E/ECE/324

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29 November 2005

AGREEMENT
CONCERNING THE ADOPTION OF UNIFORM TECHNICAL PRESCRIPTIONS FOR
WHEELED VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT AND PARTS WHICH CAN BE FITTED AND/OR
BE USED ON WHEELED VEHICLES AND THE CONDITIONS FOR RECIPROCAL
RECOGNITION OF APPROVALS GRANTED ON THE BASIS OF THESE
PRESCRIPTIONS ∗/

(Revision 2, including the amendments which entered into force on 16 October 1995)

_________

Addendum 45: Regulation No. 46

Revision 2

Incorporating all valid text up to:

Corrigendum 2 to Revision 1 of the Regulation, subject of Depositary Notification
C.N.232.1992.TREATIES-32 dated 11 September 1992 (French only)
Supplement 2 to the 01 series of amendments - Date of entry into force: 27 August 1996
Supplement 3 to the 01 series of amendments – Date of entry into force: 20 September 1994
Supplement 4 to the 01 series of amendments – Date of entry into force: 3 January 1998
02 series of amendments – Date of entry into force: 23 June 2005

UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF DEVICES FOR

INDIRECT VISION AND OF MOTOR VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO
THE INSTALLATION OF THESE DEVICES

_________

UNITED NATIONS

∗/ Former title of the Agreement:

Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of Approval for Motor
Vehicle Equipment and Parts, done at Geneva on 20 March 1958.

GE.05-23891
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Regulation No. 46

UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF DEVICES FOR

INDIRECT VISION AND OF MOTOR VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO
THE INSTALLATION OF THESE DEVICES

CONTENTS

REGULATION Page

1. Scope ................................................................................................................................ 6

I. DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION

2. Definitions ........................................................................................................................ 6

3. Application for approval .................................................................................................. 9

4. Markings ........................................................................................................................... 9

5. Approval ........................................................................................................................... 9

6. Requirements .................................................................................................................. 11

6.1. Mirrors ............................................................................................................................ 11

6.2. Devices for indirect vision other than mirrors ...............................................................18

7. Modification of the type of device for indirect vision and extension of approval .......... 19

8. Conformity of production ............................................................................................... 20

9. Penalties for non-conformity of production ................................................................... 20

10. Production definitely discontinued ................................................................................. 20

11. Names and addresses of technical services responsible for conducting

approval tests, and of administrative departments ..........................................................21

II. INSTALLATION OF DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION

12. Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 21

13. Application for approval ................................................................................................ 22

14. Approval ......................................................................................................................... 22

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CONTENTS (continued)

15. Requirements .................................................................................................................. 23

16. Modifications of the vehicle type and extension of approval ........................................ 36

17. Conformity of production ............................................................................................... 37

18. Penalties for non-conformity of production ................................................................... 37

19. Production definitely discontinued ................................................................................. 37

20. Names and addresses of technical services responsible for conducting

approval tests, and of administrative departments ........................................................ 38

21. Transitional provisions ...................................................................................................38

ANNEXES

Annex 1 - Model of information document for type approval of a device

for indirect vision .................................................................................................... 40

Annex 2 - Model of information document for type approval of vehicle with

respect to the installation of devices for indirect vision .......................................... 42

Annex 3 - Communication concerning the approval or refusal or

extension or withdrawal of approval or production
definitely discontinued of a type of device for indirect vision,
pursuant to Regulation No. 46 ................................................................................. 45

Annex 4 - Communication concerning the approval or refusal or

extension or withdrawal of approval or production
definitely discontinued of a vehicle type with regard
to the installation of devices for indirect vision, pursuant to
Regulation No. 46 .................................................................................................... 47

Annex 5 - Arrangement of approval mark for a device for indirect vision...............................50

Annex 6 - Test method for determining reflectivity .................................................................51

Annex 7 - Procedure for determining the radius of curvature "r" of the

reflecting surface of a mirror.................................................................................... 57
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CONTENTS (continued)

Annex 8 - Procedure for determining the "H" point and the actual
torso angle for seating positions in motor vehicles ................................................. 59

Annex 8 - Appendix 1 Description of the Three-Dimensional "H" Point Machine

Annex 8 – Appendix 2 Three-dimensional Reference System
Annex 8 – Appendix 3 Reference Data Concerning Seating Positions

Annex 9 (reserved) ................................................................................................................ 71

Annex 10 - Calculation of the detection distance ....................................................................... 72

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1. SCOPE

This Regulation applies,

1.1. to devices for indirect vision intended to be installed on motor vehicles of

categories M and N 1/ and to all other motor vehicles having less than four wheels
fitted with bodywork which partly or wholly encloses the driver and,

1.2. to the installation of devices for indirect vision on:

1.2.1. motor vehicles of categories M and N;

1.2.2. all other motor vehicles having less than four wheels when fitted with bodywork
which partly or wholly encloses the driver.

I. DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION

2. DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this Regulation:

2.1. "Devices for indirect vision" means devices to observe the traffic area adjacent to
the vehicle which cannot be observed by direct vision. These can be conventional
mirrors, camera-monitors or other devices able to present information about the
indirect field of vision to the driver.

2.1.1 "Mirror" means any device, excluding devices such as periscopes, intended to give
a clear view to the rear, side or front of the vehicle within the fields of vision
defined in paragraph 15.2.4.
2.1.1.1. "Interior mirror" means a device as defined in paragraph 2.1., which can be fitted in
the passenger compartment of a vehicle.
2.1.1.2. "Exterior mirror" means a device as defined in paragraph 2.1., which can be
mounted on the external surface of a vehicle.
2.1.1.3. "Surveillance mirror" means a mirror other than the ones defined in
paragraph 2.1.1. which can be fitted to the inside or outside of the vehicle in order
to provide fields of vision other than those specified in paragraph 15.2.4.
2.1.1.4. "r" means the average of the radii of curvature measured over the reflecting
surface, in accordance with the method described in Annex 7.
2.1.1.5. "The principal radii of curvature at one point on the reflecting surface (ri)" means
the values obtained with the apparatus defined in Annex 7, measured on the arc of
the reflecting surface passing through the centre of this surface parallel to the
segment b, as defined in paragraph 6.1.2.1.2.1. and on the arc perpendicular to this
segment.

1/ As defined in Annex 7 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles

(TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2).
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2.1.1.6. "The radius of curvature at one point on the reflecting surface (rp)" means the
arithmetical average of the principal radii of curvature ri and ri i.e.:
ri + r'i
rp =
2
2.1.1.7. "Spherical surface" means a surface, which has a constant and equal radius in all
directions
2.1.1.8. "Aspherical surface" means a surface, which has only in one plane a constant
radius.
2.1.1.9. "Aspherical mirror " means a mirror composed of a spherical and an aspherical
part, in which the transition of the reflecting surface from the spherical to the
aspherical part has to be marked. The curvature of the main axis of the mirror is
defined in the x/y coordinate system defined by the radius of the spherical primary
calotte with:
3
y = R − ( R 2 − x 2 ) + k ( x − a)
R: nominal radius in the spherical part
k: constant for the change of curvature
a: constant for the spherical size of the spherical primary calotte
2.1.1.10. "Centre of the reflecting surface" means the centre of the visible area of the
reflecting surface.
2.1.1.11. "The radius of curvature of the constituent parts of the mirror" means the radius "c"
of the arc of the circle which most closely approximates to the curved form of the
part in question.
2.1.1.12. "Class of mirror" means all devices having one or more common characteristics or
functions. They are classified as follows:
- Class I: "Interior rear-view mirror", giving the field of vision defined in
paragraph 15.2.4.1.
- Class II and III: "Main exterior rear-view mirror", giving the fields of
vision defined in paragraphs 15.2.4.2. and 15.2.4.3.
- Class IV: "Wide-angle exterior mirror", giving the field of vision defined in
paragraph 15.2.4.4.
- Class V: "Close-proximity exterior mirror", giving the field of vision
defined in paragraph 15.2.4.5.
- Class VI: "Front mirror", giving the field of vision defined in
paragraph 15.2.4.6.
2.1.2. "Camera-monitor device for indirect vision" means a device as defined in
paragraph 2.1., where the field of vision is obtained by means of a camera-monitor
combination as defined in paragraphs 2.1.2.1. and 2.1.2.2.
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2.1.2.1. "Camera" means a device that renders an image of the outside world by means of a
lens onto a light-sensitive electronic detector that then converts this image into a
video signal.
2.1.2.2. "Monitor" means a device that converts a video signal into images that are rendered
into the visual spectrum.
2.1.2.3. "Detection" means the ability to distinguish an object from its
background/surroundings at certain distance.
2.1.2.4. "Luminance" contrast means the brightness ratio between an object and its
immediate background/surrounding that allows the object to be distinguished from
its background/surroundings.
2.1.2.5. "Resolution" means the smallest detail that can be discerned with a perceptual
system, i.e. perceived as separate from the larger whole. The resolution of the
human eye is indicated as "visual acuity".
2.1.2.6. "Critical object" means a circular object with a diameter D0 = 0.8 m. 2/
2.1.2.7. "Critical perception" means the level of perception that the human eye is generally
capable of achieving under various conditions. For traffic conditions the limiting
value for a critical perception is eight arc-minutes of visual angle.
2.1.2.8. "Field of vision" means the section of the tri-dimensional space in which a critical
object can be observed and rendered by the device for indirect vision. This is
based on the view on ground level offered by a device and might possibly be
limited on the basis of the applicable maximum detection distance of the device.
2.1.2.9. "Detection distance" means the distance measured at ground level from the viewing
reference point to the extreme point at which a critical object can just be perceived
(the limiting value for a critical perception just barely achieved).
2.1.2.10. "Critical field of vision" means the area in which a critical object has to be detected
by means of a device for indirect vision and that is defined by an angle and one or
more detection distances.
2.1.2.11. "Viewing reference point" means the point linked to the vehicle to which the
prescribed field of vision is related. This point is the projection on the ground of
the intersection of a vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points with a
plane parallel to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle situated 20 cm outside
the vehicle.
2.1.2.12. "Visual spectrum" means light with a wavelength within the range of the perceptual
limits of the human eyes: 380-780 nm.

2/ A system for indirect vision is intended to detect relevant road users. The relevancy of a
road user is defined by his or her position and (potential) speed. More or less in proportion with
the speed of the pedestrian-cyclist- moped driver, the dimensions of these road users increase as
well. For detection purposes a moped driver (D = 0.8 m) at 40 m distance would be equal to a
pedestrian (D = 0.5 m) at a distance of 25 m. Considering the speeds, the moped driver would be
selected as the criterion for the detection size; for that reason an object with a size of 0.8 m shall
be used for determining the detection performance.
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2.1.3. "Other devices for indirect vision" means devices as defined in paragraph 2.1.,
where the field of vision is not obtained by means of a mirror or a camera-monitor
type device for indirect vision.
2.1.4. "Type of device for indirect vision" means devices that do not differ on the
following essential characteristics:
- design of the device inclusive, if pertinent, the attachment to the bodywork;
- in case of mirrors the class, the shape, the dimensions and radius of curvature
of the mirror's reflecting surface;
- in case of camera-monitor devices the detection distance and the range of
vision.
3. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL

3.1. The application for approval of a type of device for indirect vision shall be
submitted by the holder of the trade name or mark or by his duly accredited
representative.

3.2. A model of information document is shown in Annex 1.

3.3 For each type of device for indirect vision the application shall be accompanied by:

3.3.1. in case of mirrors, four samples: three for use in the tests and one to be retained by
the laboratory for any further examination that might subsequently prove
necessary. Additional specimens may be called for at the request of the laboratory.

3.3.2. in case of other devices for indirect vision: one sample of all the parts.

4. MARKINGS

4.1. The samples of devices for indirect vision submitted for approval shall bear the
trade name or mark of the manufacturer; this marking shall be clearly legible and
be indelible.

4.2. Every device shall possess on its protective housing a space large enough to
accommodate the approval mark, which must be legible when the device has been
mounted on the vehicle; this space shall be shown on the drawings referred to in
Annex 1.

