DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v25i1.
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GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES VOL. 24, 2018: 81-90
COPYRIGHT© BACHUDO SCIENCE CO. LTD PRINTED IN NIGERIA ISSN 1118-0579
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RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY MODELS FOR LOKOJA
METROPOLIS, NIGERIA.
G. D. AKPEN, M. I. AHO AND A. A. MUSA
(Received 2April 2018; Revision Accepted 11 June 2018)
ABSTRACT
Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship is one of the most commonly used tools in water resources
engineering. The purpose of this study was to develop rainfall intensity-duration-frequency models/curves for Lokoja
Metropolis, Kogi State, Nigeria. Rainfall data was obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and sorted
for frequency analysis. Five different frequency analysis techniques namely; Normal, Log-Normal, Gumbel, Pearson
Type III and Log-Pearson Type III distributions were used to develop the IDF relationships for Lokoja. Storm durations
of 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, and return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years were adopted for the
derivation of the models. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson Darling goodness of fit tests were conducted using Easy
Fit software to ascertain the best distribution that fits the data. A power-law model was adopted in developing the
desired IDF models/ curves for the study area. The results of the goodness of fit showed that all the five distributions
were not rejected both at 5% and 1% significance levels except Pearson Type III which recorded Anderson-Darling
value of 3.0814 at 30 minutes’ duration which is above the critical value of 2.5018 at 5% level of significance.
Although, all the distributions gave good results, Log-Pearson Type III distribution was adjudged the best for the study
area because of its best ranking. It is recommended that the IDF models/curves derived in this study should be used
as tools for prediction of rainfall events for design of hydraulic structures in the study area. Also, more meteorological
stations should be created in the country and properly equipped to generate requisite data for planning and design of
water resources systems.
KEYWORDS: Rainfall-Intensity-Duration-frequency models, Log-Pearson Type III distribution, Power model, rainfall
events, hydraulic structures
INTRODUCTION Burlando and Rosso (1996) proposed the mathematical
Rainfall records are required for planning and framework to model extreme storm probabilities from the
development of water resources projects. Rainfall scaling properties of observed data of station
intensity values find useful engineering application as precipitation, and the simple scaling and the multiple
input data in the estimation of design discharge for flood scaling conjectures was thus introduced to describe the
control structures as well as in erosion control studies, temporal structure of extreme storm rainfall. Hadadin
where they serve as important parameters in the (2005) studied Rainfall Intensity–Duration–Frequency
measurement of erosivity index. Recent devastation Relationship in the Mujib Basin in Jordan. IDF equations
caused by flood in different parts of the world in addition were developed for each of the 8 rainfall recording
to the challenges currently being posed by uncertainties stations in the basin. The 8 IDF equations obtained were
occasioned by climate change phenomenon has made compared with the curves obtained by Gumbel method
the reliable estimation of rainfall events more imperative. and Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ). The results
Rainfall-intensity-duration-frequency relationship is one predicted were close to the measured values.
of the most widely used methods in urban drainage Bara et al. (2009) studied the estimation of IDF curves of
design and flood plain management. Earlier works on extreme rainfall by applying simple scaling theory to the
the establishment of such relationships includes; Meyer intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) characteristics of
(1928), Sherman (1931) and Bernard (1932). Bell (1969) short duration rainfall in Slovakia. AlHassoun (2011)
developed IDF relationship using a formula which developed empirical formulae to estimate rainfall
enabled the computation of depth-duration ratio for intensity in Riyadh region. He found that there is no
certain areas of U.S.S.R. Chen (1983) developed a much difference in results of rainfall analysis of IDF
simple method to derive a generalized rainfall intensity- curves in Riyadh area between Gumbel and LPT III
duration-frequency formula for any location in the United methods. He attributed this to the fact that Riyadh region
States using three iso-pluvial maps of the U.S Weather has semi-arid climate and flat topography where
Bureau. variations of precipitation are not big.
