APPENDIX

Design Aids

TABLE A.1
Designations, diameters, areas, and weights of standard bars
Bar No. Cross-Sectional Nominal Weight,
Inch-Pounda SIb Diameter, in. Area, in2 lb/ft
3 10 _3 = 0.375 0.11 0.376
8
4 13 _1 = 0.500 0.20 0.668
2
5 16 _5 = 0.625 0.31 1.043
8
6 19 _3 = 0.750 0.44 1.502
4
7 22 _7 = 0.875 0.60 2.044
8
8 25 1 = 1.000 0.79 2.670
9 29 1_1 = 1.128c
8
1.00 3.400
10 32 1_14 = 1.270c 1.27 4.303
11 36 1_3 = 1.410c
8
1.56 5.313
14 43 1_34 = 1.693c 2.25 7.650
18 57 2_1 = 2.257c
4
4.00 13.600

aBased on the number of eighths of an inch included in the nominal diameter of the bars. The nominal
diameter of a deformed bar is equivalent to the diameter of a plain bar having the same weight per foot as
the deformed bar.
bBar number approximates the number of millimeters included in the nominal diameter of the bar. Bars are

marked with this designation.

cApproximate to nearest _
1
in.
8

743
744 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

TABLE A.2
Areas of groups of standard bars, in2
Bar No.
Number of Bars
Inch-
Pound SI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4 13 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40
5 16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10 3.41 3.72
6 19 0.44 0.88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.08 3.52 3.96 4.40 4.84 5.28
7 22 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 6.60 7.20
8 25 0.79 1.58 2.37 3.16 3.95 4.74 5.53 6.32 7.11 7.90 8.69 9.48
9 29 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00
10 32 1.27 2.54 3.81 5.08 6.35 7.62 8.89 10.16 11.43 12.70 13.97 15.24
11 36 1.56 3.12 4.68 6.24 7.80 9.36 10.92 12.48 14.04 15.60 17.16 18.72
14 43 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 11.25 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50 24.75 27.00
18 57 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00

TABLE A.3
Areas of bars in slabs and walls, in2/ft

Inch- Bar No.

Spacing, Pound: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
in. SI: 10 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 36
3 0.44 0.78 1.23 1.77 2.40 3.14 4.00 5.06 6.25
3_12 0.38 0.67 1.05 1.51 2.06 2.69 3.43 4.34 5.36
4 0.33 0.59 0.92 1.32 1.80 2.36 3.00 3.80 4.68
4_12 0.29 0.52 0.82 1.18 1.60 2.09 2.67 3.37 4.17
5 0.26 0.47 0.74 1.06 1.44 1.88 2.40 3.04 3.75
5_12 0.24 0.43 0.67 0.96 1.31 1.71 2.18 2.76 3.41
6 0.22 0.39 0.61 0.88 1.20 1.57 2.00 2.53 3.12
6_12 0.20 0.36 0.57 0.82 1.11 1.45 1.85 2.34 2.89
7 0.19 0.34 0.53 0.76 1.03 1.35 1.71 2.17 2.68
7_12 0.18 0.31 0.49 0.71 0.96 1.26 1.60 2.02 2.50
8 0.17 0.29 0.46 0.66 0.90 1.18 1.50 1.89 2.34
9 0.15 0.26 0.41 0.59 0.80 1.05 1.33 1.69 2.08
10 0.13 0.24 0.37 0.53 0.72 0.94 1.20 1.52 1.87
12 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.78 1.00 1.27 1.56
 DESIGN AIDS 745

TABLE A.4
Limiting steel reinforcement ratios for tension-controlled members
__
ρ 0.005a ρ 0.004a
200 3 √fc
fy , psi fc, psi β1 t = 0.005b t = 0.004c ρmin = ____ ρmin = _____
fy fy
40,000 3000 0.85 0.0203 0.0232 0.0050 0.0041
4000 0.85 0.0271 0.0310 0.0050 0.0047
5000 0.80 0.0319 0.0364 0.0050 0.0053
6000 0.75 0.0359 0.0410 0.0050 0.0058
7000 0.70 0.0390 0.0446 0.0050 0.0063
8000 0.65 0.0414 0.0474 0.0050 0.0067
9000 0.65 0.0466 0.0533 0.0050 0.0071
50,000 3000 0.85 0.0163 0.0186 0.0040 0.0033
4000 0.85 0.0217 0.0248 0.0040 0.0038
5000 0.80 0.0255 0.0291 0.0040 0.0042
6000 0.75 0.0287 0.0328 0.0040 0.0046
7000 0.70 0.0312 0.0357 0.0040 0.0050
8000 0.65 0.0332 0.0379 0.0040 0.0054
9000 0.65 0.0373 0.0426 0.0040 0.0057
60,000 3000 0.85 0.0135 0.0155 0.0033 0.0027
4000 0.85 0.0181 0.0206 0.0033 0.0032
5000 0.80 0.0213 0.0243 0.0033 0.0035
6000 0.75 0.0239 0.0273 0.0033 0.0039
7000 0.70 0.0260 0.0298 0.0033 0.0042
8000 0.65 0.0276 0.0316 0.0033 0.0045
9000 0.65 0.0311 0.0355 0.0033 0.0047
75,000 3000 0.85 0.0108 0.0124 0.0027 0.0022
4000 0.85 0.0145 0.0165 0.0027 0.0025
5000 0.80 0.0170 0.0194 0.0027 0.0028
6000 0.75 0.0191 0.0219 0.0027 0.0031
7000 0.70 0.0208 0.0238 0.0027 0.0033
8000 0.65 0.0221 0.0253 0.0027 0.0036
9000 0.65 0.0249 0.0284 0.0027 0.0038
80,000 3000 0.85 0.0102 0.0116 0.0025 0.0021
4000 0.85 0.0135 0.0155 0.0025 0.0024
5000 0.80 0.0159 0.0182 0.0025 0.0027
6000 0.75 0.0179 0.0205 0.0025 0.0029
7000 0.70 0.0195 0.0223 0.0025 0.0031
8000 0.65 0.0207 0.0237 0.0025 0.0034
9000 0.65 0.0233 0.0266 0.0025 0.0036

fc 0.003
aρ = 0.85β1 __ _________
fy 0.003 + t
c
b __ a
= 0.375, __ = 0.375β1
dt dt
c
c __ a
= 0.429, __ = 0.429β1
dt dt
746 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