5. APPROVAL

5.1. If the samples submitted for approval meet the requirements of paragraph 6. of this
Regulation, approval of the pertinent type of device for indirect vision shall be
granted.

5.2. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved. Its first two digits (at
present 02,) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent
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major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the
approval. The same Contracting Party shall not assign the same number to another
type of device for indirect vision.

5.3. Notice of approval or of refusal or of extension or withdrawal of approval or of

production definitely discontinued of a type of device for indirect vision pursuant
to this Regulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the Agreement which
apply this Regulation by means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 3 to
this Regulation.

5.4. There shall be affixed, conspicuously and in the space referred to in paragraph 4.2.
above, to every device for indirect vision conforming to a type approved under this
Regulation, in addition to the mark prescribed in paragraph 4.1., an international
approval mark consisting of:

5.4.1. A circle surrounding the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of the
country which has granted approval; 3/

5.4.2. An approval number;

5.4.3. An additional symbol I or II or III or IV or V or VI, specifying the class to which

the type of mirror belongs or the symbol S in case of any device for indirect vision
other than a mirror. The additional symbol shall be placed in any convenient
position in the vicinity of the circle containing the letter "E".

5.5. The approval mark and the additional symbol shall be clearly legible and be
indelible.

5.6. Annex 5 to this Regulation gives an example of the arrangement of the aforesaid
approval mark and additional symbol.

3/ 1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for
Belgium, 7 for Hungary, 8 for the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Yugoslavia, 11 for the
United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for
Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for
the Russian Federation, 23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for
Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32 for
Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania,37 for Turkey, 38 (vacant),
39 Azerbaijan, 40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the
European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their respective
UNECE symbol), 43 for Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 for Republic of
South Africa, 48 for New Zealand, 49 for Cyprus, 50 for Malta and 51 for Republic of Korea.
Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order in which they
ratify or accede to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions
for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled
Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of
these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by the Secretary-
General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement
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6. REQUIREMENTS

6.1 MIRRORS

6.1.1. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

6.1.1.1. All mirrors shall be adjustable.

6.1.1.2. The edge of the reflecting surface must be enclosed in a protective housing
(holder, etc.) which, on its perimeter, must have a value 'c' greater than or equal
to 2.5 mm at all points and in all directions. If the reflecting surface projects
beyond the protective housing, the radius of curvature 'c' on the edge of the
projecting part must be not less than 2.5 mm and the reflecting surface must return
into the protective housing under a force of 50 N applied to the point of greatest
projection, relative to the protective housing, in a horizontal direction,
approximately parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle.

6.1.1.3. When the mirror is mounted on a plane surface, all parts, irrespective of the
adjustment position of the device, including those parts remaining attached to the
support after the test provided for in paragraph 6.1.3.2., which are in potential,
static contact with a sphere either 165 mm in diameter in the case of an interior
mirror or 100 mm in diameter in the case of an exterior mirror, must have a radius
of curvature 'c' of not less than 2.5 mm.

6.1.1.4. Edges of fixing holes or recesses of which the diameter or longest diagonal is less
than 12 mm are exempt from the radius requirements of paragraph 6.1.1.3.
provided that they are blunted.

6.1.1.5. The device for the attachment of mirrors to the vehicle must be so designed that a
cylinder with a 70 mm radius, having as its axis the axis, or one of the axes, of
pivot or rotation which ensures deflection of the mirror in the direction of impact
concerned, passes through at least part of the surface to which the device is
attached.

6.1.1.6. The parts of exterior mirrors referred to in paragraphs 6.1.1.2. and 6.1.1.3. which
are made of a material with a Shore A hardness not exceeding 60 are exempt from
the relevant provisions.

6.1.1.7. In the case of those parts of interior mirrors which are made of a material with a
Shore A hardness of less than 50 and which are mounted on a rigid support, the
requirements of paragraphs 6.1.1.2. and 6.1.1.3. shall only apply to the support.
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6.1.2. SPECIAL SPECIFICATIONS

6.1.2.1. DIMENSIONS

6.1.2.1.1. Interior rear-view mirrors (Class I)

The dimensions of the reflecting surface must be such that it is possible to inscribe
thereon a rectangle one side of which is 40 mm and the other 'a' mm in length,
where
1
a = 150 mm ×
1000
1+
r
and r is the radius of curvature.

6.1.2.1.2. Main exterior rear-view mirrors (Classes II and III)

6.1.2.1.2.1. The dimensions of the reflecting surface must be such that it is possible to inscribe
therein:

- a rectangle 40 mm high the base length of which, measured in millimetres,

has the value 'a';

- a segment which is parallel to the height of the rectangle and the length of
which, expressed in millimetres, has the value 'b'.

6.1.2.1.2.2. The minimum values of 'a' and 'b' are given in the table below:

Class of rear-view mirror a (mm) b (mm)

170
II 1000 200
1+
r

130
III 1000 70
1+
r

6.1.2.1.3. "Wide-angle" exterior mirrors (Class IV)

The contours of the reflecting surface must be of simple geometric form and its
dimensions such that it provides, if necessary in conjunction with a Class II
exterior mirror, the field of vision specified in paragraph 15.2.4.4.
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6.1.2.1.4. "Close-proximity" exterior mirrors (Class V)

The contours of the reflecting surface must be of simple geometric form and its
dimensions such that the mirror provides the field of vision specified in
paragraph 15.2.4.5.

6.1.2.1.5. Front mirrors (Class VI)

The contours of the reflecting surface must be of simple geometric form and its
dimensions such that the mirror provides the field of vision specified in
paragraph 15.2.4.6.

6.1.2.2. Reflecting surface and coefficients of reflection

6.1.2.2.1. The reflecting surface of a mirror must be either flat or spherically convex.
Exterior mirrors may be equipped with an additional aspherical part provided that
the main mirror fulfils the requirements of the indirect field of vision.

6.1.2.2.2. Differences between the radii of curvature of mirrors

6.1.2.2.2.1. The difference between ri or r'i, and rp at each reference point must not
exceed 0.15 r.

6.1.2.2.2.2. The difference between any of the radii of curvature (rp1, rp2, and rp3) and r must not
exceed 0.15 r.

6.1.2.2.2.3. When r is not less than 3,000 mm, the value of 0.15 r quoted in
paragraphs 6.1.2.2.2.1. and 6.1.2.2.2.2. is replaced by 0.25 r.

6.1.2.2.3. Requirements for aspherical parts of mirrors

6.1.2.2.3.1. Aspherical mirrors shall be of sufficient size and shape to provide useful
information to the driver. This normally means a minimum width of 30 mm at
some point.

6.1.2.2.3.2. The radius of curvature ri of the aspherical part shall not be less than 150 mm.

6.1.2.2.4. Value of 'r' for spherical mirrors must not be less than:

6.1.2.2.4.1. 1,200 mm for interior rear-view mirrors (Class I);

6.1.2.2.4.2. 1,200 mm for Class II and III main exterior rear-view mirrors;

6.1.2.2.4.3. 300 mm for "wide-angle" exterior mirrors (Class IV) and "close-proximity"
exterior mirrors (Class V);

6.1.2.2.4.4. 200 mm for front mirrors (Class VI).

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6.1.2.2.5. The value of the normal coefficient of reflection, as determined according to the
method described in Annex 6, must be not less than 40 per cent.

In the case of reflecting surfaces with a changeable degree of reflection, the

"day" position must allow the colours of the signals used for road traffic to be
recognized. The value of the normal coefficient of reflection in the "night" position
must be not less than 4 per cent.

6.1.2.2.6. The reflecting surface must retain the characteristics laid down in
paragraph 6.1.2.2.5. in spite of prolonged exposure to adverse weather conditions
in normal use.

6.1.3. Test

6.1.3.1. Mirrors shall be subjected to the tests described in paragraph 6.1.3.2.

6.1.3.1.1. The test provided for in paragraph 6.1.3.2. shall not be required in the case of any
exterior mirror of which no part is less than 2 m from the ground, regardless of the
adjustment position, when the vehicle is under a load corresponding to its
maximum technically permissible mass.

This derogation also applies to the attachments of mirrors (attachment plates, arms,
swivel joints, etc.) which are situated less than 2 m from the ground and which do
not project beyond the overall width of the vehicle, measured in the transverse
plane passing through the lowest mirror attachments or any other point forward of
this plane if this configuration produces a greater overall width.

In such cases, a description specifying that the mirror must be mounted so as to

conform to the above-mentioned conditions for the positioning of its attachments
on the vehicle must be provided.

Where advantage is taken of this derogation, the arm shall be indelibly marked
with the symbol
∆
2m

and the type-approval certificate shall be endorsed to this effect.

6.1.3.2. Impact test

The test according to this paragraph is not to be carried out for devices integrated in
the bodywork of the vehicle and providing a frontal deflecting area of an angle not
more than 45° measured in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle,
or devices not protruding more than 100 mm measured beyond the circumscribing
bodywork of the vehicle according to Regulation No. 26.

6.1.3.2.1. Description of the test rig

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6.1.3.2.1.1. The test rig consists of a pendulum capable of swinging about two horizontal axes
at right angles to each other, one of which is perpendicular to the plane containing
the "release" trajectory of the pendulum.

The end of the pendulum comprises a hammer formed by a rigid sphere with a
diameter of 165 ± 1 mm having a 5 mm thick rubber covering of
Shore A hardness 50.

A device is provided which permits determination of the maximum angle assumed

by the arm in the plane of release.

A support firmly fixed to the structure of the pendulum serves to hold the
specimens in compliance with the impact requirements specified in
paragraph 6.1.3.2.2.6.
Figure 1 below gives the dimensions (in mm) of the test rig and the special design
specifications:
200
350

1.300

1.000

600
950

500
750

1.200 800

Figure 1
6.1.3.2.1.2. The centre of percussion of the pendulum coincides with the centre of the sphere,
which forms the hammer. It is at a distance l from the axis of oscillation in the
release plane, which is equal to 1 m ± 5 mm. The reduced mass of the pendulum is
mo = 6.8 ± 0.05 kilograms. The relationship of mo to the total mass m of the
pendulum and to the distance d between the centre of gravity of the pendulum and
its axis of rotation is expressed in the equation:
d
mo = m ×
l
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6.1.3.2.2. Description of the test

6.1.3.2.2.1.1. The procedure used to clamp the mirror to the support shall be that recommended
by the manufacturer of the device or, where appropriate, by the vehicle
manufacturer.

6.1.3.2.2.2. Positioning of the mirror for the test:

6.1.3.2.2.2.1. Mirrors shall be positioned on the pendulum impact rig in such a way that the axes
which are horizontal and vertical when the mirror is installed on a vehicle in
accordance with the applicant's mounting instructions are in a similar position;

6.1.3.2.2.2.2. When a mirror is adjustable with respect to the base, the test position shall be that
in which any pivoting device is least likely to operate, within the limits of
adjustment provided by the applicant;

6.1.3.2.2.2.3. When the mirror has a device for adjusting its distance from the base, the device
must be set in the position in which the distance between the housing and the base
is shortest;

6.1.3.2.2.2.4. When the reflecting surface is mobile in the housing, it shall be so adjusted that the
upper corner, which is furthest from the vehicle, is in the position of greatest
projection relative to the housing.

6.1.3.2.2.3. Except in the case of test 2 for interior mirrors (see paragraph 6.1.3.2.2.6.1.), when
the pendulum is in a vertical position the horizontal and longitudinal vertical planes
passing through the centre of the hammer shall pass through the centre of the
reflecting surface as defined in paragraph 2.1.1.10. The longitudinal direction of
oscillation of the pendulum shall be parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the
vehicle.

6.1.3.2.2.4. When, under the conditions governing adjustment laid down in

paragraphs 6.1.3.2.2.1. and 6.1.3.2.2.2. parts of the mirror limit the return of the
hammer, the point of impact must be displaced in a direction perpendicular to the
axis of rotation or pivoting in question.