G. D. Akpen, Civil Engineering Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
M. I. Aho, Civil Engineering Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
A. A. Musa, Civil Engineering Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
© 2019 Bachudo Science Co. Ltd. This work is Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
82 G. D. AKPEN, M. I. AHO AND A. A. MUSA
Elsebaie (2012) conducted a study for the formulation IDF theory for lower return periods of 2 to 10 years, but
and construction of IDF curves using data from two differ for higher return periods of 50 to 100 years.
locations in Saudi Arabia (KSA) by using two distribution Rainfall Intensity – Duration – Frequency (IDF) models
methods (Gumbel and Log Pearson type III Distribution). for Calabar city were developed by Akpan and Okoro
He found that Gumbel method gave some larger rainfall (2013). Ologhadien and Nwaogazie (2014) developed
intensities estimates compared to Log Pearson type III IDF models for some selected cities in Southern
Distribution. Also, he derived IDF equations for the two Nigeria.The Gumbel Extreme Type 1 distribution was
regions (Najran and HafrAlBatin) for durations varying applied to estimate 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 35- and 40-
from 10 to 1440 min and return periods from 2 to 100 year return period maximum values for durations of
years. The results obtained using the two approaches 0.083 to 24 hrs. The developed models were return
were very close at most of the return periods and had period specific. In general, the three-parameter models
2
the same trend. gave higher R values with a range of 0.915 to1,
Generation of rainfall IDF curves is still in the infant level indicating reliable and useful tools for estimation of
in Nigeria. Oyebande (1982) derived rainfall intensity- storm events in the area.
duration-frequency relationship for regions with Akpen et al. (2016) developed power and quotient IDF
inadequate data using Gumbel Extreme-Value Type 1 models for Makurdi metropolis based on Gumbel EV-1
distribution (Gumbel EV-I) and applied to the annual distribution. Chi-squared tests performed on the models
extreme rainfall data sets generated by 11 rainfall zones revealed that the power models fitted the data better
to estimate the parameters and hence the intensity- than the quotient models.Ologhadien and Nwaogazie
duration-frequency (IDF) rainfall. Chi-squared test (2017) compared IDF equation types for predicting
confirmed the appropriateness of the fitted distribution. rainfall intensity in Southern Nigeria. They observed
Gumbel graphical plots and the computed confidence significant differences in the rainfall intensities as
limits also showed that the Gumbel EV-1 function fits predicted by the various equations.
well to the empirical distribution. Nwaogazie and Duru IDF models have not been developed for Lokoja town,
(2002) developed rainfall intensity – duration – hence designers of hydraulic structures depends on
frequency models for Port-Harcourt city. Okonkwo and mere assumption of intensity values for estimation of the
Mbajiorgu (2010) developed rainfall intensity-duration design flow. This study was therefore undertaken to
frequency models for South Eastern Nigeria and bridge the gap of the non-availability of rainfall intensity-
reported that the IDF curves were in agreement with the duration-frequency (IDF) models for Lokoja town.
THEORETICAL CONCEPT
The magnitude xT of a hydrologic event may be represented as the mean μplus the departure ∆xT of the variate from
the mean as in Equation (1)(Chow 1951):
xT = μ + ∆xT (1)
The departure may be taken as:
∆xT= KTσ (2)
where, σ is standard deviation and KT is a frequency factor.
The departure ∆xT and the frequency factor KT are functions of the return period and the type of probability distribution
to be used in the analysis. Equation (1) may therefore be expressed as:
xT = μ + KTσ (3)
which is approximated by:
PT = Pave+ KTσ (4)
Where PT is desired rainfall peak value for a specified frequency, Pave is average of maximum rainfall corresponding to
a specified duration, KT is frequency factor and σ is the standard deviation of rainfall data. The rainfall intensity,
I(mm/hr) of a specified return period, T is obtained from:
I= (5)
where Td = duration in hours
MATERIALS AND METHODS study area. The main vegetation type in Lokoja is
STUDY AREA Guinea savanna or parkland savanna with tall grasses
Lokoja town lies within the middle belt region of Nigeria. and some trees.