TABLE A.5a ρfy Mn Mu


Flexural resistance factor: R = ρfy 1 − 0.588 ___ = ____2 = _____2, psi
fc bd ϕbd 
fy = 40,000 psi fy = 60,000 psi fy = 80,000 psi
fc, psi fc, psi fc, psi

ρ 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000
0.0005 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 40
0.0010 40 40 40 40 59 59 60 60 79 79 79 79
0.0015 59 59 60 60 88 89 89 89 117 118 118 119
0.0020 79 79 79 79 117 118 118 119 155 156 157 157
0.0025 98 99 99 99 146 147 147 148 192 194 195 196
0.0030 117 118 118 119 174 175 176 177 229 232 233 234
0.0035 136 137 138 138 201 204 205 206 265 268 271 272
0.0040 155 156 157 157 229 232 233 234 300 305 308 310
0.0045 174 175 176 177 256 259 261 263 335 341 345 347
0.0050 192 194 195 196 282 287 289 291 369 376 381 384
0.0055 211 213 214 215 309 314 317 319 402 412 417 421
0.0060 229 232 233 234 335 341 345 347 435 446 453 457
0.0065 247 250 252 253 360 368 372 375 467 480 488 494
0.0070 265 268 271 272 385 394 399 403 499 514 523 529
0.0075 282 287 289 291 410 420 426 430 529 547 558 565
0.0080 300 305 308 310 435 446 453 457 560 580 592 600
0.0085 317 323 326 329 459 472 479 485 589 612 626 635
0.0090 335 341 345 347 483 497 506 511 618 644 659 669
0.0095 352 359 363 366 506 522 532 538 647 675 692 703
0.0100 369 376 381 384 529 547 558 565 675 706 725 737
0.0105 385 394 399 403 552 572 583 591 702 736 757 771
0.0110 402 412 417 421 575 596 609 617 728 766 789 804
0.0115 419 429 435 439 597 620 634 643 754 796 820 837
0.0120 435 446 453 457 618 644 659 669 825 852 870
0.0125 451 463 471 476 640 667 684 695 853 882 902
0.0130 467 480 488 494 661 691 708 720 881 913 934
0.0135 483 497 506 511 681 714 733 746 909 943 966
0.0140 499 514 523 529 702 736 757 771 936 972 997
0.0145 514 531 540 547 722 759 781 796 962 1002 1028
0.0150 529 547 558 565 741 781 805 821 988 1031 1059
0.0155 545 563 575 582 760 803 828 845 1014 1059 1089
0.0160 560 580 592 600 825 852 870 1087 1119
0.0165 575 596 609 617 846 875 894 1115 1149
0.0170 589 612 626 635 867 898 918 1142 1179
0.0175 604 628 642 652 888 920 942 1170 1208
0.0180 618 644 659 669 909 943 966 1196 1237
0.0185 633 660 676 686 929 965 989 1265
0.0190 647 675 692 703 949 987 1013 1294
0.0195 661 691 708 720 969 1009 1036 1322
0.0200 675 706 725 737 988 1031 1059 1349
 DESIGN AIDS 747

TABLE A.5b ρfy Mn Mu

 fc bd ϕbd 
Flexural resistance factor: R = ρfy 1 − 0.588 ___ = ____2 = _____2 , psi

fy = 40,000 psi fy = 60,000 psi fy = 80,000 psi

fc, psi fc, psi fc, psi

ρ 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3000 4000 5000 6000
0.003 117 118 118 119 174 175 176 177 229 232 233 234
0.004 155 156 157 157 229 232 233 234 300 305 308 310
0.005 192 194 195 196 282 287 289 291 369 376 381 384
0.006 229 232 233 234 335 341 345 347 435 446 453 457
0.007 265 268 271 272 385 394 399 403 499 514 523 529
0.008 300 305 308 310 435 446 453 457 560 580 592 600
0.009 335 341 345 347 483 497 506 511 618 644 659 669
0.010 369 376 381 384 529 547 558 565 675 706 725 737
0.011 402 412 417 421 575 596 609 617 728 766 789 804
0.012 435 446 453 457 618 644 659 669 825 852 870
0.013 467 480 488 494 661 691 708 720 881 913 934
0.014 499 514 523 529 702 736 757 771 936 972 997
0.015 529 547 558 565 741 781 805 821 988 1031 1059
0.016 560 580 592 600 825 852 870 1087 1119
0.017 589 612 626 635 867 898 918 1142 1179
0.018 618 644 659 669 909 943 966 1196 1237
0.019 647 675 692 703 949 987 1013 1294
0.020 675 706 725 737 988 1031 1059 1349
0.021 702 736 757 771 1073 1104
0.022 728 766 789 804 1115 1149
0.023 754 796 820 837 1156 1193
0.024 825 852 870 1196 1237
0.025 853 882 902 1280
0.026 881 913 934 1322
0.027 909 943 966 1363
0.028 936 972 997
0.029 962 1002 1028
0.030 988 1031 1059
0.031 1014 1059 1089
0.032 1087 1119
0.033 1115 1149
0.034 1142 1179
0.035 1170 1208
0.036 1196 1237
0.037 1265
0.038 1294
0.039 1322
0.040 1349
0.041 1376
748 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

