkpa Quarry EIA Sampling Co-ordinates

SAMPLING ENVIRONMENTAL UTM ZONE 32N WGS 1984

STATION COMPONENT X(m) Y(m) LONGITUDE LATITUDE
SS1/AQ1 Soil/Air Quality 433588 591378 8° 24' 2.121" E 5° 20' 59.760" N
SS2/AQ2 Soil/Air Quality 433546 591166 8° 24' 0.763" E 5° 20' 52.855" N
SS3/AQ3 Soil/Air Quality 433652 591073 8° 24' 4.210" E 5° 20' 49.830" N
SS4/AQ4 Soil/Air Quality 433556 590656 8° 24' 1.104" E 5° 20' 36.247" N
SS5/AQ5 Soil/Air Quality 433948 590891 8° 24' 13.833" E 5° 20' 43.912" N
SS6/AQ6 Soil/Air Quality 433962 590682 8° 24' 14.294" E 5° 20' 37.106" N
SS7/AQ7 Soil/Air Quality 434220 591260 8° 24' 22.659" E 5° 20' 55.937" N
SS8/AQ8 Soil/Air Quality 434396 590507 8° 24' 28.401" E 5° 20' 31.421" N
SS9/AQ9 Soil/Air Quality 434411 590943 8° 24' 28.875" E 5° 20' 45.620" N
SS10/AQ10 Soil/Air Quality 434948 591775 8° 24' 46.296" E 5° 21' 12.731" N
SS11/AQ11 Soil/Air Quality 435151 591386 8° 24' 52.904" E 5° 21' 0.070" N
SS12/AQ12 Soil/Air Quality 435015 591004 8° 24' 48.497" E 5° 20' 47.625" N
SS13/AQ13 Soil/Air Quality 435625 591773 8° 25' 8.293" E 5° 21' 12.687" N
SS14/AQ14 Soil/Air Quality 435687 591302 8° 25' 10.322" E 5° 20' 57.351" N
SS15/AQ15 Soil/Air Quality 433697 590947 8° 24' 5.676" E 5° 20' 45.728" N
SS16/AQ16 Soil/Air Quality 436226 591763 8° 25' 27.821" E 5° 21' 12.380" N
SS17/AQ17 Soil/Air Quality 436244 591363 8° 25' 28.418" E 5° 20' 59.354" N
SS18/AQ18 Soil/Air Quality 436251 590980 8° 25' 28.657" E 5° 20' 46.882" N
SS19/AQ19 Soil/Air Quality 433047 590979 8° 23' 44.556" E 5° 20' 46.749" N
SS20/AQ20 Soil/Air Quality 434698 590849 8° 24' 38.202" E 5° 20' 42.568" N
SS21/AQ21 Soil/Air Quality 434379 592222 8° 24' 27.795" E 5° 21' 27.271" N
SS22/AQ22 Soil/Air Quality 436764 591297 8° 25' 45.315" E 5° 20' 57.221" N
SSC1/AQC1 Soil/Air Quality 431286 591385 8° 22' 47.326" E 5° 20' 59.914" N
SSC2/AQC2 Soil/Air Quality 436620 588677 8° 25' 40.716" E 5° 19' 31.894" N
BH1 Groundwater 433605 591172 8° 24' 2.680" E 5° 20' 53.052" N
BH2 Groundwater 436129 590979 8° 25' 24.693" E 5° 20' 46.846" N
BH3 Groundwater 433726 590317 8° 24' 6.638" E 5° 20' 25.212" N
BHC1 Groundwater 432114 590571 8° 23' 14.255" E 5° 20' 33.432" N
BHC2 Groundwater 436495 588796 8° 25' 36.651" E 5° 19' 35.765" N
SW1 Surface Water 434312 590838 8° 24' 25.667" E 5° 20' 42.200" N
SW2 Surface Water 434144 590746 8° 24' 20.211" E 5° 20' 39.202" N
SW3 Surface Water 433994 590603 8° 24' 15.344" E 5° 20' 34.542" N

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Appendix 3

HEALTH AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

QUESTIONAIRE

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Appendix 3: Socio-Economic and Health Assessment Questionnaire for the Environmental Impact
Assessment (Eia) Study of Akamkpa Quarry Limited in Akamkpa – Cross River State

This questionnaire is intended to gather socio-economic and health status information on the community
of the project location. The outcome of the study will be used to predict the appropriate impacts and
effective mitigation measure(s) for any potential negative impacts that may be associated with the
project.
Date of Interview: ……………………………………………….
Name of Settlement/Community: ……………………………………………….
L.G.A…………………………………………………………………
State: …………………………………………………………………