The gauging station that provided the rainfall data lies
0 0
on a latitude 07 47' N and longitude 06 44'E at an RAINFALL DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
altitude of 62.4 metres above mean sea level. The Rainfall data for sixteen years within the period 1976 to
annual rainfall in the area is between 1016 mm and 1991 was obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological
o
1524 mm with mean annual temperature of 27 C. The Agency (NIMET), Oshodi-Lagos. The data was sorted
rainy season lasts from April to October while the dry and the annual maximum rainfall amounts at specified
season lasts from November to March. The land rises durations 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes were
from about 300 metres along the Niger-Benue obtained. The observed annual maximum rainfall
confluence, to the heights of between 300 and 600 amounts (see Table 1) were divided by the
metres above sea level in the uplands. Lokoja is drained corresponding durations to obtain the intensities which
by Niger and Benue rivers and their tributaries. The were ranked in descending order of magnitude as
confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers which could be shown in Table 2.
viewed from the top of Mount Patti is located within the
RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY MODELS FOR LOKOJA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA 83
Frequency analysis using different probability value of required rainfall intensity was obtained by
distribution functions (PDF) namely; Normal, Log- determining the frequency factor KT according to the
Normal, Pearson Type III, Log-Pearson Type III and the procedures outlined below and then using Equations (4)
Gumbel Extreme Value type I distributions was then and (5) to evaluate the rainfall intensity.
applied to the data to determine the best fit PDF. The
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION.
Equation (3) was expressed in terms of frequency factor, KT as:
μ
K = σ (6) This is the same as
the standard normal variate, z. The value of z corresponding to an exceedence probability, p (p = 1/T) can be
calculated by finding the value of an intermediate variable w:
w = In
(0 < p ≤ 0.5) (7)
then calculating z using the approximation (Chow et al.,1988):
. !"#.$#$ %&"#.##%$&
z=w− (8)
".'%!$$&"#.$()(&"#.##%#$&*
LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION.
For the Log-Normal distribution, the same procedure as in the case of Normal distribution was applied except that it
was applied to the logarithms of the variables.
EXTREME VALUE TYPE I DISTRIBUTION (GUMBEL)
For the Extreme Value Type I distribution; the frequency factor KT is given by Equation (9) thus:
√)
K = − ,0.5772 + In In 0 (9)
π
PEARSON TYPE III DISTRIBUTION
The frequency factor depends on the return period and the coefficient of skewness, CS. When CS = 0, the frequency
factor is equal to the standard normal variate z. When CS ≠ 0, KT was calculated using Equation (10) (Kite, 1977) as:
K = z + (z − 1)k + % (z% − 6z)k − (z − 1)k % + zk ' + % k (10)
where, k = CS/6
The value of z for a given return period was calculated using Equation (8) and then substituted in Equation (10) to
obtain the frequency factor.
LOG-PEARSON TYPE III DISTRIBUTION.
The logarithms of the rainfall data, was taken; the mean, y, standard deviation, σy, and coefficient of skewness, Cv
were calculated using the logarithms of the data. The procedure for the Pearson III was then repeated to obtain the
frequency factor.
GOODNESS OF FIT TESTS
The Anderson-Darling (AD) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests were used for the goodness of fit test in this study.
The goodness of fit test was executed in the downloadable software; Easy Fit, available at
http://www.mathwave.com/easyfit-distribution-fitting.html. All test values and statistics were produced from this
program. The goodness of fit test was used to examine the relationship between observed and expected frequencies,
in order to determine the type of probability distribution function (PDF) that best fit the rainfall data of the study area.
DERIVATION OF IDF EQUATION
The power-law model given by Equation (11) (Chow et al., 1988, Koutsoyiannis et al., 1998, and AlHassoun, 2011)
was adopted to derive the IDF models.
456
I= (11)
7
where, I is the Intensity in mm/hr, Tr and Td are Return Period and the rainfall duration respectively. C, m and e are
station coefficients.
Taking the logarithm of both sides of Equation (11), we have:
log I = log K − elogT= (12)
where,
K = CT? @ (13)
and represents the slope of the straight line and log K represent the Y- intercept. The plot of Log I against Log Td for
various recurrence intervals resulted to slope of e and intercept of Log K and the average e value, eave, was calculated
using Equation (14) thus (Elsebaie, 2012):
∑C
eABC = (14)
E
where n represents recurrence intervals considered (n = 6 in this case).