The displacement must be no greater than is strictly necessary for the execution of
the test; it must be limited in such a way that:

- either the sphere delimiting the hammer remains at least tangential to the
cylinder as defined in paragraph 6.1.1.5.;

- or the point of contact with the hammer is located at least 10 mm from the
periphery of the reflecting surface.
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6.1.3.2.2.5. The test consists in allowing the hammer to fall from a height corresponding to a
pendulum angle of 60° from the vertical so that the hammer strikes the mirror at the
moment when the pendulum reaches the vertical position.

6.1.3.2.2.6. The mirrors are subjected to impact under the following different conditions:

6.1.3.2.2.6.1. Interior mirrors

- Test 1: The points of impact shall be as defined in paragraph 6.1.3.2.2.3.

The impact must be such that the hammer strikes the mirror on the reflecting
surface side.

- Test 2: Point of impact on the edge of the protective housing, such that the
impact produced makes an angle of 45° with the plane of the reflecting
surface and is situated in the horizontal plane passing through the centre of
that surface. The impact must occur on the reflecting surface side.

6.1.3.2.2.6.2. Exterior mirrors

- Test 1: The point of impact shall be as defined in paragraph 6.1.3.2.2.3. or

6.1.3.2.2.4. The impact must be such that the hammer strikes the mirror on
the reflecting surface side.

- Test 2: The point of impact shall be as defined in paragraph 6.1.3.2.2.3. or

6.1.3.2.2.4. The impact must be such that the hammer strikes the mirror on
the side opposite to the reflecting surface.

Where Class II or III rear-view mirrors are fixed to the same mounting as Class IV
rear-view mirrors, the above-mentioned tests shall be executed on the lower mirror.
Nevertheless, the technical service responsible for testing may repeat one or both of
these tests on the upper mirror if this is less than 2 m from the ground.

6.1.3.3. Results of the tests

6.1.3.3.1. In the tests described in paragraph 6.1.3.2., the pendulum must continue to swing
after impact in such a way that the projection of the position assumed by the arm
on the plane of release makes an angle of at least 20° with the vertical. The
accuracy of measurement of the angle shall be within ± 1°.

6.1.3.3.1.1. This requirement is not applicable to mirrors stuck to the windscreen, in respect of
which the requirement stipulated in paragraph 6.1.3.3.2. shall apply after the test.

6.1.3.3.1.2. The required angle to the vertical is reduced from 20° to 10° for all Class II and
Class IV rear-view mirrors and for Class III rear-view mirrors which are attached
to the same mounting as Class IV mirrors.
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6.1.3.3.2. Should the mounting of the mirror break during the tests described in
paragraph 6.1.3.2. for mirrors stuck to the windscreen, the part remaining must not
project beyond the base by more than 10 mm and the configuration remaining after
the test must satisfy the conditions laid down in paragraph 6.1.1.3.

6.1.3.3.3. The reflecting surface must not break during the tests described in
paragraph 6.1.3.2. However, breakage of the reflecting surface will be allowed if
one of the following conditions is fulfilled:

6.1.3.3.3.1. the fragments of glass still adhere to the back of the housing or to a surface firmly
attached to the housing; partial separation of the glass from its backing is
admissible provided that this does not exceed 2.5 mm on either side of the cracks.
It is permissible for small splinters to become detached from the surface of the
glass at the point of impact;

6.1.3.3.3.2. the reflecting surface is made of safety glass.

6.2. DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION OTHER THAN MIRRORS

6.2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

6.2.1.1. If adjustment by the user is needed, the device for indirect vision shall be
adjustable without the use of tools.

6.2.1.2. If a device for indirect vision can only render the total prescribed field of vision by
scanning the field of vision, the total process of scanning, rendering and reset to its
initial position together shall not take more than 2 seconds.

6.2.2. CAMERA-MONITOR DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION

6.2.2.1. General requirements

6.2.2.1.1. When the camera-monitor device for indirect vision is mounted on a plane surface,
all parts, irrespective of the adjustment position of the device which are in
potential, static contact with a sphere either 165 mm in diameter in the case of a
monitor or 100 mm in diameter in the case of a camera, must have a radius of
curvature "c" of not less than 2.5 mm.

6.2.2.1.2. Edges of fixing holes or recesses of which the diameter or longest diagonal is less
than 12 mm are exempt from the radius requirements of paragraph 6.2.2.1.1.
provided that they are blunted.

6.2.2.1.3. For parts of the camera and the monitor which are made of a material with a
Shore A hardness of less than 60 and which are mounted on a rigid support, the
requirements of paragraph 6.2.2.1.1. shall only apply to the support.
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6.2.2.2. Functional requirements

6.2.2.2.1. The camera should function well under low sunlight conditions. The camera shall
provide a luminance contrast of at least 1:3 under low sun condition in a region
outside the part of the image where the light source is reproduced (condition as
defined in EN 12368: 8.4). The light source shall illuminate the camera
with 40,000 lx. The angle between the normal of the sensor plane and the line
connecting the midpoint of the sensor and the light source shall be 10°.

6.2.2.2.2. The monitor shall render a minimum contrast under various light conditions as
specified by international standard ISO 15008:2003.

6.2.2.2.3. It shall be possible to adjust the average luminance of the monitor either manually
or automatically to the ambient conditions.

6.2.2.2.4. The measurements for the luminance contrast shall be carried out according to
ISO 15008:2003.

6.2.3. OTHER DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION

It has to be proved that the device meets the following requirements:

6.2.3.1. The device shall perceive the visual spectrum and shall always render this image
without the need for interpretation into the visual spectrum.

6.2.3.2. The functionality shall be guaranteed under the circumstances of use in which the
system shall be put into service. Depending on the technology used in obtaining
images and presenting them paragraph 6.2.2.2. shall be entirely or partly
applicable. In other cases this can be achieved by establishing and demonstrating
by means of system sensitivity analogous to paragraph 6.2.2.2. that a function is
ensured that is comparable to or better than what is required for and by
demonstrating that a functionality is guaranteed that is equivalent or better than that
required for mirror- or camera-monitor type devices for indirect vision.

7. MODIFICATION OF THE TYPE OF DEVICE FOR INDIRECT VISION AND

EXTENSION OF APPROVAL

7.1. Every type modification of the device for indirect vision including its connection to
the bodywork shall be notified to the administrative department which approved
the type of device for indirect vision. The department may then either:

7.1.1. Consider that the modifications made are unlikely to have an appreciable adverse
effect, and that in any case the device for indirect vision still complies with the
requirements; or

7.1.2. Require a further test report from the technical service responsible for conducting
the tests.
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7.2. Confirmation or refusal of approval, specifying the alterations shall be

communicated by the procedure specified in paragraph 5.3. above to the Parties to
the Agreement which apply this Regulation.

7.3. The extension of approval shall be notified to all Parties to the 1958 Agreement
applying this Regulation by the procedure set out in paragraph 5.3. above.

7.4. The competent authority issuing the extension of approval shall assign a series
number to each communication form drawn up for such an extension.

8. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION

8.1. The conformity of production procedure shall comply with those set out in the
Agreement, Appendix 2 (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2).

8.2. Every device for indirect vision approved under this Regulation shall be so
manufactured as to conform to the type approved by meeting the requirements set
out in paragraph 6. above.

9. PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION

9.1. The approval granted in respect of a type of device for indirect vision pursuant to
this Regulation may be withdrawn if the requirement laid down in paragraph 8.1.
above is not complied with or if the type of device for indirect vision did not satisfy
the requirements prescribed in paragraph 8.2. above.

9.2. If a Party to the Agreement which applies this Regulation withdraws an approval it
has previously granted, it shall forthwith so notify the other Contracting Parties
applying this Regulation by means of a copy of the communication form bearing at
the end, in large letters, the signed and dated annotation "APPROVAL
WITHDRAWN".

10. PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED

If the holder of the approval completely ceases to manufacture a type of device for
indirect vision approved in accordance with this Regulation, he shall so inform the
authority which granted the approval. Upon receiving the relevant communication
that authority shall inform thereof the other Parties to the Agreement applying this
Regulation by means of a copy of the approval form bearing at the end, in large
letters, the signed and dated annotation "PRODUCTION DISCONTINUED".
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11. NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TECHNICAL SERVICES RESPONSIBLE FOR

CONDUCTING APPROVAL TESTS, AND OF ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPARTMENTS

The Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation shall communicate to the
United Nations Secretariat the names and addresses of the technical services
responsible for conducting approval tests and of the administrative departments
which grant approval and to which forms certifying approval or refusal or
extension or withdrawal of approval, issued in other countries, are to be sent.

II. INSTALLATION OF DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION

12. DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Regulation:

12.1. "The driver's ocular points" means two points 65 mm apart and 635 mm vertically
above point R of the driver's seat as defined in Annex 8. The straight line joining
these points runs perpendicular to the vertical longitudinal median plane of the
vehicle. The centre of the segment joining the two ocular points is in a vertical
longitudinal plane which must pass through the centre of the driver's designated
seating position, as specified by the vehicle manufacturer.
12.2. "Ambinocular vision" means the total field of vision obtained by the
superimposition of the monocular fields of the right eye and the left eye
(see Figure 2 below).

E
ID
C A
B D
IE
I

OD
E = interior rear-view mirror
OD = driver's eyes
OE = driver's eyes
ID = virtual monocular images OE
IE = virtual monocular images
I = virtual ambinocular image
A = angle of vision of left eye
B = angle of vision of right eye
C = binocular angle of vision
D = ambinocular angle of vision

Figure 2
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12.3. "Type of vehicle as regards indirect vision" means motor vehicles which are
identical in respect of the following basic features:

12.3.1. Type of device for indirect vision;

12.3.2. The bodywork features which reduce the field of vision;

12.3.3. The coordinates of point R;

12.3.4. The prescribed positions, and type-approval markings of compulsory and (if fitted)
optional devices for indirect vision.

12.4. "Vehicles of categories M1, M2, M3, N1, N2 and N3" means those defined in the
Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3), Annex 7
(document TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2).

12.5. "Unladen kerb mass" (MK) (kg) means the mass of the vehicle in running order,
unoccupied and unladen but with the addition of 75 kg for the mass of the driver,
the mass of fuel corresponding to 90 per cent of the capacity of the fuel tank
specified by the manufacturer, and the masses of coolant, lubricant, tools and spare
wheel, if any.

12.6. "Forward control" means a configuration in which more than half of the engine
length is rearward of the foremost point of the windshield base and the steering
wheel hub in the forward quarter of the vehicle length.

13. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL

13.1. The application for approval of a vehicle type with regard to the installation of
devices for indirect vision shall be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by his
duly accredited representative.

13.2. A model of information document is shown in Annex 2.

13.3. A vehicle representative of the vehicle type to be approved shall be submitted to

the technical service responsible for conducting the approval tests.

13.4. The competent authority shall verify the existence of satisfactory arrangements for
ensuring effective checks on conformity of production before type-approval is
granted.

14. APPROVAL

14.1. If the vehicle type submitted for approval in accordance with paragraph 13. above
meets the requirements of paragraph 15. of this Regulation, approval shall be
granted.
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14.2. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved. Its first two digits (at
present 02) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent or
technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval.
The same Contracting Party shall not assign the same number to another vehicle
type.

14.3. Notice of approval or of refusal or of extension or withdrawal of approval of a

vehicle type pursuant to this Regulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the
Agreement which apply this Regulation by means of a form conforming to the
model in Annex 4 to this Regulation.

15. REQUIREMENTS

15.1. GENERAL

15.1.1. (reserved)

15.1.2. Mirrors and other devices for indirect vision must be fitted in such a way that the
mirror or other device does not move so as significantly to change the field of
vision as measured or vibrate to an extent which would cause the driver to
misinterpret the nature of the image perceived.

15.1.3. The conditions laid down in paragraph 15.1.2. must be maintained when the
vehicle is moving at speeds of up to 80 per cent of its maximum design speed, but
not exceeding 150 km/h.

15.1.4. The fields of vision defined below shall be established using ambinocular vision,
the eyes being at the "driver's ocular points" as defined in paragraph 12.1. The
fields of vision shall be determined when the vehicle is unladen in the condition
described in paragraph 12.5. They shall be established through windows which
have a total light transmission factor of at least 70 per cent measured normal to the
surface.