TABLE A.6
Parameters k and j for elastic, cracked section beam analysis, where
___________
k = √2ρn + (ρn)2 − ρn; j = 1 − _13 k
n=7 n=8 n=9 n = 10
ρ k j k j k j k j
0.0010 0.112 0.963 0.119 0.960 0.125 0.958 0.132 0.956
0.0020 0.154 0.949 0.164 0.945 0.173 0.942 0.180 0.940
0.0030 0.185 0.938 0.196 0.935 0.207 0.931 0.217 0.928
0.0040 0.210 0.930 0.223 0.926 0.235 0.922 0.246 0.918
0.0050 0.232 0.923 0.246 0.918 0.258 0.914 0.270 0.910
0.0054 0.240 0.920 0.254 0.915 0.267 0.911 0.279 0.907
0.0058 0.247 0.918 0.262 0.913 0.275 0.908 0.287 0.904
0.0062 0.254 0.915 0.269 0.910 0.283 0.906 0.296 0.901
0.0066 0.261 0.913 0.276 0.908 0.290 0.903 0.303 0.899
0.0070 0.268 0.911 0.283 0.906 0.298 0.901 0.311 0.896
0.0072 0.271 0.910 0.287 0.904 0.301 0.900 0.314 0.895
0.0074 0.274 0.909 0.290 0.903 0.304 0.899 0.318 0.894
0.0076 0.277 0.908 0.293 0.902 0.308 0.897 0.321 0.893
0.0078 0.280 0.907 0.296 0.901 0.311 0.896 0.325 0.892
0.0080 0.283 0.906 0.299 0.900 0.314 0.895 0.328 0.891
0.0082 0.286 0.905 0.303 0.899 0.317 0.894 0.331 0.890
0.0084 0.289 0.904 0.306 0.898 0.321 0.893 0.334 0.889
0.0086 0.292 0.903 0.308 0.897 0.324 0.892 0.338 0.887
0.0088 0.295 0.902 0.311 0.896 0.327 0.891 0.341 0.886
0.0090 0.298 0.901 0.314 0.895 0.330 0.890 0.344 0.885
0.0092 0.300 0.900 0.317 0.894 0.332 0.889 0.347 0.884
0.0094 0.303 0.899 0.320 0.893 0.335 0.888 0.350 0.883
0.0096 0.306 0.898 0.323 0.892 0.338 0.887 0.353 0.882
0.0098 0.308 0.897 0.325 0.892 0.341 0.886 0.355 0.882
0.0100 0.311 0.896 0.328 0.891 0.344 0.885 0.358 0.881
0.0104 0.316 0.895 0.333 0.889 0.349 0.884 0.364 0.879
0.0108 0.321 0.893 0.338 0.887 0.354 0.882 0.369 0.877
0.0112 0.325 0.892 0.343 0.886 0.359 0.880 0.374 0.875
0.0116 0.330 0.890 0.348 0.884 0.364 0.879 0.379 0.874
0.0120 0.334 0.889 0.353 0.882 0.369 0.877 0.384 0.872
0.0124 0.339 0.887 0.357 0.881 0.374 0.875 0.389 0.870
0.0128 0.343 0.886 0.362 0.879 0.378 0.874 0.394 0.867
0.0132 0.347 0.884 0.366 0.878 0.383 0.872 0.398 0.867
0.0136 0.351 0.883 0.370 0.877 0.387 0.871 0.403 0.866
0.0140 0.355 0.882 0.374 0.875 0.392 0.869 0.407 0.864
0.0144 0.359 0.880 0.378 0.874 0.396 0.868 0.412 0.863
0.0148 0.363 0.879 0.382 0.873 0.400 0.867 0.416 0.861
0.0152 0.367 0.878 0.386 0.871 0.404 0.865 0.420 0.860
0.0156 0.371 0.876 0.390 0.870 0.408 0.864 0.424 0.859
0.0160 0.374 0.875 0.394 0.869 0.412 0.863 0.428 0.857
0.0170 0.383 0.872 0.403 0.867 0.421 0.860 0.437 0.854
0.0180 0.392 0.869 0.412 0.863 0.430 0.857 0.446 0.851
0.0190 0.400 0.867 0.420 0.860 0.438 0.854 0.455 0.848
0.0200 0.407 0.864 0.428 0.857 0.446 0.851 0.463 0.846
 DESIGN AIDS 749

TABLE A.7
Maximum number of bars as a single layer in beam stems
_
3
in. Maximum Size Aggregate, No. 4 (No. 13) Stirrupsa
4

Bar No. Beam Width bw, in.

Inch-
Pound SI 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
5 16 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 16
6 19 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15
7 22 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
8 25 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
9 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11
10 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 10
11 36 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9
14 43 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8
18 57 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6

1 in. Maximum Size Aggregate, No. 4 (No. 13) Stirrupsa

Bar No. Beam Width bw, in.
Inch-
Pound SI 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
5 16 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
6 19 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12
7 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 11
8 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11
9 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10
10 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 10

aMinimum concrete cover assumed to be 1_12 in. to the No. 4 (No. 13) stirrup.
Data Source: Adapted from Ref. 4.8.
750 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

TABLE A.8
Minimum number of Grade 60 bars as a single layer in beam stems governed
by crack control requirements of the ACI Code
(a) 2 in. clear cover, sides and bottom
Minimum Number of Bars as a Single Layer of a Beam Stem
Bar No. Beam Stem Width bw, in.
Inch-
Pound SI 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
3–14 10–43 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5
18 57 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4