84 G. D. AKPEN, M. I. AHO AND A. A. MUSA
Equation (13) was linearized by taking natural logarithm on both sides to become:
Log K = Log C + m Log Tr (15)
A plot of Log K against Log Tr gave a straight line with Y–intercept and slope of log C and m respectively for the
various probability distribution functions (PDF) adopted. The values of the station parameters C, e and m derived for
the various PDF were inserted into Equations (11) to obtain the required IDF models.
RESULT S AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 1: Ranked Observed Annual Maximum Rainfall Precipitation of Different Durations for Lokoja
Ranking 5 10 20 30 45 60 90 120
Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
1 198.0 130.0 117.7 114.3 104.6 98.6 66.7 51.3
2 191.0 128.0 109.3 106.1 85.7 80.8 61.0 51.1
3 136.0 124.9 96.5 93.7 70.6 58.0 52.0 41.3
4 134.4 119.5 85.8 81.7 63.9 57.4 43.5 33.5
5 128.7 115.9 83.2 79.3 61.1 55.4 40.2 31.3
6 118.7 113.1 81.0 74.0 60.9 53.4 38.6 30.1
7 118.4 103.0 77.7 71.3 58.9 50.4 37.8 29.5
8 117.0 102.2 76.5 70.6 57.4 47.7 35.4 27.1
9 108.2 101.5 74.8 69.0 49.5 44.9 32.9 26.2
10 106.6 100.0 72.4 66.5 49.4 44.2 32.8 25.5
11 103.0 93.1 61.3 57.3 48.2 43.7 30.2 23.5
12 97.8 91.8 60.2 57.2 46.6 39.8 28.2 22.3
13 96.4 85.7 60.0 55.8 43.9 38.1 28.0 22.1
14 89.0 81.5 59.0 49.2 42.0 36.0 27.9 21.3
15 83.9 79.9 58.6 48.0 39.7 32.2 26.9 20.9
16 67.8 64.6 50.3 47.6 35.5 25.3 22.5 15.7
µ 118.416 102.158 76.521 71.344 57.362 50.365 37.767 29.532
Σ 34.922 18.927 19.023 20.001 17.918 18.149 12.548 10.345
Cv 1.207 -0.221 0.805 0.832 1.402 1.439 1.208 1.169
The frequency analysis results for the five PDFs were as instance; computed intensity values were 88.74, 90.68,
shown in Figs. 1 to 5. The results indicate that rainfall 92.54, 96.32 and 93.98 mm/hr using Normal, Log-
intensity decreased with increase in duration for a given Normal, Pearson Type III (PT III), Log-Pearson Type III
return period and increased with return period for a (LPT III) and Gumbel distributions respectively. Similar
given duration of rainfall. Generally, only small results were obtained for other return periods and
differences existed between the computed values of durations. Elsebaie (2012) reported a similar agreement
rainfall intensity using the 5 PDFs considered. At the between LPT III and Gumbel methods in the prediction
return period of 25 years and duration of 45 minutes for of rainfall in two regions in Saudi Arabia.
RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY MODELS FOR LOKOJA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA 85
Table 2: Ranked Observed Annual Maximum Rainfall Intensities (I(mm/hr)) of different Duration for Lokoja.