15.2. MIRRORS

15.2.1. Number

15.2.1.1. Minimum number of compulsory mirrors

15.2.1.1.1. The fields of vision prescribed in paragraph 15.2.4. shall be obtained from the
minimum number on mandatory mirrors set out in the following table. Where the
presence of a mirror is not requested on a mandatory base, this means that no other
system for indirect vision can be requested on a mandatory base.
 Interior mirror Exterior mirrors

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Regulation No. 46
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Vehicle
Main mirror (large) Main mirror (small) Close-proximity
category Interior mirror Class I Wide-angle mirror Class IV Front mirror Class VI
Class II Class III mirror Class V
Compulsory Optional Compulsory Optional Optional Optional
Unless a mirror would 1 on the driver's side and 1 1 on the driver's side and / or 1 on the driver's side (must be fitted at least
not provide rearward on the passenger's side 1 on the passenger's side and 1 on the 2 m above the ground)
M1 vision (as defined in Class II mirrors may be passenger's side
paragraph 15.2.4.1.) fitted as an alternative. (both must be fitted at
Optional least 2 m above the
If the mirror does not ground)

) Rev.1/Add.45/Rev.2
provide rearward vision
Optional Compulsory Not permitted Optional Optional Optional
(no requirements for the 1 on the driver's side 1 on the driver's side and / or 1 on the driver's side
field of view) and 1 on the passenger's side and (must be fitted at least
M2 1 on the passenger's 1 on the passenger's 2 m above the ground)
side side (both must be
fitted at least 2 m
above the ground)
Optional Compulsory Not permitted Optional Optional Optional
(no requirementsfor the 1 on the driver's side 1 on the driver's side and / or 1 on the driver's side
field of view) and 1 on the passenger's side and (must be fitted at least
M3 1 on the passenger's 1 on the passenger's 2 m above the ground)
side side

(both must be fitted at

least 2 m above the
ground)
Compulsory Optional Compulsory Optional Optional Optional
Unless a mirror would 1 on the driver's side and 1 on the driver's side and / or 1 on the driver's side
not provide rearward 1 on the passenger's side 1 on the passenger's side and (must be fitted at least
N1 vision Class II mirrors may be 1 on the passenger's 2 m above the ground)
(as defined in fitted as an alternative. side
paragraph 15.2.4.1.) (both must be fitted at
Optional least 2 m above the
If the mirror does not ground)
provide rearward vision
 Interior mirror Exterior mirrors
Vehicle
Main mirror (large) Main mirror (small) Close-proximity
category Interior mirror Class I Wide-angle mirror Class IV Front mirror Class VI
Class II Class III mirror Class V
Optional Compulsory Not permitted Optional Optional Optional
(no requirements for the 1 on the driver's side 1 on the driver's side and 1 on the passenger's 1 front mirror
N2 field of view) and 1 on the 1 on the passenger's side side (must be fitted at least
≤ 7,5 t passenger's side 1 on Driver's side 2 m above the ground)
(both must be fitted at
least 2 m above the
ground)
Optional Compulsory Not permitted Compulsory Compulsory, see Compulsory, see
(no requirementsfor the 1 on the driver's side 1 on the driver's side and paragraph 15.2.2.7. paragraph 15.2.1.1.2
field of view) and 1 on the 1 on the passenger's side and 15.2.4.5.5) 1 on 1. front mirror
N2 passenger's side the passenger's side (must be fitted at least
> 7,5 t Optional 1 on 2 m above the ground)
Driver's side (both
must be fitted at least
2 m above the ground)
N3 Optional Compulsory Not permitted Compulsory Compulsory, see Compulsory, see

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(no requirementsfor the 1 on the driver's side 1 on the driver's side and paragraph 15.2.2.7. paragraph 15.2.1.1.2
field of view) and 1 on the 1 on the passenger's side and 15.2.4.5.5) 1 on 1. front mirror
passenger's side the passenger's side (must be fitted at least
Optional 2 m above the ground)
1 on driver's side (both
must be fitted at least
2 m above the ground)

)
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15.2.1.1.2. In case the described field of vision of a front mirror prescribed in

paragraph 15.2.4.6. can be obtained by another device for indirect vision that is
approved according to paragraph 6.2. and that is installed according to paragraph
15., this device can be used instead of a mirror.

In case a camera/ monitor device is used the monitor must exclusively show the
field of vision prescribed in paragraph 15.2.4.6. while the vehicle is moving
forward with a speed up to 30 km/h.

In case the vehicle is moving with higher speed or moving backwards the monitor
can be used to display the field of vision of other cameras mounted to the vehicle.

15.2.1.1.3. Motor vehicles having less than four wheels fitted with bodywork which partly or
wholly encloses the driver shall be equipped:

either with an interior rear-view mirror of Class I and an exterior rear-view mirror
of Class II or Class III, which shall be fitted to the drivers side of the vehicle,

or with two exterior rear-view mirrors of Class II or Class III, one at each side of
the vehicle.

The provisions of paragraph 15.2.4. below are not applicable to the

above-mentioned vehicles.

15.2.1.2. The provisions of this Regulation do not apply to the surveillance mirrors defined
in paragraph 2.1.1.3. Nevertheless, the exterior surveillance mirrors must be
mounted at least 2 m above the ground when the vehicle is under a load
corresponding to its maximum technical permissible mass.

15.2.2. Position

15.2.2.1. Mirrors must be so placed that the driver, when sitting on the driving seat in a
normal driving position, has a clear view of the road to the rear, side(s) or front of
the vehicle.

15.2.2.2. Exterior mirrors shall be visible through the side windows or through the portion of
the windscreen that is swept by the windscreen wiper. Nevertheless, for design
reasons, this last provision (i.e. the provisions relating the cleaned part of the
windscreen) shall not apply to:

exterior mirrors on the passenger side of vehicles of categories M2 and M3;

Class VI mirrors.

15.2.2.3. In the case of any vehicle, which is in chassis/cab form when the field of vision is
measured, the minimum and maximum body widths shall be stated by the
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manufacturer and, if necessary, simulated by dummy headboards. All vehicles and

mirror configurations taken into consideration during the tests shall be shown on
the type-approval certificate for a vehicle with regard to the installation of mirrors
(see Annex 4).

15.2.2.4. The prescribed exterior mirror on the driver’s side of the vehicle must be so located
that an angle of not more than 55° is formed between the vertical longitudinal
median plane of the vehicle and the vertical plane passing through the centre of the
mirror and through the centre of the straight line 65 mm long which joins the
driver's two ocular points.

15.2.2.5. Mirrors must not project beyond the external bodywork of the vehicle substantially
more than is necessary to comply with the requirements concerning fields of vision
laid down in paragraph 15.2.4.

15.2.2.6. Where the lower edge of an exterior mirror is less than 2 m above the ground when
the vehicle is loaded to its technically permissible maximum laden mass, this
mirror must not project more than 250 mm beyond the overall width of the vehicle
measured without mirrors.

15.2.2.7. Class V and Class VI mirrors shall be mounted on vehicles in such a way that,
regardless of their position after adjustment, no part of these mirrors or their
holders is less than 2 m from the ground when the vehicle is under a load
corresponding to its technically permissible maximum laden mass.

These mirrors shall not, however, be mounted on vehicles the cab height of which
is such as to prevent compliance with this requirement. In this case an other device
for indirect vision is not requested.

15.2.2.8. Subject to the requirements of paragraphs 15.2.2.5., 15.2.2.6. and 15.2.2.7., mirrors
may project beyond the permissible maximum widths of vehicles.

15.2.3. Adjustment

15.2.3.1. The interior mirror must be capable of being adjusted by the driver from his driving
position.

15.2.3.2. The exterior mirror situated on the driver's side must be capable of being adjusted
from inside the vehicle while the door is closed, although the window may be open.
The mirror may, however, be locked in position from the outside.

15.2.3.3. The requirements of paragraph 15.2.3.2. do not apply to exterior mirrors which,
after having been knocked out of alignment, can be returned to their former
position without the need for adjustment.
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15.2.4. Fields of vision

15.2.4.1. Interior rear-view mirror (Class I)

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 20 m wide, flat,
horizontal portion of the road centred on the vertical longitudinal median plane of
the vehicle and extending from 60 m behind the driver’s ocular points (Figure 3) to
the horizon.

Ground level
20 m

Driver’s ocular points

60 m

Figure 3: Field of vision of Class I mirror

15.2.4.2. Main exterior rear-view mirrors Class II

15.2.4.2.1. Exterior rear-view mirror on the driver's side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 5 m wide, flat,
horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by a plane which is parallel to the
median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the
vehicle on the driver's side of the vehicle and extends from 30 m behind the driver's
ocular points to the horizon.

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 1 m, which is
bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing
through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 4 m behind the
vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points (see Figure 4).

15.2.4.2.2. Exterior rear-view mirror on the passenger's side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 5 m wide, flat,
horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded on the passenger's side by a plane
parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane of the vehicle and passing through
the outermost point of the vehicle on the passenger's side and which extends from
30 m behind the driverΝs ocular points to the horizon.
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In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 1 m, which is
bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing
through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 4 m behind the
vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points (see Figure 4).

30m

4m
1m Ground level 5m

1m Ground level
Driver’s ocular
points

Figure 4: Field of vision of Class II mirrors

15.2.4.3. Main exterior rear-view mirrors Class III

15.2.4.3.1. Exterior rear-view mirror on the driver’s side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 4 m wide, flat,
horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median
longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle
on the driver’s side of the vehicle and extends from 20 m behind the driver’s ocular
points to the horizon (see Figure 5).

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 1 m, which is
bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing
through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 4 m behind the
vertical plane passing through the driver’s ocular points.
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15.2.4.3.2. Exterior rear-view mirror on the passenger’s side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 4 m wide flat,
horizontal portion of the road which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median
longitudinal vertical plane passing through the outermost point of the vehicle on
the passenger’s side and which extends from 20 m behind the driver’s ocular points
to the horizon (see Figure 5).

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 1 m, which is
bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing
through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 4 m behind the
vertical plane passing through the driver’s ocular points.

20m

4m
4
Ground level m
1m

Ground level 4
Driver’s ocular m
points

Figure 5: Field of vision of Class III mirrors

15.2.4.4. "Wide-angle" exterior mirror (Class IV)

15.2.4.4.1. "Wide-angle" exterior mirror on the driver’s side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 15 m wide, flat,
horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median
longitudinal vertical plane of the vehicle and passing through the outermost point
of the vehicle on the driver’s side and which extends from at least 10 m to 25 m
behind the driver’s ocular points.

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 4.5 m, which is
bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing
through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 1.5 m behind the
vertical plane passing through the driver’s ocular points (see Figure 6).
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15.2.4.4.2. "Wide-angle" exterior mirror on the passenger’s side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 15 m wide, flat,
horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median
longitudinal vertical plane of the vehicle and passing through the outermost point
of the vehicle on the passenger’s side and which extends from at least 10 m to 25 m
behind the driver’s ocular points.

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 4.5 m, which is
bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing
through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 1.5 m behind the
vertical plane passing through the driver’s ocular points (see Figure 6).

25m

10m

1.5m 15m
Ground level

4.5
m

Driver’s
ocular
points

Ground level

Figure 6: Field of vision of Class IV wide-angle mirrors

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15.2.4.5. "Close-proximity" exterior mirror (Class V)

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see a flat horizontal portion of
the road along the side of the vehicle, bounded by the following vertical planes (see
Figures 7a and 7b):

15.2.4.5.1. The plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane of the vehicle which
passes through the outermost point of the vehicle cab on the passenger’s side;

15.2.4.5.2. in the transverse direction, the parallel plane passing at a distance of 2 m in front of
the plane mentioned in paragraph 15.2.4.5.1.