(b) 1_12 in. clear cover, sides and bottom

Minimum Number of Bars as a Single Layer of a Beam Stem
Bar No. Beam Stem Width bw, in.
Inch-
Pound SI 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
3–4 10–13 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
5–14 16–43 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
18 57 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
 DESIGN AIDS 751

TABLE A.9
Design strength ϕMn for slab sections 12 in. wide, ft-kips; fy = 60 ksi;
ϕMn = ϕρfybd 2(1 − 0.59ρfy/fc )
Effective Depth d, in.
fc, psi ρ 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
3000 0.002 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.5 5.2 6.7 8.5 10.5 15.2
0.003 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.2 3.9 4.7 5.6 6.6 7.7 10.0 12.7 15.6 22.5
0.004 1.9 2.5 3.3 4.2 5.1 6.2 7.4 8.7 10.1 13.2 16.7 20.6 29.6
0.005 2.3 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.4 7.7 9.1 10.7 12.4 16.3 20.6 25.4 36.6
0.006 2.7 3.7 4.8 6.1 7.5 9.1 10.8 12.7 14.8 19.3 24.4 30.1 43.4
0.007 3.1 4.2 5.5 7.0 8.7 10.5 12.5 14.7 17.0 22.2 28.1 34.7 49.9
0.008 3.5 4.8 6.3 7.9 9.8 11.8 14.1 16.5 19.2 25.0 31.7 39.1 56.3
0.009 3.9 5.3 7.0 8.8 10.9 13.1 15.6 18.4 21.3 27.8 35.2 43.4 62.6
0.010 4.3 5.8 7.6 9.6 11.9 14.4 17.1 20.1 23.3 30.5 38.6 47.6 68.6
0.011 4.7 6.3 8.3 10.5 12.9 15.6 18.6 21.8 25.3 33.1 41.9 51.7 74.4
4000 0.002 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.5 5.2 6.8 8.6 10.6 15.3
0.003 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.2 3.9 4.8 5.7 6.7 7.7 10.1 12.8 15.8 22.7
0.004 1.9 2.6 3.3 4.2 5.2 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.2 13.3 16.9 20.8 30.0
0.005 2.3 3.2 4.1 5.2 6.5 7.8 9.3 10.9 12.6 16.5 20.9 25.8 37.2
0.006 2.8 3.8 4.9 6.2 7.7 9.3 11.0 13.0 15.0 19.6 24.9 30.7 44.2
0.007 3.2 4.3 5.7 7.2 8.9 10.7 12.8 15.0 17.4 22.7 28.7 35.5 51.1
0.008 3.6 4.9 6.4 8.1 10.0 12.1 14.5 17.0 19.7 25.7 32.5 40.1 57.8
0.009 4.0 5.5 7.2 9.1 11.2 13.5 16.1 18.9 21.9 28.6 36.2 44.7 64.4
0.010 4.4 6.0 7.9 10.0 12.3 14.9 17.7 20.8 24.1 31.5 39.9 49.2 70.9
0.011 4.8 6.6 8.6 10.9 13.4 16.2 19.3 22.7 26.3 34.3 43.4 53.6 77.2
0.012 5.2 7.1 9.3 11.7 14.5 17.5 20.9 24.5 28.4 37.1 46.9 57.9 83.4
0.013 5.6 7.6 9.9 12.6 15.5 18.8 22.4 26.2 30.4 39.8 50.3 62.1 89.5
0.014 6.0 8.1 10.6 13.4 16.6 20.0 23.8 28.0 32.5 42.4 53.6 66.2 95.4
0.015 6.3 8.6 11.2 14.2 17.6 21.2 25.3 29.7 34.4 45.0 56.9 70.2 101.2
5000 0.002 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.5 5.2 6.8 8.6 10.6 15.3
0.003 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.7 6.7 7.8 10.1 12.8 15.9 22.8
0.004 1.9 2.6 3.4 4.3 5.2 6.3 7.6 8.9 10.3 13.4 17.0 21.0 30.2
0.005 2.3 3.2 4.2 5.3 6.5 7.9 9.4 11.0 12.8 16.7 21.1 26.0 37.5
0.006 2.8 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.8 9.4 11.2 13.1 15.2 19.9 25.1 31.0 44.7
0.007 3.2 4.4 5.7 7.3 9.0 10.9 12.9 15.2 17.6 23.0 29.1 35.9 51.7
0.008 3.7 5.0 6.5 8.3 10.2 12.3 14.7 17.2 20.0 26.1 33.0 40.8 58.7
0.009 4.1 5.6 7.3 9.2 11.4 13.8 16.4 19.2 22.3 29.1 36.9 45.5 65.5
0.010 4.5 6.1 8.0 10.2 12.5 15.2 18.1 21.2 24.6 32.1 40.6 50.2 72.3
0.011 4.9 6.7 8.8 11.1 13.7 16.6 19.7 23.1 26.8 35.1 44.4 54.8 78.9
0.012 5.3 7.3 9.5 12.0 14.8 17.9 21.3 25.1 29.1 37.9 48.0 59.3 85.4
0.013 5.7 7.8 10.2 12.9 15.9 19.3 22.9 26.9 31.2 40.8 51.6 63.7 91.8
0.014 6.1 8.3 10.9 13.8 17.0 20.6 24.5 28.8 33.4 43.6 55.2 68.1 98.1
0.015 6.5 8.9 11.6 14.7 18.1 21.9 26.1 30.6 35.5 46.3 58.6 72.4 104.3
0.016 6.9 9.4 12.3 15.5 19.2 23.2 27.6 32.4 37.5 49.0 62.1 76.6 110.3
0.017 7.3 9.9 12.9 16.4 20.2 24.4 29.1 34.1 39.6 51.7 65.4 80.8 116.3
752 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