Ranking 5 10 20 30 45 60 90 120
Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
P (mm) P (mm) P (mm) P (mm) P (mm) P (mm) P (mm) P (mm)
1 16.5 21.7 39.2 57.2 78.5 98.6 100.0 102.6
2 15.9 21.3 36.4 53.0 64.3 80.8 91.5 102.1
3 11.3 20.8 32.2 46.8 52.9 58.0 77.9 82.5
4 11.2 19.9 28.6 40.9 48.0 57.4 65.2 67.0
5 10.7 19.3 27.7 39.6 45.8 55.4 60.3 62.5
6 9.9 18.8 27.0 37.0 45.7 53.4 57.8 60.2
7 9.9 17.2 25.9 35.7 44.2 50.4 56.7 59.1
8 9.8 17.0 25.5 35.3 43.0 47.7 53.2 54.1
9 9.0 16.9 24.9 34.5 37.1 44.9 49.3 52.3
10 8.9 16.7 24.1 33.3 37.0 44.2 49.2 51.0
11 8.6 15.5 20.4 28.7 36.1 43.7 45.4 47.0
12 8.1 15.3 20.1 28.6 35.0 39.8 42.3 44.6
13 8.0 14.3 20.0 27.9 32.9 38.1 42.0 44.2
14 7.4 13.6 19.7 24.6 31.5 36.0 41.8 42.6
15 7.0 13.3 19.5 24.0 29.8 32.2 40.3 41.8
16 5.6 10.8 16.8 23.8 26.6 25.3 33.7 31.4
µ 9.868 17.026 25.507 35.672 43.021 50.365 56.650 59.065
Σ 2.910 3.154 6.341 10.000 13.438 18.149 18.821 20.690
Cv 1.207 -0.221 0.805 0.832 1.402 1.439 1.208 1.169
2 Year 5 Year 10 Year 25 Year 50 Year 100 Year
220
200
180
160
Intensity (mm/hr
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Duration (Minutes)
Fig 1. Computed Rainfall Intensities for different Durations and Return Periods with Normal distribution
method
86 G. D. AKPEN, M. I. AHO AND A. A. MUSA
220
2 Year 5 Year 10 Year 25 Year 50 Year 100 Year
200
180
160
Intensity (mm/hr)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Duration (MInutes)
Fig. 2: Computed Rainfall Intensities for different Durations and Return Periods with Log-Normal distribution
method
2 Year 5 Year 10 Year 25 Year 50 Year 100 Year
200
180
160
140
Intensity (mm/hr)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Duration (Minutes)
Fig. 3: Computed Rainfall Intensities for different Durations and Return Periods with Pearson III method
RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY MODELS FOR LOKOJA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA 87
2 Year 5 Year 10 Year 25 Year 50 Year 100 Year
220
200
180
160
Intensity (mm/hr)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Duration (Minutes)
Fig. 4: Computed Rainfall Intensities for different Durations and Return Periods with Log-Pearson III method
250
2 Year 5 Year 10 Year 25 Year 50 Year 100 Year
200
Intensity (mm/hr)
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Duration (Minutes)
Fig. 5: Computed Rainfall Intensities for different Duration and Return Periods with Gumbel Method.
The goodness of fit test results was as presented in The ranking (in order of increasing magnitude of the
Tables 3 and 4 for Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson- goodness of fit value) of the PDFs was as indicated with
Darling respectively. Almost all of the five distributions superscripted and italicised numerals in Tables 3 and 4.
were not rejected both at 5% and 1% significance levels, With respect to Anderson-Darling goodness of fit test,
except that; at 30 minutes, PT III recorded Anderson- the Log Person Type III PDF consistently ranked first for
Darling value of 3.0814 which is above the critical value all the durations reported. A critical analysis of
of 2.5018 at 5% level of significance (see Table 4). Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test also revealed
Other Anderson-Darling goodness of fit values ranged that LPT III best described the data having ranked first in
from 0.1476-0.8259 indicating goodness of fit because 4 and second in 3 durations. The PT III distribution was
the calculated values of the goodness of fit were below adjudged the second best PDF based on the same
the critical values of 2.5018 and 3.9074 at 5% and 1% reasoning. The least PDF with respect to goodness of fit
levels of significance respectively. Kolmogorov-Smirnov of the data was Normal distribution. The developed IDF
values ranged from 0.1043-0.3152 and were all less models based on the power model adopted were as
than the respective critical values of 0.3273 and 0.3920 presented in Table 5, while the corresponding curves for
at 5% and 1% levels of significance. the best fit PDF was presented in Fig.6. All the IDF
curves were in agreement with the IDF theory.
88 G. D. AKPEN, M. I. AHO AND A. A. MUSA
Table 3: Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness of fit test Results.
Distribution 5 10 20 30 45 60 90 120
5 2 3 3 5 5 5 5
Normal 0.1844 0.1075 0.1632 0.1348 0.1702 0.2121 0.2121 0.1826
Log-Normal 0.13094 0.11584 0.17375 0.13544 0.15204 0.14732 0.14732 0.11401
PT III 0.13063 0.10431 0.14471 0.31525 0.10441 0.14963 0.14963 0.12563
LPT III 0.12341 0.11433 0.16122 0.11911 0.11022 0.13921 0.13921 0.12102
2 5 4 2 3 4 4 4
Gumbel 0.1301 0.1468 0.1662 0.1241 0.1270 0.1542 0.1542 0.1318
Critical values: 5% = 0.3273, 1% = 0.3920
Table 4: Anderson-Darling Goodness of fit test Results.