15.2.4.5.3. to the rear, the plane parallel to the vertical plane passing through the driver’s
ocular points and situated at a distance of 1.75 m behind that plane;

15.2.4.5.4. to the front, the plane parallel to the vertical plane passing through the driver’s
ocular points and situated at a distance of 1 m in front of that plane. If the vertical
transverse plane passing through the leading edge of the vehicle bumper is less than
1 m in front of the vertical plane passing through the driver’s ocular points, the
field of vision shall be limited to that plane.

15.2.4.5.5. In case the field of vision described in Figures 7a and 7b can be perceived through
the combination of the field of vision from a Class IV wide-angle mirror and that of
a Class VI front mirror, the installation of a Class V close proximity mirror is not
compulsory.
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1m 1.75m

Ground level
2m

Driver’s ocular points

1m 1.75m

Ground level
2m

Driver’s ocular points

Figures 7a and 7b: Field of vision of Class V close-proximity mirror

15.2.4.6. Front mirror (Class VI)

15.2.4.6.1. The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a flat horizontal
portion of the road, which is bounded by:

- One traverse vertical plane through the outermost point of the front of the
vehicle-cab,

- one traverse vertical plane 2,000 mm in front of the vehicle,

- one longitudinal vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal vertical median

plane going though the outermost side of the vehicle at the driver’s side
and

- one longitudinal vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal vertical median

plane 2,000 mm outside the outermost side of the vehicle opposite to the
driver’s side.
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The front of this field of vision opposite to the driver’s side may be rounded off
with a radius of 2,000 mm (see Figure 8).

The provisions for front mirrors are compulsory for forward controlled (as defined
in paragraph 12.6.) vehicles of categories N2 > 7.5 t and N3.

If vehicles of these categories with other construction characteristics regarding the

bodywork cannot fulfil the requirements by using a front mirror, a camera/monitor
device shall be used. If either of these options do not provide the adequate field of
vision then any other device for indirect vision shall be used. This device must be
able to detect an object of 50 cm height and with a diameter of 30 cm within the
field defined in Figure 8.

Ground level
R2000 2
m

2m

Driver’s ocular points

Figure 8: Field of vision of Class VI front mirror

15.2.4.6.2. However, if the driver can see, taking into account the obstructions by the
A-pillars, a straight line 300 mm in front of the vehicle at a height of 1,200 mm
above the road surface and which is situated between a longitudinal vertical plane
parallel to the longitudinal vertical median plane going through the outermost side
of the vehicle at the driver’s side and a longitudinal vertical plane parallel to the
longitudinal vertical median plane 900 mm outside the outermost side of the
vehicle opposite to the driver’s side, a front mirror of Class VI is not mandatory.

15.2.4.7. In the case of mirrors consisting of several reflecting surfaces which are either of
different curvature or make an angle with each other, at least one of the reflecting
surfaces must provide the field of vision and have the dimensions
(paragraph 6.1.2.1.2.2.) specified for the class to which they belong.
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15.2.4.8. Obstructions

15.2.4.8.1. Interior rear-view mirror (Class I)

The field of vision may be reduced by the presence of headrest and devices such as,
in particular, sun visors, rear windscreen wipers, heating elements and stop lamp of
category S3 or by components of bodywork such as window columns of rear split
doors, provided that all these devices together do not obscure more than 15 per cent
of the prescribed field of vision when projected onto a vertical plane perpendicular
to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. The degree of obstruction shall be
measured with the headrests adjusted to their lowest possible position and with the
sun visors folded back.

15.2.4.8.2. Exterior mirrors (Classes II, III, IV,V and VI)

In the fields of vision specified above, obstruction due to the bodywork and some
of its components, such as mirrors, door handles, outline marker lights, direction
indicators and rear bumpers, as well as reflective-surface cleaning components,
shall not be taken into account if they are responsible for a total obstruction of less
than 10 per cent of the specified field of vision.

15.2.4.9. Test procedure

The field of vision shall be determined by placing powerful light sources at the
ocular points and examining the light reflected on the vertical monitoring screen.
Other equivalent methods may be used.

15.3. DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION OTHER THAN MIRRORS

15.3.1. A device for indirect vision shall give such performances that a critical object can
be observed within the described field of vision, taking into account the critical
perception.

15.3.2. Obstruction of the driver’s direct view caused by the installation of a device for
indirect vision shall be restricted to a minimum.

15.3.3. For the determination of the detection distance in case of camera-monitor devices
for indirect vision, the procedure of Annex 10 shall be applied.

15.3.4. Installation requirements for the monitor

The viewing direction of the monitor shall roughly be the same direction as the one
for the main mirror.
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15.3.5. Vehicles of category M2 and M3 and complete or completed vehicles of categories

N2 > 7.5 t and N3 having a special bodywork for refuse collection may be
equipped on the rear part of their bodywork with a device for indirect vision other
than a mirror in order to ensure the following field of vision.

15.3.5.1. The field of vision (Figure 9) must be such that the driver can see at least a flat
horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by :

- a vertical plane aligned on the furthest rear point of the complete vehicle and
perpendicular to the longitudinal vertical median plane of the vehicle;

- a vertical plane which is parallel to and positioned 2,000 mm to the rear of

the previous plane (with respect to the rear of the vehicle);

- two longitudinal vertical planes defined at the outermost sides of the vehicle
and which are parallel to the longitudinal vertical median plane of the
vehicle.

15.3.5.2. If vehicles of these categories cannot fulfil the requirements of paragraph 15.3.5 1.
by using a camera/monitor device, other devices for indirect vision can be used. In
this case the device must be able to detect an object of 50 cm height and with a
diameter of 30 cm within the field defined in paragraph 15.3.5.1.

2m
Driver’s ocular points

Figure 9 : Field of vision of rear devices for indirect vision

16. MODIFICATIONS OF THE VEHICLE TYPE AND EXTENSION OF

APPROVAL

16.1. Every modification of the vehicle type shall be notified to the administrative
department which approved the vehicle type. The department may then either:

16.1.1. Consider that the modifications made are unlikely to have an appreciable adverse
effect, and that in any case the vehicle still complies with the requirements; or
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16.1.2. Require a further test report from the technical service responsible for conducting
the tests.

16.2. Confirmation or refusal of approval, specifying the alterations, shall be

communicated to the Parties to the Agreement which apply this Regulation by
means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 4 to this Regulation.

16.3. The competent authority issuing the extension of approval shall assign a series
number to each communication form drawn up for such an extension.

17. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION

17.1 The conformity of production procedure shall comply with those set out in the
Agreement, Appendix 2, (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2).

17.2 Every vehicle approved under this Regulation shall be so manufactured as to

conform to the type approved by meeting the requirements set out in paragraph 15.
above.

18. PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION

18.1. The approval granted in respect of a vehicle type pursuant to this Regulation may
be withdrawn if the requirement laid down in paragraph 17.1. above is not
complied with or if the vehicle fails to pass the checks prescribed in
paragraph 17.2. above.

18.2. If a Party to the Agreement which applies this Regulation withdraws an approval it
has previously granted, it shall forthwith so notify the other Contracting Parties
applying this Regulation by means of a copy of the approval form bearing at the
end, in large letters, the signed and dated annotation "APPROVAL
WITHDRAWN".

19. PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED

If the holder of the approval completely ceases to manufacture a type of vehicle

approved in accordance with this Regulation, he shall so inform the authority
which granted the approval. Upon receiving the relevant communication, that
authority shall inform thereof the other Parties to the Agreement applying this
Regulation by means of a copy of the approval form bearing at the end, in large
letters, the signed and dated annotation "PRODUCTION DISCONTINUED".
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20. NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TECHNICAL SERVICES RESPONSIBLE FOR

CONDUCTING APPROVAL TESTS, AND OF ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPARTMENTS

The Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation shall communicate to the
United Nations Secretariat the names and addresses of the technical services
responsible for conducting approval tests and of the administrative departments
which grant approval and to which forms certifying approval or refusal or
extension or withdrawal of approval, issued in other countries, are to be sent.

21. TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

21.1. As from the official date of entry into force of the 02 series of amendments to this
Regulation, no Contracting Party applying this Regulation shall refuse an
application for approval under this Regulation as amended by the 02 series of
amendments.

21.2. As from 26 January 2006, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall grant
approvals to a type of vehicle with regard to the installation of devices for indirect
vision only if the type of vehicle meets the requirements of this Regulation as
amended by the 02 series of amendments. However, this date shall be postponed
by 12 months as regards the requirements concerning the installation of a
Class VI front mirror.

21.3. As from 26 January 2006, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall grant
approvals to a type of devices for indirect vision only if the type meets the
requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 02 series of amendments.

21.4. As from 26 January 2010 for vehicles of category M1 and N1 and 26 January 2007
for vehicles of other categories, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may
refuse to recognize approvals of a type of vehicle which have not been granted in
accordance with the 02 series of amendments to this Regulation.

21.5. As from 26 January 2010 for vehicles of category M1 and N1 and from
26 January 2007 for vehicles of other categories, Contracting Parties applying this
Regulation may refuse to recognize approvals of a device for indirect vision which
have not been granted in accordance with the 02 series of amendments to this
Regulation.

21.6. Approvals which were granted to rear-view mirrors of Classes I or III pursuant to
this Regulation in its original form (00 series) or modified by the 01 series of
amendments before the date of entry into force of this series of amendments shall
remain valid.
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21.7. The provisions of this Regulation shall not prohibit the approval of a type of
vehicle with regard to the mounting of rear-view mirrors pursuant to this
Regulation as modified by the 02 series of amendments, if all or part of the
rear-view mirrors of Classes I or III, with which it is fitted, bear the approval mark
prescribed by the original version (00 or 01series) of this Regulation.

21.8. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 21.3. and 21.5. above, for the
purpose of replacement parts Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall
continue to grant approvals according to the 01 series of amendments to this
Regulation, to devices for indirect vision for use on vehicle types which have been
approved before the date mentioned in paragraph 21.2. pursuant to the 01 series of
amendments of Regulation No. 46, and, where applicable, subsequent extensions to
these approvals.
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Annex 1

Annex 1

INFORMATION DOCUMENT

FOR TYPE-APPROVAL OF A DEVICE FOR INDIRECT VISION

The following information, if applicable, shall be supplied in triplicate and must include a list of
contents.

Any drawings shall be supplied in appropriate scale and in sufficient detail on size A4 paper or on
a folder of A4 format.

Photographs, if any, shall show sufficient detail.

1. Make (trade name of manufacturer): ..............................................................................

2. Type and general commercial description(s): ................................................................

3. Means of identification of the type, if indicated on the device: ......................................

4. Category of vehicle for which the device is intended: ....................................................

5. Name and address of manufacturer: ...............................................................................

6. Location and method of affixing of the approval mark: .................................................

7. Address(es) of assembly plant(s): ..................................................................................

8. Mirrors (state for each mirror):........................................................................................

8.1. Variant ............................................................................................................................

8.2. Drawing(s) for the identification of the mirror: .............................................................

8.3. Details of the method of attachment: ..............................................................................

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Annex 1

9. Devices for indirect vision other than mirrors:................................................................

9.1. Type and characteristics (such as a complete description of the device): ......................

9.1.1. In the case of camera-monitor device, the detection distance (mm), contrast, luminance
range, glare correction, display performance (black and white/colour) image repetition
frequency, luminance reach of the monitor: ...................................................................

9.2. sufficiently detailed drawings to identify the complete device including installation
instructions; the position for the type-approval mark has to be indicated on the
drawings: ........................................................................................................................
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Annex 2

Annex 2

INFORMATION DOCUMENT

FOR TYPE-APPROVAL OF A VEHICLE WITH RESPECT TO

THE INSTALLATION OF DEVICES FOR INDIRECT VISION

The following information, if applicable, shall be supplied in triplicate and include a list of
contents.

Any drawings shall be supplied in appropriate scale and in sufficient detail on size A4 paper or on
a folder of A4 format.

Photographs, if any, shall show sufficient detail.

GENERAL

1. Make (trade name of manufacturer):...............................................................................

2. Type and general commercial description(s): .................................................................

3. Means of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle (b):........................................

4. Location of that marking: ................................................................................................

5. Category of vehicle (c): ...................................................................................................