TABLE A.10
Simplified tension development length in bar diameters d/db for uncoated
bars and normalweight concrete
No. 6 (No. 19) and Smallera No. 7 (No. 22) and Larger
fc, psi fc, psi

f y , ksi 4000 5000 6000 4000 5000 6000

(1) Bottom Bars
Spacing, cover and ties 40 26 23 21 32 29 26
as per Case a or b 60 38 34 31 48 43 39
75 48 43 39 60 54 49
80 51 46 42 64 57 52
Other cases 40 38 34 31 48 43 39
60 57 51 47 72 64 59
75 72 64 59 89 80 73
80 76 68 62 95 85 78
(2) Top Bars
Spacing, cover and ties 40 33 30 27 42 37 34
as per Case a or b 60 50 45 41 62 56 51
75 62 56 51 78 69 63
80 66 59 54 83 74 68
Other cases 40 50 45 41 62 56 51
60 74 67 61 93 83 76
75 93 83 76 116 104 95
80 99 89 81 124 111 101

Case a: Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced ≥ db, clear cover ≥ db, and stirrups or ties throughout ℓd not less than the Code minimum.
Case b: Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced ≥ 2db, and clear cover not less than db.
aACI Committee 408 recommends that the values indicated for bar sizes No. 7 (No. 22) and larger be used for all bar sizes.
 DESIGN AIDS 753

TABLE A.11
Development length in compression,
__ in., for normalweight concrete
dc = greater of (fy/50 √fc )db or 0.0003db (Minimum length 8 in. in all cases.)
fc, psi

Bar No. 3000 4000 5000 6000

Inch- fy Basic Basic Basic Basic
Pound SI ksi dc Confined dc Confined dc Confined dc Confined
3 10 40 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
60 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
80 11 9 10 8 9 8 9 8
4 13 40 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
60 11 9 10 8 9 8 9 8
80 15 11 13 10 12 9 12 9
5 16 40 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
60 14 11 12 9 12 9 12 9
80 19 14 16 12 15 12 15 12
6 19 40 11 9 10 8 9 8 9 8
60 17 13 15 11 14 11 14 11
80 22 17 19 15 18 14 18 14
7 22 40 13 10 12 9 11 8 11 8
60 20 15 17 13 16 12 16 12
80 26 20 23 17 21 16 21 16
8 25 40 15 11 13 10 12 9 12 9
60 22 17 19 15 18 14 18 14
80 30 22 26 19 24 18 24 18
9 29 40 17 13 15 11 14 11 14 11
60 25 19 22 17 21 16 21 16
80 33 25 29 22 28 21 28 21
10 32 40 19 14 17 13 16 12 16 12
60 28 21 25 19 23 18 23 18
80 38 28 33 25 31 23 31 23
11 36 40 21 16 18 14 17 13 17 13
60 31 24 27 21 26 20 26 20
80 42 31 36 27 34 26 34 26
14 43 40 25 19 22 17 21 16 21 16
60 38 28 33 25 31 23 31 23
80 50 38 43 33 41 31 41 31
18 57 40 33 25 29 22 28 21 28 21
60 50 38 43 33 41 31 41 31
80 66 50 58 43 55 41 55 41
754 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

TABLE A.12
Common stock styles of welded wire reinforcement (WWR)
Steel Area, in2/ft Weight
(Approximate),
Steel Designationa Longitudinal Transverse lb per 100 ft2
Rolls
6 × 6-W1.4 × W1.4 0.028 0.028 21
6 × 6-W2.0 × W2.0 0.040 0.040 30
6 × 6-W2.9 × W2.9 0.058 0.058 43
6 × 6-W4.0 × W4.0 0.080 0.080 60
4 × 4-W1.4 × W1.4 0.042 0.042 30
4 × 4-W2.0 × W2.0 0.060 0.060 44
4 × 4-W2.9 × W2.9 0.087 0.087 63
4 × 4-W4.0 × W4.0 0.120 0.120 87

Sheets
6 × 6-W2.9 × W2.9 0.058 0.058 43
6 × 6-W4.0 × W4.0 0.080 0.080 60
6 × 6-W5.5 × W5.5 0.110 0.110 82
4 × 4-W4.0 × W4.0 0.120 0.120 87

aThe designation W indicates plain wire; WWR is also available as deformed wire, designated with a D.
 DESIGN AIDS 755

TABLE A.13a
Coefficients for slabs with variable moment of inertiaa
c1A c1B

Load q psf

h1

1
A B
2 in perpendicular direction
CL CL

Column Uniform Load Stiffness Carryover

Dimension FEM = Coeff. (q2 21) Factorb Factor
c1A/1 c1B/1 MAB MBA kAB kBA COFAB COFBA
0.00 0.00 0.083 0.083 4.00 4.00 0.500 0.500
0.05 0.083 0.084 4.01 4.04 0.504 0.500
0.10 0.082 0.086 4.03 4.15 0.513 0.499
0.15 0.081 0.089 4.07 4.32 0.528 0.498
0.20 0.079 0.093 4.12 4.56 0.548 0.495
0.25 0.077 0.097 4.18 4.88 0.573 0.491
0.05 0.05 0.084 0.084 4.05 4.05 0.503 0.503
0.10 0.083 0.086 4.07 4.15 0.513 0.503
0.15 0.081 0.089 4.11 4.33 0.528 0.501
0.20 0.080 0.092 4.16 4.58 0.548 0.499
0.25 0.078 0.096 4.22 4.89 0.573 0.494
0.10 0.10 0.085 0.085 4.18 4.18 0.513 0.513
0.15 0.083 0.088 4.22 4.36 0.528 0.511
0.20 0.082 0.091 4.27 4.61 0.548 0.508
0.25 0.080 0.095 4.34 4.93 0.573 0.504
0.15 0.15 0.086 0.086 4.40 4.40 0.526 0.526
0.20 0.084 0.090 4.46 4.65 0.546 0.523
0.25 0.083 0.094 4.53 4.98 0.571 0.519
0.20 0.20 0.088 0.088 4.72 4.72 0.543 0.543
0.25 0.086 0.092 4.79 5.05 0.568 0.539
0.25 0.25 0.090 0.090 5.14 5.14 0.563 0.563

aApplicable when c1/ℓ1 = c2/ℓ2. For other relationships between these ratios, the constants will be slightly in error.
bStiffness is KAB = kABE(ℓ2 h 31/12ℓ1) and KBA = kBAE(ℓ2 h 31/12ℓ1).
756 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