Distribution 5 10 20 30 45 60 90 120
5 2 5 4 5 5 5 5
Normal 0.7282 0.1968 0.4703 0.4378 0.6482 0.7157 0.7157 0.8259
4 4 4 3 4 2 2 4
Log-Normal 0.3252 0.2643 0.3498 0.2756 0.3729 0.2529 0.2529 0.3766
3 3 2 5 2 3 3 2
PT III 0.3052 0.2194 0.3193 3.0814 0.1841 0.2682 0.2682 0.3122
LPT III 0.25681 0.18351 0.30661 0.23181 0.14761 0.22211 0.22211 0.25441
Gumbel 0.27932 0.54745 0.32043 0.24032 0.23143 0.26914 0.26914 0.33943
Critical values: 5% = 2.5018, 1% = 3.9074
Table 5: Summary of IDF Models developed for Lokoja
S/N PDF IDF Model
1 Normal 260.21T? #.#$'
I=
T= #.%(#
2 Log-Normal 253.74T? #.#$
I=
T= #.%(
3 Pearson Type III 266.56T? #.#!#)
I=
T= #.%$!
4 Log-Pearson Type III 262.3T? #.#$)
I=
T= #.%!$!
5 Gumbel 244.06T? #.!$
I=
T= #.%$$'
2 yr 5yr 10yr 25yr 50yr 100yr
Intensity (mm/hr)
40
2 20
Duration (Minutes)
Fig. 6: IDF Curves for Lokoja based on Log- Pearson Type III Distribution
RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY MODELS FOR LOKOJA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA 89
CONCLUSTION Bernard, M. M., 1932. “Formulas for rainfall intensities of
long durations”. Transactions. ASCE, 96: 592-
This study has been conducted to derive IDF 606.
curves/models for Lokoja metropolis. Rainfall data for
the study area was obtained from NIMET and subjected Burlando, P. E., Rosso, R., 1996. Scaling and multi-
to frequency analysis using five probability distribution scaling depth duration-frequency curves of
methods: Normal, Log-normal, Pearson type III, Log- storm precipitation, Journal of Hydrology, 187:
Pearson type III and the Gumbel distributions. IDF 45-65.
models were derived by calibrating the quotient model
proposed by Chow (1988). The results obtained showed Chen, C. L., 1983, “Rainfall intensity-duration
a good match between the rainfall intensity computed frequency”. ASCE J. Hydraulic Eng. 109:
from the rainfall data using the 5 PDFs and that 1603-1621.
estimated by the derived models.
All of the five distributions were not rejected at 5% Chow, V. T., 1951. A general formula for hydrologic
significance level for all duration data tested except frequency analysis. Trans. Amer. Geophys.
Pearson Type III, whose Anderson Darling result Union. 32: 231-237.
indicated a statistical value of 3.0814 while the critical
value was 2.5018 at 5% significance level. Although, all Chow, V. T., Maidment, D. R. and Mays, L. W., 1988.
the models were good, Log-Perason Type III distribution Applied hydrology, 1st ed. McGraw-Hill, New
was adjudged the best distribution for the study area York, 570 pp
because of its best ranking.
Elsebaie, I. H., 2012. Developing rainfall intensity–
RECOMMENDATIONS duration–frequency relationship for two regions
in Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University
Based on the findings of this study it was recommended – Engineering Sciences, 2012 (24): 131-140
that the derived IDF models/curves should be used as
tools for prediction of rainfall events for design of Hadadin, N.A., 2005. Rainfall intensity–duration–
hydraulic structures in the study area. Also, more frequency relationship in the Mujib basin in
metrological stations should be created within the zone Jordan. Journal of Applied Science 8 (10):
and properly equipped to generate requisite data for 1777–1784.
planning and design of water resources systems in the
region. Kite, G.W., 1977. Frequency and risk analyses in
hydrology. Water Resources Publications, Fort
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