6. Name and address of manufacturer: ................................................................................

7. Address(es) of assembly plant(s): ...................................................................................

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLE

8. Photograph(s) and/or drawing(s) of a representative vehicle:.........................................

9. Driving cab (forward control or bonneted) 1/: ................................................................

10. Driving position: left/right 1/ .........................................................................................

10.1. The vehicle is equipped to be driven in right-hand/left hand traffic 1/

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Annex 2

11. Range of vehicle dimensions (overall):...........................................................................

11.1 For chassis without bodywork

11.1.1. Width 2/: .........................................................................................................................

11.1.1.1. Maximum permissible width: .........................................................................................

11.1.1.2. Minimum permissible width: .........................................................................................

11.2. For chassis with bodywork: ............................................................................................

11.2.1. Width 1/ ..........................................................................................................................

12. BODYWORK

12.1. Devices for indirect vision

12.1.1. Mirrors.............................................................................................................................

12.1.1.1. Drawing(s) showing the position of the mirror relative to the vehicle structure: ..........

12.1.1.2. Details of the method of attachment including that part of the vehicle structure to
which it is attached: ……………… ................................................................................

12.1.1.3. Optional equipment which may affect the rearward field of vision: ..............................

12.1.1.4 A brief description of the electronic components (if any) of the adjustment
device: .............................................................................................................................

12.1.2. Devices for indirect vision other than mirrors: ...............................................................

12.1.2.1. Sufficiently detailed drawings with the installation instructions: ...................................

_____________
1/ delete where not applicable

2/ "Overall width" of a vehicle means a dimension which is measured according to ISO

standard 612-1978, term No. 6.2. In case of vehicles of category other than M1, in
addition to the provisions of that standard, when measuring the vehicle width the
following devices must not be taken into account:
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Annex 2

- customs sealing devices and their protection,

- devices for securing the tarpaulin and their protection,
- tyre failure tell-tale devices,
- protruding flexible parts of a spray-suppression system,
- lighting equipment,
- for buses, access ramps in running order, lifting platforms and similar equipment in
running order provided that they do not exceed 10 mm from the side of the vehicle
and the corners of the ramps facing forwards or rearwards are rounded to a radius
of not less than 5 mm; the edges must be rounded to a radius of not less than
2.5 mm,
- devices for indirect vision,
- tyre-pressure indicators,
- retractable steps,
- the deflected part of the tyre walls immediately above the point of contact with the
ground.
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Annex 3

Annex 3

COMMUNICATION

(Maximum format: A4 (210 x 297 mm))

issued by : Name of administration:

......................................
......................................
......................................

concerning: 2/ APPROVAL GRANTED

APPROVAL EXTENDED
APPROVAL REFUSED
APPROVAL WITHDRAWN
PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED

of a type of device for indirect vision to Regulation No. 46

Approval No. ..... Extension No. .....

1. Trade name or mark of device: .......................................................................................

2. Manufacturer’s name for the type of device: ..................................................................

3. Manufacturer’s name and address:..................................................................................

4. If applicable, name and address of Manufacturer's representative:.................................

5. Submitted for approval on:..............................................................................................

6. Technical service responsible for conducting approval tests: .........................................

7. Date of report issued by that service ...............................................................................

8. Number of report issued by that service..........................................................................

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Annex 3

9. Brief description .............................................................................................................

Identification of the device: mirror, camera/monitor, other device 2/

Device for indirect vision of Class I, II, III, IV, V, VI, S 2/

∆
Symbol 2m as defined in paragraph 6.1.3.1.1. of this Regulation: yes/no 2/

10. Position of the approval mark: ........................................................................................

11. Reason(s) for extension (if applicable): ..........................................................................

12. Approval granted/refused/extended/withdrawn: 2/

13. Place: ...............................................................................................................................

14. Date: ................................................................................................................................

15. Signature:.........................................................................................................................

16. The list of documents deposited with the Administrative Service which has granted
approval is annexed to this communication and may be obtained on request.

______________

1/ Distinguishing number of the country which has granted/extended/refused/withdrawn

approval (see approval provisions in the Regulations).

2/ Strike out what does not apply.

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Annex 4

Annex 4

COMMUNICATION

(Maximum format: A4 (210 x 297 mm))

issued by : Name of administration:

......................................
......................................
......................................

concerning: 2/ APPROVAL GRANTED

APPROVAL EXTENDED
APPROVAL REFUSED
APPROVAL WITHDRAWN
PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED

of a type of vehicle with regard to the mounting of devices for indirect vision pursuant to
Regulation No. 46

Approval number:…………. Extension No.: ……………

1. Make (trade name of manufacturer): ..................................................................................

2. Type and general commercial description(s) ......................................................................

3. Means of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle: .................................................

3.1. Location of that marking:....................................................................................................

4. Category of vehicle: (M1, M2, M3, N1, N2 ≤ 7.5t, N2 > 7.5t, N3) 2/

5. Name and address of manufacturer:....................................................................................

6. Address(es) of the production plant(s) ................................................................................

7. Additional information: (where applicable): See appendix

8. Technical service responsible for carrying out the tests: ....................................................

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Annex 4

9. Date of test report:...............................................................................................................

10. Number of test report: .........................................................................................................

11. Remarks: (if any): See appendix

12. Place: ...................................................................................................................................

13. Date: ...................................................................................................................................

14 Signature: ............................................................................................................................

15. The index to the information package lodged with the approval authority, which may be
obtained on request is attached.

Appendix to type-approval communication form No. ……concerning the type-approval of a

vehicle with regard to the mounting of devices for indirect vision under Regulation No. 46

1. Trade name or mark of mirrors and supplementary devices for indirect vision and
component type-approval number: …………………………………………………

2. Class(es) of mirrors and devices for indirect vision (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, S) 2/)

3. Extension of type approval of the vehicle to cover the following device for indirect
vision
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Data for identification of the R point of the driver’s seating position:

………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Maximum and minimum bodywork width in respect of which the mirror and the
devices for indirect vision has been granted type-approval (in the case of
chassis/cab referred to in paragraph 15.2.2.3.)
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Annex 4

6. The following documents, bearing the type-approval number shown above, are
annexed to this certificate:

- drawings showing the mounting of the devices for indirect vision

- drawings and plans showing the mounting position and characteristics of
the part of the structure where the devices for indirect vision are mounted.

7. Remarks: (e.g. valid for right hand/left hand traffic 2/ )

_____________
1/ Distinguishing number of the country which has granted/extended/refused/withdrawn
approval (see approval provisions in the Regulations).

2/ Strike out what does not apply.

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Annex 5

Annex 5

ARRANGEMENT OF APPROVAL MARK OF A DEVICE FOR INDIRECT VISION

(See paragraph 5.4. of the Regulation)

a=12 mm min.

II
a

E4 a

3
a

022439 a
3

The above approval mark affixed to a device for indirect vision indicates that the mirror is a
rear-view mirror, of Class II, which has been approved in the Netherlands (E 4) pursuant to
Regulation No. 46 and under approval number 022439. The first two digits of the approval
number indicate that Regulation No. 46 already included the 02 series of amendments when the
approval was granted.

______________

Note: The approval number and the additional symbol must be placed close to the circle and
either above or below the "E" or to the left or right of that letter. The digits of the approval
number must be on the same side of the "E" and point in the same direction. The
additional symbol must be directly opposite the approval number. The use of Roman
numerals as approval numbers should be avoided so as to prevent any confusion with other
symbols.
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Annex 6

Annex 6

TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING REFLECTIVITY

1. DEFINITIONS
1.1. CIE standard illuminate A 1/: Colorimetric illuminate, respecting the full radiator
at T68 = 2 855.6 K.
1.1.2. CIE standard source A 1/: Gas-filled tungsten filament lamp operating at a correlated
colour temperature of T68 = 2,855.6 K.
1.1.3. CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer 1/: Receptor of radiation whose colorimetric
characteristics correspond to the spectral tristimulus values x ( λ ), γ (λ ), z ( λ )
(see table).
1.1.4. CIE spectral tristimulus values 1/: Tristimulus values of the spectral components of an
equi energy spectrum in the CIE (XYZ) system.
1.1.5. Photopic vision 1/: Vision by the normal eye when it is adapted to levels of luminance
of at least several cd/m2.

2. APPARATUS
2.1. General
The apparatus shall consist of a light source, a holder for the test sample, a receiver
unit with a photodetector and an indicating meter (see Figure 1), and means of
eliminating the effects of extraneous light.
The receiver may incorporate a light-integrating sphere to facilitate measuring the
reflectance of non-flat (convex) mirrors (see Figure 2).
2.2. Spectral characteristics of light source and receiver
The light source shall consist of a CIE standard source A and associated optics to
provide a near-collimated light beam. A voltage stabiliser is recommended in order to
maintain a fixed lamp voltage during instrument operation.
The receiver shall have a photodetector with a spectral response proportional to the
photopic luminosity function of the CIE (1931) standard colorimetric observer
(see table). Any other combination of illuminate-filter-receptor giving the overall
equivalent of CIE standard illuminate A and photopic vision may be used. When an
integrating sphere is used in the receiver, the interior surface of the sphere shall be
coated with a matt (diffusive) spectrally non-selective white coating.
______________
1/ Definitions taken from CIE publication 50 (45), International Electronical Vocabulary,
Group 45, Lighting
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Annex 6

2.3. Geometrical conditions

The angle of the incident beam ( θ ) should preferably be 0.44 ± 0.09 rad (25 ± 5°) from
the perpendicular to the test surface and shall not exceed the upper limit of the
tolerance (i.e. 0.53 rad or 30°). The axis of the receptor shall make an angle ( θ ) with
this perpendicular equal to that of the incident beam (see Figure 1). The incident beam
upon arrival at the test surface shall have a diameter of not less than 13 mm (0.5 in.).
The reflected beam shall not be wider than the sensitive area of the photodetector, shall
not cover less than 50 per cent of such area, and as nearly as possible shall cover the
same area segment as used during instrument calibration.

When an integrating sphere is used in the receiver section, the sphere shall have a
minimum diameter of 127 mm (5 in.). The sample and incident beam apertures in the
sphere wall shall be of such a size as to admit the entire incident and reflected light
beams. The photodetector shall be so located as not to receive direct light from either
the incident or the reflected beam.

2.4. Electrical characteristics of the photodetector-indicator unit

The photodetector output as read on the indicating meter shall be a linear function of
the light intensity of the photosensitive area. Means (electrical and/or optical) shall be
provided to facilitate zeroing and calibration adjustments. Such means shall not affect
the linearity or the spectral characteristics of the instrument. The accuracy of the
receptor indicator unit shall be within ± 2 per cent of full scale, or ± 10 per cent of the
magnitude of the reading, whichever is the smaller.

2.5. Sample holder

The mechanism shall be capable of locating the test sample so that the axes of the
source arm and receptor intersect at the reflecting surface. The reflecting surface may
lie within or at either face of the mirror sample, depending on whether it is a first
surface, second surface or prismatic "flip" type mirror.

3. PROCEDURE

3.1. Direct calibration method

In the direct calibration method, air is used as the reference standard. This method is
applicable for those instruments, which are so constructed as to permit calibration at
the 100 per cent point by swinging the receiver to a position directly on the axis of the
light source (see Figure 1).

It may be desired in some cases (such as when measuring low-reflectivity surfaces) to

use an intermediate calibration point (between 0 and 100 per cent on the scale) with
this method. In these cases, a neutral density filter of known transmittance shall be
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Annex 6

inserted in the optical path, and the calibration control shall then be adjusted until the
meter reads the percentage transmission of the neutral density filter. This filter shall
be removed before reflectivity measurements are performed.

3.2. Indirect calibration method

The indirect calibration method is applicable in the case of instruments with fixed
source and receiver geometry. A properly calibrated and maintained reflectance
standard is required. This reference standard should preferably be a flat mirror with a
reflectance value as near as possible to that of the test samples.

3.3. Flat mirror measurement

The reflectance of flat mirror samples can be measured on instruments employing

either the direct or the indirect calibration method. The reflectance value is read
directly from the indicating meter.