TABLE A.13b
Coefficients for slabs with variable moment of inertiaa
c1A c1B

Load q psf h1

1.25 h1
1 21 1
6 3 6
1
A B
2 in perpendicular direction
CL CL

Column Uniform Load Stiffness Carryover

Dimension FEM = Coeff. (q221 ) Factorb Factor
c1A/l1 c1B/l1 MAB MBA kAB kBA COFAB COFBA
0.00 0.00 0.088 0.088 4.78 4.78 0.541 0.541
0.05 0.087 0.089 4.80 4.82 0.545 0.541
0.10 0.087 0.090 4.83 4.94 0.553 0.541
0.15 0.085 0.093 4.87 5.12 0.567 0.540
0.20 0.084 0.096 4.93 5.36 0.585 0.537
0.25 0.082 0.100 5.00 5.68 0.606 0.534
0.05 0.05 0.088 0.088 4.84 4.84 0.545 0.545
0.10 0.087 0.090 4.87 4.95 0.553 0.544
0.15 0.085 0.093 4.91 5.13 0.567 0.543
0.20 0.084 0.096 4.97 5.38 0.584 0.541
0.25 0.082 0.100 5.05 5.70 0.606 0.537
0.10 0.10 0.089 0.089 4.98 4.98 0.553 0.553
0.15 0.088 0.092 5.03 5.16 0.566 0.551
0.20 0.086 0.094 5.09 5.42 0.584 0.549
0.25 0.084 0.099 5.17 5.74 0.606 0.546
0.15 0.15 0.090 0.090 5.22 5.22 0.565 0.565
0.20 0.089 0.094 5.28 5.47 0.583 0.563
0.25 0.087 0.097 5.37 5.80 0.604 0.559
0.20 0.20 0.092 0.092 5.55 5.55 0.580 0.580
0.25 0.090 0.096 5.64 5.88 0.602 0.577
0.25 0.25 0.094 0.094 5.98 5.98 0.598 0.598

a Applicable when c1/ℓ1 = c2/ℓ2. For other relationships between these ratios, the constants will be slightly in error.
b Stiffness is KAB = kABE(ℓ2 h 31/12ℓ1) and KBA = kBAE(ℓ2 h 31/12ℓ1).
 DESIGN AIDS 757

TABLE A.13c
Stiffness factors for columns with variable moment of inertiaa

c1A

1

2c1A

1

c1A

Slab Half-depth Stiffness Factor Slab Half-depth Stiffness Factor

c1A / 1 kAB c1A / 1 kAB
0.00 4.00 0.14 9.43
0.02 4.43 0.16 11.01
0.04 4.94 0.18 13.01
0.06 5.54 0.20 15.56
0.08 6.25 0.22 18.87
0.10 7.11 0.24 23.26
0.12 8.15

aAdapted from S. H. Simmonds and J. Misic, “Design Factors for the Equivalent Frame Method,” J. ACI,
vol. 68, no. 11, 1971, pp. 825–831.

TABLE A.14
Size and pitch of spirals, ACI Code
fc, psi
Diameter of Out to Out
Column, in. of Spiral, in. 3000 4000 5000
fyt = 40,000 psi
14, 15 11, 12 _3 −1_3 _1 −2_1 _1 −1_3
8 4 2 2 2 4
16 13 _3 −1_3 _1 −2_1 _1 −2
8 4 2 2 2
17–19 14–16 _3 −1_3 _1 −2_1 _1 −2
8 4 2 2 2
20–23 17–20 _3 −1_3 _1 −2_1 _1 −2
8 4 2 2 2
24–30 21–27 _3 −2 _1 −2_1 _1 −2
8 2 2 2

fyt = 60,000 psi

14, 15 11, 12 _3 −2_3 _3 −2 _1 −2_3
8 4 8 2 4
16–23 13–20 _3 −2_3 _3 −2 _1 −3
8 4 8 2
24–29 21–26 _3 −3 _3 −2_1 _1 −3
8 8 4 2
30 27 _3 −3 _3 −2_1 _1 −3_1
8 8 4 2 4
758 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

TABLE A.15
Properties of prestressing steels
Seven-Wire Strand, fpu = 270 ksi
Nominal
Diameter Area Weight 0.7fpu Aps 0.75fpu Aps 0.8fpu Aps fpu Aps
(in.) in2 plf kips kips kips kips
0.375 0.085 0.29 16.1 17.3 18.4 23.0
0.438 0.115 0.39 21.7 23.3 24.8 31.0
0.500 0.153 0.52 28.9 31.0 33.0 41.3
0.520 0.167 0.57 31.5 33.8 36.0 45.0
0.563 0.192 0.65 36.2 38.8 41.4 51.7
0.600 0.217 0.74 41.0 44.0 46.9 58.6
0.700 0.294 1.00 55.6 59.6 63.5 79.4