DEMOGRAPHICS
1. Sex: ……………… a) Male b) Female
2. Age: ………………a) < 20 years B) 21- 30 C) 31- 40 D) 41- 50 E) 51& above
3. Marital status: a) single b) Married c) Widowed d) Divorced
4. Education……a) Primary b) Secondary c) Vocational d) Tertiary e) No formal education
5. Religion……a) Christian b) Muslim c) Traditional d) Others (specify)
6. What is the major tribe of your community? ………………………………………
7. What is the size of your household? …………………………………………………
8. Respondent’s Employment Status
a) Student b) Unemployed c) Employed d) Others (please specify)

9. What do you do in this area? …………………………………………………………..

a) Live here b) Work here c) Live & Work here d) Visiting e)Others(specify) …………………
10. If resident, how long have you lived/worked here?
a) < 1 years b) 1 – 2 years c) 3 – 5 years d) 6 – 10 years e) 11 – 20 years f) 21 – 30 years
g) > 30 years

ACTIVITIES AND INCOME

11. What is your primary occupation?
a) Student b) Agriculture c) Artisan d) Trading e) Civil Servant f) Mining g) Housewife/
Unemployed h)Self-employed/Business sourcing i) Others (please specify)
………………………………………………
Average Income Distribution.

Monthly income in naira (N) Percentage (%)

1,000 - 20,000
21,000 - 40,000
41,000 - 60,000
61,000 - 80,000

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81,000 - 100,000
Above 100,000

STANDARD OF LIVING

12. What type of housing do you live in? (tick as appropriate)

12.1) 12.2) 12.3) 12.4) 12.5)
S/N Construction Construction Construction Toilet facility Tenure of Housing
material - Walls Material - Roofing Material - Floor
a) Mud Corrugated sheets Earthen Pit latrine Owner occupier
b) Plastered mud Asbestos Cement Water borne Rent/Lease
system
c) Cement blocks Tile Tile Bush use (Short- Non-rent payment
put) or None occupier
d) Wood Thatch Terrazzo - -
e) Others (specify) Others (specify) Others (specify) Others (specify) Others (specify)

13. What type of lighting does your household use? (circle all that apply)
a) PHEDC and Torch & batteries b) PHEDC and Kerosene lamp c) PHEDC d)
PHEDC and Generator e) Others (specify) …………………………………………………..
14. What type of cooking fuel does your household use? (circle all that apply)
a) Charcoal/firewood and kerosene b) Kerosene Stove c) LPG Stove d) Electricity –
Generator e) Others (specify) ……………………………………..
15. Do you get water from any of the following? (tick all that apply)
a) Well b) Borehole (Personal) c) Public water supply d) Stream/River e) Water
vendor f) Tanked Water g) Rain Harvesting h) Others (specify)
16. What is your source of drinking water?
a) Well b) Borehole (Personal) c) Public water supply d) Stream/River e)Water vendor)
Tanked Water g) Rain Harvesting h) Others (specify)
17. How do you regularly dispose of your domestic waste? (Circle all that apply)
a) Throwing in the drains/gutters b) Private Cart Pushers (Kole-Kole) c) Burning
outside/backyard d) Burying e) Others (specify)

18. In your opinion, how has your standard of living changed over the previous three years?
a) Same b) Better c) Worsened
19. Why (Ask for explanation and write summary below)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
HEALTH ASSESSMENT AND HEALTH RISK PERCEPTION
20. How would you describe your overall state of health?
a) Excellent b) Good c) Poor

21. Where do you often get treatment when you are sick?
a) Self Medication/Stay at home to rest b) Buy drugs from medicine hawker c) Go to the
chemist for treatment d) Attend Government Clinic/Public Hospital e) Attend Private
Clinic/hospital f) Attend Trado-medical/herbal/Natural medicine home

22. If you do attend Clinic/hospital, when last did you visit one last?
a) Last 6 months b) Last 1 year c) Last 5 years d) More than 5 years e) Never visited one

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23. Please tick any of the complaints you have had in the last 6months.

S/N Ailment/Disease Occurrence (tick as appropriate)

1. Headache
2. Fever
3. Skin Irritation/Rashes
4. Watery Stool/Diarrhoea
5. Vomiting
6. Cough
7. Sleep disorder/Insomnia
8. Asthma/Nasal Issues
9. Hypertension
10. Chest pains/Pneumonia
11. Burns
12. Eye Conditions
13. Impaired Hearing/ partial Deafness

24. Are you aware of any health risks associated with living or working near a stone quarry site?
a) Yes b) No

25. If Yes, what health risks are associated with stone quarry site(s)?
……………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………..

OPINIONS
26. Do you have any objection to the proposed project?
a) Yes b) No c) Indifferent
27. How do you think the proposed project can contribute to the development of this area?
a) Improved Security b) Employment generation c) Infrastructural development d) Others……
28. Do you think the services the company is going to provide will benefit the community?
29. Do you have any concerns about company operations or activities?
a) Yes b) No
30. If yes, what concerns?
……………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………..
Thank you.
NB: PHEDC – Port Harcourt Energy Distribution Company

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