3.4. Non-flat (convex) mirror measurement

Measurement of the reflectance of non-flat (convex) mirrors requires the use of

instruments which incorporate an integrating sphere in the receiver unit (see Figure 2).
If the instrument-indicating meter indicates ne divisions with a standard mirror of E per
cent reflectance, then, with a mirror of unknown reflectance, nx divisions will
correspond to a reflectance of X per cent, in accordance with the formula:

nx
X=E
ne
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Annex 6

Meter with adjustments

50

0 10
0 Reflectance %

Calibration
zero adjustment Calibration
Zero adjustment
adjustment

sample holder

Θii

Light source and

collimating optics Θr Receptor arm in position for
“direct” calibration

Photorecepter in position for

measurement and “indirect”
calibration

Figure 1: Generalised reflectometer showing experimental set-ups for the two calibration methods

Light source and

collimating
optics

Meter with
50

0 10
0 Reflectance %

Zero adjustment Calibration

adjustment
Θi

Photo detector

Sample holder

Figure 2: Generalised reflectometer, incorporating an integrating sphere in the receiver

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Annex 6

SPECTRAL TRISTIMULUS VALUES FOR THE CIE 1931 STANDARD COLORMETRIC

OBSERVER 2/
This table is taken from CIE publication 50 (45) (1970)

λ x (λ) y (λ) z (λ)

nm

380 0.001 4 0.000 0 0.006 5

390 0.004 2 0.000 1 0.020 1
400 0.014 3 0.000 4 0.067 9
410 0.043 5 0.001 2 0.207 4
420 0.134 4 0.004 0 0.645 6
430 0.283 9 0.011 6 1.385 6
440 0.348 3 0.023 0 1.747 1
450 0.336 2 0.038 0 1.772 1
460 0.290 8 0,060 0 1.669 2
470 0.195 4 0.091 0 1.287 6
480 0.095 6 0.139 0 0.813 0
490 0.032 0 0.208 0 0.465 2
500 0.004 9 0.323 0 0.272 0
510 0.009 3 0.503 0 0.158 2
520 0.063 3 0.710 0 0.078 2
530 0.165 5 0.862 0 0.042 2
540 0.290 4 0.954 0 0.020 3
550 0.433 4 0.995 0 0.008 7
560 0.594 5 0.995 0 0.003 9
570 0.762 1 0.952 0 0.002 1
580 0,916 3 0.870 0 0.001 7
590 1.026 3 0.757 0 0.001 1
600 1.062 2 0.631 0 0.000 8
610 1.002 6 0.503 0 0.000 3
620 0.854,4 0.381 0 0.000 2
630 0.642 4 0.265 0 0.000 0
640 0.447 9 0.175 0 0.000 0
650 0.283 5 0,107 0 0.000 0
660 0.164 9 0.061 0 0.000 0
670 0.087 4 0,032 0 0.000 0
680 0.046 8 0.017 0 0.000 0
690 0.22 7 0,008 2 0.000 0
700 0.011 4 0.004 1 0.000 0
710 0.005 8 0.002 1 0.000 0
720 0.02 9 0.001 0 0.000 0
730 0.001 4 0.000 5 0.000 0
740 0.000 7 0.000 2 (*) 0.000 0
750 0.000 3 0.000 1 0.000 0
760 0.000 2 0.000 1 0.000 0
770 0.000 1 0.000 0 0.000 0
780 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 0
(*) Changed in 1966 (from 3 to 2)

_____________
2/ Abridged table. The values of y (λ ) = V ( λ ) are rounded off to four decimal places.
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Annex 6

EXPLANATORY FIGURE

Example of device for measuring the reflection factor of spherical mirrors

C = Receiver

D = Diaphragm

E = Window of entry

F = Window of measurement

L = Lens

M = Object window

S = Light source

(S) = Integrating sphere

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Annex 7

Annex 7

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE "r" OF THE

REFLECTING SURFACE OF A MIRROR

1. MEASUREMENT
1.1. Equipment
A "spherometer" similar to the one described in Figure 1 of this annex having the
indicated distances between the tracing pin of the dial gauge and the fixed legs of
the bar is used.
1.2. Measuring points
1.2.1. The principal radii of curvature shall be measured at three points situated as close
as possible to positions at one-third, one-half and two-thirds of the distance along
the arc of the reflecting surface passing through the centre of this surface and
parallel to segment b, or of the arc passing through the centre of the reflecting
surface which is perpendicular to it if this arc is the longer.
1.2.2. Where, owing to the size of the reflecting surface, it is impossible to obtain
measurements in the directions defined in paragraph 2.1.1.5. of this Regulation, the
technical services responsible for the tests may take measurements at the said point
in two perpendicular directions as close as possible to those prescribed above.

2. CALCULATION OF THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE "r"

"r" expressed in mm is calculated from the formula:

rp 1 + rp 2 + rp 3
r=
3

where:
rp1 = the radius of curvature at the first measuring point,
rp2 = the radius of curvature at the second measuring point,
rp3 = the radius of curvature at the third measuring point.
 18
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Regulation No. 46
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6 comparator

80

)
5 10 18

14

1.000 = 31,62 ± 0,05 1.000 = 31,62 ± 0,05

ø 4,5 pitch F 90-4 mobile point

ø8H8 32
50

100

Figure 1: spherometer
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Annex 8

Annex 8

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE "H" POINT AND THE ACTUAL TORSO ANGLE
FOR SEATING POSITIONS IN MOTOR VEHICLES

1. PURPOSE

The procedure described in this annex is used to establish the "H" point location and
the actual torso angle for one or several seating positions in a motor vehicle and to
verify the relationship of measured data to design specifications given by the vehicle
manufacturer. 1/

2. DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this annex:

2.1. "Reference data" means one or several of the following characteristics of a seating
position:

2.1.1. the "H" point and the "R" point and their relationship;

2.1.2. the actual torso angle and the design torso angle and their relationship.

2.2. "Three-dimensional 'H' point machine" (3-D H machine) means the device used for
the determination of "H" points and actual torso angles. This device is described in
Appendix 1 to this annex.

2.3. "'H' point" means the pivot centre of the torso and thigh of the 3-D H machine
installed in the vehicle seat in accordance with paragraph 4. below. The "H" point is
located in the centre of the centreline of the device which is between the "H" point
sight buttons on either side of the 3-D H machine. The "H" point corresponds
theoretically to the "R" point (for tolerances see paragraph 3.2.2. below). Once
determined in accordance with the procedure described in paragraph 4., the "H" point
is considered fixed in relation to the seat-cushion structure and to move with it when
the seat is adjusted.

2.4.1.1. "'R' point" or "seating reference point" means a design point defined by a vehicle
manufacturer for each seating position and established with respect to the
three-dimensional reference system;

1/ In any seating position other than front seats where the "H" point cannot be determined
using the "Three-dimensional 'H' point machine" or procedures, the "R" point indicated by the
manufacturer may be taken as a reference at the discretion of the competent authority.
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2.5. "Torso-line" means the centreline of the probe of the 3-D H machine with the probe in
the fully rearward position.

2.6. "Actual torso angle" means the angle measured between a vertical line through the
"H" point and the torso line using the back angle quadrant on the 3-D H machine. The
actual torso angle corresponds theoretically to the design torso angle (for tolerances
see paragraph 3.2.2. below).

2.7. "Design torso angle" means the angle measures between a vertical line through the
"R" point and the torso line in a position which corresponds to the design position of
the seat-back established by the vehicle manufacturer.

2.8. "Centreplane of occupant" (C/LO) means the median plane of the 3-D H machine
positioned in each designated seating position; it is represented by the co-ordinate of
the "H" point on the "Y" axis. For individual seats, the centreplane of the seat
coincides with the centreplane of the occupant. For other seats, the centreplane of the
occupant is specified by the manufacturer;

2.9. "Three-dimensional reference system" means a system as described in Appendix 2 to

this annex;

2.10. "Fiducial marks" are physical points (holes, surfaces, marks or indentations) on the
vehicle body as defined by the manufacturer;

2.11. "Vehicle measuring attitude" means the position of the vehicle as defined by the
co-ordinates of fiducial marks in the three-dimensional reference system.

3. REQUIREMENTS

3.1. Data presentation

For each seating position where reference data are required in order to demonstrate
compliance with the provisions of the present Regulation, all or an appropriate
selection of the following data shall be presented in the form indicated in Appendix 3
to this annex:

3.1.1. the co-ordinates of the "R" point relative to the three-dimensional reference system;

3.1.2. the design torso angle;

3.1.3. all indications necessary to adjust the seat (if it is adjustable) to the measuring position
set out in paragraph 4.3. below.
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3.2. Relationship between measured data and design specifications

3.2.1. The co-ordinates of the "H" point and the value of the actual torso angle obtained by
the procedure set out in paragraph 4. below shall be compared, respectively, with the
co-ordinates of the "R" point and the value of the design torso angle indicated by the
vehicle manufacturer.

3.2.2. The relative positions of the "R" point and the "H" point and the relationship between
the design torso angle and the actual torso angle shall be considered satisfactory for
the seating position in question if the "H" point, as defined by its co-ordinates, lies
within a square of 50 mm side length with horizontal and vertical sides whose
diagonals intersect at the "R" point, and if the actual torso angle is within 5 degree of
the design of the torso angle.

3.2.3. If these conditions are met, the "R" point and the design torso angle, shall be used to
demonstrate compliance with the provisions of this Regulation.

3.2.4. If the "H" point or the actual torso angle does not satisfy the requirements of
paragraph 3.2.2. above, the "H" point and the actual torso angle shall be determined
twice more (three times in all). If the results of two of these three operations satisfy
the requirements, the conditions of paragraph 3.2.3. above shall apply.

3.2.5. If the results of at least two of the three operations described in paragraph 3.2.4. above
do not satisfy the requirements of paragraph 3.2.2. above, or if the verification cannot
take place because the vehicle manufacturer has failed to supply information
regarding the position of the "R" point or regarding the design torso angle, the
centroid of the three measured points or the average of the three measured angles shall
be used and be regarded as applicable in all cases where the "R" point or the design
torso angle is referred to in this Regulation.

4. PROCEDURE FOR "H" POINT AND ACTUAL TORSO ANGLE

DETERMINATION

4.1. The vehicle shall be preconditioned at the manufacturer's discretion, at a temperature

of 20 + 10°C to ensure that the seat material reaches the room temperature. If the seat
to be checked has never been sat upon, a 70 to 80 kg person or device shall sit on the
seat twice for one minute to flex the cushion and back. At the manufacturer's request,
all seat assemblies shall remain unloaded for a minimum period of 30 min prior to
installation of the 3-D H machine.

4.2. The vehicle shall be at the measuring attitude defined in paragraph 2.11. above.

4.3. The seat, if it is adjustable, shall be adjusted first to the rearmost normal driving or
riding position, as indicated by the vehicle manufacturer, taking into consideration
only the longitudinal adjustment of the seat, excluding seat travel used for purposes
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Annex 8

other than normal driving or riding positions. Where other modes of seat adjustment
exist (vertical, angular, seat-back, etc.) these will be then adjusted to the position
specified by the vehicle manufacturer. For suspension seats, the vertical position shall
be rigidly fixed corresponding to a normal driving position as specified by the
manufacturer.

4.4. The area of the seating position contacted by the 3-D H machine shall be covered by a
muslin cotton, of sufficient size and appropriate texture, described as a plain cotton
fabric having 18.9 threads per/cm2 and weighing 0.228 kg/m2 or knitted or non-woven
fabric having equivalent characteristics.

If test is run on a seat outside the vehicle, the floor on which the seat is placed shall
have the same essential characteristics 2/ as the floor of the vehicle in which the seat is
intended to be used.

4.5. Place the seat and back assembly of the 3-D H machine so that the centreplane of the
occupant (C/LO) coincides with the centreplane of the 3-D H machine. At the
manufacturer's request, the 3-D H machine may be moved inboard with respect to the
C/LO if the 3-D H machine is located so far outboard that the seat edge will not
permit levelling of the 3-D H machine.