Prestressing Wire
Area Weight fpu 0.7fpu Aps 0.8fpu Aps fpuAps
Diameter in2 plf ksi kips kips kips
0.192 0.0290 0.098 250 5.07 5.80 7.25
0.196 0.0302 0.100 250 5.28 6.04 7.55
0.250 0.0491 0.170 240 8.25 9.43 11.78
0.276 0.0598 0.200 235 9.84 11.24 14.05

Deformed Prestressing Bars, fpu = 150 ksi

Nominal
Diameter Area Weight 0.7fpu Aps 0.8fpu Aps fpu Aps
(in.) in2 plf kips kips kips
_5 0.28 0.98 29.4 33.6 42.0
8
_3 0.42 1.49 44.1 50.4 63.0
4
1 0.85 3.01 89.3 102.0 127.5
1_14 1.25 4.39 131.3 150.0 187.5
1_38 1.58 5.56 165.9 159.6 237.0
1_34 2.58 9.10 270.9 309.6 387.0
2_12 5.16 18.20 541.8 619.2 774.0
3 6.85 24.09 719.3 822.0 1027.5
 DESIGN AIDS 759

GRAPH A.1a
Moment capacity of
1400 /6
40

/6
/6
rectangular sections.

60
80
/5

/5

/5
40

80

60
1200

/4
40

/4

/4
1000

80

60
, psi

/f 
c
fbd 2

fy
Mu

5
800

/3
/3

40
/3

60
80
2 5
Mn
bd
R5

600

400

200

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
r 5 As /bd
760 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

GRAPH A.1b
Moment capacity

/5
/6

/4
/3

60 6
60 5
60 4
/3
/
/
/
of rectangular sections.

80
80

80
80

60
600
/6
40 /5
40 /4

/f 9
c
40

fy
5
/3
40
500
, psi
bd 2 ␾bd 2
Mu

400
5
Mn
R5

300

200

0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018

␳ 5 As /bd
 DESIGN AIDS 761

GRAPH A.2 0
Location of points where
bars can be bent up or cut off
for simply supported beams 10
uniformly loaded.
20

Percent of steel that may be bent up or cut off

u 2
n
8 w
1
30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Decimals of span length
762 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

GRAPH A.3 0
Approximate locations of
points where bars can be bent 10
up or down or cut off for
continuous beams uniformly
20
loaded and built integrally
with their supports according
to the coefficients in the 30
ACI Code.
Up or cut off 40

u 2

u 2

u 2
n

n
50

1w

w
/14

/16
/1
1

1

1
60


Percent of reinforcement that may be bent:

u
M

M
70

80

90

u 2
2

n
100 n 2

w
wu n
4w 2

11 0
wu  2

wu
u n

/1
n

u 2

9
1/
1/
n

1


90  
w

 

/16

/12
1/2

Mu Mu
u
M
1

1

80
Mu 

u 

u 
M
M

70
Down or cut off

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Decimals of clear span length
 DESIGN AIDS 763

GRAPH A.4 1.00 1.00

Interpolation charts for
lateral distribution of slab
moments. 0.80 af12 /1  0 0.80
0.2
0.4
0.60 0.6 0.60
0.8
Interior negative moment 1.0
0.40 0.40

bt  0 0  af12/1  
1.00 1.00 0
portion of total moment
Column strip moment,

bt  2.5 0.5

bt
0.80 af 12 /1  0 0.80
1.0

Volume of
0.2
0.4 1.5
0.60 0.6 0.60
0.8 2.0
Exterior negative moment 1.0
0.40 0.40 2.5

1.00 1.00

1.0  af12/1
0.80 0.8 0.80
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.60 0 0.60

Positive moment
0.40 0.40
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Ratio 2 /1
764 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
1.9 fc  4 ksi

e /h 
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.60 ␥h

1.7

0
0.2
b
0.08
1.6

1.5 0.07 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0.06

1.3
0.05
0
fs 

1.2

40
50
0.04 0.

0.
␾fc Ag
Pu

1.1
0.03


1.0
fc Ag
Pn

0.02
Kn 

0.9
␳g  0.01
0.8

1 fy
0.7
f s
2

0.6 0
 1.0
e /h
0.5

0.4

0.3
⑀t  0.0
02
0.2 fs  f
y
⑀ t

0.1
0.0
05

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h ␾fc Ag h
GRAPH A.5
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on four faces and γ = 0.60.
 DESIGN AIDS 765

2.0
Interaction diagram
1.9 fc
fy h
1.8 h

1.7

0
0.2
b
1.6 0.08

1.5 0.07 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0.06

1.3
0.05

1.2

40
50
0.04 0.

0.
fcAg
Pu

1.1
0.03
1.0
fcAg
Pn

0.02
0.9

0.8 1 fy
2

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pne Pue
fcAgh fcAgh

GRAPH A.6
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on four faces and γ = 0.70.
766 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

2.0
Interaction diagram
1.9 fc
fy h
1.8 h

1.7

0
0.2
b
1.6 0.08

1.5 0.07
e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0.06

1.3
0.05

1.2

40
50
0.04 0.

0.
fcAg
Pu

1.1
0.03
1.0
fcAg
Pn

0.02
0.9
1 fy
2
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pne Pue
fcAgh fcAgh

GRAPH A.7
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on four faces and γ = 0.80.
 DESIGN AIDS 767

2.0
Interaction diagram
1.9 fc
fy h
1.8 h

1.7

0
0.2
b
1.6 0.08

1.5 0.07 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0.06

1.3
0.05

1.2

40
50
0.04 0.

0.
fcAg
Pu

1.1
0.03
1.0
fcAg
Pn

0.02
1 fy
0.9 2

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pne Pue
fcAgh fcAgh

GRAPH A.8
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on four faces and γ = 0.90.
768 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
1.9 fc  4 ksi

e /h 
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.60 ␥h

1.7

0
0.2
b
0.08
1.6

1.5 0.07 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0.06

1.3
0.05 0

1.2

40
fs 

50
0.04 0.

0.
␾fc Ag
Pu

1.1
0.03


1.0
fc Ag
Pn

0.02
Kn 

0.9
␳g  0.01
0.8
1 fy
0.7 f s 2

0.6 0
 1.0
e /h
0.5

0.4

0.3
⑀t  0.002
0.2 fs  f
y
⑀t 
0.1 0.0
05
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h fc Ag h

GRAPH A.9
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on end faces and γ = 0.60.
 DESIGN AIDS 769

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
1.9 fc  4 ksi

e /h 
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.70 ␥h

1.7

0
0.2
b
0.08
1.6

1.5 0.07 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0.06

1.3
0.05

0

1.2
fs

40
50
0.04 0.

0.
␾fc Ag
Pu

1.1
0.03


1.0
fc Ag
Pn

0.02
Kn 

0.9
␳g  0.01
0.8
1 fy
f s 2
0.7

0.6 0
 1.0
e /h
0.5

0.4
⑀t 0.002
f s f y
0.3

0.2

0.1
⑀t  0.0
05
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h ␾fc Ag h
GRAPH A.10
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on end faces and γ = 0.70.
770 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
1.9 fc  4 ksi

e /h 
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.80 ␥h

1.7

0
0.2
b
0.08
1.6

1.5 0.07 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0.06

1.3
0.05

0

fs
1.2

40
50
0.04 0.

0.
␾fc Ag
Pu

1.1
0.03


1.0
fc Ag
Pn

0.02
Kn 

0.9
␳g  0.01
0.8 1 fy
f s 2
0.7

.00
0.6 1
e /h
0.5

0.4 ⑀t 0.002
f s f y
0.3

0.2 ⑀t 0.005

0.1

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h fc Ag h

GRAPH A.11
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on end faces and γ = 0.80.
 DESIGN AIDS 771

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
1.9 fc  4 ksi

e /h 
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.90 ␥h

1.7

0
0.2
b
0.08
1.6

1.5 0.07 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0.06

1.3 0
0.05 
fs
1.2

40
50
0.04 0.

0.
␾fc Ag
Pu

1.1
0.03


1.0
fc Ag
Pn

0.02
Kn 

0.9
␳g  0.01 1f
f s 2
y
0.8

0.7
.00
1
0.6 e /h

0.5
⑀t 0.002
0.4
f s f y
0.3

0.2 ⑀t 0.005

0.1

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h ␾fc Ag h
GRAPH A.12
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on end faces and γ = 0.90.
772 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
e /h  0.05
1.9 fc  4 ksi
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.60 ␥h

1.7 0.08

0
0.2
1.6 0.07

1.5 0.06 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4
0.05
1.3
0
fs 

0.04
1.2

40
50
0.

0.
␾fc Ag
Pu

0.03
1.1


1.0 0.02
fc Ag
Pn

␳g  0.01
Kn 

0.9

0.8
1 fy
f s
2
0.7
.00
1
0.6 e /h

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
⑀t  0
fs  .002
fy
0.1
⑀t 0.005
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h ␾fc Ag h
GRAPH A.13
Column strength interaction diagram for circular section with γ = 0.60.
 DESIGN AIDS 773

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
e /h  0.05
1.9 fc  4 ksi
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.70 ␥h

1.7 0.08

0
0.2
1.6 0.07

1.5 0.06 e Pn

0
0.3
1.4 0
0.05
fs 

1.3
0.04
1.2

40
50
0.

0.
␾fc Ag
Pu

0.03
1.1


1.0 0.02
fc Ag
Pn

␳g  0.01
Kn 

0.9
1 fy
0.8  2
fs

0.7
.00
1
0.6 e /h

0.5

0.4 ⑀t 0.002

0.3 f s f y

0.2

0.1
⑀t 0.005
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h ␾fc Ag h
GRAPH A.14
Column strength interaction diagram for circular section with γ = 0.70.
774 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
e /h  0.05
1.9 fc  4 ksi
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.80 ␥h

1.7 0.08

0
0.2
1.6 0.07

1.5 e Pn
0.06 0

0
0.3
fs 

1.4
0.05
1.3
0.04
1.2

40
50
0.

0.
␾fc Ag
Pu

0.03
1.1


1.0 0.02
fc Ag
Pn

1 fy
␳g  0.01
Kn 

0.9  2
fs
0.8

0.7
.00
1
0.6 e /h

0.5
⑀t  0.002
f s f y
0.4

0.3

0.2
⑀t 
0.1 0.0
05
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h ␾fc Ag h
GRAPH A.15
Column strength interaction diagram for circular section with γ = 0.80.
 DESIGN AIDS 775

2.0
Interaction diagram

0 .1 0
e /h  0.05
1.9 fc  4 ksi
fy  60 ksi h
1.8 ␥  0.90 ␥h

1.7 0.08

0
0.2
1.6 0.07

1.5 e Pn

0
0.06

fs 

0
0.3
1.4
0.05
1.3
0.04
1.2

40
50
0.

0.
fc Ag
Pu

0.03
1.1


1.0 0.02 1 fy
fc Ag
Pn

 2
fs
␳g  0.01
Kn 

0.9

0.8

0.7
.00
1
0.6 e /h
⑀t  0.002
0.5 f s f y

0.4

0.3

0.2

⑀t 
0.1 0.0
05
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pn e Pu e
Rn  
fc Ag h ␾fc Ag h
GRAPH A.16
Column strength interaction diagram for circular section with γ = 0.90.