4.6. Attach the foot and lower leg assemblies to the seat pan assembly, either individually
or by using the T-bar and lower leg assembly. A line through the "H" point sight
buttons shall be parallel to the ground and perpendicular to the longitudinal
centreplane of the seat.

4.7. Adjust the feet and leg positions of the 3-D H machine as follows:

4.7.1. Designated seating position: driver and outside front passenger

4.7.1.1. Both feet and leg assemblies shall be moved forward in such a way that the feet take
up natural positions on the floor, between the operating pedals if necessary. Where
possible the left foot shall be located approximately the same distance to the left of the
centreplane of the 3-D H machine as the right foot is to the right. The spirit level
verifying the transverse orientation of the 3-D H machine is brought to the horizontal
by readjustment of the seat pan if necessary, or by adjusting the leg and foot
assemblies towards the rear. The line passing through the "H" point sight buttons
shall be maintained perpendicular to the longitudinal centreplane of the seat.

4.7.1.2. If the left leg cannot be kept parallel to the right leg and the left foot cannot be
supported by the structure, move the left foot until it is supported. The alignment of
the sight buttons shall be maintained.

2/ Tilt angle, height difference with a seat mounting, surface texture, etc.
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Annex 8

4.7.2. Designated seating position: outboard rear

For rear seats or auxiliary seats, the legs are located as specified by the manufacturer.
If the feet then rest on parts of the floor which are at different levels, the foot which
first comes into contact with the front seat shall serve as a reference and the other foot
shall be so arranged that the spirit level giving the transverse orientation of the seat of
the device indicates the horizontal.

4.7.3. Other designated seating positions:

The general procedure indicated in paragraph 4.7.1. above shall be followed except
that the feet shall be placed as specified by the vehicle manufacturer.

4.8. Apply lower leg and thigh weights and level the 3-D H machine.

4.9. Tilt the back pan forward against the forward stop and draw the 3-D H machine away
from the seat-back using the T-bar. Reposition the 3-D H machine on the seat by one
of the following methods:

4.9.1. If the 3-D H machine tends to slide rearward, use the following procedure. Allow the
3-D H machine to slide rearward until a forward horizontal restraining load on the
T-bar is no longer required, i.e. until the seat pan contacts the seat-back. If necessary,
reposition the lower leg;

4.9.2. If the 3-D H machine does not tend to slide rearward, use the following procedure.
Slide the 3-D H machine rearwards by applying a horizontal rearward load to the
T-bar until the seat pan contacts the seat-back (see figure 2 of Appendix 1 to this
annex).

4.10. Apply a 100 + 10 N load to the back and pan assembly of the 3-D H machine at the
intersection of the hip angle quadrant and the T-bar housing. The direction of load
application shall be maintained along a line passing by the above intersection to a
point just above the thigh bar housing (see figure 2 of Appendix 1 to this Annex).
Then carefully return the back pan to the seat-back. Care must be exercised
throughout the remainder of the procedure to prevent the 3-D H machine from sliding
forward.

4.11. Install the right and left buttock weights and then, alternately, the eight torso weights.
Maintain the 3-D H machine level.

4.12. Tilt the back pan forward to release the tension on the seat-back. Rock the 3-D H
machine from side to side through 10° arc (5° to each side of the vertical centreplane)
for three complete cycles to release any accumulated friction between the 3-D H
machine and the seat.
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Annex 8

During the rocking action, the T-bar of the 3-D H machine may tend to diverge from
the specified horizontal and vertical alignment. The T-bar must therefore be
restrained by applying an appropriate lateral load during the rocking motions. Care
shall be exercised in holding the T-bar and rocking the 3-D H machine to ensure that
no inadvertent exterior loads are applied in a vertical or fore-and-aft direction.

The feet of the 3-D H machine are not to be restrained or held during this step. If the
feet change position, they should be allowed to remain in that attitude for the moment.

Carefully return the back pan to the seat-back and check the two spirit levels for zero
position. If any movement of the feet has occurred during the rocking operation of the
3-D H machine, they must be repositioned as follows:

Alternately, lift each foot off the floor the minimum necessary amount until no
additional foot movement is obtained. During this lifting, the feet are to be free to
rotate; and no forward or lateral loads are to be applied. When each foot is placed
back in the down position, the heel is to be in contact with the structure designed for
this;

Check the lateral spirit level for zero position; if necessary, apply a lateral load to the
top of the back pan sufficient to level the 3-D H machine's seat pan on the seat.

4.13. Holding the T-bar to prevent the 3-D H machine from sliding forward on the seat
cushion, proceed as follows:

(a) return the back pan to the seat back;

(b) alternately apply and release a horizontal rearward load, not to exceed
25 N, to the back angle bar at a height approximately at the centre of the
torso weights until the hip angle quadrant indicates that a stable position
has been reached after load release. Care shall be exercised to ensure that
no exterior downward or lateral loads are applied to the 3-D H machine. If
another level adjustment of the 3-D H machine is necessary, rotate the back
pan forward, re-level, and repeat the procedure from paragraph 4.12.

4.14. Take all measurements:

4.14.1. The co-ordinates of the "H" point are measured with respect to the three-dimensional
reference system;

4.14.2. The actual torso angle is read at the back angle quadrant of the 3-D H machine with
the probe in its fully rearward position.
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Annex 8

4.15. If a re-run of the installation of the 3-D H machine is desired, the seat assembly
should remain unloaded for a minimum period of 30 min prior to the re-run. The
3-D H machine should not be left loaded on the seat assembly longer than the time
required to perform the test.

4.16. If the seats in the same row can be regarded as similar (bench seat, identical seats,
etc.) only one "H" point and one "actual torso angle" shall be determined for each row
of seats, the 3-D H machine described in appendix 1 to this annex being seated in a
place regarded as representative for the row. This place shall be:

4.16.1. in the case of the front row, the driver's seat;

4.16.2 in the case of the rear row or rows, an outer seat.

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Annex 8 - Appendix 1

Annex 8 - Appendix 1

DESCRIPTION OF THE THREE DIMENSIONAL "H" POINT MACHINE */

(3-D H machine)

1. Back and seat pans

The back and seat pans are constructed of reinforced plastic and metal; they simulate
the human torso and thigh and are mechanically hinged at the "H" point. A quadrant
is fastened to the probe hinged at the "H" point to measure the actual torso angle. An
adjustable thigh bar, attached to the seat pan, establishes the thigh centreline and
serves as a baseline for the hip angle quadrant.

2. Body and leg elements

Lower leg segments are connected to the seat pan assembly at the T-bar joining the
knees, which is a lateral extension of the adjustable thigh bar. Quadrants are
incorporated in the lower leg segments to measure knee angles. Shoe and foot
assemblies are calibrated to measure the foot angle. Two spirit levels orient the
device in space. Body element weights are placed at the corresponding centres of
gravity to provide seat penetration equivalent to a 76 kg male. All joints of the 3-D H
machine should be checked for free movement without encountering noticeable
friction.

____________________

*/ For details of the construction of the 3-D H machine refer to Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania/15096,
United States of America. The machine corresponds to that described in
ISO Standard 6549-1980.
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Annex 8 – Appendix 1

Figure 1 – 3-D H machine elements designation

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Annex 8 - Appendix 1

Figure 2 - Dimensions of the 3-D H machine elements and load distribution

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Annex - Appendix 2

Annex 8 - Appendix 2

THREE-DIMENSIONAL REFERENCE SYSTEM

1. The three-dimensional reference system is defined by three orthogonal planes

established by the vehicle manufacturer (see figure).*/

2. The vehicle measuring attitude is established by positioning the vehicle on the

supporting surface such that the co-ordinates of the fiducial marks correspond to the
values indicated by the manufacturer.

3. The co-ordinates of the "R" point and the "H" point are established in relation to the
fiducial marks defined by the vehicle manufacturer.

Figure - Three-dimensional reference system

___________________
*/ The reference system corresponds to ISO standard 4130, 1978
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Annex 8 – Appendix 3

Annex 8 - Appendix 3

REFERENCE DATA CONCERNING SEATING POSITIONS

1. Coding of reference data

Reference data are listed consecutively for each seating position. Seating positions
are identified by a two-digit code. The first digit is an Arabic numeral and designates
the row of seats, counting from the front to the rear of the vehicle. The second digit is
a capital letter which designates the location of the seating position in a row, as
viewed in the direction of forward motion of the vehicle; the following letters shall be
used:

L = left
C = centre
R = right

2. Description of vehicle measuring attitude

2.1. Co-ordinates of fiducial marks

X ............................
Y ............................
Z ............................

3. List of reference data

3.1. Seating position: ..................................

3.1.1. Co-ordinates of "R" point

X ............................
Y ............................
Z ............................

3.1.2. Design torso angle ..............................

3.1.3. Specifications for seat adjustment */

horizontal: ....................
vertical: ....................…
angular: ........................
torso angle: ...................

Note: List reference data for further seating positions under paragraphs 3.2, 3.3., etc.

*/ Strike out what does not apply.

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Annex 9

Annex 9

(reserved)
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Annex 10

Annex 10

CALCULATION OF THE DETECTION DISTANCE

1. CAMERA MONITOR DEVICE FOR INDIRECT VISION

1.1. Resolution threshold of a camera

The resolution threshold of a camera is defined by the formula:

βc
ω c = 60
2N c

where:

ωc - resolution threshold of the camera (arc-min)

βc - angle of vision of the camera (°)

Nc - number of video lines of the camera (#)

The manufacturer shall supply the values for βc and Nc

1.2. Determination of the critical viewing distance of the monitor

For a monitor having certain dimensions and properties, a distance to the monitor can
be calculated within which the detection distance is dependent only on the
performances of the camera. This critical viewing distance rm,c is defined by:

Hm
rm,c =
 ω eye 
N m .2. tan 
 2.60 
where:

rm,c - critical viewing distance (m)

Hm - height of the monitor image (m)

Nm - number of video lines of the monitor (-)

ωeye - resolution threshold of the observer (minutes of arch)

The number 60 is for conversion from minutes of arches to degrees.

 E/ECE/324
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} Rev.1/Add.45/Rev.2
Regulation No. 46
page 73
Annex 10

The manufacturer shall supply the values for Hm and Nm.

ωeye = 1

1.3. Determination of the detection distance

1.3.1. Maximum detection distance within the critical viewing distance where, due to the
installation, the distance eye-monitor is less than the critical viewing distance, the
maximum attainable detection distance shall be defined by:

D0 D0
rd = =
 f .ω c   f .β c 
tan  tan 
 60   2.N c 
where:

rd - detection distance [m]

Do - diameter of the object [m]

ƒ - threshold increasing factor

ωc , βc and Nc according to paragraph 1.1.

D0 = 0.8 m

ƒ=8

1.3.2. Detection distance greater than the critical viewing distance. Where, due to the
installation, the distance eye-monitor is more than the critical viewing distance, the
maximum obtainable detection distance shall be defined:

D0
rd =
 f .β c Nm  ω eye 
tan  . .rm . tan 
 2 N c 0,01524.Dm  60 
where:

rm - viewing distance to the monitor (m)

Dm - diagonal of the monitor screen (inch)

Nm - number of video lines of the monitor (-)

E/ECE/324
E/ECE/TRANS/505
} Rev.1/Add.45/Rev.2
Regulation No. 46
page 74
Annex 10

βc and Nc according to paragraph 1.1.

Nm and ωeye according to paragraph 1.2.

2. SECONDARY FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Based on the installation conditions, a determination shall be made to discover

whether the entire device can still satisfy the functional requirements listed in
paragraph 6.2.2. of this Regulation, especially the glare correction, the maximum and
the minimum luminance of the monitor. It shall also be determined the degree to
which the glare correction will be addressed and the angle at which sunlight can strike
a monitor and these shall be compared to the corresponding measuring results from
the system measurements. This can be either based on a CAD-generated model, a
determination of the angles of light for the device when mounted on the relevant
vehicle, or by carrying out relevant measurements on the relevant vehicle as described
in paragraph 6.2.2.2. of this Regulation.

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